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Journal articles on the topic 'Menthol'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Chiou, Tai-Ying, Shiori Nomura, Masaaki Konishi, Chien-Sen Liao, Yasutaka Shimotori, Miki Murata, Naofumi Ohtsu, et al. "Conversion and Hydrothermal Decomposition of Major Components of Mint Essential Oil by Small-Scale Subcritical Water Treatment." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081953.

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Thermal stabilities of four major components (l-menthol, l-menthone, piperitone, and l-menthyl acetate) of Japanese mint essential oil were evaluated via subcritical water treatment. To improve experimental throughput for measuring compound stabilities, a small-scale subcritical water treatment method using ampoule bottles was developed and employed. A mixture of the four major components was treated in subcritical water at 180–240 °C for 5–60 min, and then analyzed by gas chromatography. The results indicated that the order of thermal resistance, from strongest to weakest, was: l-menthyl acetate, l-menthol, piperitone, and l-menthone. In individual treatments of mint flavor components, subsequent conversions of l-menthyl acetate to l-menthol, l-menthol to l-menthone, l-menthone to piperitone, and piperitone to thymol were observed in individual treatments at 240 °C for 60 min. As the mass balance between piperitone and thymol was low, the hydrothermal decomposition of the components was considered to have occurred intensely during, or after the conversion. These results explained the degradation of mint essential oil components under subcritical water conditions and provided the basis for optimizing the extraction conditions of mint essential oils using subcritical water.

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2

Nadeem, M. A., B. K. Saxena, and N. Akbar. "Chemical Profile and Extraction Technique of Oil of Mentha Arvensis." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v6.n2.p2.

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<em>Menthol mint oil is distilled by water steam distillation from leaves of Mentha arvensis and is the most importance source of L-menthol. It contains L-menthol 68.3%, menthone 8.2%, isomenthone 4.4%, menthyl acetate 4.3%, mixture of isomers of menthol 4.5%, cis-3- hexanal 0.2-% and limonene 1.2%, However percentage of components depends on the genetic and ecological conditions. Major component L-Menthol is isolated by freezing at low temperature with the recovery of around 65% in form of menthol flakes and the remaining material is known as DMO or dementholised oil (30%). During the process 1% loss is generally found. All the components are being used in Flavours, Pharmaceuticals, Tobacco and other cosmetic Industries.</em>

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3

&NA;. "Menthol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 981 (December 2003): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200309810-00044.

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4

Schäfer, Bernd. "Menthol." Chemie in unserer Zeit 47, no. 3 (June 2013): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.201300599.

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5

Jao, Nancy C., Marcia M. Tan, Phoenix A. Matthews, Melissa A. Simon, Robert Schnoll, and Brian Hitsman. "Menthol Cigarettes, Tobacco Dependence, and Smoking Persistence: The Need to Examine Enhanced Cognitive Functioning as a Neuropsychological Mechanism." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty264.

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Abstract Introduction Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of cigarette use in the United States, menthol cigarette use among smokers is rising, and evidence shows that it may lead to more detrimental effects on public health than regular cigarette use. One of the mechanisms by which nicotine sustains tobacco use and dependence is due to its cognitive enhancing properties, and basic science literature suggests that menthol may also enhance nicotine’s acute effect on cognition. Aims and Methods The purpose of this review is to suggest that the cognitive enhancing effects of menthol may be a potentially important neuropsychological mechanism that has yet to be examined. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of basic science studies examining neurobiological and cognitive effects of menthol and menthol cigarette smoking. We also review studies examining menthol essential oils among humans that indicate menthol alone has acute cognitive enhancing properties. Finally, we present factors influencing the rising prevalence of menthol cigarette use among smokers and the importance of this gap in the literature to improve public health and smoking cessation treatment. Conclusions Despite the compelling evidence for menthol’s acute cognitive enhancing and reinforcing effects, this mechanism for sustaining tobacco dependence and cigarette use has yet to be examined and validated among humans. On the basis of the basic science evidence for menthol’s neurobiological effects on nicotinic receptors and neurotransmitters, perhaps clarifying menthol’s effect on cognitive performance can help to elucidate the complicated literature examining menthol and tobacco dependence. Implications Menthol cigarette use has continued to be a topic of debate among researchers and policy makers, because of its implications for understanding menthol’s contribution to nicotine dependence and smoking persistence, as well as its continued use as a prevalent flavoring in tobacco and nicotine products in the United States and internationally. As international tobacco regulation policies have begun to target menthol cigarettes, research studies need to examine how flavoring additives, specifically menthol, may acutely influence neurobiological and cognitive functioning as a potential mechanism of sustained smoking behavior to develop more effective treatments.

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6

Talankova-Sereda, T. E., J. V. Kolomiets, A. F. Likhanov, A. V. Sereda, N. I. Kucenko, and E. O. Shkopinskiy. "Effect of clonal reproduction on quantitative indices and component composition of essential oil of peppermint varieties." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 3 (July 28, 2018): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021850.

