Academic literature on the topic 'Mentira manifesta'

Na contemporaneidade, a mentira constitui um dos principais atributos das relações sociais, instituindo-se como valor eticamente perverso; manifesta-se como ideologia ou é expressa cinicamente como "mentira manifesta"; a lei é a da hipocrisia normatizada entre os sujeitos; revela-se sob as sutilezas enganosas e opressivas da burocracia, em certas justificativas cínicas de segredo ou de sigilo; destrói as manifestações do desejar, sentir, pensar e agir e esvazia o respeito à alteridade dos indivíduos; apresenta-se potencializada pela cumplicidade, mesmo que inconsciente, dos indivíduos, que a reproduzem em vínculos de farsa. O poder de difusão da mentira sustenta-se na banalização da malignidade que atravessa a vida dos homens. A mentira produz e difunde a atribuição de periculosidade a certos grupos e/ou nações - "os terroristas" - para justificar ações bélicas contra povos com fins prioritariamente econômicos.

Aproximar o conto de Guimarães Rosa “Conversa de bois”<br />(Sagarana, 1946) do quadro Vaca amarela (1911), de Franz Marc,pintor expressionista ligado ao movimento Der Blaue Reiter,significa repensar a representação dos animais, forçando os limites do comentário batailliano sobre a “mentira poética da animalidade” até fazer da poesia o lugar de uma verdade ética da hospitalidade com a qual se dá acolhida ao totalmente outro. Essa verdade se manifesta como exigência do impossível, como no dito de Derrida: “Um ato de hospitalidade só pode ser poético.” No conto, coexistem estruturas mais tradicionais de representação com a tentativa poética de encontrar, através da plasticidade da linguagem, algo que seria traço irredutível dos bichos; no quadro, a representação da vaca vista de fora se mistura ao cromatismo em amarelo com o qual o pintor busca apresentar poeticamente algo do afeto dos bichos em sua “visão de mundo”.

Aproximar o conto de Guimarães Rosa “Conversa de bois” (Sagarana, 1946) do quadro Vaca amarela (1911), de Franz Marc, pintor expressionista ligado ao movimento Der Blaue Reiter, significa repensar a representação dos animais, forçando os limites do comentário batailliano sobre a “mentira poética da animalidade” até fazer da poesia o lugar de uma verdade ética da hospitalidade com a qual se dá acolhida ao totalmente outro. Essa verdade se manifesta como exigência do impossível, como no dito de Derrida: “Um ato de hospitalidade só pode ser poético.” No conto, coexistem estruturas mais tradicionais de representação com a tentativa poética de encontrar, através da plasticidade da linguagem, algo que seria traço irredutível dos bichos; no quadro, a representação da vaca vista de fora se mistura ao cromatismo em amarelo com o qual o pintor busca apresentar poeticamente algo do afeto dos bichos em sua “visão de mundo”.

¿Qué intención debe tener el dibujo respecto de aquello quehemos creado? Un dibujo tiene que manifestar lo que se quiere explicar, debe reflejar la intención, el propósito, el proyecto, no únicamente la realidad. Así que un dibujo puede manipular y alterar la verdad. La representación debe transmitir aquello que se quiere decir, sea verdad o no. Es por eso que el dibujo puede mentir, incluso debe mentir. Pero es un mentir que pretende transmitir la profunda intención de aquello que se quiere explicar. Para ello se requiere un trabajo previo que conjugue el qué se quiere decir y el cómo. Para tratar de ahondar en este tema se recurre a ejemplos de todas las épocas, basándose en el libro Modos de ver de John Berger.

