Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mer – Télédétection'
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Saffianian, Ali Reza. "Pour un suivi par télédétection de la qualité des eaux en Mer Caspienne iranienne." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010679.
Full textCariou, Claude. "Analyse spectrale d'images numériques : application à la télédétection spatiale des océans." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2013.
Full textFougnie, Bertrand. "Contribution à l'observation de la couleur de l'océan à partir du capteur spatial POLDER." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-201.pdf.
Full textMichel, Sylvain. "Télédétection de la salinité à la surface des océans : variabilité de la salinité de surface d'après un modèle global de couche mélangée océanique." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077206.
Full textTo contribute to ESA's SMOS mission, we propose a method for estimating sea surface salinity (SSS) from current satellite observations and for studying the mechanisms governing ils variability. A simplified model of the ocean mixed layer, based on the "slab mixed layer" formulation (Frankignoul et Hasselmann, 1977), is implemented over the global ocean, using a near 100 km resolution, and integrated during a climatological year. The mixed layer depth (MLD), derived from surface temperature (SST) observations using an original inversion technique, is well correlated to in situ estimates. This effective depth represents the air-sea fluxes penetration and ensures consistency between fluxes, currents and SST. We first validate the simulation through examination of the heat budget in the north-eastern Atlantic, by comparing to measurements and models from the POMME experiment. Then we study the salinity budget in the global domain, in terms of its geographical distribution and seasonal evolution. The balance between the various processes appears generally more complex than for temperature: the role of atmospheric flux is less predominant (22%), while geostrophic advection (33%) and diapycnal mixing (22%) contribute more strongly. The model succeeds in reconstructing SSS variability over most of the oceans and simulates daily SSS variations, which are not represented in current observed data at a global scale. Owing to its simplicity and fast computation, the model will help for the calibration/validation of SMOS measurement and provide a first guess estimate to the SSS restitution algorithm
Thomas, Yves-François. "Approche par télédétection des eaux littorales : étude de cas." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010536.
Full textMoradi, Ayoub. "Multi sensor study of hydrological changes in Caspian sea." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077137.
Full textGlobal climate change caused considerable changes in the mean sea water level in last decades. This changes are in the result of changes in the precipitation amount and pattern, and also by variations in water temperature itself. As the largest world's lake, water level of the Caspian Sea shows significant fluctuations which are not clearly known or predicted. It is a key question, the monitoring of the land hydrology in the Caspian Sea, with its particular dynamics. In order to monitor the sea level, in-situ measuring, in particular tide gauge measuring, used to be the most common practice. However, nowadays for more than 50 years, the Earth has been observed from space, allowing us to gather unprecedented hydrologie information. Satellite imagery, can be used to monitor the change in the lake border, which can be linked to the water level. In particular, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are of the best dataset for large inland water bodies. Space altimetry has allowed to gain global and homogeneous coverage of sea¬level monitoring. Altimetry estimations are by point samples and with a few cm precision. More recently, space gravimetry has deeply transformed what we know about the water distribution at the Earth' s surface and its time variability. It collects information on an important part of the water distribution that the altimetry cannot reach. Space gravimetry allows us to determine the time variable mass distribution in the Lake area. Although altimetry provides a point resolution, the spatial resolution of the space gravimetry is very coarse. In this work we investigated the use of a few independent spatial methods for the determination of the level fluctuation of inland water bodies. We estimated, based on those methods, the time evolution of the Caspian Sea level and its water volume variation over the last decade. The various methods need to be corrected in order to obtain the same measurements as they are actually not measuring the same physical quantifies. Some secondary data are necessary for these corrections. The main differences are caused by the thermohaline component of the water level change, which does net affect the measurements from the GRACE mission, and the land deformations under the lake, which is caused by the surface load. It is possible to measured the deformations by SAR interferometry. Required transformations are applied allowing us to express the different results in ternis of the same physical quantity, in order to compare them
Hammoud, Bilal. "Détection de pollution maritime en utilisant un télédétection radar." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT128.
Full textOil spill in sea water is one of the main accidents that adversely affect the maritime environment for a long period of time. It is crucial to have oil spill detecting and monitoring systems to have quick intervention to contain the danger. Such systems use several techniques and sensors, where most recent ones are those done remotely using satellite and airborne systems. The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) launched in 2016 the need to use a complementary system, using drones, to the present satellite maritime surveillance systems.In our work, we propose the use of the drones for oil spill detection system. The drone-based radar will allow quick assessment and real time data processing of the area where the flag of possible spills is raised by witnesses. Parallelization in scanning can be used to cover large area in a critical time. Furthermore, scanning with drones provides high spatial resolution compared to satellite and with a principal advantage of relative low cost compared to dedicated airborne detection systems. Drones can be designated as nadir-looking systems (transmit and receive at zero angle from the normal). Being largely independent of surface roughness, the returns from nadir (or near-nadir) systems will benefit from the dominance of the specular scattering and allow detection even in very low wind conditions. The same conditions are considered to be unsuitable for detection using other recent techniques.In this thesis, we present a new probabilistic approach which uses nadir-looking wide-band radar for oil spill detection applications. The proposed approach combines a single layer scattering model with Bayesian statistics in order to evaluate the probability of detection of oil slicks, within a plausible range of thicknesses, on seawater. We present a framework of algorithms that utilize measurements of the reflectivity value to detect oil spills. The framework supports one or more measurements collected at single or multiple frequencies in the C-band and X-band. Performance analysis of all three types of detectors (single, dual- and tri-frequency) is done. The analysis for the results obtained from both flat- and rough- surfaces interface is also presented.We complement the detection-algorithms by a new approach targeting the estimation of the oil slick thickness. We present Maximum Likelihood single-, dual- and multi-frequency estimators. The latter use Minimum-Euclidean distance algorithm, in pre-defined 1-D, 2-D or K-D constellation sets, on simulated reflectivities to estimate the thickness of the oil slick. The derived algorithms are presented and tested using Monte-Carlo simulation.To be able to move forward to prototypes and real applications, the results need experimental validation. Therefore, we also present a fast and efficient method for the remote extraction of the power reflection coefficients on multilayer structure modeling an oil spill on the top surface of sea water. Experimental results obtained are analyzed and compared to theoretical calculations
Bécu, Guislain Louis. "Contribution à la vérification des observations spatiales de la couleur de l'océan à l'aide du réseau de radiomètres optiques SIMBADA." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-7-8.pdf.
