Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mer de (Antarctique)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Mer de (Antarctique).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Martin, Philippe. "L'Antarctique et le droit de la mer." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE0026.
Full textJourdain, Nicolas. "Simulations climatiques régionales couplées atmosphère - océan - glace de mer en Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266564.
Full textLe climat de l'Antarctique implique la glace de mer, dont l'extension modifie par exemple l'humidité diponible pour l'atmosphère. Mais l'ensemble de l'océan joue également un rôle, car la formation d'eau dense près des côtes engendre des échanges relativement rapides entre la surface et l'océan profond. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi de créer un modèle régional couplé atmosphère - glace de mer - océan. Le but de cette thèse est uniquement de développer et d'évaluer un tel modèle.
Pour l'atmosphère, nous utilisons le Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR, Gallee et al. 2005). Ce modèle a été spécialement développé pour les régions polaires. Il se distingue des autres modèles climatiques régionaux par sa représentation élaborée de la neige, et par une représentation interactive de la neige soufflée par le vent. Pour l'océan et la glace de mer, nous utilisons NEMO (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean), constitué de OPA-9 (Océan PArallélisé, Madec 2007) et de LIM-2 (Louvain Ice Model, Fichefet 1997). Le modèle d'océan utilise une paramétrisation élaborée de la diffusion turbulente le long des isopycnes et de la diffusion verticale. Le modèle de glace de mer utilise un modèle thermodynamique à trois couches, des équations dynamiques basées sur la rhéologie visco-plastique. Enfin, MAR et NEMO sont couplés grâce au logiciel OASIS-3 (Valcke et al. 2003). Le modèle résultant est appelé TANGO, pour Triade Atmosphère-Neige, Glace de mer, Océan.
Avant d'analyser des simulations de TANGO, il convient de connaître précisément le comportement de chacun des modèles lorsqu'ils sont forcés par des données. Dans un premier temps, nous testons la sensibilité de MAR à la représentation de la rugosité orographique. En simulant un cas de la littérature, nous montrons que MAR est capable de simuler des cyclones de méso-échelle ; nous montrons ensuite que le rôle des vents catabatiques côtiers dans la cyclogenèse est faible devant le rôle de l'écoulement synoptique, contrairement à ce que conjecturaient les travaux précédents. Comme les vents catabatiques côtiers dépendent fortement de la rugosité orographique des Montagnes Transantarctiques, les polynies de TANGO pourraient en dépendre ; c'est pourquoi nous avons réglé ce paramètre de façon à avoir des vents côtiers en accord avec les relevés des stations météorologiques. Enfin, nous montrons que la fraction de glace de mer a peu d'influence sur la circulation atmosphérique, probablement parce que notre méthode ne modifie pas la position des fronts de glace.
Estimer l'apport du couplage s'avère compliqué, car une partie du comportement de TANGO vient effectivement des rétroactions physiques permises par le couplage, mais une autre partie vient du changement de "forçages". En effet, MAR voit habituellement la glace de mer se SSM/I, et NEMO voit habituellement des champs atmosphériques issus des réanalyses ERA-40 ; dans TANGO, MAR voit donc les défauts de NEMO, et inversement. Pour évaluer la capacité de TANGO à représenter des rétroactions physiques, nous avons donc réalisé un jeu de simulations dans lequel MAR est forcé par les champs de surface de NEMO, et NEMO est forcé par les champs de surface de MAR. Les comparaisons entre ces simulations et les simulations couplées montrent que la couverture de glace de mer de TANGO diffère de celle de NEMO forcé par MAR, ce qui prouve que des rétroactions sont représentées. Dans le détail, nous identifions également une rétroaction impliquant la glace produite dans une polynie à l'automne, et une rétroaction impliquant les précipitations et la température de surface de l'océan.
Finalement, l'ensemble des évaluations de MAR sur l'océan ont permis des améliorations très récentes de MAR : H. Gallée a ainsi amélioré la prise en compte des nuages aux frontières, et les flocons de neige ont été introduits dans le schéma radiatif de façon à mieux simuler les températures de la couche limite sur la calotte. Ceci améliore également le comportement de TANGO. Cette étude souligne également l'importance du couplage, puisque la solution couplée diffère de la solution forcée, toutes paramétrisations étant égales. Nous concluons donc qu'il est nécessaire de poursuivre l'utilisation de TANGO.
Ces travaux ouvrent d'abord des perspectives à court terme, puisqu'il faudra analyser le détail des rétroactions mises en \oe uvre de façon à tenter de mieux comprendre le climat de l'Antarctique. Ensuite, TANGO pourra être utilisé à petite échelle et haute résolution pour l'analyse des polynies et des formations des masses d'eau dense impliquées dans les circulations océaniques profondes. Une autre possibilité sera d'utiliser TANGO à l'échelle de la calotte, de façon à travailler sur la régionalisation du changement climatique en Antarctique. Enfin, à plus long terme, il sera nécessaire de travailler sur le représentation des cavités sous les plate-formes glaciaires dans TANGO.
Sauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Full textThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Leynaert, Aude. "La production de silice biogenique dans l'ocean : de la mer de weddell a l'ocean antarctique." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066153.
Full textMartinerie, Patricia. "Teneur en gaz des glaces polaires : variations géographiques actuelles, variations au cours du dernier cycle climatique dans la région de Vostok." Grenoble 1, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01576069.
Full textLaika, Hussam Eddin. "Variations spatio-temporelles du flux de dioxyde de carbone à l’interface air-mer dans l’océan Antarctique." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0857.
Full textThis study was carried out as part of the program MINERVE in order to observe and to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal variabilities of CO2 fluxes across the air-sea interface in the Indian Ocean South of Australia. Measurements on board of the various parameters of the CO2 system (total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon, temperature and salinity) were carried out during six cruises over two years (2005/2006 and 2006/2007). In order to confirm the good quality of measurements on board, discrete samples were also collected along the way to make measurements of total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon on shore (LOCEAN, PARIS). The seasonally covered sea-ice zone presents an intense CO2 sink in summer 2006 and 2007 (-14. 9 and -23. 5 mmol. M-2. D-1, respectively) controlled by the development of the phytoplankton biomass. The continental Antarctic zone presents a strong seasonal variation of CO2 fluxes. In spring 2005 and 2006, the ocean was a source of CO2 towards the atmosphere (+14. 9 and +4. 4 mmol. M-2. D-1). On the other hand in summer 2006 and 2007, CO2 flux decreased. This ocean area became a CO2 sink (-12. 3 and -10. 1 mmol. M-2. D-1). Indeed, the seasonal variations spring-summer of CO2 flux are influenced by the thermodynamic, dynamic biologic processes. The various parameters associated with the CO2 system allowed us to parameterizes of total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon and partial pressure of CO2 as a function of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a concentrations. This study shows a very significant role of the Indian Ocean south of Australia in the absorption of atmospheric CO2, mainly during summer
Lannuzel, Delphine. "Iron biogeochemistry in the Antartic sea ice environment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210775.
Full textFlament, Thomas. "Variations de hauteur de la calotte antarctique par altimétrie radar par satellite : amincissement dynamique, vidanges de lacs sous-glaciaires et autres curiosités." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2592/.
Full textThe Antarctic Ice Sheet is a vast and remote hostile land. It is nonetheless an important part of the planetary climate system. Space-borne instruments are among the best tools to study the evolution of the ice sheet. In this work, we use data from one of these space sensors: the Envisat radar altimeter. This instrument provided us repeated measurements of the ice sheet surface elevation every 35 days during 8 years. From this dataset, we investigated volume change of the ice sheet between 2002 and 2010. This period is relatively short compared to the typical duration of ice sheet response (thousands of years after an ice age) but the data show some evolution, either extreme precipitation events or accelerated flow and associated thinning. The high space and time resolution also allowed us to observe rapid and local events such as subglacial lake drainages. These were only recently discovered in Antarctica and altimetry is one of the best suited tools to study them. The reflection and backscatter of the radar wave by the snowpack is still a complex problem that has to be further investigated. The own behavior of the snowpack must be better understood. We present the state of the art of the understanding of the radar/snowpack interaction. We conclude with an outlook on future techniques that will enhance our understanding of the ice sheet process and ice sheet evolution: new altimeters, longer time series, multi-sensor studies and additional in situ calibration
Couratier, Josyane. "Le système Antarticque." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010291.