Mentari Sejati Perkasa adalah perusahaan nasional yang bergerak dalam bidang pelayaran cargo, yang terdapat beberapa kegiatan diantaranya yaitu kegiatan bongkar muat barang, dalam pembuatan manifest atau data muatan kapal masih dengan cara tulis tangan yaitu dengan mengisi formulir teli muatan, hasil isian tersebut kemudian direkap dan ktik ulang menggunakan Microsoft Excel dalam proses rekapitulasi dan pembutan laporan terkadang membutuhkan waktu yang lama karna menunggu hasil isian formulir teli mutan, proses validasi dan pengiriman laporan yang mengakibatkan pembengkakan biaya dalam setiap kali kegiatan bongkar muat. Untuk mempermudah dalam pembuatan manifest (data muatan kapal), pembuatan dan pembutan laporan diperlukan sebuah sistem yang dapat mempermudah dalam pencatatan data muat kapal, pencarian data muat kapal, rekapitulasi data muat kapal, pembuatan laporan dan pengirimina laporan ke kantor pusat, tujuan perancangan sistem informasi ini adalah merancang dan menghasilkan sebuah sistem informasi manifest muatan kapal berbasis dekstop dan android yang dapat mempermudah dan mempercepat proses pendataan muatan dan mempercepat proses pembuatan manifest muatan, pembuatan laporan dan pengiriman laporan, metode perancangan dalam membangun sistem menggunakan metode System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) yang terdiri dari perancangan sistem berbasis dekstop dan berbasis android.

Korupsi merupakan perbuatan yang merugikan negara dengan cara menyalahgunakan kekuasaan, jabatan atau pengaruhnya untuk keuntungan pribadi atau kolektif, baik secara finansial maupun non-finansial. Korupsi dapat menghancurkan ekonomi, menciptakan ketidakadilan sosial, dan merugikan masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Pemberantasan korupsi menjadi sangat penting dimana korupsi bukan lagi menjadi persoalan nasional tetapi sudah menjadi persoalan global. Oleh karena itu, perlunya memastikan bahwa setiap negara di kawasan ASEAN memiliki kaidah-kaidah politik yang kuat dan efektif dalam upaya pemberantasan korupsi. Dalam rangka untuk memerangi korupsi secara efektif, manifestasi kaidah-kaidah politik antar negara ASEAN dalam pemberantasan korupsi pada negara-negara di ASEAN adalah sangat penting untuk menciptakan kerangka kerja yang konsisten dan memberikan pedoman yang jelas bagi negara-negara anggota ASEAN untuk melawan korupsi secara bersama-sama. Salah satu contoh kasus kerjasama internasional dalam pemberantasan korupsi yang menerapkan kaidah politik internasional adalah kerjasama antara Malaysia dan Amerika Serikat dalam penyelidikan dan penuntutan kasus korupsi yang melibatkan mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Najib Razak. Kaidah-kaidah politik hukum pidana internasional tersebut menjadi acuan dan pedoman dalam melakukan penyelidikan dan penuntutan kasus korupsi yang melibatkan pelaku di berbagai negara khususnya antar negara ASEAN. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan penelitian dari data sekunder dan dijelaskan secara deskriptif. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Sehingga pada akhirnya penulis berkesimpulan bahwa penuntutan kasus korupsi yang melibatkan mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia, Najib Razak dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kaidah politik Hukum Pidana Internasional yaitu prinsip keadilan dan kepastian hukum. Najib Razak diadili dan dijatuhi hukuman sesuai dengan bukti-bukti yang ada serta hak-haknya sebagai terdakwa dijamin selama proses persidangan. Kata Kunci: Korupsi, Kaidah-Kaidah Politik, ASEAN

Abstract Do political parties change their position when military casualties increase? Several studies demonstrate that once military casualties increase, public support for sometimes even the government itself declines. With this potential backlash, once governing parties are faced with military casualties, do they (1) maintain that intervention was the “right thing” to do and even escalate their commitment by becoming even more pro-military or (2) try to avoid the blame and downplay the issue, i.e., “not mentioning the war”? And do the opposition parties become more negative or more positive about the military? To evaluate this, we measure the position on military issues in parties’ election manifestoes. Our dataset comprises 326 party policy changes in eleven Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and focuses on post-Cold War military interventions. By using pooled time-series cross-sectional analysis, we find that opposition parties and governing parties respond differently. Generally, governing parties become more negative in their manifesto and opposition parties more positive. We also demonstrate important differences between party families and pre/post-9/11. Our analyses show that whether political parties change policy course once confronted with negative outcomes depends on their position in office, and also the direction in which they change policy depends on political ideology.