Full textNous avons comparé les mesures SIMBADA avec d'autres mesures in situ, réalisées par trois autres instruments de terrain reconnus. La première comparaison a montré que le SIMBADA et le système de photomètre/radiomètre SMSR/SPMR s'accordent à 6% sur l'estimation de l'éclairement descendant et que les deux instruments estiment la réflectance marine avec une erreur de 10 à 20% entre 410 et 560 nm, et de 60 à 80% au-delà; la deuxième a montré que le SIMBADA et le photomètre solaire MicroTops mesurent l'épaisseur optique en aérosols avec une précision de 0. 02 en valeur absolue; enfin, la troisième a montré que le SIMBADA et le spectroradiomètre TriOS s'accordent à 3% (9% pour les grandes élevations solaires) sur l'estimation de l'éclairement descendant, et que les deux instruments estiment la réflectance marine avec une erreur de 10 à 15% entre 410 et 560 nm, et de 20 à 35% au-delà. Ces différentes analyses ont permis de montrer que le SIMBADA réalise ses mesures avec une précision de 0. 001 en termes de réflectance à 443 nm, ce qui est inférieur aux exigences (0. 002 à 443 nm). Enfin, la base de données SIMBADA a été utilisée pour vérifier les observations spatiales de la couleur de l'océan réalisées par les capteurs MERlS/ENVISAT et POLDER-2/ADEOS-2, en estimant leurs erreurs sur l'estimation de la réflectance marine, puis en les comparant aux exigences de l'observation spatiale de la couleur de l'océan (0. 002 en termes de réflectance marine au-dessus de la surface à 443 nm). La comparaison SIMBADA/MERlS a révélé une erreur assez importante sur les réflectances marines dérivées de MERlS après correction atmosphérique (RMS de 0. 008 à 443 nm). La comparaison SIMBADA/POLDER-2 a révélé une erreur moins importante sur les réflectances marines dérivées de POLDER-2 après correction atmosphérique (RMS inférieur à 0. 004 à 443 nm)
D'autre part, une analyse plus détaillée a été réalisée sur la vérification des données MERlS. Premièrement, les erreurs sur l'estimation de l'épaisseur optique en aérosols et du modèle d'aérosols dérivés de :MERlS sont assez élevées. Deuxièmement, l'erreur sur l'estimation de la réflectance marine croît aux courtes longueurs d'onde utilisées pour la couleur de l'océan, et est sans doute attribuable à la précision des codes de transfert radiatif utilisés et au choix des modèles d'aérosols utilisés. Aucun paramètre géophysique ou climatique (vitesse du vent, élévation solaire, latitude,. . . ) ne semble être corrélé à cette erreur. Par ailleurs, on améliore l'estimation de la réflectance marine en appliquant aux données un critère de qualité (flag :MERlSPCD_1_13) : le RMS passe dans ce cas à 0. 005 à 443 nm. Toutefois, ce critère semble diminuer d'un facteur deux le nombre de pixels déclarés valides. Enfin, l'impact des erreurs de correction atmosphérique sur l'estimation de la concentration en chlorophylle a été évaluée en appliquant le même algorithme bio-optique (OC4v4) aux réf1ectances marines issues de MERIS et de SIMBADA. La précision estimée est de 60% (30% lorsque le flag MERlS PCD_l_13 est appliqué), chiffre auquel il convient d'ajouter la variabilté naturelle de l'algorithme géophysique
Keriaki, Majed. "Etude de la surface de la mer pour les simulations hyperfréquences actives et passsives par un modèle à double échelle." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004VERS0001.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to propose a realistic representation of the sea surface to improve simulations of remote sensing measurements above it using the double scale model of the University Catholique de Louvain. We use at first the ''bulk'' method to evaluate the momentum flux between air and sea. This method allows us to obtain a good distribution of the spectral density of waves in the regions that do not contain breaking waves, and improves the sensitivities of active and passive UCL simulations on wind speed and atmospheric stability. We showed that atmospheric stability must be taken into account in any algorithm for deducing the momentum flux using sea surface brightness temperatures. Then, we propose a model that takes into account the electromagnetic scattering by breaking zones. This model uses several approaches which exist in the literature. These approaches are generalised and gathered to obtain a unique model that estimates correctly the effects of ripples and foam coverage, composing any breaking zone, on both active and passive simulations
Kedjar, Aboubekr-Seddik. "Recherches sur les possibilités cartographiques de SPOT dans les zones sub-méditerranéennes." Observatoire de Paris, 1992. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02071387.