Full textThe geographic and climatic specificity of the antarctic continent has generated problems in international law regarding sovereignty, jurisdiction and management of activities and resources in the area. The purely nationa-listic answers of states to these problems have been replaced since 1959, when the Antarctic treaty was signed, by a kind of collective administration. With the passing of time and the emergence of new problems related environnemental protectio and the conservation and exploitation of living and mineral resources consultative mechanisme provided for by the treaty have generated important le-gal and institutional developments. These mechanisms which, together with their offsprings have develop their own dynamics, have been labelled "the Antarctic treaty system", by comparison and opposition with the un system and other regional legal systems. The present study covers the relations between the antartic traety sys-tem and general international law and the un system. Such an examination bears a particular interest at a time when the group 77 is questioning the regime establishes by the treaty in 1959. A last part of the study tries to analyse the reasons behind the success of the system
Verbeke, Véronique. "Concentrations en gaz dans la glace de mer: développements techniques et implications environnementales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210942.
Full textCe travail a pour objectif d’étudier les relations complexes qui existent entre les processus chimiques, physiques et biologiques qui se déroulent au sein de la glace de mer. La détermination des propriétés physiques et de la composition chimique des glaces de mer correspond en effet à un pré-requis indispensable à l’étude des cycles géochimiques qui existent dans la banquise.
Différentes glaces de mer, naturelles ou artificielles, ont été analysées. Pour ce faire, les caractéristiques spécifiques à ce type de glace font que des méthodes d’analyse de la composition en gaz particulières ont été nécessaires.
Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que le contenu et la composition en gaz des différentes glaces analysées dépendent de facteurs physico-chimiques et de facteurs biologiques. L’impact des facteurs physico-chimiques se marque lors de l’incorporation initiale des impuretés dans la glace de mer et via une diffusion "post-génétique" tant que la glace est plus chaude que –5°C. En outre, les organismes photosynthétiques sont à l’origine d’une production d’oxygène et d’une consommation de dioxyde de carbone. La composition en gaz résultante peut donc être sensiblement différente de la composition atmosphérique ou de celle des gaz dissous dans l’eau de mer sous-jacente, en été comme en hiver. Il s’agit par conséquent de sérieusement envisager l’impact potentiel de la glace de mer et des microorganismes qu’elle contient, lors du réchauffement et de la débâcle, sur les échanges entre atmosphère et océan comme sur leurs compositions respectives.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géographie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Michelot, Candice. "Le manchot Adélie, sentinelle de la glace de mer : étude du comportement de recherche alimentaire en réponse aux variations environnementales en période de reproduction." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS009.
Full textA central question in ecology is the understanding of the environmental change effects on organisms and on the ecosystem functioning. The Arctic and Antarctic warm faster than any other region on Earth, which has consequences on the sea-ice state and by extent on polar species which depend on it for their breeding and feeding activities. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the behavioural responses of a bio-indicator species, the Adélie penguin, during its foraging activity facing variable sea-ice conditions, at different species levels : individual, population, inter-population. We use a foraging activity dataset (GPS data, diet) on Adélie penguins obtained collected each year since 2010 in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica), at each breeding season in several colonies. We highlight foraging behavioural variations in that species related to sea-ice conditions and dynamics, but similar responses between individuals and between colonies facing comparable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of specific habitats and sea-ice conditions for an optimal foraging activity. We discuss about intrinsic and extrinsic factors at the origin of the observed variations, and of the implication of such variations on the reproductive behaviour of Adélie penguins. Those PhD results are replaced in a context of ecosystem conservation for the implementation of efficient protection measures based on the ecology of sentinel species
Parouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Full textThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Vignes, Lucie. "Etudes de la circulation et des modifications des eaux profondes circumpolaires sur le plateau continental sud-ouest de la mer de Weddell en Antarctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS384.
Full textAntarctica and its surrounding seas are an important area regarding the climate regulation as well as an region highly impacted by climate change. Despite the paramount importance of this region, it is still largely under sampled in comparison with the other oceanic basins. Oceanic circulation around the antarctic margins regulates ice shelves melts and their buttressing effect on the antarctic Ice sheet, as well as the deep heat storage induced by vertical water masses movements. Thus understading the water mass circulation around Antarctica is fundamental for our comprehension of the global oceanic circulation, as well as the contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to the sea level rise. In this manuscript I propose a study of a region on the antarctic margins : the Weddell Sea. This sea is the home region of the largest of the antarctic ice shelf, it is also the region producing the most important volume of deep waters. However the ocean-cryosphere processes in this region as still poorly understood. Some studies showed a subtle equilibrium and that the Weddell Sea, in response to the climate change, could be deeply modified and lead to a important melt of the ice shelf and a drastic reduction of the deep water formation. However, as long as our observations don’t allow us the better understand the processes at work, we can not refine our understanding of the Weddell Sea
Labrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542/document.
Full textUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Mathiot, Pierre. "Influence du forçage atmosphérique sur la représentation de la glace de mer et des eaux de plateau en Antarctique dans une étude de modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00375960.
Full textLabrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542.
Full textUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Heerah, Karine. "Ecologie en mer des phoques de Weddell de l'Antarctique de l'Est en relation avec les paramètres physiques de l'environnement." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066533/document.
Full textStudying the movement patterns and diving behaviour of top predators in relation with biotic and abiotic environmental features can provide valuable insights in the behavioural tactics they have evolved and/or learned to maximize prey acquisition in a given environment. The Weddell seal is the only marine mammal inhabiting the coastal fast-ice area year-round. While its behaviour has been well studied in summer when individuals are breeding or moulting on the sea-ice, virtually nothing is known about their winter ecology. However, winter is a crucial period in Weddell seals life cycle during which they spend 80% of their time diving under the ice to store the energy needed for the following breeding season. Using telemetric data, the main aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the foraging strategies adopted by Weddell seals during winter in two locations of East Antarctica (Dumont D’Urville and Davis). First, we developed two methods to identify and quantify within dive foraging effort from both high and low-resolution dive datasets. Then, these foraging metrics were used to investigate the influence of several key abiotic parameters of the Antarctic environment (topography, light intensity, sea-ice, water masses) on Weddell seals’ foraging behaviour
Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189139.
Full textGential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10092.
Full textThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB, snow accumulation minus ablation) is sensitive to climate parameters and directly contributes to global mean sea level variations. Therefore, in the perspective of climate change, it is useful to develop tools that can simulate the physical processes involved in the Antarctic surface mass balance. The approach developed in this thesis consists in using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to local scale. Thus, a regional climate model (Modèle atmosphérique régional, hereinafter referred to as MAR), forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, provides a diagnostic physical-based rain- and snowfall disaggregation model with meteorological fields at the regional scale (typically 40-km resolution). In a first part, it is shown that the SMB calculated by MAR is in good agreement with observations in most regions. Nonetheless, runoff appears to be overestimated; the problem vanishes when introducing a dependency of albedo with solar zenithal distance. In a second part, it is shown that although the parameterizations invoked in the disaggregation model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography (5-km resolution) is efficiently used to improve the spatial variability of precipitation - and therefore SMB - over coastal regions of Antarctica. Model validation is carried out with the help of snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Over the coastal place of Law Dome, the net accumulation gradient is mostly due to orographic forcing of precipitation (rather than blowing snow). The disaggregation model dramatically underestimates precipitation over the Antarctic Plateau, where polar stratospheric clouds associated with radiative cooling could play a role in the formation of precipitation during the polar night
Heerah, Karine. "Ecologie en mer des phoques de Weddell de l'Antarctique de l'Est en relation avec les paramètres physiques de l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066533.pdf.