Basados en los textos bíblicos que se leyeron en la celebración Eucarística en ocasión del XXXII aniversario de los mártires de la UCA, la homilía subraya cómo la palabra de Dios mantiene su actualidad hoy como palabra viva que ayuda a discernir entre el bien y mal y es eficaz cuando se escucha y se vive desde las realidades históricas. Esta palabra despierta el deseo de servir al proyecto de Dios para la humanidad; servicio que puede desembocar en el martirio, como muestra de un amor y que se manifestó en la fidelidad de los mártires de la UCA a este proyecto. Se ofrecen reflexiones sobre las manifestaciones del verdadero amor que motiva a los mártires a brindar la vida por el bien de los demás, lo que contrasta con el amor fingido de otros que prefieren la mentira y el ocultamiento de la verdad. Los mártires guiaron su vida y actuar por los siguientes valores: la verdad, la compasión, la misericordia, la justicia, la defensa de los pobres, la libertad y la dignidad humana; la solidaridad y la construcción de un país donde todos nos pudiéramos llamar hermanos y hermanas y vivir como tales. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 76, No. 767, 2021: 553-558.

Despite the existing extensive research on stance markers such as hedges, boosters, and self-mention in academic writing, few studies, however, examined the co-occurrence of these stance markers to help authors project their identities in writing. In this study, we examine how self-mention with boosters and hedges are used by writers of different groups to manifest authorial presence and what functions they realize in research writing. Two self-compiled corpora were constructed to compare the discursive practice between Chinese PhD students and journal article writers from four disciplines in hard applied and hard pure science. In general, student writers use fewer self-mention with boosters but more self-mention with hedges than expert writers. An examination of the rhetorical functions of these devices shows that both expert and student writers employ most self-mention with boosters for presenting research findings, but students are more inclined to invest self-mention with boosters than expert writers when describing research procedures or elaborating arguments. Meanwhile, self-mention with hedges are mostly used for elaborating arguments, but compared with expert writers, students seem to overly obscure their presence in this function.

This research article aims to explore the use of self-mentions “I” expressed by the characters in the novel “the Judgment”, the famous novel in Thailand. The results revealed that the facets of critical discourse and context interpretation cannot be separated. That is, discourse also plays a vital role in projecting an individual‘s subjectivity through the use of language, non-verbal interaction and expression. Fak, the main protagonist and the villagers are the key parts of societal discourse, with the former as a victim of the villagers’ discourse and the latter as victims of their own. The use of self-mentions “I” and identity construction could manifest the intended meaning that each character conveys. The analysis underlines the concept sociolinguistics and discourse should be considered as an interesting medium in Thai thought domination found in the novel. Moreover, instructors of the English language can apply the results of this study as a guideline for raise students’ awareness of competent novel writers with the sociolinguistic and critical discourse interpretation, along with the necessity to understand the underline meaning of Thai cultures while creating novel.

The articles in this collection deal with the reception of Mickiewicz as a poetical, political and ideological mentor. They present him from different angles: as the author of Philomath papers, journalistic pieces, speeches and political and social manifestos, a poet and religious reformer, the co-author and participant of various spiritual projects, the initiator of spiritual renewal in the emigrant community, the originator of the first Polish religious order, as well as the co-founder of the first Polish religious sect and an authority for the future generations of the followers of his ideas and work.

This chapter examines the work of Tatian (Tatianus), whose apologetic document has many of the same goals as that of his mentor, Justin the Martyr, except that Tatian’s final product is shorter and blunter, and vehemently argues that the “men of Greece” possess no originality and their very claim to being philosophers is manifestly false. Tatian’s style is surely more acidic than his mentor’s, but it is inaccurate to depict Justin as a “negotiator,” while designating Tatian as the combative confrontationist with the aim of presenting a general condemnation of Greek culture.