Full textThe satellite SPOT with a resolution of 10 meters offers new possibilities for making topographic maps. As expected, with such high resolution, SPOT enables to make maps at small and medium scales and the restitution of the topography, owing to its stereoscopic possibilities. To assess the cartographic performances of SPOT in the sub-mediterranean areas, two test-fields of southern Algeria have been selected. The first one concerus a SPOT model including the sub-urban area of Ghardaia and the second one deals with two stereoscopic tied strips covering a cartographic format of about 12000 km2 at a 1/200. 000 scale. These experiments allowed to : define the resulting accuracies and the optimum scales of the maps ; refine the different steps in the process of the map making (ground control, spatial triangulation, etc…) ; present a variety of cartographic products (classical map, monochrome and color image based maps, etc…) ; estimate the costs and times of a complete cartographic process
Durand, Dominique. "Suivi et simulation de la qualité de l'eau en milieu littoral par télédétection et modélisation." Phd thesis, Nice, 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00956574.
Full textTaureau, Florent. "Cartographie harmonisée des mangroves de l'Outre-mer français." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2035/document.
Full textBased on a standardized typology, this thesis aims to propose a method for mapping the French Overseas mangroves. Several sets of satellite data are used to (i) determine mangrove extent, (ii) quantify canopy closure, (iii) quantify canopy height, and (iv) identify main species. Determination of mangrove extent was possible by using spectral characteristics of mangroves in the short wave infrared wavelength observed on the Landsat and Sentinel-2 images. Quantification of canopy closure is based on a fully constrained algorithm (FCLSU) of linear spectral mixture analysis of pixels of a very high resolution Pléiades images. Quantification of canopy height was performed using photogrammetric analysis of WorldView-3 stereoscopic panchromatic images (0.3 meters resolution). Finally, discrimination of main mangrove species was permitted through the use of spectral surveys and calibration of spectral properties of the different species observed on the satellite images
Thieuleux, François. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la correction atmosphérique pour l'observation de la couleur de l'océan depuis l'espace." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-301.pdf.
Full textBringer, Alexandra. "Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794381.
Full textEl, Hourany Roy. "Télédétection du phytoplancton par méthode neuronale : du global au régional, de la composition pigmentaire aux biorégions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS095.
Full textThis thesis presents a novel approach to analyze and observe the phytoplankton community structure at global and regional scale using satellite data (Ocean colour and Sea surface temperature) and in-situ observations. The approach is based on neural network classification methods, such as Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) trained on a large global database composed of satellite observations collocated with in-situ measurements. First, we developed a method to estimate secondary phytoplankton pigments from satellite measurements in the global ocean. Then we focused our studies on the Mediterranean Sea. Phytoplankton groups (PFTs) were identified from the secondary pigments estimated in the first phase. We then characterized seven bio-regions by clustering annual cycles MLD obtained from Argo floats, SST and Chla by using an advanced SOM. At last, these bio-regions were characterized in terms of PFTs. The methods developed in this thesis allowed us to estimate uncertainties on secondary pigments and PFTs. The applicability of these methods are broad and can be used to investigate other oceanic areas
Boutin, Jacqueline. "Flux air-mer de CO2 et salinité à la surface de l'océan par télédétection et mesures autonomes CARIOCA." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00470532.
Full textHaarpaintner, Jörg. "Formation de saumures par production de glaces de mer dans Storfjorden, Svalbard, estimée à partir d'images ers-2 sar et de simples modèles de dérive et formation de glaces de mer." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERSA003.
Full textRangama, Yvan. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle des flux air-mer de CO2 dans l'océan sud : apport des mesures satellitaires." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066573.
Full textGüttler, Fábio Nór. "Les eaux du delta du Danube : approche géographique par télédétection satellitaire." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790716.
Full textVantrepotte, Vincent. "Caractérisation bio-optique des eaux côtières en Manche Orientale pour l'estimation de la production primaire et le suivi des poussées phytoplanctoniques : application à la télédétection satellitaire "couleur de l'eau" en milieu côtier." Littoral, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DUNK0100.
