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1
Lalic, Bojan. "The inflectional morphology representation of individual words in the mental lexicon." Psihologija, no. 00 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi210314011l.
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Models of complex word recognition can be separated into two wide groups: symbolic and connectionist. Symbolic models presume the existence of an explicit morphological representation of individual words; connectionist models do not and consider morphological effects to be a by-product of interaction between phonological, orthographic and semantic information. This study aimed to test whether there are explicit mental representations of inflected lexical units in the mental lexicon. Accordingly, the method of inflected suffix morphological and semantic priming of nouns in the Serbian language was used. In the morphological priming condition, the prime and the target shared the same inflectional suffix. In Experiment 1 overt priming was used, while in Experiment 2, masked priming. The results showed no significant effects of inflected suffix morphological priming, while significant semantic priming effects were recorded. The results obtained in this research are in line with predictions of the connectionist models.
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Fisher, Rose, David Natvig, Erin Pretorius, Michael T. Putnam, and Katharina S. Schuhmann. "Why Is Inflectional Morphology Difficult to Borrow?—Distributing and Lexicalizing Plural Allomorphy in Pennsylvania Dutch." Languages 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020086.
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In this article we examine the allomorphic variation found in Pennsylvania Dutch plurality. In spite of over 250 years of variable contact with English, Pennsylvania Dutch plural allomorphy has remained largely distinct from English, except for a number of loan words and borrowings from English. Adopting a One Feature-One Head (OFOH) Architecture that interprets licit syntactic objects as spans, we argue that plurality is distributed across different root-types, resulting in stored lexical-trees (L-spans) in the bilingual mental lexicon. We expand the traditional feature inventory to be ‘mixed,’ consisting of both semantically-grounded features as well as ‘pure’ morphological features. A key claim of our analysis is that the s-exponent in Pennsylvania Dutch shares a syntactic representation for native and English-origin roots, although it is distinct from a ‘monolingual’ English representation. Finally, we highlight how our treatment of plurality in Pennsylvania Dutch, and allomorphic variation more generally, makes predictions about the nature of bilingual morphosyntactic representations.
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Slabakova, Roumyana. "How is inflectional morphology learned?" EUROSLA Yearbook 9 (July 30, 2009): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.9.05sla.
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This article considers recent explanations of variability in the second language (L2) comprehension of inflectional morphology. The predictions of five accounts are spelled out: the emergentist account, the Feature Assembly Hypothesis, the Contextual Complexity Hypothesis, the Morphological Underspecification Hypothesis and the Combinatorial Variability Hypothesis. These predictions are checked against the results of an experimental study on the L2 acquisition of inflectional morphology (based on an extension of Slabakova and Gajdos 2008). English-native learners of German at beginning and intermediate proficiency levels took a multiple-choice test where they had to supply appropriate missing subjects. The predictions of the Morphological Underspecification Hypothesis and the Combinatorial Variability Hypothesis were largely supported by the experimental findings. It is argued that only accounts looking at mental representation of lexical features adequately explain L2 morphological variability.
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Opitz, Andreas, and Thomas Pechmann. "Gender Features in German." Linguistic Perspectives on Morphological Processing 11, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 216–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.2.03opi.
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Current theoretical approaches to inflectional morphology make extensive use of the two concepts of abstract feature decomposition and underspecification. Psycholinguistic models of inflection, in contrast, generally lack such more differentiated morphological analyses. This paper reports a series of behavioral experiments that investigate the processing of grammatical gender of nouns in German. The results of these experiments support the idea that elements in the mental lexicon may be underspecified with regard to their grammatical features. However, contrary to all established morphological and psycholinguistic approaches, we provide evidence that even the lexical representation of bare noun stems is characterized by underspecified gender information. The observation that the domain of underspecification of grammatical features extends from inflectional markers to noun stems, supports the idea that underspecification is a more general characteristic of the mental lexicon. We conclude that this finding is mainly driven by economical reasons: a feature (or feature value) that is never used for grammatical operations (e.g., inflectional marking or evaluation of agreement) is not needed in the language system at all.
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Virpioja, Sami, Minna Lehtonen, Annika Hultén, Henna Kivikari, Riitta Salmelin, and Krista Lagus. "Using Statistical Models of Morphology in the Search for Optimal Units of Representation in the Human Mental Lexicon." Cognitive Science 42, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 939–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12576.
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Baayen, R. Harald, Yu-Ying Chuang, Elnaz Shafaei-Bajestan, and James P. Blevins. "The Discriminative Lexicon: A Unified Computational Model for the Lexicon and Lexical Processing in Comprehension and Production Grounded Not in (De)Composition but in Linear Discriminative Learning." Complexity 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4895891.
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The discriminative lexicon is introduced as a mathematical and computational model of the mental lexicon. This novel theory is inspired by word and paradigm morphology but operationalizes the concept of proportional analogy using the mathematics of linear algebra. It embraces the discriminative perspective on language, rejecting the idea that words’ meanings are compositional in the sense of Frege and Russell and arguing instead that the relation between form and meaning is fundamentally discriminative. The discriminative lexicon also incorporates the insight from machine learning that end-to-end modeling is much more effective than working with a cascade of models targeting individual subtasks. The computational engine at the heart of the discriminative lexicon is linear discriminative learning: simple linear networks are used for mapping form onto meaning and meaning onto form, without requiring the hierarchies of post-Bloomfieldian ‘hidden’ constructs such as phonemes, morphemes, and stems. We show that this novel model meets the criteria of accuracy (it properly recognizes words and produces words correctly), productivity (the model is remarkably successful in understanding and producing novel complex words), and predictivity (it correctly predicts a wide array of experimental phenomena in lexical processing). The discriminative lexicon does not make use of static representations that are stored in memory and that have to be accessed in comprehension and production. It replaces static representations by states of the cognitive system that arise dynamically as a consequence of external or internal stimuli. The discriminative lexicon brings together visual and auditory comprehension as well as speech production into an integrated dynamic system of coupled linear networks.
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Montermini, Fabio, and Gilles Boyé. "Stem relations and inflection class assignment in Italian." Word Structure 5, no. 1 (April 2012): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2012.0020.
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The paper proposes a reassessment of the division of Italian verbs into classes, and proposes a model for the mental representation of inflectional paradigms. The treatment is rooted in a thematic model of morphology, according to which the identification of a unique (basic) form for lexemes is not a priority, not even for the regular ones. Rather, it is assumed that lexemes may be stored in the lexicon as complex entries containing different phonological forms, called stems. The model proposed aims at reducing complexity not by reducing all forms to unity, but by describing the relations between stems and by reducing the inventory of their possible configurations, or stem spaces.