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Quantitative and qualitative composition of essential oils of peppermint breeds Lebedinaya Pesnya, Lubenchanka, Lidiya, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya, Mama, Chornolista was investigated before and after clonal microreproduction by the method of isolated tissues and bodies culture in vitro. Methods of essential oil steam distillation, capillary gas chromatography and statistical analysis were used in the research. It is established that increase in essential oil quantity was observed for peppermint breeds on which reproduction and improvement іn vіtro technology was applied. As a result of clonal microreproduction of peppermint plants in culture іn vіtro on nutrient medium Murasige and Skug, in which the growth regulators 0.75 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.1 mg/l of adenine, 0.05 mg/l of indolil-3-acetic acid and 0.5 mg/l of gibberellins acid were added and virocide Ribavirin in concentration 10 mg/l, improvement was obtained in comparison with vegetatively reproduced plants; increase in essential oil quantity per hectare was established for the following breeds; Chornolista by 54.2%, Lebedinaya pesnya by 38.2%, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya by 36.7%, Mama by 28.5%, Lubenchanka by 17.1% and Lidiya by 11.6%. For oil content the highest indices were noted for Lubenchanka, Mama and Lebedinaya Pesnya peppermint breeds with product yield 4.02%, 3.98% and 3.84% respectively. It was established that the essential oil component composition in non-clonal peppermint plants raw materials and plants-regenerants after culture in vitro is variable depending on breed. Limonene, cineole, menthone, menthofuran, iso-menthone, menthyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, iso-menthol, menthol, pulegone, germacren, piperitone, carvone were identified in peppermint essential oil. High content of menthol, low content of carvone, piperitone, pulegone (except for Chornolista, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya breeds) and menthofuran (except for Chornolista, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya and Lubenchanka breeds) are characteristic for Ukrainian selection peppermint investigated breeds. A clear tendency to menthol and menthone content ratio increase is observed in plants which were improved in conditions іn vіtro. Pulegone was not detected in essential oil samples of Lebedinaya Pesnya, Lidiya and Mama breeds. Biochemical markers of Lebedinaya Pesnya, Lubenchanka, Mama breeds, which differentiate them within the group of investigated breeds, are higher limonene, piperitone and menthol pool; for Ukrainskaya Perechnaya and Chornolista breeds – pulegone, cineole and menthone; for Lidiya breed – iso-menthone.

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7

Odinokov, V. N. "The synthesis of menthone by ozonization of menthol." Russian Chemical Bulletin 47, no. 10 (October 1998): 2021–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02494523.

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8

Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Ayi Darmayi, and Safrizal Ahmaruddin. "Shampo Formula from Lime (Citrusaurantifolia) And Menthol (Mentholum)." Jurnal Perilaku Kesehatan Terpadu 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2023): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.61963/jpkt.v2i1.12.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the manufacture of shampoo formulas from lime and menthol. This research method uses laboratory experimental methods with concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%. Tests on the preparations made include examination of pH, irritation, foaming power, organoleptic, flowability. The formulation of the shampoo preparation using lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) was made in several series of tests which included white color, fragrant, and had a pH ranging from 7.1 to 5.4, did not cause irritation to the scalp, decreased foam due to the addition of orange juice. lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and menthol (Mentholum. Conclusions that lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) can be formulated as a shampoo preparation and it is recommended for further researchers to continue lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) in the form of moisturizing cream, hair tonic and shampoo anti dandruff.

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9

Shukla, O. P., R. C. Bartholomus, and I. C. Gunsalus. "Microbial transformation of menthol and menthane-3,4-diol." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-082.

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A bacterium isolated from sewage by enrichment on (−)-menthol will use as sole source of carbon (−)-menthol and the related compounds, (−)-isopulegol, (+)-isomenthol, (±)-neomenthol, geraniol, and menthane-3,4-diol, but not (+)-menthol and (+)-isopulegol. Medium from (−)-menthol grown cells contains menthone, 3,7-dimethyl-6-hydroxyoctanoic acid, and 3,7-dimethyl-6-oxo-octanoic acid. Cell suspensions incubated with (−)-menthol yielded the same intermediates. Metabolism of menthane-3,4-diol by this bacterium yielded the same oxo acid plus 4-hydroxy-3-keto-p-menthane. A pathway is proposed for the oxidation of menthol and menthane-3,4-diol by this organism.

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10

Zekovic, Zoran, Zika Lepojevic, Slavica Milic, Dusan Adamovic, and Ibrahim Mujic. "Supercritical CO2 extraction of mentha (Mentha piperita L.) at different solvent densities." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 4 (2009): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0904417z.

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The chemical composition of mentha essential oil and mentha extracts obtained at different pressures/temperatures by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were studied by GC-MS. The menthol content was also determined spectrophotometrically. The predominant compounds in the essential oil and in the CO2 extract obtained at 100 bar were L-menthon and menthole but at higher pressures (from 150 to 400 bar), squalene was dominant. The equation of Naik et al. was used for modelling the mentha-supercritical CO2 system.

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11

Kim, Mimi M., and Geoffrey M. Curtin. "Assessing the Evidence on the Differential Impact of Menthol versus Non-menthol Cigarette Use on Smoking Dependence in the US Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." American Journal of Health Behavior 46, no. 4 (September 1, 2022): 376–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.46.4.3.

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Background: Menthol's effect on cigarette smoking behaviors is an intensely scrutinized US public health issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the question: Does menthol cigarette use have a differential impact on smoking dependence compared with non-menthol cigarette use? Methods: We consulted 6 databases from inception to October 15, 2021. We included articles comparing menthol versus non-menthol cigarette smokers against predefined smoking dependence outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the AHRQ Evidence-Based Practice Center approach. We applied a random-effects model to pool adjusted odds ratios. Results: We synthesized 37 demographically adjusted studies. Meta-analytic results suggested non-menthol smokers were equally/more likely to report daily versus non-daily smoking; menthol use was associated with needing a cigarette within one hour; cigarettes per day was not associated with menthol use; menthol use was associated with a low (vs high) Heaviness of Smoking Index score; and results were either non-significant or associated menthol use with lower TTFC. Conclusions: Despite consistently good or fair quality adjusted studies across several measures, results were discordant depending on measures used and means of measurement. Overall, the evidence is insufficient to draw clear conclusions on a differential association between menthol (vs non-menthol) cigarette use and smoking dependence.