Full textThe coastal ecosystems are among the most productive but also the most variable ones at both spatial and temporal scales. Remote sensing of "ocean colour" seems to be well adapted to study phytoplankton dynamics in such variable systems, due to its high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency. Remote sensing development in coastal waters (belonging to case 2 waters) requires simultaneously the characterization of : (i) the phytoplankton dynamics, (ii) the bio-optical properties of the optically active compartments of seawater (phytoplankton, yellow substances and non-phytoplankton particulate matter) and (iii) the variability of algal photosynthetic parameters. These points correspond to the objectives of our study, for which 5 mesoscale campaigns at sea were carried out in the eastern English Channel in 2000. At an ecological point of view, various ecosystems ("province") were discriminated on their hydro-biological characteristics. At a bio-optical point of view, the absorption spectra of yellow substances, phytoplankton and non-phytoplankton particulate matter present different dynamics (both at space and season scales), related to different environmental and/or biological factors. The variability of the algal photosynthetic parameters was studied on various spatial and temporal scales in order to define and adapted strategy for the mesoscale primary production modelling in the Eastern English Channel
Uitz, Julia. "Structure des communautés phytoplanctoniques et propriétés photophysiologiques dans l'océan ouvert : paramétrisation en vue d'applications à la couleur de l'océan." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22052.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis focuses on the structure of phytoplankton communities and their photophysiological properties in the world ocean, in view of satellite applications. In the first part, we studied the relationships between near-surface chlorophyll content, [Chla]surf, as it can be assessed from ocean color and (i) the phytoplankton biomass, (ii) its vertical distribution and (iii) its taxonomic composition in terms of phytoplankton groups (micro-, nano- and picophytoplankton). In this objective, we analyzed more than 21 000 pigment measurements, collected in various regions of the world ocean. Corroborating well known general trends (e. G. Microphytoplankton are mostly found in eutrophic zones, while small cells predominate in oligotrophic regions), this study lead to a global empirical relationship, allowing the quantification of the biomass, as well as the vertical distribution, of each of the three phytoplankton groups, from the [Chla]surf. In the second part, we studied the variability of the phytoplankton photophysiological properties as a function of (i) the trophic status and (ii) the composition of phytoplankton communities. Based on the analysis of 994 measurements of P vs E curves parameters, this study points to a possible alternative to present parameterizations of photophysiological properties, which usually rely on one (or more) environmental factor. This also allowed us to extract photophysiological properties specific to each of the phytoplankton groups, a priori representative of the world ocean. Finally, the tools developed here were used in conjunction with a bio-optical primary production model, coupled with ocean color data, in order to estimate, for the first time, the primary production specific to the three phytoplankton groups
Ammar, Adel. "Restitution de la salinité de surface de l'océan à partir des mesures SMOS : une approche neuronale?" Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/475/.
Full textUsing neural networks to retrieve the sea surface salinity from the observed Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) brightness temperatures (TBs) is an empirical approach that offers the possibility of being independent from any theoretical emissivity model. We prove that this approach is applicable to all pixels over ocean, by designing a set of neural networks with different inputs. Besides, we demonstrate that a judicious distribution of the geophysical parameters in the learning database allows to markedly reduce the systematic regional biases of the retrieved SSS, which are due to the high noise on the TBs. An equalization of the distribution of the geophysical parameters, followed by a new technique for boosting the learning process, makes the regional biases almost disappear for latitudes between 40°S and 40°N, while the global standard deviation remains between 0. 6 psu (at the center of the swath) and 1 psu (at the edges)
Courboules, Jérôme. "Contribution de la télédétection à haute et très haute résolution spatiale à la perception des ressources naturelles renouvelables : exemples d'applications aux zones littorales tropicales de la Mer Rouge (données TM de LANDSAT4, HRV de SPOT1 et photographies aériennes numérisées)." Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE4333.
Full textBellouin, Nicolas. "Estimation de l'effet direct des aérosols à partir de la modélisation et de la télédétection passive." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-183-184.pdf.
Full textPapa, Fabrice. "Nouvelles applications scientifiques des missions altimétriques pour l'étude des océans et des terres émergées." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30093.
Full textBrussieux, Marc. "Reconnaissance des formes et cartographie des nappes d'hydrocarbures par traitement numérique d'images de télédétection." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066499.
Full textMélin, Frédéric. "Potentiel de la télédétection pour l'analyse des propriétés optiques du système océan-atmosphère et application à l'estimation de la photosynthèse phytoplanctonique." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30215.
Full textAnselme, Brice. "Contribution de l'imagerie satellitaire visible, proche infrarouge et infrarouge thermique, à l'étude des mers arctiques eurasiatiques." Phd thesis, Paris 4, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955324.
Full textThe overall objective of our work was to improve the knowledge of the arctic marine environment. Using satellite remote sensing operating in the visible, near infrared and thermal infrared, we studied oceanic surface structures over the Barents and Kara seas, as well as in the southern part of the Barents sea. In situ measurements obtained from oceanographic campaigns allowed us to validate the algorithms we used for image processing and helped us in analyzing the images. We studied both biological and physical oceanic structures. Concerning primary production, we showed in which areas and when phytoplanktonic bloom start to develop. We also emphasized the areas where thermal and hydrological fronts appear, sea ice drift and its relationship to surface currents, as well as the transport of sediments and associated pollutants by rivers and their outflow distribution patterns into the sea. The final goal of our work was to outline which areas of the eurasiatic arctic seas are the most sensitive and exposed if a pollution should occur. We finally concluded that two areas were particularly vulnerable: the marginal sea ice zone in the northern Barents sea that supports large part of the phytoplanktonic ecosystem, source of the food chain. Due to the intensity and very short timing of the phytoplanktonic bloom in that area, a pollution could have serious consequences there. Important exchange of water masses and ice, potentially contaminated, occur in the southeastern part of the Barents sea, which constitute a large refuge for marine mammals and migratory birds. Concerns about oil and natural gas exploitation should lead future investigations to focus on monitoring of both areas
Thao, Soulivanh. "Tendance et variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique : un enjeu pour l'étude du niveau moyen océanique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2561/.