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Benő, Attila. "Lexical Borrowing, Categorization, and Mental Representation." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2017-0028.
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AbstractThe article argues that lexical borrowing is not only motivated by cultural factors linked to prestige or economical aspects but also by the speakers’ need for new lexical-semantic categories and for highly expressive metaphorical terms to operate with, which makes them borrow words. The semantic changes of the lexical borrowings point to the creation of new items in the semantic fields of the receiving language. The integration of borrowings into Hungarian and Romanian exemplifies these processes.
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Bybee, Joan. "Use impacts morphological representation." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (December 1999): 1016–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99252223.
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The distinction between regular and irregular morphology is not clear-cut enough to suggest two distinct modular structures. Instead, regularity is tied directly to the type frequency of a pattern. Evidence from experiments as well as from naturally occurring sound change suggests that even regular forms have lexical storage. Finally, the development trajectory entailed by the dual-processing model is much more complex than that entailed by associative network models.
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Bozic, Mirjana, Lorraine K. Tyler, Li Su, Cai Wingfield, and William D. Marslen-Wilson. "Neurobiological Systems for Lexical Representation and Analysis in English." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (October 2013): 1678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00420.
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Current research suggests that language comprehension engages two joint but functionally distinguishable neurobiological processes: a distributed bilateral system, which supports general perceptual and interpretative processes underpinning speech comprehension, and a left hemisphere (LH) frontotemporal system, selectively tuned to the processing of combinatorial grammatical sequences, such as regularly inflected verbs in English [Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Tyler, L. K. Morphology, language and the brain: The decompositional substrate for language comprehension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 362, 823–836, 2007]. Here we investigated how English derivationally complex words engage these systems, asking whether they selectively activate the LH system in the same way as inflections or whether they primarily engage the bilateral system that support nondecompositional access. In an fMRI study, we saw no evidence for selective activation of the LH frontotemporal system, even for highly transparent forms like bravely. Instead, a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the engagement of a distributed bilateral system, modulated by factors of perceptual complexity and semantic transparency. We discuss the implications for theories of the processing and representation of English derivational morphology and highlight the importance of neurobiological constraints in understanding these processes.
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Pillon, Agnesa. "The Pseudo prefixation Effect in Visual Word Recognition: A True-Neither Strategic Nor Orthographic-Morphemic Effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 51, no. 1 (February 1998): 85–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755744.
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The question of how word morphology is coded and retrieved during visual word recognition has given rise to a large number of empirical studies. The results, however, do not enable one to decide between alternative models of morphological representation and processing. It is argued in this paper that the contrast between pseudoprefixed words and non-prefixed control words can provide an empirical basis for deciding between hypotheses of morphology representation as sublexical or lexical. This contrast has been used in the three lexical decision experiments reported here, which show that decision times for pseudoprefixed words are significantly slower than for non-prefixed control words. This pseudoprefixation effect strongly supports the hypothesis that morphology is coded and processed sublexically during word recognition. The experimental conditions employed allow both strategic and strictly orthographic explanations for the pseudoprefixation effect to be dismissed.
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Stella, Massimo. "Cohort and Rhyme Priming Emerge from the Multiplex Network Structure of the Mental Lexicon." Complexity 2018 (September 17, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6438702.
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Complex networks recently opened new ways for investigating how language use is influenced by the mental representation of word similarities. This work adopts the framework of multiplex lexical networks for investigating lexical retrieval from memory. The focus is on priming, i.e., exposure to a given stimulus facilitating or inhibiting retrieval of a given lexical item. Supported by recent findings of network distance influencing lexical retrieval, the multiplex network approach tests how the layout of hundreds of thousands of word-word similarities in the mental lexicon can lead to priming effects on multiple combined semantic and phonological levels. Results provide quantitative evidence that phonological priming effects are encoded directly in the multiplex structure of the mental representation of words sharing phonemes either in their onsets (cohort priming) or at their ends (rhyme priming). By comparison with randomised null models, both cohort and rhyming effects are found to be emerging properties of the mental lexicon arising from its multiplexity. These priming effects are absent on individual layers but become prominent on the combined multiplex structure. The emergence of priming effects is displayed both when only semantic layers are considered, an approximated representation of the so-called semantic memory, and when semantics is enriched with phonological similarities, an approximated representation of the lexical-auditory nature of the mental lexicon. Multiplex lexical networks can account for connections between semantic and phonological information in the mental lexicon and hence represent a promising modelling route for shedding light on the interplay between multiple aspects of language and human cognition in synergy with experimental psycholinguistic data.
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Ullman, Michael T. "The functional neuroanatomy of inflectional morphology." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 6 (December 1999): 1041–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99512223.
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Clahsen has presented an impressive range of psycholinguistic data from German regular and irregular inflection to support the view that lexical memory and the combinatorial operations of grammar are subserved by distinct mental mechanisms. Most of the data are convincing and important. I particularly applaud Clahsen's effort to extend this lexical/grammatical dichotomy from mind to brain. Here I discuss some problems with the evidence presented by Clahsen in support of a neural lexical/grammatical dichotomy, and offer some additional evidence to reinforce this neural distinction.
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Niemi, Jussi, Matti Laine, and Juhani Järvikivi. "Paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology in the mental lexicon." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.1.02nie.
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The present study discusses psycholinguistic evidence for a difference between paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology by investigating the processing of Finnish inflected and cliticized words. The data are derived from three sources of Finnish: from single-word reading performance in an agrammatic deep dyslectic speaker, as well as from visual lexical decision and wordness/learnability ratings of cliticized vs. inflected items by normal Finnish speakers. The agrammatic speaker showed awareness of the suffixes in multimorphemic words, including clitics, since he attempted to fill in this slot with morphological material. However, he never produced a clitic — either as the correct response or as an error — in any morphological configuration (simplex, derived, inflected, compound). Moreover, he produced more nominative singular errors for case-inflected nouns than he did for the cliticized words, a pattern that is expected if case-inflected forms were closely associated with their lexical heads, i.e., if they were paradigmatic and cliticized words were not. Furthermore, a visual lexical decision task with normal speakers of Finnish, showed an additional processing cost (longer latencies and more errors on cliticized than on case-inflected noun forms). Finally, a rating task indicated no difference in relative wordness between these two types of words. However, the same cliticized words were judged harder to learn as L2 items than the inflected words, most probably due to their conceptual/semantic properties, in other words due to their lack of word-level translation equivalents in SAVE languages. Taken together, the present results suggest that the distinction between paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology is psychologically real.