Full textStudying the movement patterns and diving behaviour of top predators in relation with biotic and abiotic environmental features can provide valuable insights in the behavioural tactics they have evolved and/or learned to maximize prey acquisition in a given environment. The Weddell seal is the only marine mammal inhabiting the coastal fast-ice area year-round. While its behaviour has been well studied in summer when individuals are breeding or moulting on the sea-ice, virtually nothing is known about their winter ecology. However, winter is a crucial period in Weddell seals life cycle during which they spend 80% of their time diving under the ice to store the energy needed for the following breeding season. Using telemetric data, the main aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the foraging strategies adopted by Weddell seals during winter in two locations of East Antarctica (Dumont D’Urville and Davis). First, we developed two methods to identify and quantify within dive foraging effort from both high and low-resolution dive datasets. Then, these foraging metrics were used to investigate the influence of several key abiotic parameters of the Antarctic environment (topography, light intensity, sea-ice, water masses) on Weddell seals’ foraging behaviour
Lacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Full textDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.
Benallal, Mohamed. "Analyse d'images satellitaires et développement d'outils informatiques pour modéliser le transfert de CO₂ à l'interface air-mer dans les régions subantarctique et antarctique (secteur Australien)." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0024/document.
Full textA step by step algorithm for air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) calculation from satellite (sat) parameters is developed and presented presented in this thesis. Parameters used for this calculation are: sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophylla (Chla) from MODISAqua satellite, sea surface salinity (SSS) estimated from MODISAqua SST using MLR, seawater CO2 fugacity (fCO2sw) estimated by MODISAqua SST and chla using FNN, atmospheric CO2 fugacity from the Cape Grim station and wind speed from QSCAT and ASCAT satellites. In situ data provided by several projects collected on the RV L'Astrolabe, are used to establish and validate the models. These models are then tested using sat data. This work focus on the Australian sector of the southern ocean. Results show: an improvement of satellite SSS estimation with a precision of ±0.16 using SST and latitude, an estimation of fCO2sw with a good accuracy of ±9.45 µatm and a calculation of FCO2 with a global RMSE of about ±3 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1. Programs and models developed in this study allow us to interpolate FCO2. In the period of austral spring and summer, this region is becoming a stronger sink of atmospheric CO2 throughout the years
Mathiot, Pierre. "Influence du forçage atmosphérique sur la représentation de la glace de mer et des eaux de plateau en Antarctique dans une étude de modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10013.
Full textThe representation in numerical models of dense shelf water formation and interaction between sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere are essential for realistic simulation of bottom water mass and thermohaline circulation. The purpose of this work is to improve the representation of basic processes controling the formation and modification of shelf dense water in Antarctic like sea ice, ice shelves and forcing fields in NEMO ocean/sea-ice model. Series of realistic simulations show that fine tuning for the sea ice model, ice shelf parametrization, and katabatic winds correction have a positive impact on simulated sea ice, polynya and shelf water properties. However, these improvements are not able to correct all initial flaws. Other simulations are carried out, to test the effect of adifferent atmospheric forcing obtained from a regional downscaling of global reanalysis ERA40 in Antarctic area, performed with a regional mesoscale atmospheric model. This work shows that turbulent atmospheric variables (temperature, humidity and wind) have a strong positive impacts on sea ice and shelf water properties. This impact is greater that the tuning, parametrization and correction performed previously. Nevertheless, great effort are yet necessary to produce the regional forcing fields that sea-ice and ice shelves require
Delaygue, Gilles. "Relations entre surface océanique et composition isotopique des précipitations antarctiques : simulation pour différents climats." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002821.
Full textRoquet, Fabien. "La circulation océanique autour du plateau de Kerguelen : de l'observation à la modélisation." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00431483.
Full textYoon, Hong-Joo. "La variation du niveau de la mer sur la région d'Amsterdam-Gozet-Kerguelen au sud de l'océan indien." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10092.
Full textMoreau, Sébastien D. V. "Effets combinés du réchauffement climatique et du rayonnement UVB sur la composition et le métabolisme de la communauté microbienne marine dans l'ouest de la Péninsule Antarctique : impact potentiel sur le cycle du carbone." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20028.
Full textRegional warming in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), along with the expected decrease in sea-ice cover and the seasonal ozone layer breakdown could modify the composition and the structure of the microbial community. In addition, these environmental changes could modify the potential of the WAP as a CO2 sink. In this context, this thesis aimed at evaluating the combined effects of regional climatic changes on the primary production and the composition and structure of the microbial community in the WAP. In a second time, this thesis aimed at evaluating the role of the microbial community structure, composition, primary production and respiration on air-sea CO2 gas exchanges.First, the variations in sea-ice cover, stratospheric ozone layer thickness and sea surface temperature over the last 30 years (1972-2007) were described. Related to the warming of WAP waters, the retreat of sea-ice was happening earlier each decade in the WAP. The observed changes in these environmental parameters offer a new temporal window for primary production. Indeed, the annual primary production increased from 1997 to 2007, in relation with the sea-ice cover anomaly for the previous winter. In addition, daily primary production was negatively and positively correlated to, respectively, sea-ice cover and sea-water temperature from September to November and from February to March, suggesting that regional warming favoured more primary production during spring and fall. On the contrary, the early retreat of sea-ice in spring, in coincidence with the spring ozone layer breakdown, led to an increase in photoinhibition (with an average of 11.6 ± 2.8 % of the daily primary production being photoinhibited). Therefore, regional climatic changes in the WAP had both a positive and a negative impact on primary production.The microbial community variability was also described in the Melchior Archipelago (in the WAP) from fall to spring 2006. Because of the extreme environmental conditions, the microbial community abundance and biomass were low in fall and winter and the community was dominated by small cells (< 2 µm), hence by a microbial food-web. Indeed, phytoplanktonic biomass was low during fall and winter (with respective chlorophyll a concentration, Chl-a, of 0.3 and 0.13 µg l-1). Phytoplankton biomass increased in spring (with a maximum Chl-a of 1.13 µg l-1) but, despite favourable growth conditions, phytoplankton was still dominated by small cells (2-20 µm), hence by a microbial or multivorous food-web. In addition, the early retreat of sea-ice in the spring 2006 exposed the WAP waters to strong ultraviolet B radiations (UVBR, 280-320 nm) that had a negative impact on the microbial community in surface waters.Finally, the relationship between air-sea CO2 and O2 exchanges in the WAP with the phytoplankton community biomass and composition and with the microbial community primary production and respiration was described. A positive relationship existed between Chl-a and the proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community. In addition, a negative relationship existed between Chl-a and ΔpCO2. The net community production (NCP) was mainly controlled by primary production and was negatively and positively related to ΔpCO2 and the %O2 saturation, respectively, suggesting that primary production was the main driver of air-sea CO2 and O2 gas exchanges in the WAP. In addition, the average ΔpCO2 for the summers and falls 2002 to 2004 was -20.04 ± 44.3 µatm, leading to a potential CO2 sink during this period in the WAP. The southern WAP was a potential CO2 sink (-43.60 ± 39.06 µatm) during fall while the northern part of the Peninsula was mainly a potential CO2 source during summer and fall (-4.96 ± 37.6 and 21.71 ± 22.39 µatm, respectively). The higher Chl-a concentrations measured in the southern WAP may explain this spatial distribution
Dierckx, Marie. "Marine ice rheology from deformation experiments of ice shelf samples using a pneumatic compression device: implications for ice shelf stability." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209505.
Full textThe principal objective being to include realistic mechanical parameters for marine ice in ice shelf flow models, uniaxial compression experiments have been performed on various types of marine ice samples. Technical developments are an important component of this thesis has they were necessary to equip the laboratory with the appropriate tools (pneumatic rig, automatic ice fabric data handling).
Results from experimental compression on isotropic marine ice show that it represents the higher boundary for meteoric ice viscosity throughout the whole temperature range, thereby validating Cuffey and Paterson's relationship with an enhancement factor equals to 1.
Marine ice is however often quite anisotropic, showing elongated crystals and wide single maximum fabric, that should impact its mechanical properties. Experiments on pre-oriented marine ice samples have therefore been carried out combining the study of epsilon_{oct} vs. tau_{oct} with a thorough analysis of microstructural data 'before' and 'after' the experiment.
Depending on the orientation of the sample in the applied stress field and on the intensity of the latter, anisotropic marine ice can be harder or softer than its isotropic counterpart, with n=4 often observed in Glen's flow law. Associating the experimental geometrical settings to potential natural equivalent, results suggest that anisotropic marine ice would strengthen ice shelf flow in most areas (for a same given temperature), apart from suturing areas between individual ice streams as they merge to form the ice shelf, where it could become weaker than meteoric ice in certain circumstances.