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12

&NA;. "Ketoprofen/menthol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1135 (January 2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711350-00080.

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13

&NA;. "Menthol abuse." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 852 (May 2001): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200108520-00032.

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14

Coleman, William F. "Menthol Stereoisomers." Journal of Chemical Education 82, no. 7 (July 2005): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed082p1048.

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15

Hogeveen, Elly. "Meneer Menthol." Standby 30, no. 5 (October 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12490-016-0048-2.

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16

Haut, Stephen A. "A convenient preparation of pure menthol and menthone isomers." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 33, no. 2 (March 1985): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a031.

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17

ODINOKOV, V. N., L. P. BOTSMAN, and G. A. EMEL'YANOVA. "ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Menthone by Ozonization of Menthol." ChemInform 30, no. 8 (June 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199908194.

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18

Hassanpouraghdam, M. B., A. B. Akhgari, M. A. Aazami, and J. Emarat-Pardaz. " New menthone type of Mentha pulegium L. volatile oil from northwest Iran." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 3 (May 13, 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/165/2009-cjfs.

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The constituents of the volatile oil of air-dried aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) plants wildly growing in Northwest Iran were analysed by GC/MS. 46 components were identified, comprising 96.6% of the essential oil. Monoterpenes (78.9%) were the main class of the identified components followed by a minor proportion of sesqui-<br />terpenes (11%). Oxygenated monoterpenes (75.3%) were the major subclass of volatile oil components with menthone (38.7%), menthol (11.3%), neomenthol (10.5%), and pulegone (6.8%) as major compounds. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (10.6%) were the highlighted subclass of 15 carbons sesquiterpenoidal compounds with (E)-caryophyllene (4.9%) and β-cubebene (2.5%) as their principle representatives. Furthermore, menthyl acetate (C<sub>12</sub> acetylated monoterpene derived compound) was contained considerable amounts (5.2%) in the essential oil. In total, volatile oil composition of M. pulegium L. plants studied in the present experiment was characterised as a new menthone type with appreciable amounts of menthol and neomenthol, and it could be used as a potential source of these high value monoterpenes in pharmaceutical and food industries.

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19

Wickham, Robert J. "The Biological Impact of Menthol on Tobacco Dependence." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 10 (December 23, 2019): 1676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz239.

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Abstract In the 1920s, tobacco companies created a marketing campaign for what would one day be their most profitable series of products: mentholated tobacco cigarettes. Menthol provides the smoker with a pleasant mint flavor in addition to a cooling sensation of the mouth, throat, and lungs, giving relief from the painful irritation caused by tobacco smoke. Promising a healthier cigarette using pictures of doctors in white coats and even cartoon penguins, tobacco companies promoted these cigarettes to young, beginner smokers and those with respiratory health concerns. Today, smoking tobacco cigarettes causes one in five US Americans to die prematurely, crowning it as the leading cause of preventable death. In contrast to the dubious health claims by tobacco companies, mentholated cigarettes are in fact more addictive. Smokers of mentholated cigarettes have lower successful quit rates and in some cases are resistant to both behavioral and pharmacological treatment strategies. There is now considerable evidence, especially in the last 5 years, that suggest menthol might influence the addictive potential of nicotine-containing tobacco products via biological mechanisms. First, menthol alters the expression, stoichiometry, and function of nicotinic receptors. Second, menthol’s chemosensory properties operate to mask aversive properties of using tobacco products. Third, menthol’s chemosensory properties aid in serving as a conditioned cue that can both enhance nicotine intake and drive relapse. Fourth, menthol alters nicotine metabolism, increasing its bioavailability. This review discusses emerging evidence for these mechanisms, with an emphasis on preclinical findings that may shed light on why menthol smokers exhibit greater dependence. Implications Mentholated cigarettes have been shown to have greater addictive potential than their nonmentholated counterparts. Evidence is pointing toward multiple mechanisms of action by which menthol may alter tobacco dependence. Understanding menthol’s biological functions as it pertains to nicotine dependence will be helpful in crafting novel pharmacotherapies that might better serve menthol smokers. In addition, a better understanding of menthol’s pharmacology as it relates to tobacco dependence will be valuable for informing policy decisions on the regulation of mentholated cigarettes.

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20

Ueda, Takahiro, Miki Murata, and Ken Yokawa. "Single Wavelengths of LED Light Supplement Promote the Biosynthesis of Major Cyclic Monoterpenes in Japanese Mint." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071420.

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Environmental light conditions influence the biosynthesis of monoterpenes in the mint plant. Cyclic terpenes, such as menthol, menthone, pulegone, and menthofuran, are major odor components synthesized in mint leaves. However, it is unclear how light for cultivation affects the contents of these compounds. Artificial lighting using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for plant cultivation has the advantage of preferential wavelength control. Here, we monitored monoterpene contents in hydroponically cultivated Japanese mint leaves under blue, red, or far-red wavelengths of LED light supplements. Volatile cyclic monoterpenes, pulegone, menthone, menthol, and menthofuran were quantified using the head-space solid phase microextraction method. As a result, all light wavelengths promoted the biosynthesis of the compounds. Remarkably, two weeks of blue-light supplement increased all compounds: pulegone (362% increase compared to the control), menthofuran (285%), menthone (223%), and menthol (389%). Red light slightly promoted pulegone (256%), menthofuran (178%), and menthol (197%). Interestingly, the accumulation of menthone (229%) or menthofuran (339%) was observed with far-red light treatment. The quantification of glandular trichomes density revealed that no increase under light supplement was confirmed. Blue light treatment even suppressed the glandular trichome formation. No promotion of photosynthesis was observed by pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry. The present result indicates that light supplements directly promoted the biosynthetic pathways of cyclic monoterpenes.