Full textMeasurements of the sea surface height are disturbed by the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere. A microwave radiometer, on altimetric missions, is used to correct the measurements from theses disturbances. Requirements on the quality of this correction, called the wet tropospheric correction, are stringent for the survey of climate changes. This thesis concerns the monitoring of the wet tropospheric correction used in the altimetry missions, Jason-1 and Envisat. The aim is to characterize uncertainties related to this correction and to identify potential anomalies. The analysis brings out a potential drift in the radiometer used on Jason-1, after 2008. For the Envisat missions, the presence of biases near coastlines suggests processing related issues
Ben, Mustapha Sélima. "Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des processus physiques et biologiques dans la mer de Beaufort par télédétection et dans un contexte de changements climatiques dans l'océan Arctique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5364.
Full textAuroux, Christian. "Essai d'évolution géodynamique du bassin Tyrrhénien en relation avec son avant-pays." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4151.
Full textBélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Full textPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Kilic, Lise. "Estimation des paramètres de surface des océans et de la banquise à partir d’observations micro-ondes basses fréquences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS167.
Full textThe oceans and sea ice play an important role in the climate and weather system. A future low-frequency passive microwave satellite mission designed to observe the polar regions is currently under study at the European Space Agency for the expansion of the Copernicus programme. Passive microwave satellite observations provide all-weather observation of the Earth surface, both day and night. In this thesis, we are interested in estimating ocean and ice surface parameters from low-frequency passive microwave satellite observations. The objective is to develop new methods for estimating these parameters that are more efficient and adapted to the future passive microwave satellite mission CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer). The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean wind speed. The second part deals with the estimation of sea ice parameters such as sea ice concentration, snow depth and snow-ice interface temperature. Finally, with the methods developed in this thesis, the performances of the CIMR mission are evaluated and compared with the current missions
Demarcq, Hervé. "Applications de la télédétection infrarouge et visible en océanographie. Etude de la zone de dilution rhodanienne, observations des zones de production dans le Golfe du Lion, et estimation de l'éclairement solaire global en Méditerranée Occidentale." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 1985. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00955845.
Full textBen, Mustapha Zied. "Télédétection des groupes phytoplanctoniques via l'utilisation conjointe de mesures satellites, in situ et d'une méthode de classification automatique." Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0405/document.
Full textRemote sensing of ocean color is a powerful tool for monitoring phytoplankton in the ocean with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Several methods were developed in the past years for detecting phytoplankton functional types from satellite observations. In this thesis, we present an automatic classification method, based on a neural network clustering algorithm, in order to classify the anomalies of water leaving radiances spectra (Ra), introduced in the PHYSAT method by Alvain et al. (2005) and analyze their variability at the global scale. The use of an unsupervised classification aims at improving the characterization of the spectral variability of Ra in terms of shape and amplitude as well as the expansion of its potential use to larger in situ datasets for global phytoplankton remote sensing. The Self-Organizing Map Algorithm (SOM) aggregates similar spectra into a reduced set of pertinent groups, allowing the characterization of the Ra variability, which is known to be linked with the phytoplankton community composition. Based on the same sample of Ra spectra, a comparison between the previous version of PHYSAT and the new one using SOM shows that is now possible to take into consideration all the types of spectra. This was not possible with the previous approach, based on thresholds, defined in order to avoid overlaps between the spectral signatures of each phytoplankton group. The SOM-based method is relevant for characterizing a wide variety of Ra spectra through its ability to handle large amounts of data, in addition to its statistical reliability compared to the previous PHYSAT. The former approach might have introduced potential biases and thus, its extension to larger databases was very restricted. In a second step, some new Ra spectra have been related to phytoplankton groups using collocated field pigments inventories from a large in situ database. Phytoplankton groups were identified based on biomarker pigments ratios thresholds taken from the literature. SOM was then applied to the global daily SeaWiFS imagery archive between 1997 and 2010. Global distributions of major phytoplankton groups were analyzed and validated against in situ data. Thanks to its ability to capture a wide range of spectra and to manage a larger in situ pigment dataset, the neural network tool allows to classify a much higher number of pixels (2 times more) than the previous PHYSAT method for the five phytoplankton groups taken into account in this study (Synechococcus-Like-Cyanobacteria, diatoms, Prochloroccus, Nanoeucaryots and Phaeocystis-like). In addition, different Ra spectral signatures have been associated to diatoms. These signatures are located in various environments where the inherent optical properties affecting the Ra spectra are likely to be significantly different. Local phenomena such as diatoms blooms in the upwelling regions or during climatic events(i.e. La Nina) are more clearly visible with the new method. The PHYSAT-SOM method provides several perspectives concerning the use of the ocean color remote sensing data for phytoplankton group identification, such as, the potential application of the method in Case 2 waters, using an appropriate nLw signal normalization approach. A preliminary case study in the English Channel and North Sea waters is presented in the last chapter of the thesis, showing the possibility of a future use of PHYSAT-SOM in these optically complex waters
Penard, Cédric. "Détection satellitaire et modélisation opérationnelle de la production végétale non-fixée dans la bande côtière bretonne." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2044.
