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Khattabi, Mustapha. "La menthe poivrée et le menthol." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P003.
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Okazawa, Makoto. "Menthol receptors in cold-sensitive neurons." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150218.
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Tran, Trong Than. "Effet de la combinaison de la température de l’eau bue et du menthol sur la performance aérobie en climat tropical." Thesis, Antilles, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANTI0012.
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La consommation de boissons froides et l’utilisation de menthol par voie orale sont des moyens efficaces pour lutter contre des effets néfastes du climat chaud /humide sur la performance aérobie. Les buts de cette thèse étaient 1) de déterminer l’efficacité des effets cumulatifs de l’eau froide et du menthol sur la performance aérobie et 2) d'identifier la capacité de renforcer la performance par la combinaison du précooling interne et du percooling interne en environnement tropical. Les expérimentations étaient des exercices de contre-la-montre, en laboratoire ou en extérieur, dans lesquelles les sujets ont bu des boissons (i. E. , eau neutre, eau froide ou glace pilée) avec ou sans menthol. Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence que l'ingestion d'une boisson au menthol augmente la performanceet cette augmentation s’accentue en diminuant la température du liquide ingéré (étude 1). Cette glace pilée mentholée semble mieux conserver, en conditions écologiques, la capacité d’amélioration de la performance observée en laboratoire (étude 2). Une fois que la glace pilée mentholée est prise au cours de l’effort, l’adjonction pré-exercice d’un refroidissement par boisson froide devient inutile pour accroître davantage la performance (étude 3). Enfin, une boisson froide au menthol permet de limiter le stress psycho-physiologique durant l’exercice (étude 1 et 2). L’ingestion d’eau froide/mentholée ou de glace pilée/mentholée pendant l’exercice semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la performance aérobie et peut être recommandée pour les athlètes lors de compétitions sportives sous climat chaud (sec ou humide)Cold drink consumption and the use of menthol by mouth are effective ways to fight against harmful effects of hot and humid climate on aerobic performance. The aims of this thesis were 1) to determine the effectiveness of the cumulative effects of the cold water and the menthol on aerobic performance and 2) to identify the ability to enhance performance by combining internal precooling and internal percooling in a tropical environment. The experiments were time trial, in a laboratory or outdoors, in which subjects absorbed beverages (i.e., neutral water, cold water, ice-slurry) with or without menthol. The main results show that the ingestion of beverage/menthol increases exercise performance and this increase is accentuated while decreasing the temperature of ingested beverage (Study 1). The ice-slurry/menthol seems to be better in preserving, in ecological conditions, observed improvement of exercise performance in the laboratory (Study 2). When ice-slurry/menthol is absorbed in the effort, the precooling by adding cold drink becomes unnecessary to further increase the performance (Study 3). Finally, a cold beverage/menthol limits psychological and physiological stress during exercise (Study 1 and 2).The ingestion of cold water/menthol or ice-slurry/menthol during exercise appears to be an effective strategy to improve aerobic performance and is recommended for athletes in sports competitions in a hot climate (dry or wet)
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Gillis, D. Jason. "Influence of menthol on human temperature regulation and perception." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/influence-of-menthol-on-human-temperature-regulation-and-perception(7a1256d9-53cd-4afc-ac7c-c11fc2d2dbd0).html.
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When exercise is undertaken in warm, humid conditions, the thermal gradient between the skin and environment, and the capacity for evaporative heat loss, are reduced. These factors, along with an increase in metabolic heat production, lower work capacity and exercise performance. Thermoreceptors located within the skin and deep in the body convey information on this accumulation of thermal energy to higher brain structures and, if mean body temperature rises uncontrollably, the cumulative neuronal input is thought to produce inhibitory signals that lower work capacity, such that metabolic heat production decreases to protect the organism from heat injury. Lessening these inhibitory signals may enhance or help to maintain exercise performance in the heat. The inhibitory signals might be lessened by cooling the skin and deep body temperature prior to or during exercise, or perhaps by applying menthol on the skin, or some combination of these. Menthol is a chemical compound that activates cold receptors (TRPM8) in the skin to elicit cool sensations. These receptors are not otherwise activated unless cooled below 27 °C. Hence, menthol, when applied to the skin of heat stressed humans, may provide a “cool’’ neuronal input to higher brain structures in addition to the neuronal signals arising from warm thermoreceptors located within the body. But menthol may also induce a heat storage (cold defense) response that would then heighten the activity of warm receptors deep in the body. Therefore, it is not clear whether menthol might reduce, enhance or help to maintain exercise performance in heat stressed humans. Moreover, no studies have assessed the perceptual and thermoregulatory response to menthol during rest or exercise, or the consequence of its repeated use. Before it is recommended as a possible ergogenic aid, these studies should be undertaken. The early work presented in this thesis tested the hypotheses that a water-based spray, containing ethanol and/or menthol, would enhance evaporative cooling when sprayed on the skin, thereby lowering heat storage and improving thermal perception compared to an unsprayed Control condition; but menthol would also improve thermal perception independent of temperature by directly stimulating cold receptors, during rest and exercise in warm, humid conditions. The hypothesis that menthol-mediated cool sensations would not undergo any habituation after repeated exposures was also tested. The general approach to testing these hypotheses involved presenting human participants with a thermal challenge that would induce warm sensations and increase thermal discomfort, whilst encouraging a level of heat storage that could be compensated for by increasing heat loss through v sodilation and sweating. This was achieved by manipulating metabolic heat production through a combination of rest and fixed intensity exercise in warm (30 °C) and humid (70 %) conditions. The influence of a menthol solution spray was tested against the backdrop of this thermal challenge. The results supported the general hypothesis that a water-based upper-body spray containing menthol can increase sensations of coolth compared to no spraying or wateronly spraying during rest and exercise in warm, humid conditions, but menthol also influences body temperature regulation. The effect that menthol exerts over perception and thermoregulation differs by dose and fades with time. Specifically, 0.2 % menthol spraying encourages heat storage by enhancing vasoconstriction, and there is no habituation in these responses. 0.05 % menthol spraying did not encourage any additional heat storage compared to a Control spray. Menthol also influenced perception, with a 0.2 % menthol spray promoting cooler sensations and greater irritation than 0.05 % menthol and Control spraying. Compared to a Control spray, 0.2 % menthol reduced thermal comfort during rest and improved it during exercise, while 0.05 % menthol did not alter thermal comfort during rest, and may have improved it during exercise. Neither menthol spray influenced perceived exertion during exercise. Menthol-mediated cool sensations lasted 15 to 30 minutes. Both 0.2 % and 0.05 % menthol sprays underwent an habituation compared to the Control spray, with cool sensations diminishing after repeated daily exposures. It is concluded that a 0.05 % menthol spray, which induces cool sensations without a significant heat storage response, could be considered as a perceptual cooling intervention with some capacity to enhance evaporative heat loss when sprayed on the skin during rest and moderate fixed-intensity exercise in the heat. A 0.2 % menthol spray might be deployed later in exercise, but may increase heat storage and irritation. Further testing is required to identify whether menthol spraying improves maximal exercise performance.
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KUMARI, NAVEETA. "Production of menthol-loaded PCL nanoparticles by solvent displacement." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2676475.
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Abstract
This Ph.D thesis focuses on the synthesis of menthol-loaded-Poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles (NP’s) for transdermal application. Polymers are increasingly needed to produce nanoparticles ready to convey drugs to the tissues or cells of interest. Polymer nanoparticles are submicron-sized colloidal systems.Without doubt, the adequacy of these systems relies upon the structure of the vehicle and, specifically, on the mean size and on the particle size distribution (PSD). The poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) polymer is chosen to synthesize nanoparticles because of its adaptability and fine tunning of its physico-chemical properties (great biocompatibility and biodegradability) which can be changed to acquire the desired nanoparticle size.
Nanospheres have a monolithic type of structure (network) in which drugs are dispersed or absorbed on the surfaces or in the particles. Nano-capsules are vesicular systems in which the drug is kept in a cavity comprising of an inner liquid encompassed by a polymeric layer, which gives a supporting structure to the encapsulated material. For this state the active principle is normally dissolved in the inner core, yet may likewise be absorbed to the capsule surface. Nanosphere or nanocapsule development basically relies upon the production process. Nanoparticles utilized as drug delivery systems ought to be made out of biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic polymers.
A number of distinctive strategies can be used to integrate polymer nanoparticles. Each has their own particular points of interest and constraints, which normally include blending of two fluid streams, e.g. emulsification-evaporation, emulsification–diffusion and solvent displacement. The solvent displacement strategy is characterized by simplicity of reproducibility, the possibility to utilize solvents with low poisonous potential and above all controlled particle size distribution (PSD). The nano-precipitation system involves dissolving the drug and polymer in the same solvent and afterward blending them with an antisolvent (typically water) in which the drug is immiscible and the nanoparticles are spontaneously framed.
In this study, the nanoparticles were produced by utilizing three intensive reactors: a confined impinging jet mixer (CIJM), a two-inlet vortex mixer (VM) and a four-inlet vortex mixer (MIVM), testing their performance in the same operating conditions. Dynamic light scattering was carried out to measure the mean nanoparticle size (dp), particle size distribution (PSD), zeta potential (Z-average) and Polydispersity index (PDI). Nanoparticle separation was carried out by a centrifugation process for Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) analysis and menthol loading evaluation. Menthol quantification was evaluated by Gas chromatography (GC). Differential scanning calorimetry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy techniques were considered for analysing the particle surface morphology and menthol and identification in the nanoparticles and melatonin suspension over textile fabrics.
Exceptional micro scale reactors are extremely helpful to get an efficient blend of the considerable number of components present in the solvent solution. High super-saturation can be produced by distinctive micromixers, for example, the Confined Impinging Jets Mixer (CIJM) and the Multi Inlet Vortex Mixer (MIVM), in less time than the required time for nucleation and growth procedures of the precipitating solutes. Super saturation brings the unconstrained development of nanoparticles within the nano estimate limits. The nanoparticles were prepared using the aforementioned intensive mixers (CIJM and MIVM), PCL polymer and diverse internal cores (menthol, melatonin, miglyol etc).
The main goal was to investigate the effect of these working parameters on the mean size of the nanoparticles, a reasonable design of Experiment (DoE) was utilized. Furthermore, the effect of the inlet feed speed Vj (Flow rate FR), mass proportion and quench volumetric proportion QR (dilution) on the mean size dp , the zeta potential Zp and poly dispersity index (PDI) of the nanoparticles was also explored.