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21

ROSMAN, ROSIHAN. "BIOSINTESIS MENTHOL PADA BERBAGAI PERIODE PENCAHAYAAN TANAMAN MENTHA (Mentha piperita L.)." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 13, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v13n1.2007.8-13.

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ABSTRAK<br />Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mekanisme sintesis menthol<br />pada berbagai periode pencahayaan tanaman M. piperita L. Penelitian<br />dilakukan di Instalasi Penelitian Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan<br />Aromatik, Lembang, Jawa Barat, dari bulan Januari 2000 hingga Juli 2000.<br />Penelitian dilakukan tiga tahap. Tahap pertama membuat variasi<br />lingkungan cahaya, tahap kedua penyulingan dan analisis komponen<br />minyak dengan kromatografi gas spektrometer massa dan tahap ketiga<br />merunut lintasan biosintesis menthol. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan<br />acak kelompok 5 perlakuan, yaitu L 0 (panjang hari normal sebagai<br />kontrol), L 1 (pemutusan periode gelap 1 jam, pukul 21.00-22.00 mulai<br />umur 30 hari), L 2 (pemutusan periode gelap 1 jam, pukul 21.00-22.00<br />mulai umur 60 hari), L 3 (penambahan cahaya 4 jam, pukul 18.00-22.00<br />mulai umur 30 hari), dan L 4 (penambahan cahaya 4 jam, pukul 18.00-<br />22.00 mulai umur 60 hari). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa<br />perubahan lingkungan mempengaruhi mekanisme sintesis menthol di<br />dalam tanaman Mentha piperita L. Perubahan lingkungan mengubah<br />lintasan menthol yang selanjutnya mengubah komponen minyak dan mutu<br />menthol. Tingginya kadar menthol dan rendahnya menthofuran pada<br />penambahan cahaya 4 jam terjadi melalui penghambatan pembentukan<br />senyawa menthofuran dengan mereduksi pulegon menjadi menthol,<br />sehingga menthol meningkat, sedangkan pada perlakuan kontrol terjadi<br />oksidasi pulegon ke menthofuran sehingga menthol rendah. Penambahan<br />cahaya 4 jam mulai umur 30 hari setelah tanam menghasilkan minyak<br />dengan kadar menthol paling tinggi yaitu 54,89% dan menthofuran paling<br />rendah yaitu 7,83%.<br />Kata kunci : Mentha, Mentha piperita L., periode pencahayaan, hasil,<br />komposisi minyak, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />The effect of photoperiod on menthol sysnthesis of<br />Mentha piperita L.<br />Research on the effect of photoperiod on menthol synthesis of<br />Mentha piperita L, was carried out at the Experimental Garden of Institute<br />Reseach for Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, Lembang, West Java, from<br />January until July, 2000. The objective is to study the machanism of<br />menthol synthesis in relation with the manipulation of light periode, three<br />steps were taken: The first step was manipulation of environment using TL<br />lamps (two experiments), the second step was distillation and analisis of<br />peppermint oil from their products with gas chromatography and mass<br />spectrometry, and the third step was tracing the pathway on menthol<br />biosynthesis. At the first experiment, 5 treatments were given i.e. (1)<br />control or normal light period, (2) four hours light supplement at the age of<br />30 days and 60 days after planting, and (3) one hour interruption of dark<br />period at the age of 30 days and 60 days. The result showed that the effect<br />of light period manipulation can change the pathway of menthol<br />biosynthesis and oil component and finally the quality of menthol. Four<br />hours light supplement at the age of 30 days after planting could enhance<br />the menthol content and reduce menthofuran by blocking the reaction from<br />pulegone to menthofuran, so the pulegone was reduced into menthon and<br />menthol. Four hours light supplement at 30 days after planting showed the<br />highest menthol content (54.89%) and the lowest menthofuran (7.83%).<br />Control treatment (normal light period) showed the lowest menthol<br />content, due to no reduction of pulegone into menthon, but pulegone was<br />oxidized into menthofuran. Without additional light the menthol content<br />decreased and the menthofuran content increased.<br />Key words : Mentha, Mentha piperita L., oil composition, photoperiod,<br />yield, West Java

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22

Kurze, Elisabeth, Victoria Ruß, Nadia Syam, Isabelle Effenberger, Rafal Jonczyk, Jieren Liao, Chuankui Song, Thomas Hoffmann, and Wilfried Schwab. "Glucosylation of (±)-Menthol by Uridine-Diphosphate-Sugar Dependent Glucosyltransferases from Plants." Molecules 26, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 5511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185511.