Full textEutrophication is more and more important in the coastal environment. It is one major impact of human activity on environment. The eutrophication phenomena are growing continuously. Over the last decades, the number of sites affected has been rising over the world. Eutrophication of French Brittany coastal shelf is a recurrent problem, always more worrying. The objective of this work is multiple: it aims at highlighting and understanding the impact and the role of the contributions in nutrients on the primary production and the eutrophication of the coastal environment. This work also has the ambition of identifying and understanding the causes of the phenomena and thus to make it possible to bring solutions or tracks of improvement. Lt also has an objective of short-term forecast of the biological state of the zone. This work led to the implementation of a real-time model, which results can be visualised and compared to satellite measurements on w. Previmer. Org. The main tool for this work is a coupled physical-biogeochemical model. The hydrodynamic part is provided by the code Mars3D (3D hydrodynamic Model for Application At Regional Scale) developed by IFREMER. The biogeochemical model of IFREMER, with its model of nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon cycles, is coupled to the hydrodynamic code Mars3D. We added to this basic model a specific kind of phytoplankton which can be harmful: Pseudo-Nitzschia. Indeed, this phytoplankton has the capacity to synthesize domoic acid which is a toxin responsible for the ASP syndrome (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning). The model reproduces overall the same zones of toxicity as measurements of the REPHY, and gives encouraging results
Ben, Ticha Mohamed Bassam. "Fusion de données satellitaires pour la cartographie du potentiel éolien offshore." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198912.
Full textChami, Malik. "Développement d'un code de transfert radiatif pour le système océan-atmosphère : application au détroit du Pas-de-Calais." Littoral, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DUNK0012.
Full textThe observation of the sea surface from space proovides informations about the water content in suspended matter. Numerous sensors are launched in order to assess the pigment concentration in the open ocean (case I) as well as in the coastal waters (case II). Therefore, we need to understand the mechanisms which affect the solar beam in the ocean-atmosphere system. We thus developed a radiative transfer code for both atmosphere and coastal layer. The validation of this code was carried out first through an inter-comparison between existing models and second through truth measurements. The observation of the ocean is made throughout the atmosphere wich disturbs the pathways of the solar beam. We thus need to correct the signal for atmospheric effects. Among the components of the atmosphere, aerosols are the most difficult to remove because of their strong variability in time and space ; it is then useful to derive them locally. Atmospheric optical measurements were carried out in the Straits of Dover in 1994 ans 1995 in order to describe the aerosols. The analysis of the polarized radiation enabled to identify a mode of small particles, correctly represented by Shettle and Fenn’s size distribution. The atmospheric contribution to the signal has been removed using Shettleand Fenn’s models on POLDER airborne scenes to get the water leaving radiance. Marine optical measurements were also collected in the water column in summer and autumn. Summer experiments were favorable to remote sense chlorophyll pigments whereas autumn ones concerned mineral particles. The analysis of marine and satellite data showed that a map of suspended matter concentration was possible. Also the theoretical sensitivity studies conducted in this work revealed that the sediment signature could possibly be extracted from the polarized radiance
Philipps, Sabine. "Restitution de la salinité de surface à partir des mesures simulées SMOS." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30276.
Full textThe sea surface salinity (SSS) is an important parameter of the ocean circulation. Unfortunately, the spatio-temporal sampling of in-situ measurements is still to low. The satellite mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) was chosen by ESA as a Second Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission with launch scheduled in 2007. The SSS will be retrieved from the brightness temperatures measured by the interferometer radiometer. The goal of this work was to estimate, using a simulator (developed by Ph. Waldteufel), the precision of the SSS measured by SMOS. The characteristics of the instrument and the ocean were taken into account and state of the art available direct models and inversion methods were used. It showed the importance of the quality of the auxiliary data used in the SSS retrieval and brought out their impact on the error reduction from SSS averaging at the expense of the time-space resolution
Al, Kwatli Mohamad Amer. "Evolution volcano-tectonique du nord de la plaque arabique (la syrie) : cadre géodynamique, chronologie K-Ar, caractères géochimiques et éléments de cartographie (SIG et télédétection)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112079.