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Acha, Joana, and Manuel Carreiras. "Exploring the mental lexicon." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 196–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.2.03ach.
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Visual word recognition is a capital stage in reading. It involves accessing a mental representation of a written word, including processes such as perception, letter coding and selection of the proper candidate in our mental lexicon. One key issue for researchers on this field is to shed light on the role of phonological and orthographic processes in lexical access, as well as the choice of an input coding scheme for orthographic representations. In this paper we will review the state of the art about sublexical and lexical processes involved in lexical access. We will discuss behavioral, eye movement and electrophysiological evidence to understand: (i) which are the most important coding units, (ii) how our visual system codes identity and position of such units, (iii) which factors modulate the way we access lexical information in our minds, and (iv) the time course of such processes. We will do so from a methodological perspective, exploring a broad range of paradigms and effects that provide a complete framework about how printed words are coded and represented in our minds.
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Clahsen, Harald, and Yu Ikemoto. "The mental representation of derived words." Mental Lexicon 7, no. 2 (December 7, 2012): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.2.02cla.
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Deadjectival nominals with –sa and –mi in Japanese are both phonologically transparent and morphologically decomposable. However, whilst –sa essentially serves to form nouns out of adjectives, –mi forms function as semantic labels with specific meanings. We examined –sa and –mi nominals in three experiments, an eye-movement experiment presenting –sa and –mi forms in sentence contexts and in two word recognition experiments using (primed and unprimed) lexical decision, to investigate the nature of their form-level representations. Whilst the word recognition experiments produced the same pattern of results for –sa and –mi forms, the eye-movement experiment demonstrated clear differences: –mi forms elicited longer reading times compared to –sa forms, except when the particular meanings of –mi forms were contextually licensed. These results show how different semantic properties affect the performance of derived words that have the same type of word level representation.
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Marelli, Marco, Davide Crepaldi, and Claudio Luzzatti. "Head position and the mental representation of nominal compounds." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2009): 430–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.3.05mar.
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There is a significant body of psycholinguistic evidence that supports the hypothesis of an access to constituent representation during the mental processing of compound words. However it is not clear whether the internal hierarchy of the constituents (i.e., headedness) plays a role in their mental lexical processing and it is not possible to disentangle the effect of headedness from that of constituent position in languages that admit only head-final compounds, like English or Dutch. The present study addresses this issue in two constituent priming experiments (SOA 300ms) with a lexical decision task. Italian endocentric (head-initial and head-final) and exocentric nominal compounds were employed as stimuli and the position of the primed constituent was manipulated. A first-level priming effect was found, confirming the automatic access to constituent representation. Moreover, in head-final compounds data reveal a larger priming effect for the head than for the modifying constituent. These results suggest that different kinds of compounds have a different representation at mental level: while head-final compounds are represented with an internal head-modifier hierarchy, head-initial and exocentric compounds have a lexicalised, internally flat representation.
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Cristoffanini, Paula, Kim Kirsner, and Dan Milech. "Bilingual Lexical Representation: The Status of Spanish-English Cognates." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 38, no. 3 (August 1986): 367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748608401604.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the functional status of cognates. Two hypotheses were considered. According to the first hypothesis, language is a critical feature governing lexical organization, and cognates may therefore be equated with morphologically unrelated translations. According to a second hypothesis, however, language is not a critical feature governing lexical organization. Instead, the boundaries between perceptual categories are determined by morphological considerations, and cognates may therefore be equated with intra-lingual variations such as inflections and derivations. If the first hypothesis is correct, cognate performance should follow that observed for translations, but if the second hypothesis is correct, cognate performance should follow that observed for inflections and derivations. The experiments used different procedures in order to discount taskspecific explanations. The first experiment involved repetition priming in a lexical decision task, and emphasis was placed on relative priming; that is, on the amount of facilitation which occurs when, for example, OBEDIENCIA primes OBEDIENCE, expressed as a fraction of the amount of facilitation that occurs when the same word is presented on each occasion (i.e., when OBEDIENCE is used to prime OBEDIENCE). The second experiment tested memory for language. Four types of cognates were tested. These were: orthographically identical cognates, regular cognates with cion/tion substitution, regular cognates with dad/ty substitution, and irregularly derived cognates. The results were unequivocal. The priming values observed previously for cognates were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those observed for inflections and derivations, and this classification was confirmed in the second experiment, involving memory for language. The results are consistent with the general proposition that morphology rather than language governs the boundaries between perceptual categories, and a number of specific explanations are reviewed.
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Moskal, Beata. "The Curious Case of Archi’s FATHER." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 39, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v39i1.3881.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:The central goal of this paper is to account for the discrepancy between, on the one hand, regularly observed root-suppletion in lexical nouns in the context of number, and, on the other hand, the lack of root-suppletion in lexical nouns in the context of case. In particular, to explain the lack of case-driven root-suppletion, I draw on the structural representation of nouns and combine that with locality claims as proposed in the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993).
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NAGANO, AKIKO, and MASAHARU SHIMADA. "Morphological theory and orthography:Kanjias a representation of lexemes." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 2 (March 5, 2014): 323–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226714000024.
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Orthography has been given marginal status in theoretical linguistics, but it can offer ‘visible’ insights into the invisible mechanisms of grammar. Japanesekanjigraphs, Chinese characters used to write Japanese, provide an excellent illustration of this perspective. Our core claim is that thekanjiorthography reflects the working of lexeme-based morphology in Japanese grammar. Specifically, we show how the lexeme-based morphological framework developed by Mark Aronoff and Martin Maiden can explain apparently cumbersome and inefficient properties of thekanjiusage, its dual pronunciation in particular. Among the findings of this study are the following: (i) the underlying mechanism of thekanji's dual pronunciation is suppletion, native and Sino-Japanese synonyms working as morphomic stems of the same paradigm; (ii) this suppletion emerged and developed as a paradigmatic strategy of synonymy avoidance; and (iii) the large-scale suppletive morphology has long been retained in Japanese because it has served advantageous functions in the maintenance of lexemic isomorphism and in lexical stock expansion. Our findings shed an entirely new light on the bafflingly complex nature of Japanese orthography; it is the complexity of morphology, a grammatical module that is deemed to be the locus of language-specificity.
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R. Round, Erich. "Morphomes as a level of representation capture unity of exponence across the inflection-derivation divide." Linguistica 51, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.217-230.