The article studies a theatrical project staged at Teatro de la Comedia in Madrid by Alberto Conejero, with Susi Sánchez y José Troncoso, based on “El príncipe constante” by Calderón: “Esta primavera fugitive” (“Varaciones sobre «El príncipe constante» de Calderón de la Barca”). The performance was commissioned by Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico and staged on 17th of March 2021. The playwright converged several voices in his personal recast to manifest the strength and universality of “El príncipe constante”. The “mise-enabyme” effect is stressed by the presence of Alberto in his play, as well as the mention of Jerzy Grotowski, Ryszard Cieślak and Juliusz Słowacki, the author of the Polish version of “The Constant Prince”. Different testimonies confirm the fundamental function of theater as “ars vitae”.

Abstract The first issue of the Liberator is justly famous for William Lloyd Garrison’s bold opening manifesto. Virtually every history textbook quotes some part of the well-known passage: “I will be as harsh as truth, AND I WILL BE HEARD.” But little mention is ever made about the two articles that appeared alongside it on the front page of that famous publication. In “District of Columbia,” Garrison described how in the nation’s capital, “the worst features of slavery are exhibited; and as a mart for slave-traders, it is unequalled.” Also included was a petition to Congress asking for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia and “for the preventing of bringing slaves into that District for purposes of traffic.” If that article left anyone “unmoved;’ the next piece was intended to startle the reader out of apathy, “unless he be morally dead-dead-dead.

Chapter Five demonstrates how Bradley and Cooper sought to become "Catholic poets" in Poems of Adoration (1912) and Mystic Trees (1914) by appropriating the formal, including metric, conventions of Victorian devotional poetics while also maintaining many of the Aesthetic, queer characteristics of their earlier work. In terms of meter, these queer characteristics manifest themselves in shifting, ambiguous metrics that resonate with today's thinking about queer temporality. In order to support these claims, this chapter examines nineteenth-century writing on devotional form and Anglo-Catholic theology as well as the co-authors' correspondence with their Catholic friends and mentors. By drawing upon recent insights from disability studies, as well as previous claims that Michael Field’s ongoing re-visionary projects possess qualities we today call both queer and feminist, this chapter shows how Michael Field’s Catholic verses engage the ineffable and the unknown as they articulate spiritual and homoerotic love and desire specifically in context of being, seeing, and desiring an embodied (female) subject in pain.

Abstract As soon as we leave the relatively straightforward world of linearity, we are faced with an infinitude of possible choices of the generic models. Nature is full of surprises and awareness of its infinite variety is an accumulative learning process, which is itself non-linear. It seems therefore that there will always be the necessity of different approaches to non-linear time series model building. One of the basic objectives of this volume is the quest for a deeper understanding of cyclical phenomena which manifest themselves in the form of cyclical time series. Historically, the development of time series analysis is, in many ways, related to this quest. We need only mention Schuster’s periodogram (1898, 1906), Yule’s autoregressive models (1927), and the modern industry of spectral analysis (see e.g. Childers 1978 and Priestley 1981). In particular, it is interesting to recall that the papers by Schuster (1906) and Yule (1927) were devoted to the analysis of the cyclical sunspot numbers.

This chapter tells the story of public opinion about homosexuality in Turkey, Malaysia, and Indonesia, each of which has a substantial proportion of Muslims and highly religious residents. Similar to the selection of Protestant nations, these three countries vary in their level of democracy, economic development, and attitudes about homosexuality. This chapter also uses information from over four hundred newspaper articles from these nations. The findings reveal that Turkey is more likely to frame homosexuality as a rights and civil liberties issue. Conversely, Malaysia is less likely to mention not only rights but also morality and religion. The various frames used to discuss homosexuality are tied to some of the unique factors manifested in the historical, political, and cultural contexts of these nations, as well as anticipated patterns related to economic development, democracy, and the religious context.

Abstract There is ample evidence that the experience of working together across lines of social division such as race, though not untroubled by prejudice and hostility, tends to reduce prejudice and hostility. This experience fosters cooperative social ties and skills, conversations about a wide range of work-related, personal, and political matters, and bonds of empathy and affinity across salient lines of social division. Can anything like this claim be made in the case of gender? Part of the powerful significance of interracial contact on the job stems from the relative paucity of close and cooperative interracial contact outside of the workplace. That is manifestly not the case as between men and women. Most importantly, men and women usually live together for much of their lives as spouses, brothers and sisters, and parents and children, not to mention as neighbors. There is not a general pattern of “gender segregation” in neighborhoods, most schools, and many other spheres of society from which workplace integration is an important departure.