Finally, preliminary sensitivity studies, using a simple ice shelf model with our experimental parameters of Glen's flow law have allowed us to discuss the potential impact of rift location, rift size and thermal regime in the ice shelf behavior.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Barbara, Loïc. "Reconstruction des conditions océaniques de surface et de la productivité en Péninsule Antarctique au cours de l'Holocène et du réchauffement récent." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14540/document.
Full textThe Antarctic Peninsula has been identified during the last decades as the region from the Southern Hemisphere which is the most affected by the recent warming. However, beyond the instrumental period, the Holocene climate variability of this area is largely unknown, limiting our ability to evaluate the current changes within the context of historical variability and underpin the underlying forcing mechanisms. We focused our analysis on sedimentary sequences from the Eastern and Western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, in order to expand the spatial and temporal knowledge of sea-surface conditions over the last century, the last millennium and throughout the Holocene in this Antarctic area. The inferences are based on a multi-proxy comparison mainly using diatom assemblages and diatom specific biomarkers (HBIs). We documented the regional environmental response to climate changes at different time scales and described the forcing mechanisms on the sea-surface conditions and sea ice cover variability in Antarctic Peninsula. Comparing our results with ice core data allowed us to highlight the large impact of atmospheric forcings on the oceanic circulation, the seasonal sea ice dynamics and the siliceous productivity
Lataste, Raymond. "Etude du rôle des variations de température du manteau dans la structuration et la segmentation des marges continentales passives." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30215.
Full textBrabant, Frédéric. "Physical and biogeochemical controls on the DMS/P/O cycle in Antarctic sea ice." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209587.
Full textSUMMARY - It has recently been demonstrated that Antarctic sea ice recently demonstrated plays a potentially significant role in the dynamics of climatically significant gases (amongst which dimethylsulphide or DMS) in Polar Regions. This research work has initially focused on the development of a reliable method for the determination of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) within sea ice, avoiding interferences generated by DMS production within the sample in response to the osmotic shock caused by melting. A sequential determination procedure of DMS, dimethlsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and DMSO on the same ice sample has been developed and used on a large amount of samples in the present work. Data presented in this research project have been collected in the framework of two integrated sea ice observation programs focused on Antarctic sea ice at different seasons but following a common approach: 1) choice of homogeneous study sites to minimize the impact of spatial variability on the interpretation of the results in a time series perspective and 2) priority given to the characterization of the physicochemical framework (texture, temperature, salinity, snow cover, susceptibility to brine drainage,…) prior to any other study. The study conducted in the framework of the ISPOL experiment (Nov.–Dec. 2004) demonstrated that stratification of the brine inclusions network positively influenced the conversion of DMSP into DMS but decreased fluxes of DMS and DMSP towards the ocean. The ice cover at that time of the year is characterised by a net DMSP loss and generates combined DMS and DMSP fluxes whose values fall in the range of atmospheric DMS flux from sea ice measured in the frame of other studies. The study conducted in the framework of the SIMBA experiment (sept.–oct. 2007) emphasized the importance of atmospheric thermal forcing on the sea ice thermal regime and DMS/P/O dynamics. The surface community of algae produced elevated levels of DMS/P/O in response to thermal, osmotic and potentially radiative stress during periods of atmospheric cooling while the development of an intense brine drainage regime contributed to periodically release the elevated levels of DMS/P/O produced in the sea ice towards the underlying ocean. The ice cover exhibited at that time of the year a net production of DMS/P/O and produced combined DMS and DMSP fluxes more than ten times higher than those observed for summer sea ice. The study conducted on laboratory prepared growing sea ice emphasised the impact of physicochemical processes on the gas signature of growing sea ice and represents a first step towards modelling gas exchanges within sea ice and across its interfaces with the ocean and the atmosphere.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Barbraud, Christophe. "Forçage environnemental et prédateurs marins endothermes de l'Océan Austral: effets des changements climatiques récents et des pêcheries industrielles sur les populations." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770926.
Full textDonat-Magnin, Marion. "Variabilité atmosphérique en Antarctique de l'Ouest : Impact sur la circulation océanique et sur le bilan de masse de surface de la calotte Interannual Variability of Summer Surface Mass Balance and Surface Melting in the Amundsen Sector, West Antarctica." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU032.
Full textWest Antarctica, and particularly the Amundsen sector, has shown since the 1990s a large increase of mass loss related to coastal glacier acceleration in response to an increase of oceanic melt underneath ice shelves. Ice shelves play a buttressing role for ice-stream and increased oceanic melt therefore lead to ice shelves thinning and glacier acceleration, which contributes to sea level rise. West Antarctica is of particular concern because its configuration is prone to marine ice-sheet instability. It has been suggested that ice shelves weaken under large surface melt in a warmer climate (hydrofracturing), possibly leading to another kind of instability. Instabilities could be slowed down or compensated by future Surface Mass Balance (SMB) that consists mainly of snowfall, sporadic rainfall, and is slightly reduced by sublimation and runoff. The main objective of this PhD work is to model the atmospheric and oceanic processes that will most likely affect the future West Antarctic contribution to sea level rise.First, oceanic projections have been developed using the NEMO ocean model. The ocean circulation induced by ice-shelf basal melting affects the ocean response to future changes in surface winds. Therefore, models that do not represent ice-shelf cavities produce wrong warming patterns around Antarctica. A positive feedback between oceanic melting and grounding-line retreat has been identified and can increase melt rates by a factor of 2.5. These results are strong incentive to couple ocean and ice sheet models, although the projections proposed here are relatively idealized.To run SMB and surface melting projections, an atmospheric model with a fine representation of polar processes, including those related to the snowpack, is needed. MAR is found to be an appropriate tool to simulate the present-day surface climate in the Amundsen region. We find that none of the large climate modes of variability (ASL, SAM, ENSO) explains more than 50% of surface melt and SMB summer variance at the interannual timescale. The use of climate mode variability projections to estimate the future surface climate of West Antarctica is therefore not trivial.Forced by the CMIP5 multi-model mean under the RCP8.5 scenario, MAR predicts an increase of SMB by 30-40% for the end of the 21st century. This increase corresponds to 0.33 mm yr-1 of sea level drop down, which is higher than the current West Antarctic contribution of ~0.26 mm yr-1 from ice dynamics. Surface melt is also projected to increase by a factor of 5 to 15 over the Amundsen ice shelves, but most of it is projected to refreeze in the annual snow layer, so future melting should not have a strong contribution to SMB or hydrofracturing.To conclude we show that coupled ocean and ice sheet climate models are essential to simulate the future of Antarctica and Southern Ocean. A fine representation of surface melt and refreezing processes within the snowpack is also crucial as possible hydrofracturing is threatening in a warmer climate and it comes within a delicate equilibrium between snowfall, air temperature, and feedback related to albedo and humidity
Merino, Nacho. "Interactions calotte polaire/océan : vers la mise en place d'une modélisation couplée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU051/document.