At first poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles (nanospheres) were produced under different working conditions. The essential goal of this evaluation was to prepare the nanoparticle synthesis with a wide size range of menthol-loaded –PCL. A further aim to advance the synthesis parameters. After early promising results it was evident that further examinations were required keeping in mind the final goal to optimize the mean size of the nanoparticles. Likewise, quantification of nanoparticles was completed with the specific end goal of estimating drug loaded and encapsulation efficiency. Quantification procedure included various stages followed by centrifugation, extraction and gas chromatography analysis.
All nanoparticles studied in this proposition were produced by the solvent displacement technique, utilizing three reactors CIJM, MIVM-4 and VM-2. All trials were performed with a PCL of monolithic-type molecular weight (Mw) 14000 g/mol. Two unique solvents were utilized for the production of the nanoparticles; acetone and acetonitrile. Since these solvents satisfy the following criteria: adequate dissolvability of PCL, water miscibility and low harmfulness. The impact of solvents on the delivered nanoparticles utilizing acetone and acetonitrile was seen: with higher estimations of the inlet feed rate, the nanoparticles became distinctly smaller. In addition, preliminary trials using a third solvent tehtrahydroforan were also done for the sake of comparsion. The impact of the working conditions on the mean size of nanoparticles was explored the underlying polymer concentration, the inlet feed rate and the impacts of the post preparing conditions, for example, the quench (dilution).
It was found that the initial polymer concentration, and in addition the inlet feed velocity, has a significant impact on the mean size of nanoparticles. With higher feeding concentrations of PCL polymer, nanoparticles became distinctly greater. When feed velocity was expanded the mean size of nanoparticles diminished. It was also observed that NP size was higher for acetonitrile in contrast with acetone solvent at comparable working conditions in all cases. Moreover, dilution of the solution containing nanoparticles (higher the quench) was found indispensible to obtain stable nanoparticles. In addition, by expanding the inlet feed rate, smaller nanoparticles with lower zeta potential, were acquired. Smaller nanoparticles were created in the MIVM regarding the CIJM. Polydispersity index (PDI, 0.05 ± 0.3) and zeta potential (-30 mV to -40 mV) were observed in all investigated experiments.
After nanoparticles were produced, they were quantified. An exact and appropriate measurement of menthol was acquired by a Gas chromatography (GC). Results showed that the incorporation efficiency of menthol in the nanoparticles with expanding menthol content was very nearly 60 % - 80 % in both the CIJM and VM mixers, and this indicates that menthol was adequately exemplified by PCL polymer upon precipitation. Loading was assessed at 35 % - 50 % around, with expanding mass proportion of menthol and PCL, when utilizing both reactors. These results were confirmed through morphologic perceptions of nanoparticles utilizing transmission electronic microscope (TEM) examination.
From there on, the work was centered around the synthesis of PCL nanocapsules containing differing internal cores (miglyol, and melatonin). Melatonin nanocapsules were further utilized for the impregnation of cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the synthesis and characterization of the nanocapsules formed by PCL (surface layer) and by melatonin or miglyol (in the core) was investigated. To optimize the nanocapsules production process, the impact of different working conditions was explored i.e. the underlying polymer concentration, the underlying, melatonin or miglyol concentrations and the inlet feed rate, on their mean sizes. Comparative conclusions, were observed for menthol loaded nanoparticles, that is when expanding inlet feed rate the mean size of nanocapsules diminished. Finally, it was also found that when concentrations of all substances was increased larger nanocapsules were shaped.
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Pace, Wendy Lee. "The Effect of Menthol on Nicotine Metabolism: a Cross Species Evaluation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc407773/.
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The effect of menthol on nicotine metabolism was examined in liver S9 fractions of four different species and in the in vivo mouse model. The purpose of this study was to investigate three parameters: (1) biotransformation of nicotine to cotinine in various species (human, mouse, rat and trout) using in vitro methods; (2) to determine if the addition of menthol with nicotine altered biotransformation of nicotine to cotinine; (3) and to assess similar parameters in an in vivo mouse model. The major findings of this study include: (1) mice appear to metabolize nicotine, over time, in a manner similar to humans; (2) menthol decreased cotinine production, over time, after a single dose in mice; and (3) menthol increased cotinine production, over time, after repeated doses, in mice.
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Kreß, Nico [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Hauer. "Development of a chemoenzymatic (-)-menthol synthesis / Nico Kreß ; Betreuer: Bernhard Hauer." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169133010/34.
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Kahlow, Ulrich. "A model of the pressure dependence of the enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipase towards ( )-menthol = Entwicklung eines Modells zur Druckabhängigkeit der Enantioselektivität der Candida rugosa Lipase gegenüber ( )-Menthol /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9789392.
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Eguae, Eniye Emmanuel. "Factors Associated with Menthol Cigarettes Smoking Among Youths Ages 12 to 19." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5184.
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Menthol is added to cigarettes to make smoking more convenient. Menthol is considered a contributing factor that makes smoking appealing to youths and their continuous smoking initiation, which progresses to regular cigarette smoking and addiction, especially among youths ages 12 to 19. Menthol encourages approximately 4,000 youths to experiment with smoking daily in the United States, of which approximately 1,000 become active smokers. Not enough is known regarding the influence of menthol on youth smoking initiation/smoking behavior. A quantitative analysis of data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) was used to explore the association between age, race/ethnicity, gender, grade (education level), and menthol cigarette smoking among youth ages 12 to 19. The sample size for this study consisted of 115 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, in the United States taken from the 2014 NYTS data. The theoretical framework for this study was the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The independent variables were ethnicity/race, gender, age, and grades (education level), while the dependent variable is the type of smoking: menthol versus nonmenthol. Bivariate analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant relationship between age (p = <.001), race/ethnicity (p = <.001), gender (p = <.001), grade (education level) (p = <.001), and menthol cigarette smoking; however, no statistically significant results were obtained in the multivariate regression analysis. Future research is needed to better determine and understand the factors associated with youth smoking initiation and behavior. The potential positive social change impact of this study is a better understanding of youth smoking behavior and the development of more effective prevention interventions to protect the health of this vulnerable population.
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Steinhoff, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Kortikale Aktivierungsmuster Menthol-induzierter Kälteallodynie [[Elektronische Ressource]] : eine funktionelle MRT-Studie / Alexander Steinhoff." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1019870990/34.
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Acar, Kübart Senem [Verfasser]. "Menthol-beladene Lipidnanopartikel für Consumer-Care: Entwicklung & optimierte Charakterisierung / Senem Acar Kübart." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138630640/34.
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Moss, Penny. "Topical menthol identifies cold hyperalgesia in individuals with chronic pain from knee osteoarthritis." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1207.
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Chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis may develop as a result of centrally-augmented pain processing. Cold hyperalgesia has been proposed as a key indicator but is problematic to assess. A new topical menthol test was developed. It demonstrated reliability and sensitivity to discriminate between those with normal and abnormal cold pain thresholds in healthy cohorts. In knee osteoarthritis, high menthol test score was associated with greater pain and disability, widespread mechanical hyperalgesia and higher PainDETECT score.
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Etzold, Bastian [Verfasser]. "Epimerisierung der Menthol-Stereoisomere: Kinetische und reaktionstechnische Studien für die heterogen katalysierte Mentholsynthese / Bastian Etzold." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1164342460/34.
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Vasconcelos, PatrÃcia Freire de. "AvaliaÃÃo dos efeitos farmacolÃgicos de (-)- mentol em modelos comportamentais e de gastroproteÃÃo em camundongos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4185.
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nÃo hÃO mentol, constituinte majoritÃrio da hortelÃ-pimenta, foi avaliado em modelos animais para investigar sua atividade no sistema nervoso central atravÃs de modelos experimentais animais para depressÃo, ansiedade, sedaÃÃo e convulsÃo, tais como, nado forÃado (NF), suspensÃo da cauda (SC), campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), rota rod, tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital e convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol. Dos efeitos comportamentais tambÃm foi avaliado o papel da gastroproteÃÃo, o qual buscou-se investigar os mecanismos de aÃÃo envolvidos, jà que hà indÃcios, mas poucos estudos referentes a esse efeito. (-)- Mentol foi administrado de forma aguda em todos os testes por via intraperitoneal, nas doses de 25 e 50 mg/kg, e no caso do NF tambÃm foi utilizado na dose de 10 mg/kg. Para o estudo da atividade gastroprotetora, (-)-mentol foi administrado por via oral nas doses de 100 e 200 mg/kg. A Ãlcera gÃstrica foi induzida pela administraÃÃo de 0,2 ml de etanol absoluto ou indometacina (20mg/kg). Os resultados mostraram que no NF e SC, (-)-mentol apresentou efeito antiimobilidade em todas as doses. No teste do campo aberto, (-)-mentol aumentou o nÃmero de travessias nas doses de 25 e 50 mg/kg, com nenhum efeito significativo na dose de 10 mg/kg. Houve tambÃm aumento de rearing e diminuiÃÃo de grooming. O mecanismo de aÃÃo de anti-imobilidade do mentol parece estar envolvido com os sistemas dopaminÃrgico e noradrenÃrgico, talvez com uma possÃvel ativaÃÃo dos receptores dopaminÃrgicos do tipo D2, e noradrenÃrgico, provavelmente por ativaÃÃo dos receptores adrenÃrgicos do tipo 1. No rota rod, em todas as doses, a coordenaÃÃo motora dos animais nÃo foi alterada. No LCE, (-)-mentol nÃo houve alteraÃÃo em nenhum parÃmetro. No tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital, (-)- mentol reduziu o efeito sedativo/hipnÃtico do pentobarbital sÃdico. Na convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol aumentou a latÃncia de morte. A administraÃÃo oral de (-)-mentol 100 e 200 mg/kg foi capaz de proteger dos danos na mucosa gÃstrica pelo prÃ-tratamento com etanol e indometacina. AdministraÃÃo prÃvia de glibenclamida (10 mg/kg, i.p.) foi capaz de reverter a gastroproteÃÃo promovido por (-)-mentol 200 mg/kg na Ãlcera induzida por etanol. No entanto, prÃ-tratamento com L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.) nÃo foi capaz de reverter efeito gastroprotetor do (-)-mentol. A dosagem de GSH gÃstrico mostrou que os nÃveis de GSH aumentaram com a administraÃÃo de (-)-mentol. O presente estudo fornece evidÃncias hà uma aÃÃo psicoativa de mentol no NF e esta parece ser dependente da sua interaÃÃo com os sistemas noradrenÃrgico (α1) e dopaminÃrgico (D2). Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que o mentol apresenta, provavelmente aÃÃo estimulante no SNC, e à desprovida de efeito ansiolÃtico e tem provÃvel aÃÃo anticonvulsivante. A gastroproteÃÃo promovida por (-)-mentol pode estar associada à abertura dos canais K+ dependentes de ATP e ao aumento da quantidade de GSH.