Abstract This book is about how and why pace-setting American universities are defined as they are. Particularly it is concerned with how and why they are defined with respect to religion. These two questions are closely connected since those who originally set the standards for American universities in the late nineteenth century were shaped by their strongly Protestant heritage. Most of the first generation of university builders were active Protestants and many were ardent believers. Even if they gave up the particulars of the evangelicalism of their mentors’ generation, they retained a dedication to liberal Christianity. Through the second and third generations of the evolution of American universities, until the early 1960s, almost all the leaders of the pace-setting institutions were of Protestant stock, had outlooks shaped by a Protestant ethos, and on occasion would honor their Christian heritage. In the late nineteenth century, when American universities took their shape, the Protestantism of the major northern denominations acted as a virtual religious and cultural establishment. This establishmentarian outlook was manifested in American universities, which were the first half of the twentieth century built impressive chapels signaling their respect for their Christian heritages. As late as the 1950s it was not unusual for spokespersons of leading schools to refer to them as “Christian” institutions. Such vestiges of the Protestant establishment are significant not simply

F. SUÁREZ’S CONCEPT OF BEING IN THE FORMULATION OF INTENTIONALITY FROM F. BRENTANO TO J. PATOČKA AND BEYOND The language of phenomenology includes terms such as intentionality, phenomenon, insight, analysis, sense, not to mention the key term of Edmund Husserl’s manifesto, “the things themselves” to return to. But what does the “things themselves” properly mean? How come the term is replaced by the “findings” over time? And what are the findings for? The investigation begins by looking at the tricky legacy of the modern turn, trying to clarify ties to past masters, including Francisco Suárez and Augustine of Hippo. The former, because his influence goes beyond René Descartes reaching undoubtedly Franz Brentano and his students, as well as Martin Heidegger. The latter, because Augustine gives a personal component to the Greek inheritance, marked by the “inward turn.” However, it would not be possible to review the history of thought without the help offered by Jan Patočka's analyses. Patočka discloses the “care” of the Greek philosophers, Plato and Democritus among others, “for the soul”, we would say with Patočka for “being,” whose sense “does not leave us indifferent” as the leitmotiv of Ancient Philosophy. Nevertheless, in his lectures on Plato and Europe, Patočka points out that you must be careful not to confuse the phenomena of things, of existens, with the phenomena of being. Finally, Patočka’s legacy is found in the efforts to reconcile the life-feeling with the modern construction of reality, which means “a radical reconstruction of the naive and natural world of common sense.” In some ways, intentionality is to be revised.

Problem Statement: Although in recent years our country was implemented a number of projects for the widening of e-counselling, special education, considering this issue, is a neglected area. In this context, we considered as necessarily a study concerning online counselling where educational actors from special school were our investigated subjects. Purpose of Study:This paper contains a preliminary study to explore perceptions educational actors (head teachers, therapists, and teachers) from a special school (Prahova County) towards online counselling. The objectives of our study are: to identify their attitudes and needs toward counselling, to mention their preference for specific types of counselling (face to face or online), to specify the advantages and disadvantages for online counselling, thus providing a theoretical and practical framework for counsellors and authorities in this field. Research Methods: We have utilised focus group and individualized interview on a sample of 36 educational actors (6 specialists and 30 teachers from primary and secondary school). Findings:The results of this study indicated that 56% of educational actors do not recognize their counselling needs; from them, 44% manifested their will to be counselled and most of them prefer face to face counselling in spite of online counselling and more, they want to participate to counselling sessions outside school. For most of our subjects (73%) online counselling has more disadvantages and less advantage. None of investigated subjects have a certificate that proves online counselling competences, and more, do not manifested their interest for trainings or workshops on this field. Conclusion:The results of this study showed that online counselling is a neglected area in special educational and the lack of publicity among educational actors has maintained the lack of information and unfavorable mentalities towards advantages of this service. So, through this study and our recommendations, we intend to draw attention to the policy makers and education responsible in order to increase the efficiency of online counselling provided to beneficiaries.