Full textThe next generation of climate models will include an ice-sheet model in order to improve the ice sheet mass balance projections by accounting for the ice dynamics and ice-oceans interactions. On the one hand, the Southern Ocean (SO) is indeed driving the acceleration of the Antarctic outlet glaciers via an increase in the basal melting of the ice shelves. On the other hand, the increasing ice discharge from Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributes to the current sea level rise and is likely to become the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise by the end of the current century. In addition, the related freshening may have significant implications on future sea-ice cover and on bottom water formation. However, it is not clear yet how the ocean and ice-sheet components of future coupled systems will account for the ice-ocean interactions, which are both causes and consequences of the AIS mass imbalance. Here in this work, different aspects of the standalone ocean and ice-sheet components have been investigated. A first step of this thesis has been focused in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes in current ocean models. Based on recent glaciological estimates, the ice shelf basal melting fluxes have been spatially distributed in an ORCA025 grid, and the calving rates have been applied into an improved version of the NEMO-ICB iceberg model. This preliminary study has been used to produce a monthly iceberg meltwater climatology, to be used to force current ocean models. This work shows the importance of representing the iceberg meltwater fluxes when modeling sea ice, which can be inexpensively achieve by using our climatology. The improvements in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes have been considered in the study of the ocean model response to the Antarctic mass imbalance. This study considers a realistic perturbation in the glacial freshwater forcing as close as possible as it will be represented in future ice-sheet/ocean models. According to our results, up to 50% of the recent Antarctic sea ice volume changes might be caused by the observed decadal AIS mass imbalance rate. Glacial freshwater forcing appears to be crucial to correctly represent the ice-ocean interactions and projecting sea ice cover of future coupled systems. However, the estimation of the glacial freshwater input in future climate models will be strongly dependent upon the capacity of ice-sheet models to reproduce the grounding line migrations of marine ice sheet glaciers. Current ice-sheet models present large uncertainties related to different parametrizations. In the context of the future climate models, we have studied the sensitivity of ocean-driven grounding line retreats to the application of two different friction laws and two different englacial stress approximations. The model responses almost indistinctively to either the SSA or the SSA* englacial stress approximations. However, differences in the contribution of the glacier to the sea level rise can be up to 50% depending on the friction law considered. The more physically constrained Schoof friction law is significantly more reactive to the ocean perturbations than Weertman law and should be considered in future coupled systems. This work underlines that uncertainties related to the ice sheet model estimates of grounding line migrations may not only contribute to uncertainties in sea level projections, but also the sea ice cover through the ice-ocean interaction in future ocean models.This conclusion suggests the need for improving the representation of both the ice shelf basal melting and the glacier interaction with the bedrock, in order to improve the climate projections of future climate models, in which the spatial and seasonal distribution of the glacial freshwater fluxes may play an important role in setting the sea ice cover
Tartu, Sabrina. "Relationships between contaminants and hormones involved in breeding decisions in polar seabirds." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS022/document.
Full textIn order to maximise fitness, individuals will have to take several decisions that shall match with environmental conditions (whether to breed or not, when to breed, what level of parental investment). These decisions are mediated by hormones : such as luteinizing hormone (LH), a pituitary hormone involved in the onset of breeding, stress hormones (corticosterone, CORT) and prolactin (PRL) a pituitary hormone involved in the expression of parental care. Environmental contaminants are present world-wide, and also in Polar Regions. Since many contaminants are endocrine disruptors, they may impair breeding decisions, but evidences are scarce for wildlife. The aim of this thesis was to assess the relationships between some legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs : PCBs, organochlorine pesticides), mercury (Hg) and hormones (LH, CORT, PRL) in different Arctic and Antarctic seabird species. Results show that POPs and Hg clearly interact with LH, CORT and PRL secretion. These contaminants appear to target different hormones : increasing Hg was related to decreasing pituitary hormone secretion (LH and PRL) ; whereas increasing PCBs were linked to an exacerbated CORT response to an acute stress. Hg disrupted LH secretion by probably suppressing GnRH input to the pituitary ; PCBs seem to act at the adrenal level by probably stimulating ACTH receptors. Legacy POPs and Hg are therefore able to disrupt reproductive decisions and to impact fitness : elevated Hg levels were linked to skipped reproduction and poor incubation behavior ; elevated PCB levels may make individuals more susceptible to environmental perturbations. The long-term consequences of contaminant exposure for seabirds are discussed in the context of the environmental challenges affecting polar regions
Dumont, Isabelle. "Interactions between the microbial network and the organic matter in the Southern Ocean: impacts on the biological carbon pump." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210300.
Full textThe Southern Ocean (ca. 20% of the world ocean surface) is a key place for the regulation of Earth climate thanks to its capacity to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by physico-chemical and biological mechanisms. The biological carbon pump is a major pathway of absorption of CO2 through which the CO2 incorporated into autotrophic microorganisms in surface waters is transferred to deep waters. This process is influenced by the extent of the primary production and by the intensity of the remineralization of organic matter along the water column. So, the annual cycle of sea ice, through its in situ production and remineralization processes but also, through the release of microorganisms, organic and inorganic nutrients (in particular iron)into the ocean has an impact on the carbon cycle of the Southern Ocean, notably by promoting the initiation of phytoplanktonic blooms at time of ice melting.
The present work focussed on the distribution of organic matter (OM) and its interactions with the microbial network (algae, bacteria and protozoa) in sea ice and ocean, with a special attention to the factors which regulate the biological carbon pump of the Southern Ocean. This thesis gathers data collected from a) late winter to summer in the Western Pacific sector, Western Weddell Sea and Bellingshausen Sea during three sea ice cruises ARISE, ISPOL-drifting station and SIMBA-drifting station and b) summer in the Sub-Antarctic and Polar Front Zone during the oceanographic cruise SAZ-Sense.
The sea ice covers were typical of first-year pack ice with thickness ranging between 0.3 and 1.2 m, and composed of granular and columnar ice. Sea ice temperature ranging between -8.9°C and -0.4°C, brines volume ranging between 2.9 to 28.2% and brines salinity from 10 to >100 were observed. These extreme physicochemical factors experienced by the microorganisms trapped into the semi-solid sea ice matrix therefore constitute an extreme change as compared to the open ocean. Sea ice algae were mainly composed of diatoms but autotrophic flagellates (such as dinoflagellates or Phaeocystis sp.) were also typically found in surface ice layers. Maximal algal biomass was usually observed in the bottom ice layers except during SIMBA where the maxima was localised in the top ice layers likely because of the snow and ice thickness which limit the light available in the ice cover. During early spring, the algal growth was controlled by the space availability (i.e. brine volume) while in spring/summer (ISPOL, SIMBA) the major nutrients availability inside sea ice may have controlled algal growth. At all seasons, high concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic matter were measured in sea ice as compared to the water column. Dissolved monomers (saccharides and amino acids) were accumulated in sea ice, in particular in winter. During spring and summer, polysaccharides constitute the main fraction of the dissolved saccharides pool. High concentrations of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP), mainly constituted with saccharides, were present and their gel properties greatly influence the internal habitat of sea ice, by retaining the nutrients and by preventing the protozoa grazing pressure, inducing therefore an algal accumulation. The composition as well as the vertical distribution of OM in sea ice was linked to sea ice algae.
Besides, the distribution of microorganisms and organic compounds in the sea ice was also greatly influenced by the thermodynamics of the sea ice cover, as evidenced during a melting period for ISPOL and during a floodfreeze cycle for SIMBA. The bacteria distribution in the sea ice was not correlated with those of algae and organic matter. Indeed, the utilization of the accumulated organic matter by bacteria seemed to be limited by an external factor such as temperature, salinity or toxins rather than by the nature of the organic substrates, which are partly composed of labile monomeric saccharides. Thus the disconnection of the microbial loop leading to the OM accumulation was highlighted in sea ice.
In addition the biofilm formed by TEP was also involved in the retention of cells and other compounds(DOM, POM, and inorganic nutrients such as phosphate and iron) to the brine channels walls and thus in the timing of release of ice constituents when ice melts. The sequence of release in marginal ice zone, as studied in a microcosm experiments realized in controlled and trace-metal clean conditions, was likely favourable to the development of blooms in the marginal ice zone. Moreover microorganisms derived from sea ice (mainly <10 µm) seems able to thrive and grow in the water column as also the supply of organic nutrients and Fe seems to benefit to the pelagic microbial community.
Finally, the influence of the remineralization of organic matter by heterotrophic bacterioplankton on carbon export and biological carbon pump efficiency was investigated in the epipelagic (0-100 m) and mesopelagic(100-700 m) zones during the summer in the sub-Antarctic and Polar Front zones (SAZ and PFZ) of the Australian sector (Southern Ocean). Opposite to sea ice, bacterial biomass and activities followed Chl a and organic matter distributions. Bacterial abundance, biomass and activities drastically decreased below depths of 100-200 m. Nevertheless, depth-integrated rates through the thickness of the different water masses showed that the mesopelagic contribution of bacteria represents a non-negligible fraction, in particular in a diatom-dominated system./
L’océan Antarctique (± 20% de la surface totale des océans) est un endroit essentiel pour la régulation du climat de notre planète grâce à sa capacité d’absorber le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) atmosphérique par des mécanismes physico-chimique et biologique. La pompe biologique à carbone est un processus majeur de fixation de CO2 par les organismes autotrophes à la surface de l’océan et de transfert de carbone organique vers le fond de l’océan. Ce processus est influencé par l’importance de la production primaire ainsi que par l’intensité de la reminéralisation de la matière organique dans la colonne d’eau. Ainsi, le cycle annuel de la glace via sa production/reminéralisation in situ mais aussi via l’ensemencement de l’océan avec des microorganismes et des nutriments organiques et inorganiques (en particulier le fer) a un impact sur le cycle du carbone dans l’Océan Antarctique, notamment en favorisant l’initiation d’efflorescences phytoplanctoniques dans la zone marginale de glace.