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Inferential-realisational analyses formalise a language's inflectional morphology in terms of a mapping on the one side from a lexical index and set of morphosyntactic properties to on the other side a phonological form. Round (2009) has argued that the Australian language Kayardild requires the postulation of an intermediate level of representation, identified with Aronoff's (1994) notion of a "morphome". This morphomic level serves to express patterns of identities of exponence abstracted away from the actual forms of exponents and its use makes possible the expression of certain identities of form which defy expression by means of Rules of Referral (Zwicky 1985, Stump 1993). This paper considers identities of form that span the inflection-derivation divide in Kayardild and shows that they too are coherently captured by assuming that a morphomic level of representation is present. A consequence is that lexical stems must possess a morphomic representation in addition to their representations on other levels.
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Chen, Yao, and Rong Zhou. "The Mental Lexicon Features of the Hakka-Mandarin Dialect Bilingual." Brain Sciences 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121629.
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The current study investigated the mental lexicon features of the Hakka-Mandarin dialect bilingual from two perspectives: the structural features of lexicons and the relations between lexicons. Experiment one used a semantic fluency task and complex-network analysis to observe the structural features of lexicons. Experiment two used a cross-language long-term repetition priming paradigm to explore the relations between lexicons, with three sub-experiments focusing on conceptual representation, lexical representation, and their relations, respectively. The results from experiment one showed that the dialect bilingual lexicons were small-world in nature, and the D2 (Mandarin) lexicon was better organized than the D1 (Hakka) lexicon. Experiment two found that D1 and D2 might have partially shared conceptual representations, separate lexical form representations, and partially shared lemma representations. Based on the findings, we tentatively proposed a two-layer activation model to simulate the lexicon features of dialect bilingual speakers.
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Krause, Helena, Sina Bosch, and Harald Clahsen. "MORPHOSYNTAX IN THE BILINGUAL MENTAL LEXICON." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37, no. 4 (October 21, 2014): 597–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000564.
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Although morphosyntax has been identified as a major source of difficulty for adult (nonnative) language learners, most previous studies have examined a limited set of largely affix-based phenomena. Little is known about word-based morphosyntax in late bilinguals and of how morphosyntax is represented and processed in a nonnative speaker’s lexicon. To address these questions, we report results from two behavioral experiments investigating stem variants of strong verbs in German (which encode features such as tense, person, and number) in groups of advanced adult learners as well as native speakers of German. Although the late bilinguals were highly proficient in German, the results of a lexical priming experiment revealed clear native-nonnative differences. We argue that lexical representation and processing relies less on morphosyntactic information in a nonnative than in a native language.
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Prunet, Jean-François, Renée Béland, and Ali Idrissi. "The Mental Representation of Semitic Words." Linguistic Inquiry 31, no. 4 (October 2000): 609–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438900554497.
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This article is concerned with external evidence bearing on the nature of the units stored in the mental lexicons of speakers of Semitic languages. On the basis of aphasic metathesis errors we collected in a single case study, we suggest that roots can be accessed as independent morphological units. We review documented language games and slips of the tongue that lead to the same conclusion. We also discuss evidence for the morphemic status of templates from aphasic errors, language games, and slips of the tongue. We conclude that the available external evidence is best accounted for within a morpheme-based theory of morphology that forms words by combining roots and templates.
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Al-Basri, Majid Abdulatif. "On Lexical Phonology of Zubairi Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 3 (May 9, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v13i3.18628.
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As its name implies, Lexical Phonology (LP) is a two-sided discipline which is very much pervasive and of a priority for particular interest. It is basically a matter of the systematic correlation of both morphology and phonology as a preliminary to screening endless items and senses. Once postulated and covered with its linguistically theoretical frames, LP has proved attractive, useful and handful in that it turns up so often in such topics as lexical items with their phonological configurations and words with their stratum-based designs. The present paper is a painstaking scrutiny of how LP is thoroughly worked out to demarcate the lexical and phonological boundaries of Zubairi Arabic lexical items with a special reference to the linguistic behavior of affix attachments. It is no doubt a massive task – it is armed with such and such amount of systematization and provided with certain 'harmless looking terms and expressions that are frequently used. In attempt to focus on this point of interaction between phonology and morphology, the paper adopts the line of reasoning that is primarily based on a tabulated description and analysis of examples so as to serve the purposes of setting some comparisons, showing certain contrasts or governing particular rules of applications as far as Zubairi words and expressions are concerned. Among many results the paper has reached is evidently the one that the structure of Zubairi Arabic lexical items is the empirical "container" in which both phonological and morphological lines of representation are sometimes crossed very sharply or sometimes paralleled very endlessly whereby their blurriness may be relative and variable.
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Cirovic, Ivana, and Suncica Zdravkovic. "Verbal vs. visual coding in modified mental imagery map exploration task." Psihologija 44, no. 1 (2011): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1101039c.
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We modified classical mental exploration task introducing verbal modality. Consequently, we could test robust effects from lexical processing in an attempt to understand whether the underlying mental representation is strictly propositional. In our three experiments, in addition to map modality (visual or verbal), lexical frequency, concreteness and visual frequency were also varied. The symbolic distance effect was replicated, regardless of map modality. Exploration of distances was regularly faster on pictorial maps. Effects of lexical frequency and concreteness were not significant for verbal maps. However, when visual frequency was introduced on pictorial maps both type of frequencies generated measurable effects. Our findings directly contradict the assumptions of propositional theories (1) subjects were faster in the visual modality, which would be difficult to explain if the perceptual code had to be transformed into propositional, (2) word frequency and concreteness did not contribute as would be expected if propositional code were a default.
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Lahiri, Aditi, and William Marslen-Wilson. "The mental representation of lexical form: A phonological approach to the recognition lexicon." Cognition 38, no. 3 (March 1991): 245–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(91)90008-r.
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Черникова, Наталия Владимировна, Николай Юрьевич Рассказов, and Ирина Александровна Орлова. "LINGUOMENTAL CATEGORY OF RELEVANCE AND LEXICAL MEANS OF ITS REPRESENTATION." Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev, no. 1(110) (March 30, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37972/chgpu.2021.110.1.011.