Full textThe Cainozoic volcanic activity in the Arabian plate offers an excellent opportunity to study the intra-plate volcanism related to a complex tectonic setting. After the emplacement of the Yemeni-Ethiopian continental flood basalt plateau, ~ 31 Ma, since the Late Oligocene, widespread volcanic activity has erupted, accompanying the separation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (development of Red Sea rifting) and the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates (building of the Bitlis-Zagros thrust belts). In the northern part of the Arabian platform, the Syrian volcanism has taken place in a general compressional context, surrounding the Palmyride fold belt and adjacent to other deformation zones (e.g. the Euphrates graben and Dead Sea fault system). This thesis focuses on the volcano-tectonic evolution of the northern part of the Arabia plate, particularly in Syria, and essentially combines geochronological, geochemical, and morpho-structural studies, in addition to supplementary geophysical models. Our morpho-structural analyses of the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic province (HASV) to the south of Palmyride, digitally characterise more than 800 monogenic volcanic cones placed in Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. These new data, together with the availability of sediment thickness data, give rise to a new volcano-tectonic approach. This study shows that the consistent negative correlation between the intensity of volcanism and basement depth is influenced by the tectonic setting. The normative analysis of the distribution of volcanic cones in relation to sediment thicknesses is critical when comparing the extension of tectonics in different zones. Remote sensing imagery, field work and our > 40 new K-Ar ages dataset ranging from ~0.05 million years (Ma) to ~18 Ma allow us to precise the Syria volcano-tectonic evolution through time. Regarding the youngest lava flows of HASV, the integration of the results makes it possible to suggest a chronological model for the alteration processes in relation to Quaternary palaeoclimatic changes. We reconstruct the volcano-tectonic evolution in Syria during the Cainozoic, and suggest different extension styles to explain the volcanism. It started during the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene, between ~26 Ma and ~16 Ma to the South of Palmyride at HASV in an extensional tectonic context. From the Miocene to the Quaternary, between ~19 Ma and ~0.08 Ma, the volcanism developed to the North under second order extension tectonic conditions. Since the Mid-Miocene, the compression has increased and the magma erupted in relation with a possible counter-clockwise rotation tectonic relative motion. South of Palmyride it corresponds to the widespread eruptive phase during the last 13 Ma. To the North, this phase, linked to rotational tectonics appears concentrated in superficies and time; it corresponds to the Homs plateau, NW Palmyride, between 6.3 and 4.3 Ma. We suggest a new volcano-tectonic evolution model for the HASV. It highlights the essential role of lithosphere heterogeneity beneath Lebanon, in particular the anti Lebanon Mountains and Palmyride thrust belts, in triggering the Mid-Miocene volcanism. Our geophysical models estimate mean lithosphere – asthenosphere boundaries at about 150 km depth. According to geochemical data, the zone of shallowest depth ~110 km, W of HASV, could be the result of a thermal anomaly, instead of an asthenospheric upwelling. Geochemically, the Cainozoic Syrian lavas are alkaline and subalkaline rocks, typical of magma emitted in continental intraplate contexts. They are basanites and tephrites, basalts, basaltic andesites, basaltic trachyandesites, and trachybasalts. Thirty samples from different Syrian volcanic provinces show significant variation in terms of incompatible trace element signatures. Crustal contamination plays a negligible role in the process of magma genesis, as does crystal fractionation, essentially restricted to olivine and clinopyroxene. Our results show that the Syrian lava has been generated by variable rates of partial melting from different levels of a locally heterogeneous lithospheric mantle. The LREE/MREE ratio not only illustrates how the degree of partial melting was changed spatially and temporally during the last ~18 Ma, but it also illustrates how the degree and style of extension tectonics changed through time
Jaud, Marion. "Techniques d'observation et de mesure haute résolution des transferts sédimentaires dans la frange littorale." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00650953.
Full textNtafis, Stavros. "Contribution de la convection profonde à l’intensification des cyclones méditerranéens Remote sensing of deep convestion within a tropical-like cyclone over the Mediterranean Sea Insights into the convective evolution of Mediterranean tropical‐like cyclones." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX106.
Full textThe role of deep convection in the intensification of Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones is examined in this thesis. While most of the Mediterranean cyclones present a common baroclinic life cycle where cyclogenesis is mainly triggered by upper tropospheric systems, the role of deep convection on cyclones development has only been addressed by few studies in the recent past. In order to investigate the contribution of deep convection in the intensification of 9 Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones between 2005 and 2018, the emphasis has been put on the Central and Eastern Mediterranean basin where these cyclones have received less attention than those in the Western Mediterranean.In a first part, the relation of deep convection with cyclones formation and intensification is investigated using remote sensing techniques, through a multi-satellite approach, with observations in the infrared and microwave spectrum. Observations derived from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-B) and the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) on several operational satellites (NOAA16 through NOAA19); MetOpA/B, as well as the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the geostationary satellites Meteosat-8 to 11 have been used. The humidity sounding channels around 183 GHz from the AMSU/MHS sensors and a method of infrared channel differencing from SEVIRI were used to detect deep convection during the Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones. Moreover, vertical wind shear and vortex tilt were calculated by ERA5 reanalysis data to study the cyclone structure evolution. Results provide new insights about the relations between deep convection and cyclone evolution, with only a fraction of the studied cyclones experiencing intense convective activity close to their centres and persistent deep convection in the upshear quadrants leads to intensification periods. Convective activity solely in the downshear quadrants is not linked to intensification periods, while short-lived hurricane-like structures develop only during symmetric convective activity, leading to cyclone intensification in some of the cases. For this reason, the Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones have been divided into 3 groups based on distinct differences during their lifetime.As a second step, to address the impact of fine-scale thermodynamics related to deep convection and explain the observed convective activity, atmospheric modeling is employed, using the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) with a fine spatial resolution (3 km). The numerical simulations are forced by ERA5 reanalysis data with a high temporal resolution. To account for the effects of latent heat release during deep convection, online potential vorticity (PV) tracers are used at every model time step. In addition, a modified version of the classical pressure tendency equation (PTE) is used to post-process the numerical results to study the atmospheric dynamics related to 6 Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones. Results show that cyclone intensity changes are only partly explained by deep convection activity, with an emphasis given on the diabatically-induced low-level PV fields and diabatic heating. The baroclinic environment into which these cyclones develop has very few similarities with tropical cyclones. The numerical findings partially support our hypothesis in the observational study that the Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones may be part of a continuous spectrum of Mediterranean cyclones, but they are also distinct differences among them, namely the contribution of diabatic and baroclinic processes at their developing and mature stages
Bécu, Laurianne Guilaine. "Modélisation des propriétés optiques et radiatives des cirrus dans l'infrarouge : validation à l'aide des mesures effectuées lors de l'expéience FRENCH/DIRAC 2001." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-213-214.pdf.