Plus précisément, nous avons étudié les interactions entre le réseau microbien (algues, bactéries et protozoaires) et la matière organique dans le but d’évaluer leurs impacts potentiels sur la pompe biologique de carbone dans l’Océan Austral. Deux écosystèmes différents ont été étudiés :la glace de mer et le milieu océanique grâce à des échantillons prélevés lors des campagnes de glace ARISE, ISPOL et SIMBA et lors de la campagne océanographique SAZ-Sense, couvrant une période allant de la fin de l’hiver à l’été.
La glace de mer est un environnement très particulier dans lequel les microorganismes planctoniques se trouvent piégés lors de la formation de la banquise et dans lesquels ils subissent des conditions extrêmes de température et de salinité, notamment. Les banquises en océan ouvert étudiées (0,3 à 1,2 m d’épaisseur, températures de -8.9°C à -0.4°C, volumes relatifs de saumure de 2.9 à 28.2% et salinités de saumures entre 10 et jusque >100) étaient composées de glace columnaire et granulaire. Les algues de glace étaient principalement des diatomées mais des flagellés autotrophes (tels que des dinoflagellés ou Phaeocystis sp.) ont été typiquement observés dans les couches de glace de surface. Les biomasses algales maximales se trouvaient généralement dans la couche de glace de fond sauf à SIMBA où les maxima se trouvaient en surface, probablement en raison de l’épaisseur des couches de neige et de glace, limitant la lumière disponible dans la colonne de glace. Au début du printemps, la croissance algale était contrôlée par l’espace disponible (càd le volume des saumures) tandis qu’au printemps/été, la disponibilité en nutriments majeurs a pu la contrôler. A toutes les saisons, des concentrations élevées en matière organique (MO) dissoute et particulaire on été mesurées dans la glace de mer par rapport à l’océan. Des monomères dissous (sucres et acides aminés) étaient accumulés dans la glace, surtout en hiver. Au printemps et été, les polysaccharides dissous dominaient le réservoir de sucres. La MO était présente sous forme de TEP qui par leurs propriétés de gel modifie l’habitat interne de la glace. Ce biofilm retient les nutriments et gêne le mouvement des microorganismes. La composition et la distribution de la MO dans la glace étaient en partie reliées aux algues de glace. De plus, la thermodynamique de la couverture de glace peut contrôler la distribution des microorganismes et de la MO, comme observé lors de la fonte de la glace à ISPOL et lors du refroidissement de la banquise à SIMBA. La distribution des bactéries n’est pas corrélée avec celle des algues et de la MO dans la glace. En effet, la consommation de la MO par les bactéries semble être limitée non pas par la nature chimique des substrats mais par un facteur extérieur affectant le métabolisme bactérien tel que la température, la salinité ou une toxine. Le dysfonctionnement de la boucle microbienne menant à l’accumulation de la MO dans la glace a donc été mis en évidence dans nos échantillons.
De plus, le biofilm formé par les TEP est aussi impliquée dans l’attachement des cellules et autres composés aux parois des canaux de saumure et donc dans la séquence de largage lors de la fonte. Cette séquence semble propice au développement d’efflorescences phytoplanctoniques dans la zone marginale de glace. Les microorganismes originaires de la glace (surtout ceux de taille < 10 μm) semblent capables de croître dans la colonne d’eau et l’apport en nutriments organiques et inorganiques apparaît favorable à la croissance des microorganismes pélagiques.
Enfin, l’influence des activités hétérotrophes sur l’export de carbone et l’efficacité de la pompe biologique à carbone a été évaluée dans la couche de surface (0-100 m) et mésopélagique (100-700 m) de l’océan. Au contraire de la glace, les biomasses et activités bactériennes suivaient les distributions de la chlorophyll a et de la MO. Elles diminuent fortement en dessous de 100-200 m, néanmoins les valeurs intégrées sur la hauteur de la colonne d’eau indiquent que la reminéralisation de la MO par les bactéries dans la zone mésopélagique est loin d’être négligeable, spécialement dans une région dominée par les diatomées.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ridoux, Vincent. "Ecologie alimentaire des oiseaux de mer des îles Crozet." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2035.
Full textSallée, Jean-Baptiste. "Les eaux modales de l'Océan Austral." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193791.
Full textLa formation des SAMW est intimement liée à la dynamique océanique Australe et à la position des principaux fronts polaires. Une deuxième étude concerne la circulation de l'ACC et la variabilité frontale. Dans cette étude, nous avons tiré parti de la complémentarité des données in situ et altimétriques afin de suivre l'évolution des deux principaux fronts de l'ACC pendant la période 1993-2005. Nous avons comparé leurs mouvements avec les deux principaux modes de variabilité atmosphérique de l'Hémisphère Sud, le mode annulaire Austral (SAM) et l'Oscillation Australe El-Niño (ENSO). La position moyenne des fronts est déterminée avant tout par les fonds océaniques. Cependant, nous avons trouvé que dans les régions à fond plat, les fronts forment de grands méandres dus à l'activité tourbillonnaire et aux forçages atmosphériques.
En parallèle, nous avons développé une nouvelle estimation de la distribution circumpolaire de la diffusion dans l'Océan Austral. La diffusion n'a presque jamais été étudiée à partir de données in situ dans cet océan. Nous avons calculé une estimation du coefficient de diffusion tourbillonnaire à partir d'une analyse statistique de dix années de trajectoires de dériveurs de surface. Nous avons cartographié ce coefficient dans l'Océan Austral, puis nous l'avons paramétré à partir de données altimétriques pour pouvoir en étudier l'évolution inter-annuelle et en faciliter l'utilisation dans le futur. Cette étude montre que l'Océan Austral est fortement diffusif au nord de l'ACC, et particulièrement près des courants de bord Ouest, c'est à dire dans la Rétroflexion des Aiguilles, dans la région du plateau de Campbell, et dans le courant de Brésil-Malouines.
Ces résultats nous ont menés à une analyse circumpolaire de la formation des SAMW, et à une meilleure conception du lien entre la dynamique océanique Australe et la formation des SAMW. La croissance constante des données hydrologiques du programme ARGO dans l'Océan Austral nous a également permis de mieux représenter la répartition des régions de formation des SAMW. Nous avons trouvé que la diffusion tourbillonnaire joue un rôle majeur dans les budgets de chaleur locaux. Au Sud des courants de bord Ouest, et au nord du SAF, la diffusion tourbillonnaire apporte de la chaleur, équilibrant et même dominant les refroidissements hivernaux dus aux flux d'Ekman et aux flux air-mer. Elle réduit en particulier la déstabilisation de la couche de mélange au nord du SAF dans l'Ouest du bassin Indien, en aval de la Rétroflexion des Aiguilles, et dans l'Ouest du bassin Pacifique, en aval du Plateau de Campbell.
Bailleul, Frédéric. "Deux mille mètres sous les mers : stratégies d'acquisition des ressources et réponses comportementales des éléphants de mer de Kerguelen aux structures physiques de l'Océan Austral." La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS176.
Full textUnderstanding how organisms exploit the resources of their environment is a central topic in ecology. At first, this work describes the foraging strategies of the Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Kerguelen Islands. Then, it investigates the relationships between foraging behaviour of this species and the environmental parameters and the physical structures of the Southern Ocean. The elephant seals from Kerguelen have exhibited a large distribution in the Southern Ocean but they have concentred their foraging activity within specific areas. Close to the Antarctic continent or within the polar frontal zone, their behaviour was influenced by sea ice. And eddies, respectively. Resources distribution and predictability were not necessary the unique parameter to explain behavioural adjustments of seals. This study takes place in a global project, which compare, on the one hand, the foraging behaviour of the three principal populations of elephant seals of the Southern Ocean, to contribute for understanding their demography and, on the other hand, to acquire oceanographic data in this part of the world
Cook, Timothée. "Ecologie des oiseaux plongeurs (Phalacrocorax spp. ) : réponses écophysiologiques, comportementales et sexuelles aux variations de l'environnement." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS230.