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В статье доказана правомерность выделения лингвоментальных категорий как совокупностей концептов и вербализующих их знаков (языковых единиц), которые характеризуются однородностью на основе общности определенного признака, фиксирующего результаты когнитивной деятельности человека. Обосновано выделение лингвоментальной категории актуальности, аккумулирующей социально значимые на конкретном историческом этапе концепты (ментальные знаки), которые репрезентированы языковыми единицами, образующими активный словарь носителей языка. Сформулировано определение аткуалемы - ментального знака, объективирующего категорию актуальности; охарактеризованы ее признаки, в числе которых хронологическая детерминированность, социокультурная маркированность, смысловая разносторонность, динамичность. Рассмотрен состав актуальной лексики современного русского языка, включающий лексические и семантические неологизмы, внешние и внутренние заимствования, актуализированную и номинативно переориентированную лексику. Установлено, что состав корпуса актуалем и репрезентирующих их языковых знаков детерминирован внешними (политическими, экономическими, социокультурными) факторами. Актуальность исследования обусловлена отсутствием системного изучения динамических процессов актуализации на русском языковом материале. The article proves the legitimacy of identifying linguomental categories as sets of concepts and their verbalizing signs (linguistic units). Concepts and their verbalizing signs are characterized by homogeneity based on the commonality of a certain feature. Certain feature fixes the results of human cognitive activity. The allocation of the linguomental category of relevance is substantiated. The linguomental category of relevance accumulates concepts (mental signs) that are socially significant at a particular historical stage, which are represented by linguistic units that form an active layer of native speakers. The definition of actualema is formulated. Actualema is a mental sign that objectifies the category of relevance; its features are characterized, including chronological determinism, sociocultural marking, semantic versatility, dynamism. The composition of the actual vocabulary of the modern Russian language is considered. The composition of the actual vocabulary includes lexical and semantic neologisms, external and internal borrowings, updated and nominatively reoriented vocabulary. It has been established that the composition of the corpus of the actual and the linguistic signs representing them is determined by external (political, economic, socio-cultural) factors. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of a systematic study of the dynamic processes of actualization in Russian language material.
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Shahril Ismail, Robe'ah Yusuf, Pooveneswaran Nadarajan, and Jamal Rizal Razali. "REPRESENTATION OF MENTAL PROCESSES AND THE USE OF ARTEFACTS IN STRUCTURING SPANISH LANGUAGE SENTENCES." International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijhtc.v7i1.7695.
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According to Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky, 1978), the mental function can be enhanced through the process of mediation of language or cultural artefacts. This theory was based on the field of study that focuses on the concept of ‘collaboration’ with experts, peers or those who are more knowledgeable in the Proximal Development Zone (ZPD) to improve students' abilities. Most studies that involve the concept of ZPD are more focused on collaboration/effectiveness of interaction with experts or peers. The effectiveness of these collaborations is also often measured by pre-post test research designs. However, the mental activity within the ZPD that displays the use of artefacts during the writing process to result in the final text resulting from this collaboration is rarely demonstrated. Even in scenarios where students are learning a foreign language in Malaysia (especially Spanish), most of the time they were able to perform written assignments at their convenience and without the help of an expert or teacher. How students solve lexical and syntactic problems while structuring Spanish sentences without the presence of an expert during the sentence structuring process is a matter that is rarely studied. This study focuses on mental processes that display the use of artefacts that occur in ZPD during the Spanish writing process. Using the TAP (Think Aloud Protocol) method, the findings not only was able to display the ways to use the artefacts but also able to show representations of the mental process of lexical and syntactic acquiring activities. This study displays several forms of the use of language artefacts and social artefacts to solve lexical and syntactic problems encountered while structuring Spanish sentences. These findings also provide pedagogical implications in the teaching of foreign languages such as Spanish.
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Brown, Colin, and Peter Hagoort. "The Processing Nature of the N400: Evidence from Masked Priming." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.1.34.
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The N400 is an endogenous event-related brain potential (ERP) that is sensitive to semantic processes during language comprehension. The general question we address in this paper is which aspects of the comprehension process are manifest in the N400. The focus is on the sensitivity of the N400 to the automatic process of lexical access, or to the controlled process of lexical integration. The former process is the reflex-like and effortless behavior of computing a form representation of the linguistic signal, and of mapping this representation onto corresponding entries in the mental lexicon. The latter process concerns the integration of a spoken or written word into a higher-order meaning representation of the context within which it occurs. ERPs and reaction times (RTs) were acquired to target words preceded by semantically related and unrelated prime words. The semantic relationship between a prime and its target has been shown to modulate the amplitude of the N400 to the target. This modulation can arise from lexical access processes, reflecting the automatic spread of activation between words related in meaning in the mental lexicon. Alternatively, the N400 effect can arise from lexical integration processes, reflecting the relative ease of meaning integration between the prime and the target. To assess the impact of automatic lexical access processes on the N400, we compared the effect of masked and unmasked presentations of a prime on the N400 to a following target. Masking prevents perceptual identification, and as such it is claimed to rule out effects from controlled processes. It therefore enables a stringent test of the possible impact of automatic lexical access processes on the N400. The RT study showed a significant semantic priming effect under both unmasked and masked presentations of the prime. The result for masked priming reflects the effect of automatic spreading of activation during the lexical access process. The ERP study showed a significant N400 effect for the unmasked presentation condition, but no such effect for the masked presentation condition. This indicates that the N400 is not a manifestation of lexical access processes, but reflects aspects of semantic integration processes.
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Li, Xuesong, Hua Shu, Youyi Liu, and Ping Li. "Mental Representation of Verb Meaning: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 10 (October 2006): 1774–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.10.1774.
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Previous psycholinguistic research has debated the nature of the mental representation of verbs and the access of relevant verb information in sentence processing. In this study, we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to examine the representation of verbs in and out of sentence contexts. In five experiments, word naming and event-related potential (ERP) components were used to measure the speed and the amplitude, respectively, associated with different verb-object combinations that result in different degrees of fit between the verb and its object. Both naming speed and ERP amplitudes (N400) are proven to be sensitive indices of the degree of fit, varying as a function of how well the object fits the verb in terms of selectional restrictions. The results suggest that the semantic features of the verb's arguments are an integral part of the mental representation of verbs, and such information of the verb is accessed and used on-line during sentence processing. Implications of these results are discussed in light of recent computational semantic models that view the lexicon through high-order lexical co-occurrences in language use.
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Pylkkänen, Liina, Rodolfo Llinás, and Gregory L. Murphy. "The Representation of Polysemy: MEG Evidence." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892906775250003.
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Most words in natural language are polysemous, that is, they can be used in more than one way. For example, paper can be used to refer to a substance made out of wood pulp or to a daily publication printed on that substance. Although virtually every sentence contains polysemy, there is little agreement as to how polysemy is represented in the mental lexicon. Do different uses of polysemous words involve access to a single representation or do our minds store distinct representations for each different sense? Here we investigated priming between senses with a combination of behavioral and magnetoencephalographic measures in order to test whether different senses of the same word involve identity or mere formal and semantic similarity. Our results show that polysemy effects are clearly distinct from similarity effects bilaterally. In the left hemisphere, sense-relatedness elicited shorter latencies of the M350 source, which has been hypothesized to index lexical activation. Concurrent activity in the right hemisphere, on the other hand, peaked later for sense-related than for unrelated target stimuli, suggesting competition between related senses. The obtained pattern of results supports models in which the representation of polysemy involves both representational identity and difference: Related senses connect to same abstract lexical representation, but are distinctly listed within that representation.