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Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol of the essential oils of plants of the genus Mentha, which is in demand by various industries due to its diverse sensorial and physiological properties. However, its poor water solubility and its toxic effect limit possible applications. Glycosylation offers a solution as the binding of a sugar residue to small molecules increases their water solubility and stability, renders aroma components odorless and modifies bioactivity. In order to identify plant enzymes that catalyze this reaction, a glycosyltransferase library containing 57 uridine diphosphate sugar-dependent enzymes (UGTs) was screened with (±)-menthol. The identity of the products was confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Five enzymes were able to form (±)-menthyl-β-d-glucopyranoside in whole-cell biotransformations: UGT93Y1, UGT93Y2, UGT85K11, UGT72B27 and UGT73B24. In vitro enzyme activity assays revealed highest catalytic activity for UGT93Y1 (7.6 nkat/mg) from Camellia sinensis towards menthol and its isomeric forms. Although UGT93Y2 shares 70% sequence identity with UGT93Y1, it was less efficient. Of the five enzymes, UGT93Y1 stood out because of its high in vivo and in vitro biotransformation rate. The identification of novel menthol glycosyltransferases from the tea plant opens new perspectives for the biotechnological production of menthyl glucoside.

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23

Sepulchro, L. C. O. ’R, M. A. G. Carvalho, and L. C. Gomes. "Salinity does not alter the effectiveness of menthol as an anesthetic and sedative during the handling and transport of juvenile fat snook (Centropomus parallelus)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, no. 3 (April 19, 2016): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.04115.

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Abstract The effectiveness of menthol as anesthetic and sedative for fat snook (Centropomus parallelus) was tested at different salinities. In the first experiment, the fish were exposed to different concentrations of menthol (25, 37 and 50 mg L–1) in water at different salinities (0, 17 and 36 ppt). In the second experiment, the fish were transported for 10 hours in water with menthol at concentrations of 0, 3.7 and 7.4 mg L–1 under different salinities. Na+ and K+ ions from fish body and water were analyzed after transport. The optimal concentrations of menthol for a short handling period and surgical induction was 37 and 50 mg L–1, respectively, and these values were independent of salinity. After transport, neither mortality nor significant changes in ammonia or dissolved oxygen were observed between treatments at the different salinities. The nitrite levels were lower in freshwater than in brackish and saltwater, but did not change with mentol. The total body levels of Na+ increased with the salinity increase. Menthol is an effective anesthetic for handling of juvenile fat snook at different salinities. Menthol did not influence the measured water parameters and body ions, and it is not necessary for the transport of fat snook.

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24

Ertugrul, Guclu, Genc Hayriye, Zengin Mustafa, and Oguz. "Effectiveness of menthol and folium menthae piperitae against Acinetobacter baumannii." African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, no. 23 (June 4, 2013): 2870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr12.1166.

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25

&NA;. "Camphor/eucalyptus/menthol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1242 (March 2009): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912420-00038.

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&NA;. "Camphor/eucalyptus/menthol." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1310 (July 2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013100-00044.

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&NA;. "Menthol/warfarin interaction." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1301 (May 2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013010-00118.

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D'Silva, Joanne, Michael S. Amato, and Raymond G. Boyle. "Quitting and Switching: Menthol Smokers' Responses to a Menthol Ban." Tobacco Regulatory Science 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.1.1.6.

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Jatlow, Peter, Gerald Valentine, Ralitza Gueorguieva, Haleh Nadim, Ran Wu, Stephanie S. O'Malley, and Mehmet Sofuoglu. "Plasma Menthol Glucuronide as a Biomarker of Acute Menthol Inhalation." Tobacco Regulatory Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.4.1.5.

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Soule, Eric K., Michael Chaiton, Bo Zhang, Marzena M. Hiler, Robert Schwartz, Joanna E. Cohen, and Thomas Eissenberg. "Menthol Cigarette Smoker Reactions to an Implemented Menthol Cigarette Ban." Tobacco Regulatory Science 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.5.1.5.

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Mar'yanovskaya, I. G., F. A. Sagatova, A. Kh Rakhimov, and M. M. Rakhimov. "Analysis of menthyl esters of fatty acids in the presence of menthol." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 25, no. 6 (November 1989): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00598282.

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Chaiton, Michael, Robert Schwartz, Joanna E. Cohen, Eric Soule, Bo Zhang, and Thomas Eissenberg. "Prior Daily Menthol Smokers More Likely to Quit 2 Years After a Menthol Ban Than Non-menthol Smokers: A Population Cohort Study." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 23, no. 9 (March 10, 2021): 1584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab042.

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Abstract Background and Aims The province of Ontario, Canada, banned the use of menthol-flavored tobacco products as of January 1, 2017. This study aims to assess the longer-term impact of a menthol ban on smoking behavior at 2 years, which is unknown. Methods Population cohort study with baseline survey (n = 1821) conducted September–December 2016 and follow-up survey January–August 2019 among current smokers in Ontario (16+) prior to the menthol ban. Poisson regression was used to assess the probability of quitting smoking by pre-ban menthol status, controlling for differences in smoking and demographic characteristics, with multiple imputations used to address missing data. Findings Menthol smokers were more likely to report having quit smoking (12% [daily menthol] and 10% [occasional menthol] vs. 3% [non-menthol]; p < .001) than non-menthol smokers in the 2 years after a menthol ban. After adjustment for smoking and demographic characteristics, daily menthol smokers had higher likelihood of quitting smoking (adjusted relative risk [ARR] 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–3.61) and reported more quit attempts (ARR 1.45; 95% CI 1.15–1.82). Among those who attempted to quit, menthol smoking was not associated with relapse (daily ARR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.07; occasional ARR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.08). However, there was a statistically significant interaction among menthol users who reported using other flavored tobacco products 1 year after the ban (ARR = 0.26 [95% CI: 0.08, 0.90]) Conclusions The study found increased probability of quitting among daily menthol smokers and more quit attempts among daily and occasional menthol smokers compared with non-menthol smokers in Ontario 2 years after the implementation of a menthol ban. Implications This study examines quitting behavior 2 years after a menthol ban in Ontario, Canada. Those who were daily menthol smokers prior to the ban were more likely to quit smoking and make more quit attempts in the 2 years after the ban. While there was no difference in the likelihood of relapse between menthol and non-menthol smokers among those who attempt to quit, there were indications that pre-ban daily menthol smokers who used other tobacco products after the ban were likely to quit.