Making use of activities of e-learning type has an effect on not only learning activities, but it also has positive and negative implications upon the personalities of the participants at this activity. The fact that the teachers and the students do not meet face to face leads to the apparition of a series of particularities of the traditional teacher-student relationship. The learning systems in electronic format based on interactivity represent one of the ways of diversifying and multiplying of interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal relationships among which we can mention the teacher-student relationships manifest as interactions between individuals that lead to information, material and affective exchange. This paper starts from the idea that in the context of using the computer in the learning activity, the traditional interpersonal relationships, including the teacher-student relationships gain new dimensions, and it focuses on a comparative analysis of this relationship. The analysis has been made from the perspective of the identification of the characteristics of the teacher-student relationships in e-learning at different ages in different educational environments, both from the teacher's perspective and from the students'. Implicating the computer in education does not diminish or exclude the role of the teacher and the relationship with other students. The teacher has a remarkable contribution, but not in the traditional way. The independence granted to the one that is learning does not exclude the role of the teacher and the communication with the others. The lack of the face-to-face human contact, considered essential for human socializing is compensated by major positive effects of colaboration and cooperation which enlarge the area of human contacts. The psychosocial perspective in e-learning stimulates the process of socializing and learning through cooperation and diversifies the nature of relationships of interpersonal communication. The cooperation through e-learning favours not only individual responsibility, but also the development of social abilities.

The cemeterial units, are places of social practices of everyday life and worship and the tomb where nostalgia can be externalized and the memory of the deceased revered. In Western societies we can find a category of artifacts meant to evoke the memory or honor the dead. In this paper we we mention three examples of products that enabled a reflection on the concepts that gave rise to their ways, and that risks to fit them into a new "material culture", in that it may have created a break with the traditional system codes and standards shared by companies, and its manifestations in relation to the physical creation of this category of products. This work offers a reflection on the Design Products.What probably makes it special is the field where it is located: the design of products in one post mortem memory. Usually made of granite rock or marble, have the form of plate or tablet, open book or rolled sheet. On one side have a photograph of the person who intend to honor and inscriptions. The thought of inherent design of this work put on one side the intricate set of emotions that this type of product can generate, and other components more affordable, and concerning the form, function and object interactions with users and with use environments. In the definition of the problem it was regarded as mandatory requirements: differentiation, added value and durability as key objectives.The first two should be manifested in the various components / product attributes. The aesthetic and material/structural durability of product necessarily imply the introduction of qualifying terms and quantitative weights, which positively influence the generation and evaluation of concepts based on the set of 10 principles for the project that originated a matrix as a tool to aid designing products. The concrete definition of a target audience was equally important. At this stage, the collaboration of other experts in the fields of psychology and sociology as disciplines with particular ability to understand individuals and social phenomena respectively was crucial. It was concluded that a product design to honor someone post mortem, should abandon the more traditional habits and customs to focus on identifying new audiences. Although at present it can be considered a niche market, it is believed that in the future may grow as well as their interest in this type of products.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3323