Menthol, major constituent of peppermint, has been evaluated in animal models to investigate their activity in the central nervous system through experimental animal models for depression, anxiety, sedation and convulsion, such as forced swimming (FS), tail suspension (TS), open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), rota rod, sleeping time induced by pentobarbital and pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsion. Behavioral effects was also evaluated the role of gastroprotective, seeking to investigate the mechanisms involved, since there is evidence, but few studies on this effect. (-) - Menthol was administered acutely in all tests intraperitoneally at doses of 25 and 50 mg / kg, and in the case of NF, it was also used at a dose of 10 mg / kg. To study the gastroprotective activity, (-)-menthol was administered orally at doses of 100 and 200 mg / kg. The gastric ulcer was induced by administration of 0.2 ml of absolute ethanol or indomethacin (20mg/kg). The results showed that the FS and TS, (-)-menthol showed antidepressant effect at all doses. In the open field test, (-)-menthol increased the number of crossings in doses of 25 and 50 mg / kg, with no significant effect on the dose of 10 mg / kg was not significant. There was increased rearing and decreased grooming. The mechanism of action of anti-immobility menthol seems to be involved with the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, perhaps with a possible activation of the dopamine D2 and noradrenergic, likely by activation of adrenergic receptors of type α1. The route rod, at all doses, the motor coordination of animals was not changed. In EPM, (-)-menthol did not change in any parameter. In the sleep time induced by pentobarbital, (-) - menthol reduced the sedative / hypnotic of pentobarbital sodium. Convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazol increased the latency of death. Oral administration of (-)-menthol 100 and 200 mg / kg were able to protect the damage to gastric mucosa by pre-treatment with ethanol and indomethacin. Prior administration of glibenclamide (10 mg / kg, ip) was able to reverse the gastroproteÃÃo promoted by (-)-menthol 200 mg / kg in ethanol-induced ulcers. However, pretreatment with L-NAME (10 mg / kg, ip) was not able to reverse gastroprotective effect of (-)-menthol. Measurement of gastric GSH showed that GSH levels increased with the administration of (-)-menthol. In conclusion, this study provides evidence indicating that there is a psychoactive effects of menthol in NC and this seems to be dependent on their interaction with the noradrenergic (α1) and dopamine (D2). Together, these results suggest that menthol has probably stimulating action in the CNS is devoid of anxiolytic and anticonvulsant action is likely. The gastroprotective action promoted by (-)-menthol can be associated with the opening of ATP-dependent K + channels and the increased amount of GSH.
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刘哲 and Zhe Jerome Liu. "A systematic review on smokers' high preference over menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation in African Americans." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47560290.
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Objectives: Menthol is an organic compound synthesized or naturally obtained from peppermint or other mint oils and once added to cigarettes, is believed to have caused extra adverse health consequences (Kolawole S. Okuyemi 2004) compared with non-menthol cigarettes. This review has multi-purposes: First, to review and summarize the causes of African Americans’ high preference over menthol cigarettes; Second, to review smoking cessation studies and determine the association between menthol cigarettes and reduced quitting rates for African American smokers; Third, to gather information of evidence-based interventions for menthol cigarette smoking cessation.
Methods: This article reviewed 16 journal articles through PubMed search using the following key words: menthol cigarette, smoking cessation, African American. And only one Chinese article was found by searching the key word “薄荷?” in CNKI Chinese database. Further search was done by using Google search engine and got 11 electronic articles or webpages for this topic. According to the objectives of this article, 3 journal papers were reviewed for examining the causes of African American smokers’ high preference over menthol cigarettes; 8 journal papers were reviewed for determining the association between menthol cigarettes and reduced quitting rates for African American smokers. In this section, the inclusion criteria include: age (18-65); gender (male, female); study design (cohort, cross-sectional, RCT). At last, 5 journal papers and 5 electronic resources including news were reviewed to gain an up-to-date insight for possible interventions of menthol cigarette smoking.
Results: The leading causes for African American smokers’ high preference over menthol cigarettes include: like the minty/cool flavor; perceive menthol cigarette as having medicinal effects; menthol smokers’ influences from one’s social network; tobacco companies’ tailored marketing strategies. Overall, there were lower quitting rates for menthol cigarette smokers compared to non-menthol cigarette smokers at least among African American smokers. For menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation among African American smokers, 4 studies got significant results. For menthol cigarette and non-menthol cigarette smoking cessation among African American smokers: study 1 (TABLE 2), 6 weeks abstinence rate 28.3% vs. 41.5%, p=0.006; study 2 (TABLE 2), 4 weeks abstinence OR=0.32, 95% CI [0.16, 0.62], p<0.05, 6 months abstinence OR=0.48, 95% CI [0.25, 0.9], p<0.05; study 3 (TABLE 2), 6 months abstinence OR=0.23, 95% CI [0.17, 0.31], p<0.05. Study 4 (TABLE 2) compared African menthol cigarette smokers to Whites non-menthol cigarette smokers, OR=0.72, 95% CI [0.53, 0.97], p=0.031. For another 4 studies, they got non-significant results but still revealed such an association.
Conclusions: Causes for African American smokers’ high preference over menthol cigarettes were identified as: tailored marketing strategies; physical properties of menthol cigarette (taste, smell); and demographic/social/psychological/cultural/attitudinal causes. There were significantly lower quitting rates for menthol cigarette smokers compared to non-menthol cigarette smokers at least among African American smokers. For menthol cigarette smoking cessation interventions, whether or not a ban on menthol would be implemented or not, comprehensive programs that include educational program, clinical menthol cigarette smoking cessation aids, taxation for price control, and smoke free and related regulations are needed. At last, China should learn experiences from the US regarding analysis of preference and possible clinical, educational, and policy interventions for menthol cigarette smoking cessation and prevention.published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health
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Malter, Jutta [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Claus, Herbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Vogel, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Muhler. "Herstellung von Menthol aus Citral an heterogenen Katalysatoren / Jutta Malter ; Peter Claus, Herbert Vogel, Martin Muhler." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120585155/34.
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Davis, Danielle. "Comparing The Effects Of Menthol Status On The Behavioral Pharmacology Of Smoking Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/762.
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Introduction: An active area of tobacco regulatory science research focuses on examining the effects of varying the nicotine content of cigarettes as part of a potential national policy to lower their nicotine content levels to reduce addiction potential. The present study examines differences in the behavioral effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes related to their menthol status. Menthol is the only cigarette flavoring that is still legally permissible according to Food and Drug administration regulations.
Methods: Participants were 26 current adult smokers from three populations especially vulnerable to tobacco use and addiction (economically disadvantaged women, opioid-dependent individuals, individuals with affective disorders) dichotomized as menthol (n=11) or non-menthol (n=15) smokers. Participants completed 14 experimental sessions following acute smoking abstinence (CO<50% baseline level). Across sessions, participants smoked four Spectrum research cigarettes (22nd Century Group, Clarence, NY) with varying nicotine content levels (0.4mg/g, 2.4 mg/g, 5.2 mg/g, 15.8 mg/g) or their usual brand cigarette. Research cigarettes were mentholated or non-mentholated corresponding to participants usual brand. Upon completion of smoking, participants completed tasks measuring reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, topography, and withdrawal and craving measures. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was used for all analyses (p<.05).
Results: Main effects of menthol status, as well as interactions of nicotine dose and menthol were noted across subscales of subjective effects and direct assessments of reinforcing efficacy. Usual brand mentholated cigarettes produced a profile of equal or greater relative reinforcing effects than usual brand non-mentholated cigarettes, while mentholated research cigarettes produced a profile of effects that fell below (i.e., lower relative reinforcing effects compared to usual brand or non-mentholated cigarettes) those of non-mentholated research cigarettes.
Conclusions: Mentholated research cigarettes produce a lower profile of reinforcing and subjective effects, without discernible differences in smoking topography. The potential impact of mentholation on reinforcing efficacy and subjective effects should be considered when using Spectrum research cigarettes.
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Poppe, Jens. "Spektroelektrochemische Untersuchungen der Elektrooxidation von Menthol, Ethanol und Ethylenglykol in alkalischer Lösung an kalt-abgeschiedenen Mehrkomponentenschichtelektroden." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10061291.
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Rinaldi, Kévin. "Les effets du climat tropical sur la performance aérobie : stratégies de cooling mentholé." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0326/document.