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Scavroni, Joseane, Carmen Sílvia Fernandes Boaro, Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques, and Leonardo Cesar Ferreira. "Yield and composition of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) grown with biosolid." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, no. 4 (December 2005): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202005000400002.

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This research evaluated the effects of biosolid levels on yield and chemical composition of Mentha piperita L. essential oil. Mint plants were grown in a greenhouse in pots containing the equivalent to 0, 28, 56, and 112 t.ha-1 biosolid. Three evaluations were made at 90, 110, and 120 days after planting (DAP). The oil was extracted from the dry matter of shoots by hydrodistillation, and composition was determined by GC/MS. Oil production was slightly affected by the biosolid, increasing when plants were grown with 28 t.ha-1, a condition which did not result in quality improvement. Menthyl acetate was the component obtained at the highest percentage in all treatments. At 90 DAP, plants showed a higher percentage of menthol, the second-highest oil constituent, with a content of 42.3% in plants grown without biosolid. The presence of biosolid favored menthofuran formation. As with menthol, menthone decreased with plant development. Under these conditions, plant harvesting is recommended at 90 DAP, period in which the menthol level was higher. Since the production of biosolid is on the rise, a suitable destination must be given to it, and restrictions exist for its use in relation to the environment and plants. Thus, although cultivation with 28 t.ha-1 is within the limits allowed by law, such a rate, which increased oil yield, did not improve oil quality. Therefore, biosolid from the Barueri Station is not recommended for cultivation of this specie.

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Smith, Stevens S., Michael C. Fiore, and Timothy B. Baker. "Smoking cessation in smokers who smoke menthol and non-menthol cigarettes." Addiction 109, no. 12 (July 21, 2014): 2107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12661.

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Mancuso, Serafino, Emily Brennan, Kimberley Dunstone, Amanda Vittiglia, Sarah Durkin, James F. Thrasher, Janet Hoek, and Melanie Wakefield. "Australian Smokers’ Sensory Experiences and Beliefs Associated with Menthol and Non-Menthol Cigarettes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115501.

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Many current smokers incorrectly believe that menthol cigarettes are less harmful, likely due to the biological and sensory effects of menthol, which can lead smokers to have favourable sensory experiences. In this study, we measured the extent to which Australian smokers associate certain sensory experiences with smoking menthol and non-menthol cigarettes, and their beliefs about how damaging and enjoyable they find cigarettes with each of these sensory experiences. A sample of 999 Australian 18–69-year-old weekly smokers was recruited from a non-probability online panel; this study focuses on the 245 respondents who currently smoked menthol cigarettes at least once per week. Current menthol smokers were four to nine times more likely to experience menthol rather than non-menthol cigarettes as having favourable sensory experiences, including feeling smooth, being soothing on the throat, fresh-tasting and clean-feeling. Menthol smokers perceived cigarettes with these favourable sensations as less damaging and more enjoyable than cigarettes with the opposite more aversive sensory experience. Efforts to correct these misperceptions about risk will likely require messages that provide new information to help smokers understand that these sensations do not indicate a lower level of risk. Banning menthol in tobacco products—as has recently been done in some nations—would also be a timely and justified strategy for protecting consumers.

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Qiao, Jingjing, Duxia Yang, Yingting Feng, Wan Wei, Xun Liu, Yinjun Zhang, Jianyong Zheng, and Xiangxian Ying. "Engineering a Bacillus subtilis esterase for selective hydrolysis of d, l-menthyl acetate in an organic solvent-free system." RSC Advances 13, no. 16 (2023): 10468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00490b.

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Esterase/lipase-catalyzed selective hydrolysis of d, l-menthyl esters has become one of the promising approaches for producing l-menthol, one of the most important flavoring chemicals with extensive uses.

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Nebie, Bily, Constantin M. Dabire, Remy K. Bationo, Siaka Sosso, Roger C. H. Nebie, Eloi Pale, and Pierre Duez. "Composition chimique et potentiel antioxydant de l’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation de Mentha piperita L. et Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf du Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 3, 2023): 689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.32.