The physiological adaptability of fungi and the multi-enzyme metabolic system is the basis of their amazing ability to develop in various environmental conditions, considered the engines of natural ecosystem restoration. They are natural decomposers of organic matter to absorb their nutrients, thus allowing recycling, mineralization and release of compounds for the community and ecosystems. Extracellular enzymes of fungal origin, both redox and hydrolytic, have been reported for various industrial and biotechnological applications, such as the medical, agricultural, pulp and paper, textile, detergent, food processing and biofuel industries; as well as bioremediation. In addition, fungal enzymes have a significant advantage over those derived from plants or animals due to their ease of handling, rapid production in lowcost media, higher yields, and catalytic activity. The purpose of the research was to study the enzymatic properties (amylase, catalase, cellulase, lipase) of 93 strains of micromycetes representing the genera Aspergilus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus, isolated from the "La izvor" aquatic ecosystem. Strains were isolated from water (35 strains), biofilm (28 strains) and silt (30 strains). Express tests were performed to determine the enzyme capacity: amylase, catalase, cellulase, and lipase. When determining the enzyme capacity, specific indicators were used for each enzyme: amylase - Lugol's solution, catalase - H2O2 (3%), cellulase carboxymethylcellulase and Congo red, lipase - Tween 80. The enzyme activity was assessed as: (+++) – high; (++) – average; (+) – weak; (-) – missing. As a result of the research on the strains isolated from the water, it was found that, in 12 strains, the activity of catalase was at an average level (++), in 11 strains - weak (+), and in 12 strains this activity was missing (-). Amylase, lipase, and cellulase activities were also weak in most strains tested. Only 4 strains registered an average enzymatic activity (++) of the 3 enzymes. In the rest of the strains, the activity of these enzymes is weak (+) or absent (-). The activity of amylase was not manifested in 10 strains, of lipase in 13 strains, and of cellulase in 12 strains. None of the tested strains showed medium-level activity of the studied enzymes, and medium-level enzymatic activity of 3 enzymes did - the strains isolated from water: A 12 and A 14. In the strains isolated from the biofilm, the enzymatic capacity of the 4 enzymes was presented as follows, catalase activity: average (++) - 3 strains, weak (+) - 15 strains, missing (-) - 10 strains. Amylase activity: 2 strains – medium, 11 strains – weak, 15 – missing. Lipase and catalase activity in the tested strains was also weak or absent. None of the strains isolated from the biofilm showed moderate lipase and cellulase enzyme activity. Lipase activity was missing in 9 strains, and cellulase activity in 18 strains. Thirty strains isolated from the silt were tested. From the 30 strains tested, catalase activity at a medium level (++) was recorded in 20 strains, at a weak level (+) in 8 strains and absent (-) in 2 strains. Amylase activity at a medium level - 18 strains, at a weak level - 10 strains, and missing in 2 strains. Lipase activity at a medium level - 18 strains, at a weak level - 9 strains, missing (-) in 3 strains. Cellulase activity: medium level - 6 strains, weak level - 19 strains, missing in 5 strains. Thus, we can state that from an enzymatic point of view the most active strains are the strains isolated from the silt. In 4 strains, the enzymatic activity of catalase, amylase, lipase and cellulase was recorded at medium level (++). These are strains N 5, N 7, N 12, N 14. According to the obtained results, we can mention that the aquatic strains of micromycetes possess selective enzymatic properties. The most active ones possessing significant enzymatic properties (A 12 and A 14, N 5, N 7, N 12, N 14) were selected for further research.