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L’environnement climatique est l’un des facteurs pouvant influencer la performance aérobie. Il existe des températures idéales avec lesquelles les athlètes réalisent de meilleures performances : entre 10 et 12°C en course à pied (Maughan et coll. 2010) ou inférieures à 32°C en cyclisme (Peiffer & Abbiss 2011). Davies et coll. (2016) condensent dans une métaanalyse différentes études portant sur le contre la montre (CLM) en cyclisme en environnement chaud et relèvent que la performance est altérée en climat chaud à partir du milieu de l’épreuve (P < 0,02) et jusqu’à la fin (P = 0,01) par rapport à une condition contrôle.Ce résultat laisse donc apparaitre qu’outre la température environnementale, la durée de l’effort peut également être déterminante dans l’impact du climat sur la performance. L’élévation de la température n’est pas le seul facteur environnemental pouvant influencer la performance. Maughan et coll. (2012) mettent en évidence qu’au plus le taux d’humidité est élevé au plus la performance aérobie est détériorée. Dans cette étude, des athlètes non acclimatés, réalisent une épreuve à vélo à 70% de VO2max jusqu’à épuisement lors de quatre sessions à 24, 40, 60 et 80% d’HR (T: 30°C). Les résultats, montrent que le temps d’exercice diminue significativement avec l’augmentation du taux d’humidité (P < 0,05).A travers ce travail de recherche nous avons donc investigué la question : comment faire pour limiter cet impact du climat sur la performance ?Pour ce faire 3 axes sont développés à travers nos études :a. Etudier l’efficacité de protocoles de refroidissement à plusieurs moments de la performance : avant, pendant et entre deux efforts consécutif.b. Déterminer si les combinaisons de froid peuvent se combiner.c. Déterminer si l’utilisation du menthol peut permettre une optimisation des protocoles de cooling.Les principaux résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence que l’utilisation de méthodes de cooling est efficace mais que cette efficacité dépend du protocole utilisé. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence (1) Qu’en pré-cooling il est nécessaire de débuter 1h avant l’effort pour avoir une efficacité de la méthode ; (2) Qu’une immersion avec du menthol est plus efficace qu’une immersion seule entre deux efforts de 20’ mais qu’utilisé sur des vêtements son efficacité n’est pas prouvée; (3) Que le port d’un gilet froid cumulé à une ingestion d’une boisson froide à l’échauffement n’est pas plus efficace qu’un refroidissement interne seul (4) Que le menthol peut influencer les performances en jouant un rôle sur le SNC.L’action du menthol va permettre au SNC de percevoir l’environnement comme étant « plus favorable » et par conséquent entrainer une modification de la rétroaction thermorégulatrice, et ainsi permettre une meilleure performance. Cela sans que le menthol ne joue un rôle délétère à la thermorégulationThe climatic environment is one of the factors that can influence the aerobic performance. There are an ideal temperatures with which athletes realize better performance: between 10 and 12°C in running (Maughan et al. 2010) below 32°C in cycling (Peiffer & Abbiss 2011). Davies et al. (2016) condense in a meta-analysis different studies on time trial (TT) in cycling and note that the performance is impaired in hot weather from middle of the test (P <0.02) and until the end (P = 0.01) compared to a condition control. This result therefore shows that in addition to the environmental temperature, the duration of the effort can also be decisive in the impact of climate on the performance.Rising temperature is not the only environmental factor that can influence the performance. Maughan et al. (2012) highlight that at the highest level of humidity is high at most aerobic performance is deteriorated. In this study, non-athletes acclimatized, perform a 70% VO2max bike test until exhaustion four sessions at 24, 40, 60 and 80% RH (T: 30 ° C). The results show that time exercise decreased significantly with increasing humidity (P <0.05). Through this research work we therefore investigated the question: how to do to limit this impact of climate on performance?To do this, 3 axes are developed through our studies: a. Study the effectiveness of cooling protocols at several points in the performance: before, during and between two consecutive efforts.b. Determine if cold combinations can combine.c. To determine if the use of menthol can allow optimization of the protocols of cooling.The main results of this thesis highlight that the use of cooling is effective but this efficiency depends on the protocol used. We havehighlighted (1) That in pre-cooling it is necessary to start 1 hour before the effort to have an efficiency of the method;(2) Immersion with menthol is more effective only a single immersion between two efforts of 20 'but that used on clothes its effectiveness is not proven; (3) That wearing a cold vest combined with ingestion from a cold drink to warm up is no more effective than an internal cooling only (4) That menthol can influence performance by playing a role on the CNS. The action of menthol will allow the CNS to perceive the environment as being "More favorable" and therefore result in a change in the feedback thermoregulatory, allow higher performance. This without the menthol isplayed a deleterious role to thermoregulation
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Sarria, Ignacio. "Molecular mechanisms and regulation of cold sensing." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1331842901.
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Ramos-Filho, Antonio Celso Saragossa 1985. "Participação do receptor de potencial transiente vanilóide do tipo 4 (TRPV4) e do melastatina do tipo 8 (TRPM8) nas disfunções miccionais do diabetes em camundongos." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312586.
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Orientador: Edson AntunesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Os receptores TRPV4 e TRPM8 são expressos no urotélio e em fibras aferentes sensitivas da bexiga. Fisiologicamente, a ativação mecânica do receptor TRPV4 na parede da bexiga participa do controle miccional. Em doenças de origem inflamatória, esses receptores adquirem funcionalidade importante. As disfunções da bexiga no diabetes podem estar associadas a alterações ao nível de detrusor, inervação e urotélio. A disfunção urotelial parece ser a responsável por desencadear as alterações neurais e musculares da bexiga. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da ativação dos receptores TRPV4 e TRPM8 no estado diabético em camundongos. Para tanto, dividimos o estudo em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira avaliamos a participação dos receptores TRPV4 e TRPM8 nos mecanismos contráteis e relaxantes do detrusor isolado de animais controles e knockout para esses canais. Em uma segunda etapa estudamos a ativação desses canais em camundongos diabéticos pela injeção intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (180 mg/Kg) por 4 semanas. Em fragmentos do detrusor isolados de camundongos mostramos que o agonista do receptor TRPV4, GSK1016790A, causou resposta contrátil dependente da concentração. Por outro lado, quando os tecidos foram contraídos com solução despolarizante de KCl, o GSK1016790A causou relaxamento da preparação. No detrusor isolado de animais TRPV4-/- verificamos hipercontratilidade ao carbacol (agonista muscarínico) e à estimulação elétrica, assim como redução no relaxamento ao agonista ?-adrenérgico não-seletivo, isoprenalina. Estes efeitos não foram obtidos com os antagonistas dos receptores TRPV4, RN1734 e HC067047. A indução do diabetes causou nocicepção mecânica e aumento da proporção entre bexiga e peso corpóreo após 4 semanas da injeção. A avaliação miccional dos animais diabéticos mostrou aumento da capacidade, frequência urinária e das contrações involuntárias da bexiga. Observamos ainda hipercontratilidade do detrusor ao carbacol, à estimulação elétrica e ao KCl. A indução do diabetes em animais TRPV4-/- não modificou as disfunções "in vivo" e "in vitro" observadas nos animais wyld type diabéticos, mostrando que a ausência crônica dos receptores TRPV4 desencadeia alterações miccionais que são anteriores as causadas pelo diabetes. Também verificamos que os animais TRPM8-/- não apresentam alteração na resposta contrátil ao carbacol e à estimulação elétrica. Por outro lado, o mentol, mas não a icilina, reduziu significativamente as respostas contráteis nestes animais. O mentol inibiu o influxo de cálcio extracelular em cultura de células da musculatura lisa da bexiga por mecanismo inibitório direto nos canais Cav1.2. O tratamento agudo com mentol, intraperitoneal e intravesical, atenuou as disfunções miccionais observadas nos camundongos diabéticos. "In vitro" o pré-tratamento com mentol reduziu a hipercontratilidade ao carbacol no grupo diabético, sem alterar a resposta no grupo controle. Concluímos que o mentol impede a resposta contrátil da bexiga por mecanismo independente do receptor TRPM8 bloqueando o influxo de cálcio extracelular nos canais Cav1,2, podendo ser utilizado como tratamento na hiperatividade de bexiga de origem miogênica
Abstract: The TRPV4 and TRPM8 receptors are expressed in bladder urothelium and sensitive afferent fibers. Physiologically, the mechanical activation of TRPV4 receptor in the bladder wall is involved in micturition control. In inflammatory diseases, these receptors may have important roles. The bladder dysfunction in diabetes may be associated with changes at the level of detrusor, innervation and urothelium. The urothelial dysfunction triggers neural changes, modifying consequently the smooth muscle contractility. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of TRPV4 and TRPM8 receptor activation in physiological and diabetic conditions in mice. For this purpose we divided the study in two phases, the first of which we evaluated the participation of TRPV4 and TRPM8 receptors in detrusor contractile and relaxing mechanisms in control and knockout animals for these channels. In the second phase we studied the activation of these channels in diabetic mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 180 mg / kg, 4 weeks). The TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A produced concentration-dependent detrusor contractions. On the other hand, in detrusor pré-contracted with KCl (80 mM), GSK1016790A caused relaxation responses. In TRPV4-/- animals, we verified hypercontractility to carbachol (muscarinic agonist) and electrical-field stimulation, as well as a decreased relaxation to isoprenaline (non-selective ?-adrenergic agonist). These effects were not obtained with the TRPV4 antagonists, RN1734 and HC067047. Induction of diabetes with STZ caused hyperglycemia, mechanical nocicepton, and increased ratio between bladder and body weight after 4 weeks. The miccturition evaluationin diabetic animals showed increased capacity, urinary frequency, and non-voiding contractions. Hypercontractility to carbachol, electrical-field stimulation and KCl in isolated detrusor were lso observed. The induction of diabetes in TRPV4-/- animals did not change the urinary dysfunctions. Our data are consistent with the proposal that TRPV4 receptor has a physiological function in micturition control by decreasing muscarinic-induced contractions and increasing ?-adrenergic-mediated relaxations. Moreover, the bladder contractions to carbachol and EFS in TRPM8-/- did not significantly change compared to TRPM8+/+. However, menthol (300 ?M), but not icilin (1 ?M), significantly inhibited these contractile responses. The menthol (300 ?M) inhibited extracellular calcium influx in bladder smooth muscle cell culture by direct mechanism though Cav1.2 channels. In addition the acute treatment with menthol, intraperitoneal and intravesical, atenuated the micturition dysfunctions observed in diabetic mice. Also, detrusor preparations pre-treated with menthol decreased carbachol hypercontractility, without changing the responses in normoglycemic group. Menthol reduces bladder contractions by mechanisms independent of TRPM8 receptor activation, inhibiting extracellular calcium influx through Cav1.2 channel, thus been considered as treatment for bladder overactivity of myogenic origin
Doutorado
Farmacologia
Doutor em Farmacologia
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Rittsteiger, Anne Andrea [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Wasserscheid, and Peter [Gutachter] Wasserscheid. "Heterogen katalysierte Hydrierung von Thymol zur Herstellung von racemischem Menthol / Anne Andrea Rittsteiger ; Gutachter: Peter Wasserscheid ; Betreuer: Peter Wasserscheid." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2018. http://d-nb.info/1163455776/34.
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Naleschinski, Dennis [Verfasser]. "Funktion thermosensibler Afferenzen bei Patienten mit neuropathischen Schmerzen vor und nach topischer Applikation von Capsaicin und Menthol / Dennis Naleschinski." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1019903155/34.
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Almeida, Mônica Moura de. "Efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos pelo óleo essencial de mentha x-villosa hudson (oemv), rotundifolona e mentol em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos – o papel dos canais potencial receptor transiente (trp)." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2015. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9496.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The monoterpenes found in essential oils from plants act on transient receptor potential channels (TRP). Some TRP channels with altered expression in hypertensive rats may be new therapeutic targets for the control of hypertension. Aim: Compare the responses induced by Essential Oil of Mentha x villosa Hudson (OEMV), rotundifolone and menthol in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY), evaluating the role of TRP channels. Methods and Results: In vivo (blood pressure measurement and heart rate), in vitro (measure of the frequency and force of contraction in the atria and the isometric tension in superior mesenteric arteries) and biochemical (PCR and Western blot) studies were used. The OEMV (3, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), the rotundifolone (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) and the menthol (3, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) induced significant hypotensive and bradycardic response in non-anesthetized SHR and WKY rats. The reduction in the diastolic blood pressure was significantly greater than the decrease in the systolic blood pressure, suggesting a greater action on the vascular component of blood pressure. However, the significant bradycardic effect and reduction in the systolic blood pressure also suggest an action on the cardiac component. Furthermore, the decrease in the blood pressure and heart rate induced by rotundifolone and by menthol were significantly more potent in SHR. The action of OEMV, the rotundifolone and menthol in the right atrium (with spontaneous activity) and left (electrically stimulated) showed negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and culminating in complete inhibition of cardiac activity. Moreover, the negative inotropic effect was more potent in SHR and protein TRPM8 channel showed increased expression in the ventricles (left > right) and atria (left > right) of SHR rats. Also, OEMV, rotundifolone and menthol induced vasorelaxant response in superior mesenteric arteries of SHR and WKY rats, precontracted with PHE. The major mechanism involves the endothelium-independent route, which was more potent in SHR. The mechanism of the endothelium-independent vasorelaxant response induced by rotundifolone and menthol probably involves TRPM8 channels, which showed increased expression in SHR, and TRPC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6 channels. However, the response induced by menthol in WKY rats involves other TRP channels (probably TRPM6 and TRPM7). In addition, the flow cytometry showed an increase in [Ca2+]i induced by rotundifolone in SHR vascular myocytes, probably by activating of the TRPM8 channel. Conclusions: The hypotensive, bradycardia, negative inotropic and vasorelaxant responses induced by OEMV, rotundifolone and menthol were significantly more potent in SHR than in WKY rats. The mechanism of the endothelium-independent vasorelaxant response induced by rotundifolone and menthol involves TRPM8, TRPC (probably TRC1, TRPC3 and TRPC6), BKCa and CaV channels, but menthol may be acting in other TRP channels (probably TRPM6 and TRPM7) in WKY rats. The TRPM8 channel showed increased expression in SHR rats. Thus, the action of OEMV, rotundifolone and menthol on these channels can be related with the higher potency observed in SHR rats.