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Les huiles essentielles constituent une source potentielle de molécules à activité antioxydante. Le développement des combinaisons optimisées de ces substances naturelles permettrait leur utilisation comme conservateurs naturels. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer la composition chimique de l’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation de Mentha piperita L. et de Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf du Burkina Faso et de comparer son potentiel antiradicalaire à celui du mélange obtenu par combinaison des huiles essentielles pures de ces deux plantes. Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites à l’aide d’un appareil de type Clevenger par hydrodistillation des feuilles sèches de Cymbopogon citratus et Mentha piperita, séparément, puis à partir du mélange de leurs feuilles sèches dans les proportions massiques 80% pour C. citratus et 20% pour M. piperita. Elles ont été ensuite analysées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Le potentiel antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles, exprimé en milligramme d’équivalent d’acide ascorbique par millilitre d’huile essentielle (mg EAA/mL), a été évalué par la méthode de DPPH. L’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation contient majoritairement le citral (49,26%), le β-myrcène (10,98%), le menthol (5,90%) et la menthone (4,50%). L’essence de C. citratus est dominée par le citral (73,77%) et le β-myrcène (13,66%) et celle de M. piperita par le menthol (31,54%), la menthone (20,27%), le menthofurane (15,10%) et l’acétate de menthyle (8,59%). Le pouvoir antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles est : 11,73 ± 0,14 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence de M. piperita ; 10,01 ± 0,06 mg EAA/mL pour celle de C. citratus ; 40,13 ± 0,08 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence obtenue par co-distillation et 11,96 ± 0,04 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence obtenue par combinaison des essences pures. Ces résultats montrent que la co-distillation a permis d’améliorer le potentiel antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles des deux plantes et ouvre des perspectives pour son utilisation comme antioxydant naturel. Essential oils are a potential source of molecules with antioxidant activity. The development of optimized combinations of these natural substances should allow their use as natural preservatives. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Mentha piperita and Cymbopogon citratus from Burkina Faso and to compare its antiradical potential with that of the mixture obtained by combining pure essential oils of these two plants. Essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus by hydrodistillation of dry leaves of Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha piperita, separately, then from the mixture of their dry leaves in the mass ratio 80% for C. citratus and 20% for M. piperita. They were then analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The antiradical potential of essential oils expressed in milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalent per milliliter of essential oil (mg EAA/mL) was evaluated by DPPH method. Essential oil obtained by co-distillation mainly contains citral (49.26%), β-myrcene (10.98%), menthol (5.90%) and menthone (4.50%). Essential oil of C. citratus is dominated by citral (73.77%) and β-myrcene (13.66%) and that of M. piperita by menthol (31.54%), menthone (20.27%), menthofuran (15.10%) and menthyl acetate (8.59%). Antiradical potential of essential oils are : 11.73 ± 0.14 mg EAA/mL for the essential oil of M. piperita ; 10.01 ± 0.06 mg EAA/mL for that of C. citratus ; 40.13 ± 0.08 mg EAA/mL for essential oil obtained by co-distillation and 11.96 ± 0.04 mg EAA/mL for essence obtained by combining pure essential oils. These results show that co-distillation has improved antioxidant efficiency of the essential oils of these two plants and opens prospects for its use as a natural antioxidant.

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Blokhin, A. V., and Ya N. Yurkshtovich. "Thermodynamic properties of L-menthol in crystalline and gaseous states." Fine Chemical Technologies 15, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2020-15-1-28-36.

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Objectives. Menthol causes a cooling sensation and reduces the nerve activity when it is applied locally, ingested, or inhaled. This feature explains its extensive use as both an aromatizer and a flavoring agent in food manufacturing, tobacco industry, cosmetics production, as well as a mild anesthetic and antiseptic in dentistry. This work aimed to perform a comprehensive thermodynamic study of L-menthol in both crystalline and gaseous states.Methods. To determine the combustion energy of L-menthol in the crystalline state, combustion bomb calorimetry was used. The temperature dependence of L-menthol’s heat capacity in the range of 5–370 K and the melting (fusion) parameters were determined using adiabatic calorimetry. Quantum chemical calculations were performed on a standalone virtual machine in the Google Cloud Platform using an eight-core Intel Xeon Scalable Processor (Skylake) with a 2.0 GHz (up to 2.7 GHz at peak load) clock frequency and 8 GB RAM.Results. The energy and enthalpy of L-menthol combustion in the crystalline state were determined, and the standard enthalpy of L-menthol formation in the gaseous state was calculated using the standard enthalpy of sublimation. The standard thermodynamic functions (reduced enthalpy, entropy, and reduced Gibbs energy) of L-menthol in both crystalline and liquid states were obtained based on the smoothed values of heat capacity and melting parameters. The group of isodesmic reactions for the ab initio calculation of the enthalpy of formation for gaseous L-menthol was substantiated. Electronic energy and frequencies of normal modes of the molecules involved in these reactions were calculated using the Gaussian 4 composite quantum chemical method. Further, the sublimation enthalpy of L-menthol was calculated using the extended Politzer equation according to the electrostatic potential model.Conclusions. The first comprehensive thermodynamic study of L-menthol in various states of aggregation was performed, and the values calculated using semiempirical methods were consistent with the experimental values within error limits, which confirms the reliability of the results.

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Goudarzian, Aliakbar, Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti, and Mohammadreza Hossaynzadeh. "QUANTITY AND QUALITY YIELD OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM Mentha × piperita L. UNDER FOLIAR-APPLIED CHITOSAN AND INOCULA-TION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.2.5.

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Peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) is cultivated for its benefits in pharmaceutical, medicinal, and cosmetic industries. The well-known essential oil of Mentha × piperita L. is widely produced and used all over the world. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impacts of different concentrations of chitosan on the quality and quantity of the essential oil from the aerial parts of peppermint under inoculation of the rhizomes of peppermint seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial design in a completed random block design. The highest essential oil yield (2.4 mL 100 g–1 dry matter) was obtained from the peppermint plants under foliar sprayed at 5 g L–1 chitosan along the inoculum with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. For evaluation of phytochemical characteristics, the contents of the main constituents of the peppermint essential oils such as menthol, menthone, etc. (oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpenes hydrocarbons) under different treatments were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Results indicated that using chitosan foliar meaningfully raised the amount of menthol, as the major constituent and quality index (>60% v/w), in the essential oil from the peppermint plants inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal, however, the plants under the foliar spray of chitosan (without inoculum) revealed the highest amounts of menthone and limonene. In conclusion, we found that the foliar-applied chitosan along inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be improved quantity and quality active substances of Mentha × piperita L. such as the contents of essential oil, menthol, and balance menthol/menthone.