Full textThe first goal of this thesis was to understand what are the ecophysiological and behavioural adaptations of diving birds to the constraints of diving, by studying the blue-eyed shags from Crozet (Phalacrocorax melanogenis) and Kerguelen (P. Verrucosus). Both species made the longest and the deepest dives in the cormorant family, while foraging in a 3 - 7°c seawater for daily periods lasting 5 - 10 hours. It is likely that these performances are possible because of the use of a hypometabolism. When resource distribution allowed it, these shags used diving strategies close to optimality, submerging for periods facilitating a rapid surface reloading of oxygen reserves. Eventually, the study of the depth of neutral buoyancy showed these birds probably adjusted their respiratory air volumes to dive depth, as a mean for saving oxygen. The second goal of this thesis was to study the possible links between blue-eyed shag sexual dimorphism (smaller females) and the ecology. An important sexual segregation was found (females diving to a shallower depth compared to males and catching smaller fish), probably related to the sexual dimorphism. The intensity of the sexual dimorphism varied from one colony to the next and increased locally when the difference in mean dive depth between the sexes increased. This plasticity of the sexual dimorphism could help the species to adjust to the distribution of resource, while reducing intraspecific competition
Edynak, Elsa. "Le droit international applicable à l'océan Arctique : l’adéquation d’un ensemble juridique complexe à un espace spécifique." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR139.
Full textClimate change and the disruption it implies in the Arctic have really renewed the interest in this space. This raises issues of different scales (both regional and global), but also of different natures (economic, political, social, environmental), which constitute as many legal issues and question the relevance of the applicable law. However, and this is the main legal issue here: the existing legal framework is extremely complex, whose consistency and relevance concerning the region have been widely questioned. But to this unique problem - com-plexity - the authors do not seem to agree on the solutions to adopt. These differences underline the interest to determine whether the legal framework for the Arctic Ocean can be considered as "adequate" in the sense that it would enable a management that meets the criteria of a satisfying legal system. Regarding the method, the study demanded to put the apparent disorder in order. To this end, systematization was necessary; it was done through the creation of a synoptic table analyzing all the standards of international law applicable to the region,. In conclusion, despite its diversity, the legal framework can nevertheless be considered satisfactory from a substantive (completeness) and formal (coherence) point of view. Beyond simple coherence, the current cons-truction of an Arctic law leads to the identification of an scheduling process at the regional level, this framework resembling more and more a real "legal system". This regionalisation is legally essential. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that it does not ensure the worldwide action which remains essential in the face of the global problem that is climate change. If it constitutes a probably necessary step, it represents above all an additional step in this generalized implementation and therefore reinforces the fragmentation of international law, and its complexity
Lachkar, Zouhair. "Rôle des tourbillons de méso-échelle océaniques dans la distribution et les flux air-mer de CO2 anthropique à l'échelle globale." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066036.
Full textDasnon, Anaïs. "Estimation des populations d'oiseaux marins à nidification hypogée ou en habitats complexes : optimisation des méthodes dans les Terres Australes Françaises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS027.
Full textFacing the massive loss of biodiversity, it is crucial to increase our knowledge about populations in order to rapidly implement effective conservation measures. Seabirds are among the most threatened and little-known of all bird species. Many of their species nest in isolated territories, in burrows or in areas inaccessible to man. Traditional survey methods are mainly used to monitor seabird populations, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. In addition, new data acquisition and analysis tools offer new perspectives, but remain too untested.This thesis proposes, in the context of the Réserve naturelle nationale des Terres australes françaises, to explore the effectiveness of traditional methods for estimating the populations of two coastal-nesting species, to test bioacoustics as a new method for estimating burrowing seabirds populations, and to use count and demographic monitoring data from a declining population to test the effectiveness of implementing conservation measures.Traditional survey methods are the most robust and can be used effectively to estimate and monitor seabird populations. These methods can be supplemented by the use of new technologies, in particular bioacoustics for surveys of hypogean nesting species. The combination of these methods and a sound understanding of the biology and ecology of the species will enable them to be conserved effectively over the long term
Mestre, Julie. "Entre variabilité interannuelle et stratégies individuelles : effets des paramètres environnementaux sur l’écologie alimentaire et le succès reproducteur des éléphants de mer de l’archipel de Kerguelen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS228.
Full textBecause time-series relative to foraging ecology, environmental parameters and population trends are scarce, few studies focused on the mechanisms linking oceanographic variables with the foraging behaviour and breeding success in marine top predators. This PhD thesis aims to assess the effects of inter-annual environmental conditions and individual strategies on the foraging ecology and breeding success of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), a key species of the Southern Ocean. The simultaneous analysis of stable isotopes and tracking-diving time-series highlighted that the foraging habitats, as well as the diving- and foraging behaviour of female seals, remained stable over the last fourteen years. This thesis also revealed a consistency in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic foraging strategies, and a decrease in the body condition of females exploiting the latter habitat. The weaning mass of their pups, considered as a proxy of the breeding success, decreased too. A difference in habitat quality was detected between the area located east and west of the Kerguelen archipelago, with the area located west providing a higher foraging success. Moreover, a spatial structuration of foraging strategies was highlighted between two breeding sites located at Kerguelen Island. Despite consistency in the behaviour of seals, an overall increase in body condition was assessed over the study period. Combined with a global decrease in δ13C values, this result suggests that some modifications are occurring in the food web of the Southern Ocean
Surmont, Emmanuelle. "Le front écologique maritime en action : merritorialités et aires marines protégées en France d’outre-mer et en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BOR30001.
Full textSince the end of the 2000s, measures to protect marine biodiversity have been progressively implemented in the oceans leading to the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). States have started to take on this final frontier and began to set up MPAs in their territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. A global maritime ecofrontier has opened up under the impetus of a group of stakeholders - the eco-conquerors - who are advocating the replacement of unsustainable ocean exploitation methods with more environmentally friendly ones. This thesis focuses on France, compared with South Africa. The originality of the analysis lies, on the one hand, in the comparison between these two States, and on the other hand, in an approach of the French policy as seen from the perspective of its overseas territories, considered as socio-economically and politically marginal. The work is based on several case studies: first, carried out in the Indian Ocean, in Mayotte (Mayotte Marine Natural Park [PNMM] and National Nature Reserve [RNN] of the M'bouzi islet) and in Reunion Island (Reunion Island Marine Nature Reserve [RNMR]), and second, in South Africa, in the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (TMNP MPA) around the Cape Peninsula and in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (iSWP) in KwaZulu Natal. These areas were complemented by an analysis of the Glorieuses Marine Natural Park (PNMG) and the French Southern Lands National Nature Reserve (RNN TAF). The thesis documents the way in which the maritime ecological front has opened up and has become sustainable at different scales and the role played by administrations, NGOs and scientist’s mobilisation. It highlights the originality of the merritorialities, the political orientations chosen by the two States and the forms of national maritime ecofrontier development. A resistance movement born from the field has led to a "dotted line" maritime ecological front made up of reduced, shifting, unstable conservation merritories based on an incomplete and dissonant governmentality. The analysis highlights the importance of the postcolonial history of the studied territories in the way national policies have been negotiated by local actors - the eco-creators – in order to produce hybrid policies and to give birth to original competing conservation merritories
Renedo, Elizalde Marina. "Sources and fate of methylmercury in the Southern Ocean : use of model seabirds and mercury stable isotopes." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS031/document.