Els múltiples desplaçaments de persones, informació i mercaderies són els que defineixen l’època en la que ens trobem, una època altament tecnològica, dinàmica i, per alguns autors com Bauman (2007) o Sennet (2006) governada per una sensació d’incertesa vers el futur. Les possibilitats que el ràpid desenvolupament tecnològic posa en joc, implica noves lògiques, que difuminen les tradicionals fronteres d’espai i temps, convertint-ho tot en immediat, instantani i pròxim. És en aquesta situació on prenen força les inèrcies pròpies del predomini de fluxos i de la multiplicació de les interconnexions, que caracteritzen la societat de la informació i la comunicació (Castells, 1996, 1998). En consonància, les ciutats estan immerses en una intensa transformació per a adaptar-se als nous reptes i donar resposta a les noves ànsies i necessitats socials i econòmiques. La ciutat es redefineix per adequar-se i possibilitar els nous ritmes i estils de vida, doncs la societat és relaciona amb l’espai urbà d’una determinada manera, mentre que l’espai facilita un cert tipus de relació. Per nosaltres és en aquesta relació bidireccional on la ciutat pren forma i significació. Alguns autors com Shelly & Urry (2006) ens parlen del nou paradigma de la mobilitat segons el que les noves formes de vida serien regides per aquests constants trànsits de fluxos, tant de informacions o dades, com de persones o de mercaderies. Trobem en les ciutats múltiples espais que faciliten el trànsit de persones. Els espais de trànsit, han catalitzat les necessitats de mobilitat i han facilitat que és produeixin fets com la descentralització, la transformació del territori, la reducció de la percepció de les distàncies, etc. Els espais de trànsit, segons Vivas, Pellicer i López (2008), són emplaçaments urbans que faciliten els desplaçaments i la connexió entre diferents llocs, espais contemporanis que guarden coherència amb la mobilitat. Espais que han anat adquirint rellevància dins el context urbà i no només en són els vertebradors de les ciutats, sinó que també en són icones i indicadors de la seva potència. Alguns exemples d’aquests espais en són les andanes, els vestíbuls i els intercanviadors de trens i metros, aeroports, autopistes, àrees de serveis, algunes cadenes d’hotels i diversos vehicles com el tren, el metro, l’avió... Aquests espais s’han convertit en uns espais vitals en l’articulació de la xarxa urbana i social, uns espais en els que es posen de manifest característiques de la societat actual, com la mobilitat, l’homogeneïtzació, la vigilància, la globalització, l’anonimat... i que tenen conseqüències importants en l’organització i planificació de la ciutat. El nostre treball gira entorn d’aquests espais, els espais de trànsit, uns espais emblemàtics de la societat i la ciutat actual. Mitjançant la realització d’una etnografia urbana, hem observat la Barcelona actual i la seva transformació des del seu metro, un gran eix de mobilitat urbana, amb la finalitat d’entendre la ciutat i els seus usuaris/es. Amb el nostre treball volem oferir respostes a com es viu i es transforma la ciutat, alhora que volem mostrar alguns aspectes relacionats amb els dispositius de control i tecnològics, la forma de practicar i relacionar-se amb els espais urbans emergents, la incidència dels espais de trànsit en els processos de transformació de ciutats, entre altres aspectes. The important amount of people's journeys, information and objects, explains at the present time, a dynamic and technologic time. For some authors such as Bauman (2007) or Sennet (2006), this time is guided by the sensation of the uncertainty towards the future. The possibilities that fast development of new technologies imply new logics which stump the traditional borders of space and time, transforms everything into immediate, instantaneous and near. In this context appears a predominance of flows and multiplication of the interconnections, which characterize the society of the information and the communication (Castells, 1996, 1998). The cities are changing to adapt themselves to the new social, economic and politic demands. The city reinvents itself in order to adapt at modern, both time and ways of life. The society and the urban space have a bidirectional relation, and it is in that relationship where the city takes form and meaning. According to Urry (2007) “the mobility paradigm” explains the constant exchanges and journeys (of people, ideas, objects and information) which guides towards new ways of living and relationships. In this way, in today's city we find urban places which facilitates people’s journeys and the transformation of the urban space, the reduction of the perception of the distances or the decentralisation of the city, etc. Transitspaces catalyse the necessities of the mobility. Transit-spaces, for Vivas, Pellicer and López (2008) are urban spaces designed to facilitate people’s journeys and mobility; they are contemporaries spaces and built through an ongoing process of multiple complex and changing interactions. They are places that have assumed huge relevance and upon which the modern urban network is sustained, and at the same time, inform about the power of the city.Within a range of different transit spaces we find: underground train, train platforms, connecting passageways, airports, motorways, service stations, some hotel chains and different vehicles. These spaces are vital in connecting the urban and social network. In them are revealed the common determinations of modern society. Characteristics such as mobility, homogenisation, anonymity, vigilance, globalisation, acceleration... are present in these spaces. These characteristics produce important effects in the organization and design of the city. Our attention will focus on these spaces: transit-spaces. These places are becoming spacial and architectural points of reference, and they claim a central role through their design as identifying elements of modern cities and society. Our proposal for the investigation of urban spaces is the urban ethnography. With this technique we research about Barcelona and its transformation. The space selected is the Barcelona underground train systems, a vast network of urban mobility. Focusing our analysis on Barcelona underground we are responding to the fact that they are a privileged viewing point to observe contemporary urban life, city and citizens. With our work we want to offer answers to ways of living and changing the city, and at the same time, we want to explain some aspects regarding the control practices and technologic possibilities, the form of practice these spaces and the effects of these spaces in the transformation of the city, for example.