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Jin, Jian Zhong, and Na Bo Sun. "Esterification of Menthol and Lactic Acid by Silicotungstic Acid Catalyst Supported on Bentonite." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.647.

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The silicotungstic acid catalyst supported on bentonite was employed in the esterification of menthol and lactic acid. The main reaction parameters were silicotungstic acid loading on bentonite, the amounts of catalyst, molar ratio of reactants, reaction temperature and reaction time. The optimum conditions were determined as follows : silicotungstic acid loading on bentonite 50 wt %, catalyst 1.25 g , mole ratio of menthol to lactic acid 1:1.1, reaction temperature 130 °C and reaction time 3 h . The esterification yield of menthyl lactiate was about 83.97 %. The catalyst could be used repeatedly for many times without distinct loss in activity.

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Vorlová, Sandra, Uwe T Bornscheuer, Ian Gatfield, Jens-Michael Hilmer, Heinz-Juergen Bertram, and Rolf D Schmid. "Enantioselective Hydrolysis ofd,l-Menthyl Benzoate toL-(-)-Menthol by RecombinantCandida rugosa Lipase LIP1." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 344, no. 10 (December 2002): 1152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1615-4169(200212)344:10<1152::aid-adsc1152>3.0.co;2-n.

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Rostron, B. "Methodology, Menthol, and Mortality." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 15, no. 2 (January 4, 2013): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts179.

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Bradley Van Paridon, special to C&EN. "The cigarette menthol mimic." C&EN Global Enterprise 102, no. 22 (July 22, 2024): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10222-feature1.

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Hoffman, Allison C. "The health effects of menthol cigarettes as compared to non-menthol cigarettes." Tobacco Induced Diseases 9, Suppl 1 (2011): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-9-s1-s7.

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Lin, Yu-Ting, Hsing-Lung Wu, Hwang-Shang Kou, Shou-Mei Wu, and Su-Hwei Chen. "Enantiomeric analysis of (+)-menthol and (−)-menthol by fluorogenic derivatization and liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 1087, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.056.

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Unger, J. B., B. Allen, E. Leonard, M. Wenten, and T. B. Cruz. "Menthol and non-menthol cigarette use among Black smokers in Southern California." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2010): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq016.

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Etzold, B., A. Jess, and M. Nobis. "Epimerisation of menthol stereoisomers: Kinetic studies of the heterogeneously catalysed menthol production." Catalysis Today 140, no. 1-2 (February 2009): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.07.009.

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Delnevo, Cristine D., Daniel A. Gundersen, Mary Hrywna, Sandra E. Echeverria, and Michael B. Steinberg. "Smoking-Cessation Prevalence Among U.S. Smokers of Menthol Versus Non-Menthol Cigarettes." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 41, no. 4 (October 2011): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.039.

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Cohn, Amy M., Rachel Cassidy, Rachel Denlinger-Apte, Eric Donny, Andrea C. Villanti, Dorothy Hatsukami, Delaney Dunn, et al. "Impact of a reduced nicotine standard on young adult appeal for menthol and non-menthol cigarettes." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e067694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067694.

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IntroductionThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced its intention to reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes as a strategy to promote cessation and reduce smoking-related harm. A low nicotine product standard will apply to all cigarettes on the market, including menthol cigarettes. In December 2021, the FDA approved a modified risk tobacco product application for menthol and non-menthol flavoured very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNC) from the 22nd Century Group. Notably, experimentation with menthol cigarettes is linked to smoking progression, as well as greater nicotine dependence relative to non-menthol cigarette use. If menthol VLNCs are perceived as more appealing than non-menthol VLNCs, this would indicate that some aspect of menthol may maintain smoking even in the absence of nicotine and FDA’s regulatory authority to ban or restrict the sale of menthol cigarettes should apply to reduced nicotine content of cigarettes. In April 2022, the FDA announced proposed rulemaking to prohibit menthol cigarettes, however it is unclear if a menthol prohibition would apply to VLNCs.Methods and analysisThis study will recruit 172 young adult menthol smokers (with a specific subsample of n=40 sexual and gender minority young adults) and measure appeal for smoking experimental menthol and non-menthol VLNCs, and the impact of proposed product standards on tobacco product purchasing behaviour using an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Appeal across product standards will be assessed in a controlled laboratory and using ecological momentary assessment.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol was approved by the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Institutional Review Board (#11865). Findings will examine the effects of a reduced nicotine standard and a menthol ban on young adult smoking and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles and presentations at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04340947.

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Brun, N., M. Colson, A. Perrin, and B. Voirin. "Chemical and morphological studies of the effects of ageing on monoterpene composition in Mentha ×piperita leaves." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 2271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-285.

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The effects of ageing on monoterpene composition in Mentha ×piperita have been studied by analyses of microsamples obtained by coupling a desorption–concentration–introduction technique with a gas chromatograph. The appearance and the development of the two types of glands of shoot meristem studied by scanning electron microscopy show that the capitate glands appear before the peltate glands. The chromatographic analyses of meristem and different primordial leaf pairs show that the monoterpenes are only detected if the leaf bears peltate glands and that the first cyclic compound accumulated is limonene. The biochemical variations of the reduction of menthone to menthol in the midstem leaves and of acetylation of menthol in the basal leaves start at the distal extremity of the leaf and progressively move towards the base. The maturation of the plant followed by the shift of the level of leaf in which menthone and menthol are present with the same percentage as a function of time is a linear phenomenon. Key words: peppermint, trichomes, monoterpenes, biochemical variations, ageing.

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