Full textDespite their distance from industrial pressure, marine southern and Antarctic environments are contaminated by worldwide distributed pollutants, such as mercury (Hg), through atmospheric transport and oceanic currents. So far, Hg contamination pathways in the Southern Ocean remains poorly understood, particularly in the Indian sector, and new studies are required to elucidate its fate and impact in these regions. Seabirds, as top predators of marine food webs, are exposed to elevated concentrations of biomagnified methylmercury (MeHg) via dietary intake and moreover, they forage in the different marine compartments both in spatial and depth terms. Therefore, they are considered as effective bioindicators of Hg environmental contamination and the good knowledge of their ecological characteristics permits their application for tracing Hg in such remote environments otherwise of difficult access. The main objective of this doctoral work is the characterization of the exposure pathways of the MeHg accumulated in model seabirds and the identification of the processes involved in the Hg biogeochemical cycle in the Southern Ocean (from Antarctic to subtropical waters). The proposed methodological approach consisted on the combination of Hg isotopic composition and Hg speciation in tissues of a precise selection of seabirds of the Southern Ocean. In a first step, the evaluation of tissue-specific Hg isotopic signatures was accomplished notably in blood and feathers, as they can be non-lethally sampled. In chicks, both tissues can be effectively and indifferently used for biomonitoring of local contamination using Hg isotopes, whereas in adults each tissue provides access to different temporal exposure : blood at recent scale (i.e. exposure during the breeding period) and feathers at annual scale, thus providing complementary isotopic information at the different stages of seabird annual cycle. A second part was focused on the exploration of MeHg sources in four penguin species within a same subantarctic location, the Crozet Islands. Hg isotopes effectively discriminated the four populations and species-specific foraging habitats and latitudinal movements were found the main factors determining their exposure to distinct environmental MeHg sources. In a third part, Hg isotopes were investigated in two ubiquitous seabird models (skua chicks and penguins) over a large a latitudinal scale from Antarctica to the subtropics. Latitudinal variations of Hg isotopic values (δ202Hg, Δ199Hg) appeared to be influenced by different extent of photochemical processes and other biogeochemical pathways such as Hg reduction, and methylation/demethylation processes, as well as trophic or metabolic processes
Thiers, Laurie. "Utilisation des prédateurs supérieurs pour déterminer les zones d'importance pour la biodiversité : comparaison de différentes méthodes de mise en évidence de "hotspots"." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS025/document.
Full textThe numerous threats that marine environment face, coupled with the evidence for a global biodiversity loss during last decades have lead to an increasing need for setting up conservation measures. Particularly, delimiting Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the French Southern Territories, which are home to an exceptional biodiversity and extensive human activities through industrial fisheries, would be extremely beneficial for species conservation. In order to identify areas of ecological significance for biodiversity, which could be good MPA candidates, the use of distribution data from top marine predators seems to be ideal. Thanks to their high position in trophic network, they are likely to integrate lowers trophic level species distribution. Moreover, they are easy to observe trough at-sea observation campaigns, and easy to equip with telemetric devices thank to their central place foraging that lead them to return regularly to their colony during breeding season. Here, we analyse distribution data and develop habitat models from several top predators species in both subantarctic and tropical regions to highlight biodiversity hotspots within the French Southern Territories. This work could thus be use as a basis to define potential boundaries for a future MPA
Jeudi, de Grissac Sophie. "Où va la jeunesse ? Mouvements et quête alimentaire des juvéniles de procellariiformes durant leur première année en mer." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS016/document.
Full textThe juvenile stage of animals is often much of a mystery to scientists. Moreover, juvenile survival is known to be a strong determinant for the future of a population. Indeed, juvenile animals are known to face high mortality during the first months after independence, with survival rates improving with age. One ultimate hypothesis implies that juveniles have a lower survival rate than adults because of their lack of experience. Thus they are initially poor foragers and require a learning period (immaturity) to improve their efficiency before being able to bear breeding and its associated energetic costs. Proximal factors also influence juvenile survival, such as environmental fluctuations and competition. Studies on terrestrial animals have provided useful information thanks to the possibility of direct observation and, recently, bio-logging technologies. However, collecting data in the marine environment is more difficult, particularly when juveniles are concerned. Long-lived marine species such as seabirds have an extensive immature period extending from a few years up to more than ten years. The offspring of these species will usually leave their natal site and disperse at sea for several years before returning to breed on land, most of the time at their place of birth. This makes it difficult to obtain direct observations, and so documenting their first journey at sea to learn more about their behavioural and foraging ecology is a challenge. In this context, this PhD aims to unravel at least part of the mystery of juvenile seabirds’ early life by investigating the first months at sea of newly fledged individuals from several long-lived species of procellariiformes. Using state of the art advancements in biotelemetry, I was able to follow, at sea, by satellite a large set of juveniles from nine closely related species of albatross and petrel breeding in the French Southern Territories of the Southern Ocean : Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Some of these species had never been tracked before. Trajectories were analysed using various new statistical methods that allowed movement strategies, alongside foraging behaviour and spatial distributions, to be described, all in tight link with environmental conditions. The findings were discussed in the light of a comparison with adults of the same species. Using this huge dataset I first examined the dispersal strategies of young birds that had left their nest and were totally independent from their parents. I showed that the strategies, as well as the amount of innate information controlling them are highly variable depending on species. Their movements take them in various habitats following or not the parental strategies. The amount of variability in juvenile strategies is linked to potential plasticity when facing environmental changes. These parameters are related to the history life trait of species, and might affect demography and population dynamics. In addition, by analysing juvenile wandering albatross tracks I showed that although they quickly learn the basics of flight and foraging optimization required to survive at sea, behavioural differences with adults persist in time, suggesting that non-observable behaviours need a longer period of learning and memorisation. Finally, whatever the strategy adopted, it seems to be driven in part by intraspecific competition since juveniles mitigate competition with older birds by segregating spatially. This last point highlights the crucial need of acknowledging age-related distribution when making management decisions to protect seabird populations. This work provides new insights about several major aspects of the at-sea ecology of naïve individuals foraging alone in a highly unpredictable environment. We learn here how instinct followed by experience shape specific early life strategies that allow young birds to deal with environmental conditions and interspecific competition so as to be able to survive
Aulus-Giacosa, Lucie. "Spatio-temporal evolution of life history traits related to dispersal. Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) colonization of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands." Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU3003.
Full textIt is an ongoing issue to better understand colonization process, adaptation potential to new environments, and invasiveness of a species. The sub Antarctic Kerguelen Islands are a perfect model to model population dynamics in an invasion context, because it represents a simplified case of invasion by brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), a facultative anadromous fish. Introduced in the 1950s, and thanks to its dispersive and adaptive capacities, the brown trout provides a unique study model for understanding the causes and mechanisms underlying biological invasions. Understanding dispersal mechanisms, through the study of life history traits related to migration (e.g. growth, age at migration) and their temporal evolution in shifting expansion range population, is the core of this thesis work. Through the study of scales collected in this unique framework, the life histories of nearly 5000 fish have been rebuilt. This work demonstrates the importance of the methodology to determine accurate estimates of individual life history traits. Modelling the evolution of freshwater growth, body size at age and age at first migration demonstrates that evolutionary processes are at work according to the time since colonization. In particular, the decrease in growth rate over time and the decrease in body size at age over time and space suggest that the dispersal capacity is decreasing in populations located at the margins. The evolution of the threshold size at first migration confirms this results, and illustrates the importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in the choice of migratory tactics. However, the approach taken in this manuscript focuses on the evolution of migration, and would benefit from the study of the joint evolution of traits involved in fitness (costs-benefits balance), such as reproduction, or growth at sea
Orgeret, Florian. "Ontogenèse de la recherche alimentaire durant la phase juvénile : cas des prédateurs plongeurs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS006/document.
Full textThe juvenile phase of long lived-species is poorly understood despite its critical importance for the future of animal populations. Thanks to new bio-technologies, in this thesis we managed to monitor the ontogeny of foraging behaviour in 52 juveniles from 3 deep-diving marine predator species (king penguins, emperor penguins and southern elephant seals) in the French Southern territories over the first year after their independence. The juveniles of these 3 species showed a very large dispersion range over huge distances in the Southern Ocean. Their dispersion was characterized at departure by partially innate behaviour in their orientation preferences. Juveniles showed a strong dependency to the local oceanic currents orientation and frontal zones. More, they showed a spatial segregation with adults. Juveniles were quickly able to dive very deep. Their diving and foraging skills increased progressively with time. However, juveniles never completely reached the efficiency of adults, even after one year at sea. Some juveniles did not manage to increase their foraging skills while their environment became less productive; these juveniles may have died at sea, probably because of starvation. The first year at sea appears thus to be critical for the 3 studied species, as substantial mortality occurred in each case. This thesis presents new information about the ontogeny of dispersion and the foraging behaviour in marine deep-diving predators