Os monoterpenos presentes em óleos essenciais de plantas atuam sobre canais Potencial Receptor Transiente (TRP). Alguns canais TRP com expressão alterada em ratos hipertensos podem ser novos alvos terapêuticos para o controle da hipertensão arterial. Objetivo: Comparar as respostas induzidas pelo Óleo Essencial de Mentha x-villosa Hudson (OEMV), pela rotundifolona e pelo mentol em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos (SHR) e normotensos Wistar Kyoto (WKY), avaliando o papel de canais TRP. Métodos e Resultados: Estudos in vivo (medida de pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca), in vitro (medida da freqüência e força de contração em átrios e da tensão isométrica em artérias mesentéricas superiores) e bioquímicos (PCR e Western blot) foram usados. O OEMV (3, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg), a rotundifolona (10, 20 e 30 mg/kg), e o mentol (3, 5, 10 e 20 mg/kg) induziram significativa resposta hipotensora e bradicárdica em ratos SHR e WKY não-anestesiados. A redução na pressão arterial diastólica foi significativamente maior do que a redução na pressão arterial sistólica, sugerindo uma maior ação sobre o componente vascular da pressão arterial. Entretanto, o significativo efeito bradicárdico e a redução na pressão arterial sistólica sugerem também uma ação sobre o componente cardíaco. Além disso, a diminuição na pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca induzida por rotundifolona e por mentol foram significativamente mais potentes em ratos SHR. A ação do OEMV, da rotundifolona e do mentol em átrios direito (com atividade espontânea) e esquerdo (estimulado eletricamente) mostrou efeitos cronotrópico e inotrópico negativos e culminando na completa inibição da atividade cardíaca. Além disso, o efeito inotrópico negativo foi mais potente em ratos SHR e a proteína do canal TRPM8 mostrou expressão aumentada nos ventrículos (esquerdo > direito) e nos átrios (esquerdo > direito) de ratos SHR. O OEMV, a rotundifolona e o mentol também induziram resposta vasorrelaxante em artérias mesentéricas superiores de ratos SHR e WKY, pré-contraídos com FEN. O mecanismo majoritário envolve a via independente do endotélio, que foi mais potente em ratos SHR. O mecanismo da resposta vasorrelaxante independente do endotélio induzida por rotundifolona e mentol envolve provavelmente canais TRPM8, que apresentaram expressão aumentada em ratos SHR, e canais TRPC1, TRPC3 e TRPC6. Entretanto, a resposta induzida por mentol em ratos WKY envolve outros canais TRP (provavelmente TRPM6 e TRPM7). Além disso, a citometria de fluxo mostrou um aumento na [Ca2+]i induzido por rotundifolona em miócitos vasculares de ratos SHR, provavelmente por ativação de canais TRPM8. Conclusões: As respostas hipotensora, bradicárdica, inotrópica negativa e vasorrelaxante induzidas por OEMV, rotundifolona e mentol foram significativamente mais potentes em ratos SHR do que em ratos WKY. O mecanismo da resposta vasorrelaxante independente de endotélio induzida por rotundifolona e mentol envolve canais TRPM8, TRPC (provavelmente TRPC1, TRPC3 e TRPC6), BKCa e CaV, porém o mentol pode estar atuando em outros canais TRP (provavelmente TRPM6 e TRPM7) em ratos WKY. Os canais TRPM8 mostraram expressão aumentada em ratos SHR. Dessa forma, a ação do OEMV, da rotundifolona e do mentol sobre esses canais pode estar relacionada com a maior potência observada em ratos SHR.
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Aflatuni, A. (Abbas). "The yield and essential oil content of mint (Mentha ssp.) in Northern Ostrobothnia." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514277465.
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Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) oil is one of the most popular and widely used essential oils, mostly because of its main components menthol and menthone. Peppermint oil is used for flavouring pharmaceuticals and oral preparations. Corn mint is the richest source of natural menthol. Carvone-scented mint plants, such as spearmint (M. spicata), are rich in carvone and are widely used as spices, and they are cultivated in several countries. Studies were made into the yield and essential oil content of several mint species and the original. The general aim of the work was to examine the optimal conditions for cultivating mint in Northern Finland. The specific aims of the study were (first) to investigate the differences in the oil content for several mint species and (secondly) to compare the effect of various factors such as plant spacing (10, 20 and 30 × 50 cm), liming (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 tons ha-1), propagation methods (micropropagated and conventionally propagated plants) and harvest date (once at the end of August in comparison with first cut at the beginning of August and second cut in mid September) on the cultivation success, quality and quantity of the plants. The constituents of the essential oil were analysed from leaf samples using GC-MS.
Among the peppermints of different origins studied, peppermint of USA and Egypt origin ('Black Mitcham') contain the highest menthol and optimum oil yield. Corn mint and Sachalin mints both had high menthol content. Due to several reasons, such as no significant differences between the different densities and oil composition, markedly higher amount of weeds at 30 × 50 cm than at 10 × 50 and 20 × 50 cm spacing and the high seedling costs and the danger of fungi and disease at a 10 × 50 cm spacing, a plant optimum of 20 × 50 cm spacing is recommended for Northern Ostrobothnia. If the pH value is lower than 6, or levels of Mg and Ca are low, liming at a rate of 4–8 t ha-1 for sandy soils in Finland is recommended in order to achieve higher fresh and oil yields. In the first year, there were no differences in the dry leaf yield of micropropagated and conventionally propagated plants, but the menthol content was significantly higher in conventionally than in micropropagated plants. In the second year, only the dry leaf yield of micropropagated plants was higher than that of their conventionally propagated counterparts. Cutting peppermint only once during full bloom (the end of August) gives the maximum oil yield of good quality. In conclusion, it is possible to achieve as high as or even higher oil quality and dry yield in North Ostrobothnia than it is in central Europe or south Asia. However, this requires observing certain cultivation factors such as having the right type of mint, soil pH, planting density, harvesting time and propagation method In addition, mints must be cultivated in the same place for only two and a maximum for three years.
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Langrand, Georges. "Réactions catalysées par les lipases en émulsion et en milieu organique : compétition et résolution : application à la séparation de (-) menthol." Université Paul Cézanne (Aix-Marseille). Faculté des sciences et techniques de Saint-Jérôme, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX30074.
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Utilisation des lipases, soit dans un tampon (reaction realisee en emulsion), soit a l'etat solide, dans un solvant organique. Dans les 2 cas, les reactions reversibles de synthese-hydrolyse d'esters et de transesterification sont effectuees. Determination des facteurs de separation donneurs et accepteurs d'acyle. Etablissement d'un modele cinetique simple pour prevoir et decrire l'evolution d'une reaction. Application a la resolution cinetique du menthol, en milieu organique, avec la lipase de candida rugosa. Preparation du (-) menthol a partir du melange racemique ou de melanges industriels plus complexes (melange d'hydrogenation de thymol)
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Langrand, Georges A. "Réactions catalysées par les lipases en émulsion et en milieu organique compétition et résolution, application à la séparation de (-) menthol." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598936g.
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Van, Bibber-Krueger Cadra. "Use of exogenous growth promotants in finishing cattle." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18152.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
Exogenous growth promotants, such as the synthetic beta agonist zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH), have been shown to increase carcass weight by repartitioning energy toward increased skeletal muscle at the expense of adipose tissue, which is associated with a decline in tenderness. More recently, essential oils such as menthol have been observed to have growth promoting properties in livestock. The objectives of this research were to determine effects of ZH on blood parameters and long chain fatty acids in plasma and adipose tissue, to determine if the decline in tenderness can be negated by temporary depletion of calcium during ZH supplementation, and to determine effects of crystalline menthol on blood parameters. Blood samples were collected in 7-d intervals during ZH administration. Zilpaterol hydrochloride decreased concentrations of plasma urea nitrogen and whole blood glucose (P < 0.10), but had no effects on concentrations of plasma glucose, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, NEFA, or whole blood lactate (P > 0.10). Total long chain fatty acids of plasma and adipose tissue were unaffected (P > 0.10); however, ZH supplementation increased HCW, dressing percentage, and LM area (P < 0.10). Calcium was temporarily depleted during ZH supplementation in an attempt to increase tenderness of meat. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed for Warner-Bratzler shear force values, live animal performance, or carcass measurements. Addition of 0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3% menthol (diet DM) to diets of steers resulted in a menthol × time within day interaction (P < 0.01) for IGF-1 concentration and BW; however, glucose, lactate, and PUN concentrations were unaffected (P > 0.05). Furthermore, concentrations of VFA were not different (P > 0.05), but production of fermentative gas was decreased (P < 0.01) when menthol was added at 0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3% of substrate DM in a 24 h in vitro fermentation trial. Results from these studies suggest ZH improved efficiency of nutrient utilization for increased skeletal muscle growth; however, the decline in tenderness was not negated by the temporary depletion of calcium in the diet. Overall, ZH affected components related to increased skeletal muscle growth, but menthol did not affect blood parameters associated with growth.
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Dec, Enderlei. "As espécies da tribo Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em diferentes cotas altimétricas em áreas de Mata Atlântica na região norte de Santa Catarina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-27112015-113358/.