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Poeppel, David, William J. Idsardi, and Virginie van Wassenhove. "Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1493 (September 21, 2007): 1071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2160.
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Speech perception consists of a set of computations that take continuously varying acoustic waveforms as input and generate discrete representations that make contact with the lexical representations stored in long-term memory as output. Because the perceptual objects that are recognized by the speech perception enter into subsequent linguistic computation, the format that is used for lexical representation and processing fundamentally constrains the speech perceptual processes. Consequently, theories of speech perception must, at some level, be tightly linked to theories of lexical representation. Minimally, speech perception must yield representations that smoothly and rapidly interface with stored lexical items. Adopting the perspective of Marr, we argue and provide neurobiological and psychophysical evidence for the following research programme. First, at the implementational level, speech perception is a multi-time resolution process, with perceptual analyses occurring concurrently on at least two time scales (approx. 20–80 ms, approx. 150–300 ms), commensurate with (sub)segmental and syllabic analyses, respectively. Second, at the algorithmic level, we suggest that perception proceeds on the basis of internal forward models, or uses an ‘analysis-by-synthesis’ approach. Third, at the computational level (in the sense of Marr), the theory of lexical representation that we adopt is principally informed by phonological research and assumes that words are represented in the mental lexicon in terms of sequences of discrete segments composed of distinctive features. One important goal of the research programme is to develop linking hypotheses between putative neurobiological primitives (e.g. temporal primitives) and those primitives derived from linguistic inquiry, to arrive ultimately at a biologically sensible and theoretically satisfying model of representation and computation in speech.
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Kerkman, H. "Celex." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 27 (January 1, 1987): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.27.04ker.
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Many fields of language and speech research need a tool to get full information about phenomena that occur at the lexical level of language. To this end, a countrywide accessible database is being built with lexical information of the Dutch and English languages. CELEX is the co-operative effort of the University of Nijmegen, the Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics, the Institute for Dutch Lexicology, the Institute for Perception Research, and the Dr. Neher Laboratories of the Dutch Telecommunication Company. The design of a coherent lexical database with generally usable information about, amongst other things, morphology and syntax, leads to a challenging conflict. On the one hand, the objective of CELEX demands that the representation of all occurring phenomena should be independent - as far as possible -of specific language theories. On the other hand, the value of a lexical database is to a great extent dependent on the relational structure, which is based precisely on linguistic theories. In other words, a lexical database, which makes it possible to test theories, is itself a necessary tool for the construction of a lexical database. The pragmatic approach of the CELEX-project means that countless applications will be possible, but choices will have to be made. One application will be to research the optimal structure of theoretically-founded lexica and lexical databases.
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Dumay, Nicolas, and M. Gareth Gaskell. "Sleep-Associated Changes in the Mental Representation of Spoken Words." Psychological Science 18, no. 1 (January 2007): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01845.x.
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The integration of a newly learned spoken word form with existing knowledge in the mental lexicon is characterized by the word form's ability to compete with similar-sounding entries during auditory word recognition. Here we show that although the mere acquisition of a spoken form is swift, its engagement in lexical competition requires an incubation-like period that is crucially associated with sleep. Words learned at 8 p.m. do not induce (inhibitory) competition effects immediately, but do so after a 12-hr interval including a night's sleep, and continue to induce such effects after 24 hr. In contrast, words learned at 8 a.m. do not show such effects immediately or after 12 hr ofwakefulness, but show the effects only after 24 hr, after sleep has occurred. This time-course dissociation is best accommodated by connectionist and neural models of learning in which sleep provides an opportunity for hippocampal information to be fed into long-term neocortical memory.
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Corbett, Greville G., and Norman M. Fraser. "Network Morphology: a DATR account of Russian nominal inflection." Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 1 (March 1993): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000074.
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In this paper we introduce a declarative approach to inflectional morphology, which we call Network Morphology, using the lexical representation language DATR. We show that we can account for a range of (Russian) data, for which previously various rule types were required, and can provide a more satisfying analysis than was previously available. First we outline the essential data (section 2), highlighting the problems they present. Section 3 introduces the basic tenets of Network Morphology. This draws heavily on DATR, which we present in outline in section 4. Next we reconsider the Russian declensional classes from this new perspective (section 5). We show how the approach described overcomes long-standing problems in an elegant fashion; the complexity of the data suggests that the approach adopted has implications well beyond Russian. We then tackle the complex problem of animacy in Russian, which exemplifies interesting regularities extending across declensional classes (section 6).
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SENGUPTA, P., and B. B. CHAUDHURI. "A MORPHO-SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BASED LEXICAL SUBSYSTEM." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 07, no. 03 (June 1993): 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000303.
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A lexical subsystem that contains a morphological level parser is necessary for processing natural languages in general and inflectional languages in particular. Such a subsystem should be able to generate the surface form (i.e. as it appears in a natural sentence) of a word, given the sequence of morphemes constituting the word. Conversely, and more importantly, the subsystem should be able to parse a word into its constituent morphemes. A formalism which enables the lexicon writer to specify the lexicon of an inflectional language is discussed. The specifications are used to build up a lexical description in the form of a lexical database on one hand and a formulation of derivational morphology, called Augmented Finite State Automata (AFSA), on the other. A compact lexical representation has been achieved, where generation of the surface forms of a word, as well as parsing of a word is performed in a computationally attractive manner. The output produced as a result of parsing is suitable for input to the next stage of analysis in a Natural Language Processing (NLP) environment, which, in our case is based on a generalization of the Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). The application of the formalism on inflectional Indian languages is considered, with Bengali, a modern Indian language, as a case study.
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Yap, Foong Ha, Patrick Chun Kau Chu, Emily Sze Man Yiu, Stella Fay Wong, Stella Wing Man Kwan, Stephen Matthews, Li Hai Tan, Ping Li, and Yasuhiro Shirai. "Aspectual asymmetries in the mental representation of events: Role of lexical and grammatical aspect." Memory & Cognition 37, no. 5 (July 2009): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/mc.37.5.587.
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Farhy, Yael, and João Veríssimo. "Semantic Effects in Morphological Priming: The Case of Hebrew Stems." Language and Speech 62, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918811863.