Full textBricaud-Wehrlin, Annick. "Propriétés optiques du phytoplancton : étude théorique et expérimentale : application à l'interprétation de la couleur de la mer." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066074.
Full textGiuliano, Jérémy. "Érosion des falaises de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur : évolution et origine de la morphologie côtière en Méditerranée : télédétection, géochronologie, géomorphologie." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4126/document.
Full textIncreasing interest in studying rocky cliff coastline morphogenesis allowed a better understanding of meso/macrotidal environments, but let microtidal environments apart. Thus we propose studying the dynamic of cliff coastlines erosion in Mediterranean in the South-East of France, through a multi-scale explorative approach. This doctoral work was supported by the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, which identified a problematic in relation with coastal hazard management. The main objectives aim at characterizing on one hand how the temporal variability of meteorologic and climatic forcings affects the magnitude of erosion, and on other hand to which extent the geological setting controls the coastline morphology. The great challenge of this work therefore consists in optimizing the observation range in order discriminate erosive behaviours. Thus we propose assessing the contribution of four methods in determining whether erosion takes place (1) continuously at annual scale (boat-borne laser scanning surveys), (2) chronic at secular scale (aerial orthophographies)and (3) exceptional even (4) catastrophic over the characteristic timescales of Holocene and Quaternary (cosmic ray exposure dating from in-situ 36Cl and morphometric analysis). The interpretation of the results shows that erosion rate observed through the XXth century (order of magnitude of cm.y-1) is very low compared to meso/macrotidal environments. However at timescales ranging from pluri-secular (0.29 ka BP) to pluri-millenar (6.8 ka BP), exceptional storms surges of +3 NGF could initiate an erosion process resulting in the formation of horizontal shore platforms
Marrec, Pierre. "Dynamics of the carbonate system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in western European shelf waters : a multi-scale approach." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066656/document.
Full textThe raise of atmospheric CO2 due to anthropogenic activities is a major driver of the climate change. The ocean plays a key role in the uptake of this anthropogenic CO2. The constraint of air–sea CO2 fluxes and their variability at various time and spatial levels remain a central task in global carbon cycle and climate studies. The contribution of open ocean to this uptake is presently rather well quantified, whereas the role of the coastal ocean to this process remains ambiguous due to the diversity and the high spatio-temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in these ecosystems. This PhD thesis investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the CO2 system and air-sea CO2 fluxes in contrasted ecosystems of the north-west European continental shelf. These highly dynamic biogeochemical ecosystems host numerous key hydrographical structures (permanently well-mixed, seasonally stratified, frontal structures, estuarine) of temperate zones, in which the dynamic of the CO2 system were poorly documented. From tidal to multi-annual variability, from a fixed station off Roscoff to the north-west European continental shelf and from seawater samples to satellite data, this PhD thesis provides an integrative overview of the complexity of the CO2 system dynamics in coastal seas and the ongoing challenges to achieve
Wald, Lucien. "Apport de la télédétection spatiale en infrarouge proche et moyen à la connaissance du milieu marin : relations entre le champ de température et le champ de courant, observations de l'état de surface et mesures de la vitesse du vent, la dynamique de la couche superficielle en mer Ligure." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955230.
Full textMainvis, Aymeric. "Modélisation et mesure de l’interaction d’une onde électromagnétique avec une surface océanique. Application à la détection et à la caractérisation radar de films d’hydrocarbures." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0032/document.
Full textSatellites or airborne systems currently used for the detection and characterization of oil slicks on sea surface are based on optical or radar means. These means have a lack of performance due to a too high frequency of false alarms or to an excessively long data processing time. The methods for detecting, identifying and quantifying offshore pollutant can therefore be improved by combining robustness and reactivity. This improvement implies an in-depth understanding of the oceanographic and electromagnetic phenomena at work in this particular scene. The thesis is based on data gathering aerial and satellite images and SAR as well as measurements carried out in laboratory. This dataset makes it possible to check the consistency of the results obtained by modeling. The objective of the thesis is to distinguish a polluted sea surface from a clean sea surface using the electromagnetic signature of the total surface and then to detail the type and quantity of pollutant. The thesis is divided into two domains, namely oceanographic modeling and electromagnetic modeling. Oceanographic modeling integrates the simulation of the rough surface imitating a clean or polluted sea surface. This sea surface must be generated over a large area with a thin resolution. The electromagnetic part is centered on the asymptotic models for the electromagnetic waves diffraction by a rough interface. These models are adapted to the context of the thesis, the complexity of the scene and the speed of processing, but require several hypotheses to be applied
Dinnat, Emmanuel. "De la determination de la salinite de surface des oceans a partir de mesures radiometriques hyperfrequences en bande L." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003277.
Full textQuentin, Céline. "Etude de la surface océanique, de la signature radar et de ses interactions avec les flux turbulents de quantité de mouvement dans le cadre de l'expérience FETCH." Paris 6, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010934.
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