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Reconhecida pela sua megadiversidade, mas também pelo alto nível de desmatamento e perda de espécies que vem ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, a Mata Atlântica é um dos biomas mais ameaçados do planeta, recebendo a denominação de hotspot mundial. As abelhas exercem papel fundamental para a manutenção da vegetação por meio da polinização e o conhecimento sobre a composição do táxon contribui para ações de conservação. Abelhas da tribo Euglossini podem atuar como bioindicadoras da qualidade ambiental e exercem uma estreita relação com determinadas plantas, principalmente da família Orchidaceae, sendo fundamentais para a perpetuação de muitas espécies desta família. A tribo Euglossini apresenta riqueza de espécies nas florestas tropicais decaindo em direção às latitudes altas. Este estudo propôs investigar e reconhecer a fauna de Euglossini presente na região norte do estado de Santa Catarina, no sul do Brasil, a partir de coletas mensais em seis localidades, distribuídas ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal entre o nível do mar e 800 metros, nos municípios de Joinville e São Francisco do Sul. Duas localidades são constituídas por morros remanescentes de Mata Atlântica, inseridos na malha urbana de Joinville, com extensões de aproximadamente 390 e 525 hectares. As demais localidades compõem áreas contínuas de floresta na costa litorânea e Serra do Mar. Em cada local houve um dia de coleta por mês nos períodos de setembro/2013 até abril/2014 e de setembro/2014 até abril/2015. As iscas odoríferas disponibilizadas foram: benzoato de benzila, cineol, eugenol e vanilina. Nos últimos seis meses do estudo foi testada uma nova fragrância à base de menta: o mentol. O estudo registrou 794 machos de Euglossini dos gêneros Eufriesea, Euglossa e Eulaema, distribuídos em dez espécies válidas e uma potencialmente nova. As localidades com maiores riquezas foram os remanescentes no Morro do Finder e Morro do Boa Vista, e as maiores diversidades ocorreram na Vila da Glória e Mutucas. As espécies Eufriesea violacea Blanchard 1840, Euglossa annectans Dressler 1982 e Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 foram registradas nas seis localidades estudadas. Ef. violacea, Eg. annectans Eg. stellfeldi representaram 91,56% da comunidade amostrada, sendo 66,87% somente da primeira espécie. O cineol atraiu 299 abelhas, o eugenol 190 e vanilina 165, mas em relação à riqueza, os mais atrativos foram o benzoato de benzila, cineol e vanilina, com seis espécies cada. O mentol mostrou eficácia, atraindo 75 abelhas de quatro espécies. A distribuição das abelhas em relação a variação altitudinal demonstrou que as maiores riqueza e abundância ocorreram entre o nível do mar e 200 metros de altitude com diminuição do número de indivíduos e espécies acima desta cota. Interações entre as abelhas e oito espécies de orquídeas foram registradas a partir de polinários aderidos às abelhas. Apesar da ocupação humana no entorno dos fragmentos da área urbana, os Morros do Finder e do Boa Vista apresentaram bom estado de conservação para a comunidade de Euglossini. Novos esforços e utilização de outras metodologias podem enriquecer os dados obtidos contribuindo para uma melhor caracterização ambiental da região. A partir dos dados existentes na literatura sobre a tribo Euglossini em Santa Catarina, nota-se uma riqueza significativa nos municípios de Joinville e São Francisco do Sul.Recognized for its megadiversity, but also the high level of deforestation and species loss that has occurred in recent decades, the Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes on the planet, getting the global name hotspot. Bees play a crucial role in the maintenance of vegetation through pollination and knowledge about the taxon composition contributes to conservation actions. The tribe Euglossini can act as bioindicators of environmental quality and exert a close relationship with certain plants, particularly the orchid family, being fundamental to the perpetuation of many species of this family. The tribe Euglossini has a species richness in tropical forests which decreases in the higher latitudes. This study aimed to investigate and identify the Euglossini fauna present in the northern state of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil, from monthly collections in six locations distributed along an altitudinal gradient between sea level and 800 meters, in the cities of Joinville and São Francisco do Sul. Two locations are composed of remnants of Atlantic Forest hills, situated in the urban area of Joinville, with extensions of approximately 390 and 525 hectares. Other locations comprise continuous areas of forest on the coastline and Serra do Mar. At each site there was one collection day per month in the period from September / 2013 to April / 2014 and September / 2014 to April / 2015. The available scent baits were: benzyl benzoate, cineol, eugenol and vanillin. In the last six months of the study a new mint-based fragrance was tested : menthol. The study recorded 794 Euglossini males of the genera Eufriesea, Euglossa and Eulaema, distributed in ten valid species and one potentially new species. The localities with the greatest richness were in Morro do Finder and Morro do Boa Vista, and the largest diversity occurred in the Vila da Glória and Mutucas. The species Eufriesea violacea Blanchard 1840, Euglossa annectans Dressler 1982 e Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 were recorded in the six studied locations. Ef. violacea, Eg. annectans and Eg. stellfeldi represented 91.56% of the sampled community, with the first species making up 66.87% of that figure. The cineole attracted 299 bees, eugenol 190 and vanillin 165, but in relation to richness, the most attractive were the benzyl benzoate, cineole and vanillin, with six species each. The menthol was effective, attracting 75 bees from four species. The distribution of bees in relation to altitudinal variation showed that the greatest richness and abundance occured between sea level and an altitude of 200 metres, with a decrease in the number of individuals and species above this altimetry quota. Interactions between bees and eight species of orchids were recorded from pollinaria adhered to the bees. Despite the surrounding human occupation of urban fragments, Morros Finder and Boa Vista showed good conditions for the community of Euglossini. New efforts and using other methodologies can enrich the data, contributing to a better environmental characterization of the area. From the literature data on the tribe Euglossini in Santa Catarina, there is a significant richness in the cities of Joinville and São Francisco do Sul.
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Skandarani, Nadia. "Développement de nanocapsules lipidiques pour la délivrance de principes actifs." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2071/document.
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Le développement des nanotechnologies dans le domaine médical a suscité un engouement considérable ces dernières années, notamment l’utilisation de nanoparticules pour la vectorisation de principes actifs. Les nanoparticules offrent des perspectives uniques pour la vectorisation et la délivrance de principes actifs qu’ils soient des gènes (thérapie génique),des anti-cancéreux (chimiothérapie) ou encore des agents photosensibilisateurs (photothérapie dynamique, TPD). Le défi majeur reste cependant l’acheminement des molécules thérapeutiques jusqu’à leur site d’action, tout en gardant leur intégrité ainsi que leur effet thérapeutique.L’axe de recherche de cette thèse est l’utilisation des nanocapsules lipidiques comme plateforme multifonctionnelle pour la délivrance de principes actifs. Un des objectifs étant le développement de nanocapsules lipidiques, stables de point de vue physico-chimique, et fonctionnalisées avec du polyéthylèneimine capables de délivrer efficacement un plasmide ADN et un anti-cancéreux (paclitaxel) dans le cadre d’une thérapie combinée. Les applications de ces nanovecteurs pour la transfectionde gènes et la vectorisation de chimiothérapeutique in vitro ont été réalisées.Par ailleurs, l’aptitude de nanocapsules lipidiques à vectoriser des agents photosensibilisants pour la thérapie photodynamique a été aussi étudiée in vitro, et les résultats ont montré que l’encapsulation de deux molécules de PS dans les nanocapsules permet une synergie de l’effet photodynamique tout en gardant les propriétés physico-chimiques de chaque PS. Enfin, l’encapsulation d’un agoniste au canal ionique TRPM8, le menthol, fait l’objet du dernier chapitre. L’étude par imagerie calcique du relargage de cette molécule lipophile in vitro a permis de confirmer le potentiel des NCL comme nanovecteurs de principes actifsThe development of nanotechnology in the medical field has attracted considerable interest in recent years, including the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanoparticles offer unique opportunities for delivery of active drugs such as genes (gene therapy), anti-cancer (chemotherapy) or photosensitizers (photodynamic therapy, PDT). The major challenge, however, remains the delivery of therapeutic molecules to their site of action while keeping their integrity and their therapeutic effect.The research focus of this thesis is the use of lipid nanocapsules as a multifunctional platform for the delivery of drugs. One goal is the development of stable lipid nanocapsules, functionalized with polyethyleneimine and capable of effectively delivering a plasmid DNA and an anti-cancer (paclitaxel) as part of a combination therapy. The applications of these nanocarriers for transfection and delivery of chemotherapeutic were performed in vitro.Moreover, the ability of lipid nanocapsules to encapsulate photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy has been studied in vitro, and the results showed that the encapsulation of two molecules of PS in the nanocapsules allows a synergy photodynamic effect while protecting the PS from photo degradation.Finally, encapsulating an ion channel TRPM8 agonist (menthol) is the subject of the last chapter. The study by calcium imaging of the release of this lipophilic molecule in vitro confirmed the potential of lipid nanocapsules as nanocarriers of drugs
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Molina, Raya Lorena 1979. "Atención en la disfagia orofaríngea en la ancianidad y en pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664355.
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Resumen de la Tesis DoctoralIntroducción: La disfagia orofaríngea (DO) es muy prevalente en ancianos y pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas. No existe tratamiento farmacológico.Metodología: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática, un ensayo clínico aleatorizado y un estudio de casos y controles. Resultados: el 66.7% de los estudios hablan de intervenciones en pacientes con DO secundaria a ICTUS. El 82.05% se realizó en entorno hospitalario y las enfermeras se mencionan en el 49.01% de los artículos. El mentol reduce el tiempo de cierre del vestíbulo laríngeo (VL) de 385 ± 136,2 ms a 340,8 ± 176,4 ms en la primera serie (P = 0,050) y 324,2 ± 130,1 en la segunda serie (P = 0,003). El mentol no cambió la prevalencia de residuos orofaríngeos ni la velocidad del bolo como la goma xantana (2; p<0.001; OR: 0.10 IC95%: 0.03 a 0.031). No hubo efectos adversos.Conclusiones: La DO secundaria a ICTUS es la etiología más identificada en la literatura. El cribado y la valoración son las intervenciones más frecuentes realizadas por los profesionales de enfermería. El tratamiento activo neuro-estimulador es el que modifica la biomecánica de la deglución y protege la vía aérea.AbstractIntroduction: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a common disorder in elderly and in patients with neurological diseases. There is still not treatment available. Methods: A systematic review, a clinical trial and a case and controls study have been performed. Results: A 66.7% of the studies talk about interventions in patients with OD secondary to ICTUS. An 82.05% of those interventions were performed in a hospital setting and nurses played active role in the interventions in 49.01% of the articles. A 59.66% were experimental studies. Menthol reduced the laryngeal vestibule (LV) closing time from 385(SD:136,2)ms to 340,08(SD:176,4)ms (p=0,050) in the first, and 324,2ms(SD:130,1)ms in the second series (P=0,003). Menthol did not change the prevalence of oropharyngeal residues or bolus velocity as the xanthan-gum (OR: 0.10 IC95%: 0.03-0.031, 2; p<0.001). No adverse effects were detected.Conclusions: OD related to Stroke is the most frequent etiology identity in literature and screening and assessment are the most frequent interventions performed by nursing professionals. The active neuro-stimulator treatment modifies the biomechanics of swallowing, reduces the LV closing time and protect the airway
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Schriever, Valentin Alexander, Penfei Han, Stefanie Weise, Franziska Hösel, Robert Pellegrino, and Thomas Hummel. "Time frequency analysis of olfactory induced EEG-power change." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-230994.