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To what extent is morphological representation in different languages dependent on semantic information? Unlike Indo-European languages, the Semitic mental lexicon has been argued to be purely “morphologically driven”, with complex stems represented in a decomposed format (root + vowel pattern) irrespectively of their semantic properties. We have examined this claim by comparing cross-modal root-priming effects elicited by Hebrew verbs of a productive, open-ended class (Piel) and verbs of a closed-class (Paal). Morphological priming effects were obtained for both verb types, but prime-target semantic relatedness interacted with class, and only modulated responses following Paal, but not Piel primes. We explain these results by postulating different types of morpho-lexical representation for the different classes: structured stems, in the case of Piel, and whole-stems (which lack internal morphological structure), in the case of Paal. We conclude that semantic effects in morphological priming are also obtained in Semitic languages, but they are crucially dependent on type of morpho-lexical representation.
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Green, Spence, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, and Christopher D. Manning. "Parsing Models for Identifying Multiword Expressions." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 1 (March 2013): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00139.
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Multiword expressions lie at the syntax/semantics interface and have motivated alternative theories of syntax like Construction Grammar. Until now, however, syntactic analysis and multiword expression identification have been modeled separately in natural language processing. We develop two structured prediction models for joint parsing and multiword expression identification. The first is based on context-free grammars and the second uses tree substitution grammars, a formalism that can store larger syntactic fragments. Our experiments show that both models can identify multiword expressions with much higher accuracy than a state-of-the-art system based on word co-occurrence statistics. We experiment with Arabic and French, which both have pervasive multiword expressions. Relative to English, they also have richer morphology, which induces lexical sparsity in finite corpora. To combat this sparsity, we develop a simple factored lexical representation for the context-free parsing model. Morphological analyses are automatically transformed into rich feature tags that are scored jointly with lexical items. This technique, which we call a factored lexicon, improves both standard parsing and multiword expression identification accuracy.
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Matveev, Mikhail O. "Correlation between Understanding of Lexical Units and Mental Images Represented by Them (Theoretical-Experimental Research)." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 485–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2019-16-4-485-503.
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This theoretical and experimental research paper focuses on the effect of both perception and memory images on word meaning of the image-verbalizing lexical unit. The research is aimed at solving the problem of speech act processing. Using such notions as perception, memory and representation images pave the way for better understanding of the non-verbal basis of thinking during analysis of thought verbalization, thus, setting the problem of dependence of understanding the same lexical unit that exteriorizes different mental images. To prove the hypothesis that there is a link between understanding and mental images verbalized by the same lexical unit, the authors conducted an experiment. Such a verification can be performed only using psychosemantic methods. Psychosemantic methods provide the researcher with the material for analysis of everyday consciousness, thus shedding light on the in-depth evaluation criteria of the objects in question. The basis for effective use of experimental psychosemantic methods was laid by a simple mathematical model of an individual consciousness called semantic space. The overall conclusion of this research is the following: characteristics of mental images lexical unit depend on the following factors: the type of the text, the type of formed mental images and also on the type of graphic images provided to respondents.
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Shevchenko, Larysa. "Modeling of сoncepts of the New Testament by means of morphology and syntax." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 36 (2018): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2018.36.139-155.
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The problem of studying text concepts takes an important place among other types of conceptual studies. The usage of the term "concept" in the study of texts is caused by the need for it for the analysis of text-based principles of the work, identification of author's conceptual priorities, leading themes and ideas, deep text meanings etc. The organization of text's conceptual associations based on mutually related and interrelated elements goes beyond the lexical-semantic sphere. The conceptosphere of the New Testament is represented not only by lexical means, although they are the main building material for its creation. Morphological and syntactic means have a significant place among the concept-forming elements of the text of the New Testament. The study was conducted through the context-based generalization of the representation units of the most significant concepts of the New Testament: "Jesus Christ", "God", "Lord", "Father", "Faith", "Law", "Sin", "Salvation", "Grace", "Kingdom of Heaven", "Gospel", "Victim". Author had used method of field analysis, which is based on the analysis of the means providing the content order and connectivity of conceptual entities. The basis of systematization in conceptual fields is the linkage of key words – representatives of the morphology and syntax concepts and means. They acquire concept-forming properties when they are used in contexts for the formation of a certain conceptual feature and when they are repeatedly used in the text. The analysis of the verbalizers of the concepts, their connections and interaction in the studied work allows to make conclusions about the basic principles and regularities of the conceptualization of reality in the text of the New Testament. This study of its conceptosphere has demonstrated that the elements of its modeling have a significant representation in the spheres of morphology and syntax. The completeness of the reconstruction of an interpretive picture of its verbalization can be ensured by a comprehensive analysis of their conceptual-forming capabilities.
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DONG, YANPING, SHICHUN GUI, and BRIAN MACWHINNEY. "Shared and separate meanings in the bilingual mental lexicon." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 3 (November 15, 2005): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002270.
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This paper proposes a shared, distributed, asymmetrical model for the bilingual mental lexicon. To test the sharing of conceptual relations across translation equivalents, Experiment 1 used the classical priming paradigm with specific methodological innovations, trying to satisfy various constraints that had not been addressed in previous studies. The results suggest shared storage for the conceptual representations of the bilingual's two vocabularies and asymmetrical links between concepts and lexical names in the two languages. Experiment 2 examined the details of meaning separation by eliciting semantic closeness rankings for conceptual relations that are equivalent across language translations and those that are not. The results indicate that bilinguals tend to integrate conceptual differences between translation equivalents, but that they also display a “separatist” tendency to maintain the L1 conceptual system in the representation of L1 words and to adopt the L2 conceptual system in the representation of L2 words.
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Xue, Carol Lin. "The Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Priming Effect of Part of Speech Representation." Complexity 2022 (June 6, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5302799.
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Part of speech feature is the representation between syntactic morphology and semantic category. Priming effect experiment can test the correlation between the parts of speech feature and the lexical processing process. This article puts forward part of speech representation paradigmatic and syntagmatic effect hypotheses. The experiments applied the design pattern of 3 (part of speech: noun by predicate by nonword) ∗ 2 (interval time: 50 by 500 milliseconds) ∗ 3 (English level: elementary by intermediate by advanced). Subjects are requested to make options of the part of speech of the target words. This study shows that when Chinese English learners extract an individual word, their choices are still influenced by part of speech factor without the restrictions of constructive syntagmatic semantic conditions. Both the syntagmatic and paradigmatic effects are verified. Part of speech priming effect intensity is influenced by the English acquisition levels of the subjects.
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Halimi, Florentina. "The architecture of the mental lexicon and the selection of lexical nodes." Contemporary Educational Researches Journal 6, no. 4 (February 8, 2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cerj.v6i4.591.