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Objectives
The objective of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of time-frequency analysis (TFA) of olfactory-induced EEG change with a low-cost, portable olfactometer in the clinical investigation of smell function.
Materials & methods
A total of 78 volunteers participated. The study was composed of three parts where olfactory stimuli were presented using a custom-built olfactometer. Part I was designed to optimize the stimulus as well as the recording conditions. In part II EEG-power changes after olfactory/trigeminal stimulation were compared between healthy participants and patients with olfactory impairment. In Part III the test-retest reliability of the method was evaluated in healthy subjects.
Results
Part I indicated that the most effective paradigm for stimulus presentation was cued stimulus, with an interstimulus interval of 18-20s at a stimulus duration of 1000ms with each stimulus quality presented 60 times in blocks of 20 stimuli each. In Part II we found that central processing of olfactory stimuli analyzed by TFA differed significantly between healthy controls and patients even when controlling for age. It was possible to reliably distinguish patients with olfactory impairment from healthy individuals at a high degree of accuracy (healthy controls vs anosmic patients: sensitivity 75%; specificity 89%). In addition we could show a good test-retest reliability of TFA of chemosensory induced EEG-power changes in Part III.
Conclusions
Central processing of olfactory stimuli analyzed by TFA reliably distinguishes patients with olfactory impairment from healthy individuals at a high degree of accuracy. Importantly this can be achieved with a simple olfactometer.
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Teliban, Maria Alina [Verfasser]. "Thermo- and mechanosensitivity of intact and injured cutaneous afferent neurons and their responsiveness to the transient receptor potential agonist menthol / Maria Alina Teliban." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1048592316/34.
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Pinto, José Jorge Baeta Fontinha. "One-pot enzymatic resolution/separation of enantiomers using green solvents." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10824.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
BiotecnologiaIn the context of “green” chemistry and sustainable processes, the main goal of this work is to develop a process that would circumvent the current complications of racemic sec-alcohol separation, using alternative solvents and selective enzymatic resolution. In this work the ability of enzymes to perform the resolution of sec-alcohols to obtain high added-value enantiomers is advantageously exploited in the production of pure chiral compounds. Candida rugosa lipase is capable of selectively converting one of the enantiomers of menthol into a different chemical compound with substantial different properties. Following this enzymatic catalysis, a separation method is used recurring to alternative solvents properties to separate the enantiomer that does not react obtaining a pure chiral compound. The main goals of this research are to finding both a vinyl ester and an acid anhydride capable of reacting selectively with the racemic menthol through catalyzed reaction using Candida rugosa lipase and test independently the acylating agents at various parameters that influence the conversion and enantioselectivity of the process such as temperature, enzyme concentration, parallel chemical reaction and solvent effect. Through this work we were successful in testing these two different chemical compounds obtaining high values for conversion and enantioselectivity. In the case of propionic anhydride we obtained 51% of conversion, 89% and 74% of enantiomeric excess of substrate and product, respectively, at 310.15 K in [Omim][PF6]. In the case of vinyl decanoate, we obtained 44.4% of conversion, 90.7% of enantiomeric excess of substrate, at 310.15 K in [Hmim][PF6].
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BORN, Flávia de Souza. "Atividade de óleos essenciais de plantas das famílias Burseraceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae e Verbenaceae em Tetranychus urticae Koch e Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6048.
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Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), has been controlled mainly chemical synthetic acaricides. The use of essential oils can be an alternative to this method of control. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of essential oils from plants of Families Burseraceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae and Verbenaceae against T. urticae and the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Repellent and toxic activities of the oils were determined and compared to eugenol. Toxicity was evaluated by fumigation and residual effect in the laboratory and by direct contact in a greenhouse. The results showed that the oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. were the most repellent, with RC50 = 3.43 x 10-7 and 2 x 10-4 μL/mL, respectively. The toxicity against eggs of T. urticae revealed T. vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Citrus reticulata Blanco and O. basilicum oils as more active. Estimates of mortality concentration curves for fumigation of adult females of T. urticae revealed that was more toxic eugenol, with LC50 = 4 x 10-3 μL/L air. The test results showed that residual C. reticulata, T. vulgaris and O. basilicum oils present the same toxicity observed for eugenol. The toxicity tests to N. californicus indicated that all the oils are selective fumigation and that the O. basilicum, R. officinalis and C. reticulata oils were more selective by residual effect. The relative toxicity of the individual constituents of the essential oils and their contribuition to the acaricidal activity on T. urticae are also discussed. The highest average mortality on T. urticae in the greenhouse after 72 h of exposure were 100%, 98.85% and 96.59%, promoted by Citrus sinensis Osbek x Citrus reticulata Blanco, R. officinalis and Lippia gracilis Schauer oils, respectively.
O ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), tem sido controlado principalmente com acaricidas químicos sintéticos. O uso de óleos essenciais pode ser uma alternativa a esse método de controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de óleos essenciais de plantas das Famílias Burseraceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae e Verbenaceae sobre T. urticae e o ácaro predador Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). As atividades repelente e tóxica dos óleos foram determinadas e comparadas ao eugenol. A toxicidade foi avaliada por fumigação e efeito residual, em laboratório e por contato direto em casa de vegetação. Os resultados demonstraram que os óleos de Ocimum basilicum L. e Thymus vulgaris L. foram mais repelentes, com CR50 de 3,43 x 10-7 e 2 x 10-4 μL/mL, respectivamente. A toxicidade sobre ovos de T. urticae revelou os óleos de T. vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Citrus reticulata Blanco e O. basilicum como mais ativos. As estimativas das curvas de concentração mortalidade para fumigação sobre fêmeas adultas de T. urticae revelaram que eugenol foi mais tóxico, com CL50 de 4 x 10-3 μL/L de ar. Os resultados dos testes de efeito residual demonstraram que os óleos de C. reticulata, T. vulgaris e O. basilicum apresentaram a mesma toxicidade observada para o eugenol. Os testes de toxicidade a N. californicus indicaram que todos os óleos foram seletivos por fumigação e os óleos de O. basilicum, R. officinalis e C. reticulata foram os mais seletivos por efeito residual. A toxicidade relativa de constituintes individuais dos óleos e sua contribuição para a atividade sobre T. urticae também são discutidos. As maiores médias de mortalidade sobre T. urticae em casa de vegetação após 72 h de exposição foram de 100%, 98,85% e 96,59%, promovidas pelos óleos de Citrus sinensis Osbek x Citrus reticulata Blanco, R. officinalis e Lippia gracilis Schauer, respectivamente.
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Behrendt, Hans-Jörg. "Vergleichende funktionale Untersuchungen des Hitze-Capsaicin-Rezeptors (TRPV1) und des Kälte-Menthol-Rezeptors (TRPM8) in rekombinanten und nativen Zellsystemen (verwendete Spezies: Mensch, Ratte und Maus)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972279474.
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Teinz, Katharina. "Edelmetallbeladene Aluminiumhydroxidfluoride als neue heterogene Katalysatoren." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16627.
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Hauptaufgabe dieser Promotionsarbeit war es, eine neue Sol-Gel basierte Syntheseroute zur Darstellung edelmetallbeladener (Pd, Pt, Ag und Au) Aluminiumhydroxidfluoride zu entwickeln. Derartige Katalysatoren besitzen sowohl Lewis- als auch Brønsted-saure, sowie hydrogenierungsaktive Zentren. Solche multifunktionellen Katalysatoren können für mehrstufige Umsetzungen von Substraten in Eintopfverfahren eingesetzt werden. Das Potential der dargestellten Katalysatoren wurde in der zweistufigen Umsetzung von Citronellal zu Mentholen und der dreistufigen Reaktion von Citral zu Mentholen gezeigt.The main aim of this thesis was to develop a new sol gel based synthesis route to noble metal loaded (Pd, Pt, Ag and Au) aluminium hydroxide fluorides. These catalysts provide Lewis as well as Brønsted acidity and hydrogenation ability. Those multifunctional catalysts can be used for multi step conversions of substrates performed in a one pot process. The potential of the synthesized catalysts was shown in the two step conversion of citronellal to menthols and in the three step conversion of citral to menthols.
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Touati, Boumediene. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du séchage solaire des feuilles de la menthe verte (Mentha viridis)." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAL0086.
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Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques et en particulier les feuilles de la menthe verte ont beaucoup d'importance pour la pharmacopée, la parfumerie, et la liquoristerie. Afin de développer un code de calcul permettant de simuler le séchage solaire en convection forcée de cette plante, une détermination expérimentale des isothermes de sorption a été menée. Les courbes de sorption ainsi obtenues sont ensuite approchées par des modèles empiriques et semi-empiriques utilisables dans un modèle numérique d'un séchoir. Une autre étude expérimentale est consacrée à la détermination des cinétiques de séchage dans des conditions contrôlables ainsi que dans un séchoir solaire. Les courbes de perte de masse et l'influence de la température et de la vitesse de l'air asséchant sont étudiées dans le but de déterminer la courbe caractéristique de séchage (CCS), et par conséquent la corrélation empirique exprimant la vitesse de séchage de la menthe verte étudiée. Par la suite les deux corrélations ainsi obtenues sont introduites dans un programme écrit en Fortran afin de valider les résultats expérimentaux de la teneur en eau et la vitesse de séchage en fonction du temps pour les modes de séchage et d'étudier l'influence de la température, du débit, de l'hygrométrie de l'air asséchant et de la masse initiale des feuilles de menthe. Afin de dimensionner notre séchoir une étude paramétrique basée sur la technique des plans d'expérience est menée. Le modèle développé dans ce travail permettra de dimensionner un séchoir et d'étudier son fonctionnement dans le cas d'utilisation avec un capteur solaire afin de définir les conditions optimales de séchageMedicinal and aromatic plants and particularly green mint leaves have a great importance for chemistry perfuming, confisery and liquoristry. In order to develop a calculating code that permits to simulate solar drying in a forced convection of this plant, an experimental determination of sorption isotherms has been led with the help of the solutions method of state salts. Sorption curves thus obtained are then approached by empiric and semi empiric models used in a numerical model of drying. Another experimental study is devoted to the drying kinetic determination in the controlled conditions and in a solar drying. The mass loss curves and the influence of the temperature and seed dried air are studied to determine drying characteristic curve (D. C. C. ), and therefore the empiric correlation expressing the speed of drying of the studied green mint. After that the two obtained correlations are introduced in a program written in FORTRAN so as to validate the experimental results of moisture content and the drying speed in terms of time for drying modes and to study the temperature, the debit, the hygrometry drying air influence and of the initial mass of the mint leaves. In order to dimension our drying, a parametric study based on the experience plans technique is led. The model developed in this work will permit to dimension a drier and to study its functioning in case it is used with a solar collector in order to define the optimal drying conditions
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Teatheredge, Julie. "The shifting perceptions of mentoring in mental health nursing : from student nurse to nurse and mentor : an inquiry into the transitional perceptions of mentoring in mental health nursing." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/324042/.
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A mentor is a qualified mental health practitioner, namely in this instance a nurse who facilitates guides and supervises the learning experience and assesses the student’s competences in practice. This longitudinal study examines the perceptions of mentorship in clinical practice from nurses, as they move from students to recognised professionals with authority to advise and assess students’ competence in practice. This ethically approved study mainly uses qualitative methods. Initially it involved interviewing eight completing mental health nursing students, and 270 mainly qualitative questionnaires were sent to qualified mental health nurse mentors in clinical practice. The final data collection of the study involved interviewing six qualified nurses/mentors who were originally the students in this study. Existential phenomenology was a valuable means of interpreting the perceptions of both the students, qualified nurses and the mentors. This ontological perspective explores the consciousness of the self, operating within a collective consciousness of their world. The data analysis initially followed Van Manen’s holistic approach; then extracting essences, identifying themes and then synthesizing essences. This was then followed by an existential processing of the data from the first and second interviews. The results reveal that the students believe that mentoring is an absolute necessity for their practical training; but the mentoring experience is precarious due to the numerous barriers. The results also highlighted incidences where students who experience ineffective mentoring are inspired to become much more effective at mentoring, because they do not want their students to experience the poor mentoring they had received. The participants in this study said students who are not competent are still passing practice, and the craft of mental health caring is not taught to an appropriate standard. However, learning from the experience of the transitional process was also revealed, and how the development of the self affected the perception of mentoring.
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Teatheredge, Julie. "The shifting perceptions of mentoring in mental health nursing: From student nurse to nurse and mentor, an inquiry into the transitional perceptions of mentoring in mental health nursing." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/324042/1/Teatheredge_PhD_thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A mentor is a qualified mental health practitioner, namely in this instance a nurse
who facilitates guides and supervises the learning experience and assesses the
student’s competences in practice.
This longitudinal study examines the perceptions of mentorship in clinical
practice from nurses, as they move from students to recognised professionals
with authority to advise and assess students’ competence in practice.
This ethically approved study mainly uses qualitative methods. Initially it involved
interviewing eight completing mental health nursing students, and 270 mainly
qualitative questionnaires were sent to qualified mental health nurse mentors in
clinical practice. The final data collection of the study involved interviewing six
qualified nurses/mentors who were originally the students in this study.
Existential phenomenology was a valuable means of interpreting the perceptions
of both the students, qualified nurses and the mentors. This ontological
perspective explores the consciousness of the self, operating within a collective
consciousness of their world. The data analysis initially followed Van Manen’s
holistic approach; then extracting essences, identifying themes and then
synthesizing essences. This was then followed by an existential processing of
the data from the first and second interviews.
The results reveal that the students believe that mentoring is an absolute
necessity for their practical training; but the mentoring experience is precarious
due to the numerous barriers. The results also highlighted incidences where
students who experience ineffective mentoring are inspired to become much
more effective at mentoring, because they do not want their students to
experience the poor mentoring they had received. The participants in this study
said students who are not competent are still passing practice, and the craft of
mental health caring is not taught to an appropriate standard. However, learning
from the experience of the transitional process was also revealed, and how the
development of the self affected the perception of mentoring.
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Brandt, Katarina, and Sara Loelv. "Experiences of Barriers and Facilitators for Physical Activity from People with Mental Disorders who Participated in a Physical Activity Project : - An Interview Study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-175003.
Full textAbstract:
Experiences of Barriers and Facilitators for Physical Activity from People with Mental Disorders who Participated in a Physical Activity Project - An Interview Study Purpose: To explore the experiences regarding perceived barriers and facilitators for physical activity of three participants with mental disorders who took part in the Norwegian Physical Activity Mentor project. Design and methods: Descriptive qualitative design. Individual semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data from the interviews was used in two separate bachelor theses, written by Swedish and Norwegian physiotherapy students. This cooperation was part of the NordPlus Higher Education Program Joint Physiotherapy Education in Bachelor Thesis Module. Qualitative content analysis was used in processing the data. Findings: Perceived barriers for physical activity were: mental disorder symptoms, antipsychotics, undertaking physical activity independently and physical experiences. Perceived facilitators for physical activity were: positive mental effects, intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, goal setting and routine. The experiences from the Physical Activity Mentor project, including the possibility of self-selected activities, were mainly positive. The support provided by the physical activity mentor was an important facilitator. Conclusion: Disease-related problems were perceived as barriers for physical activity. The most important perceived facilitator for physical activity was mental benefits from being physically active. External support from a physical activity mentor might facilitate physical activity for psychiatric outpatients. Key words: mental disorder, physical activity, barriers, facilitators, mentorNordPlus Higher Education Program Joint Physiotherapy Education in Bachelor Thesis Module
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Petruska, Richard J. "Assessing mental health and mental retardation professionals' knowledge of mental illness, mental retardation and mental illness as it relates to persons with mental retardation /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487757723995519.
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Shah, Esta Denton. "Advances to Mental Accounting Theory| Evidence for Mental Stealing and Retroactive Malleable Mental Accounting." Thesis, Northwestern University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3705358.
Full textAbstract:
Mental accounting, defined as the process whereby consumers code, categorize, and evaluate economic outcomes in the form of mental “budgets” (Thaler 1980; 1985), has been encouraged as a strategy to aid individuals in the regulation of finances and other resources. However, far less research has examined the pitfalls of mental accounting. Essay 1 investigates how mental accounting can lead to suboptimal decisions for others. We propose a novel hypothesis to understand an effect we term “mental stealing,” whereby mental accounts focus individuals on budgets so much that they forgo gifts that a gift-recipient would like. Essay 2 investigates how mental accounting for windfalls (i.e., unexpected gains in wealth) can lead to suboptimal spending on the self. We propose that expense categorizations are retroactively malleable, and can lead to overspending of windfalls. In total, the two essays of this dissertation enhance our study of consumer behavior by documenting new effects of mental accounts. And, in the process of documenting these new effects, this dissertation informs the mental accounting literature by identifying when mental accounting leads to suboptimal outcomes for both others and the self.
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Weehuizen, Rifka Maria. "Mental capital the economic significance of mental health /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2008. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=11650.
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Aphane, M. A. "Lay opinions and knowledge of Dikgopheng Community about mental illness in Polokwane Municipality." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1193.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2015In preparation for the launch of the Flemish Interuniversity Council-Institutional Cooperation (VLIR-IUC) in 2010, the Development Facilitation and Training Institute (DevFTI), University of Limpopo, conducted a scoping exercise with community members in villages within Dikgale in the Limpopo Province. The purpose of the exercise was to identify both the assets within the community — as well as the challenges being experienced in the area. During discussions with leaders of the Community Based Organisations (CBOs) it became apparent that mental health related issues were an emerging issue of concern — with special emphasis placed on the levels of stigma that existed towards mental illness in the area. It is against this backdrop that the researcher was motivated to conduct a study with the aim of finding out the opinions and knowledge of the lay people about mental illness in Dikgopheng community, situated within the broader Dikgale area, in Polokwane Local Municipality in the Limpopo Province. The study used a quantitative descriptive survey research design in which participants answered questions administered through questionnaires. A random sampling strategy was used to secure a representative sample size of 249 respondents out of the total population of 700. IBM’s Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS version 20) was used to analyse the descriptive statistics. Inconclusive results were found about formal knowledge of the psychosocial risk factors associated with the onset of mental illness. In contradistinction, patterns of cultural associations linked to the onset of mental illness were significant. Furthermore, an overwhelming majority of the community (75.1%) of the community members were found to have ‘stigmatisation’ opinions about people with mental illness. Due to the lack of the psychosocial knowledge about risk factors and the onset of mental illness, it is recommended (i) that there is a need for education and training to raise awareness about risk factors associated with the onset of mental illness and (ii) that further qualitative research be undertaken to explore issues relating to mental illness and stigma in more depth in the area that specifically focuses on ameliorative measures that address stigma that could be implemented within the community.
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Wuerz, Daniela. "Mental Simulation." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-82498.
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Demeter, Tamás. "Mental fictionalism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252195.
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Distin, Katharine Elizabeth. "Mental evolution." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364240.
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Goodsell, Thea. "Mental files." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d7a1146-f770-4951-81a2-2b5dc42d2ecc.
Full textAbstract:
It is often supposed that we can make progress understanding singular thought about objects by claiming that thinkers use ‘mental files’. However, the proposal is rarely subject to sustained critical evaluation. This thesis aims to clarify and critique the claim that thinkers use mental files. In my introductory first chapter, I motivate my subsequent discussion by introducing the claim that thinkers deploy modes of presentation in their thought about objects, and lay out some of my assumptions and terminology. In the second chapter, I introduce mental files, responding to the somewhat fragmented files literature by setting out a core account of files, and outlining different ways of implementing the claim that thinkers use mental files. I highlight pressing questions about the synchronic and diachronic individuation conditions for files. In chapters three and four, I explore whether ‘de jure coreference’ can be used to give synchronic individuation conditions on mental files. I explore existing characterisations of de jure coreference before presenting my own, but conclude that de jure coreference does not give a useful account of the synchronic individuation conditions on files. In chapter five, I consider the proposal that thinkers must sometimes trade on the coreference of their mental representations, and argue that we can give synchronic individuation conditions on files in terms of trading on coreference. In chapter six, I bring together the account of files developed so far, compare it to the most developed theory of mental files published to date, and defend my account from the objection that it is circular. In chapter seven, I explore routes for giving diachronic individuation conditions on mental files. In my concluding chapter, I distinguish the core account of files from the idea that the file metaphor should be taken seriously. I suggest that my investigation of the consequences of the core account has shown that the file metaphor is unhelpful, and I outline reasons to exercise caution when using ‘files’ terminology.
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Troia, Emily M. "Mental Coordinates." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1494167936224508.
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