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This study presents the architecture of the mental lexicon of third language learners by focusing on three representation levels: letter, word and language. In particular, this analysis attempts to examine the extent of the influence of the first and second languages known by bilingual learners of English. The study is guided by Dijkstra’s (2003) Multilingual Interactive Activation (MIA) model, and the hypothesis of the language selective or language nonselective access of third language learners is tested. The method involved in this analysis is the word translation task as a tool for investigating the organization of the mental lexicon. The results obtained as a result of the translation task claim that trilingual speakers can operate with three languages during the process of learning.Keywords: multilingual processing, mental lexicon, language typology.
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ABAIL, Abdelatif. "EARLY MORPHOLOGICAL AWARENESS AND ITS EFFECT ON BUILDING LEXICAL COMPETENCE AMONG LEARNERS: A NEUROLINGUISTIC STUDY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.7.
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Given its mechanisms that can help the learner develop the strategy of analyzing the morphological structure of words, Morphological Awareness plays a vital role in the process of acquiring lexical items and organizing lexical memory. Furthermore, it not only renders the representation of linguistic units less confusing but also enables us to apprehend how it functions and how it is organized within the lexicon as well. Thus, this will eventually triggers the mental mechanism responsible for building the linguistic ability of learners. That is to say, cognizing about how the mental lexicon works can inevitably help us answer various questions regarding the organizational engineering of the linguistic levels of the word in the mind as well as the mechanisms involved in the process of comprehension and production. Thus, it can be said that morphological awareness plays a significant role in building lexical competence, particularly that is related to the morphological characteristics which characterize the Arabic language through the perception of its modes of operation and its organization in the mental lexicon.
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ABAIL, Abdelatif. "EARLY MORPHOLOGICAL AWARENESS AND ITS EFFECT ON BUILDING LEXICAL COMPETENCE AMONG LEARNERS: A NEUROLINGUISTIC STUDY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.1-3.7.
Full textAbstract:
Given its mechanisms that can help the learner develop the strategy of analyzing the morphological structure of words, Morphological Awareness plays a vital role in the process of acquiring lexical items and organizing lexical memory. Furthermore, it not only renders the representation of linguistic units less confusing but also enables us to apprehend how it functions and how it is organized within the lexicon as well. Thus, this will eventually triggers the mental mechanism responsible for building the linguistic ability of learners. That is to say, cognizing about how the mental lexicon works can inevitably help us answer various questions regarding the organizational engineering of the linguistic levels of the word in the mind as well as the mechanisms involved in the process of comprehension and production. Thus, it can be said that morphological awareness plays a significant role in building lexical competence, particularly that is related to the morphological characteristics which characterize the Arabic language through the perception of its modes of operation and its organization in the mental lexicon.
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Bogdzevič, Monika. "The Cognitive Representation of SHAME in Lithuanian and Polish Paremias." Tautosakos darbai 58 (December 20, 2019): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2019.28391.
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The article provides a glimpse at wider research on the conceptualization of shame, fear and anger in Lithuanian language. The author attempts to present the semantic and axiological substance of Lithuanian gėda and Polish wstyd (Eng. shame, embarrassment) encoded in the consciousness of two different – namely, Lithuanian and Polish – linguistic-cultural communities.The cognitive representation of the concepts mentioned above has been construed by applying S-A-T methodology, proposed by Jerzy Bartmiński. The data have been drawn from dictionaries and paremias collected from the compendiums of Lithuanian and Polish proverbs by searching for the conceptual and lexical keys of gėda and wstyd. Examination of the lexical data sketches the semantic core of gėda and wstyd, while the semantic analysis of paremias reflects its textual potential, giving an insight into its ethno-conceptualization.Thus, the construct of the mental image of shame illustrated in the Lithuanian and Polish proverbs under study draws on the dictionary definitions of the lexemes, and on semantic analysis of paremias containing those lexemes. The study concludes with a synthetic definition of the Lithuanian gėda and Polish wstyd with an emphasis on its similarities and differences, entrenched in proverbs and language systems as well.
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AMENGUAL, MARK. "Interlingual influence in bilingual speech: Cognate status effect in a continuum of bilingualism." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 3 (December 12, 2011): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000460.
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The present study investigates voice onset times (VOTs) to determine if cognates enhance the cross-language phonetic influences in the speech production of a range of Spanish–English bilinguals: Spanish heritage speakers, English heritage speakers, advanced L2 Spanish learners, and advanced L2 English learners. To answer this question, lexical items with considerable phonological, semantic, and orthographic overlap (cognates) and lexical items with no phonological overlap with their English translation equivalents (non-cognates) were examined. The results indicate that there is a significant effect of cognate status in the Spanish production of VOT by Spanish–English bilinguals. These bilinguals produced /t/ with longer VOT values (more English-like) in the Spanish production of cognates compared to non-cognate words. It is proposed that the exemplar model of lexical representation (Bybee, 2001; Pierrehumbert, 2001) can be extended to include bilingual lexical connections by which cognates facilitate phonetic interference in the bilingual mental lexicon.
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Shevchenko, Olena. "REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF WAR IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE CULTURE." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-133-139.
Full textAbstract:
The features of verbalization and structuring of the concept war on the material of the artistic discourse in English language culture are revealed in the article. It is found out how the conceptualization has led to its development. At the beginning of the 20th century, international relations have dramatically changed in the world. There is a risk that people of different worldviews may interpret certain military notions (in particular the linguocultural concept WAR) otherwise. The solution of this complex problem of ambiguity must be sought in the etymology of the linguocultural concept WAR and its lexical field. The concept of WAR is vividly expressed in the English-language picture of the world, and its expression has a deep national and cultural specificity. Subject-image, conceptual and value components can be distinguished in the structure of this concept. The semantic field of the WAR concept consists of the kernel (the "State of Armed Conflict" microfield) and the semantic periphery objectified by the "Situation of Antagonism" and "Art of War" microfields. The main lexical verbalizers of the WAR concept were also identified. These include the war token itself, as well as the corresponding synonymous tokens and lexical associations. A new understanding of the concept of WAR is observed within the English-language artistic and journalistic discourses, which is realized in the system of conceptual metaphors. The concept war in the artistic discourse of participants is a multidimensional mental formation, very complex, encompassing radically opposite meanings. It is clear that the sense of the concept includes components that are associated with death, agitation, pain, horror, depression and more. At the same time the structure of the concept includes extremely positive meanings that can be verbalized in such words as life, love, honesty, help, heroism. For each war, it carries something personal, but always war is when the heart aches.