Journal articles on the topic 'Mental illness – Genetic aspects'
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Wong, J. G. "Genetic discrimination and mental illness: a case report." Journal of Medical Ethics 27, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.27.6.393.
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Macedo, P., M. Silva, A. Fornelos, A. R. Figueiredo, and S. Nunes. "Mental Health Stigma: What's Been Done? Where to Go?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.023.
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IntroductionNegative attitudes towards psychiatric patients still exist in our society. Persons suffering from mental illness frequently encounter public stigma and may internalize it leading to self-stigma. Discrimination occurs across many aspects of economic and social existence. It may represent a barrier for patients to receive appropriate care. Many anti-stigma campaigns have been taken to decrease people's prejudice, but its effects are not well documented.ObjectivesTo characterize anti-stigma initiatives and its effects on diminishing negative consequences of stigma.MethodsBibliographical research using PubMed using the keywords “stigma” and “mental illness”.ResultsDespite several approaches to eradicate stigma, it shows a surprising consistency in population levels. It was expected that focus on education would decrease stigma levels. The same was expected following concentration on the genetic causation of pathology. Most studies have revealed that education has little value and endorsing genetic attributions has led to a greater pessimism on the efficacy of mental health services, sense of permanence and guilty feelings within the family.ConclusionPublic stigma has had a major impact on many people with mental illness, especially when leading to self-stigma, interfering with various aspects in life, including work, housing, health care, social life and self-esteem. As Goffman elucidated, stigma is fundamentally a social phenomenon rooted in social relationships and shaped by the culture and structure of society. Social inclusion has been pointed as a potential direction of change.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Johansson Soller, M., R. Moldovan, C. Ingvoldstad Malmgren, A. Cuthbert, and M. Rietschel. "How to do genetic counseling in psychiatry?" European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.158.
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Genetic counselling has been defined as the process of helping people “understand and adapt to medical, psychosocial, and familial aspects of genetic conditions.” It can also help patients and families deal with stigma and understand the significance of possible genetic findings. Psychiatric genetic counselling (PGC) is an emerging field aimed to help people with a personal or family history of psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or neuropsychiatric conditions, to understand genetic etiological mechanisms as a critical component. Counselling strategies are used to identify and adapt to psychological and familial consequences of the conditions and to reduce stigma surrounding the psychiatric illness. A recent survey showed that PGC is still not routinely offered and usually only discussed at the initiative of the patient, e.g. if they ask about the possibility of “hereditary" illness, or if a caregiver during a session for another indication, identifies the family history. If a monogenetic or chromosomal cause is identified, the genetic counselling follows a more traditional path, but if, on the other hand, the cause is complex, the counselling will not be as clearcut. It will then focus on explaining risk for disease with quite uncertain riskscores as no causative genetic change is identified. Although genetic testing most often cannot be offered and individual risk scores based on genetic markers cannot be given, there is still great value for patients and their relatives in PGC. Studies have shown that the effect of PGC is an increase of empowerment and a reduction of stigma.DisclosureNo significant relationships.
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Mendez, Mario F. "Huntington's Disease: Update and Review of Neuropsychiatric Aspects." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 24, no. 3 (September 1994): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hu6w-3k7q-nael-xu6k.
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Objective: This article presents a general update on Huntington's disease (HD) and reviews the psychiatric and cognitive features of this disorder. Method: HD is discussed in five sections: an introduction and update, the psychiatric aspects, the cognitive aspects, brain-behavior relationships, and the differential diagnosis and management. Results: Recent advancements in HD include the identification of presymptomatic testing methods and HD gene defect, structural and metabolic neuroimaging findings, and a neuropsychological profile. HD is associated with mood disorders, personality changes, irritable and explosive behavior, a schizophrenia-like illness, suicidal behavior, sexuality changes, and specific cognitive deficits. Conclusions: HD results in organic mental disorders from dysfunction of prefrontal-subcortical circuits coursing through the caudate nuclei. The diagnosis of HD is aided by genetic testing, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological testing. Management involves education, genetic counseling, and psychotropic medications. Finally, the future of HD holds promise for the development of rational, neurobiologically-based treatments and genetically engineered therapies.
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Greenwood, Tiffany A. "Creativity and Bipolar Disorder: A Shared Genetic Vulnerability." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 16, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095449.
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Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression. Despite fitness costs associated with increased mortality and significant impairment, bipolar disorder has persisted in the population with a high heritability and a stable prevalence. Creativity and other positive traits have repeatedly been associated with the bipolar spectrum, particularly among unaffected first-degree relatives and those with milder expressions of bipolar traits. This suggests a model in which large doses of risk variants cause illness, but mild to moderate doses confer advantages, which serve to maintain bipolar disorder in the population. Bipolar disorder may thus be better conceptualized as a dimensional trait existing at the extreme of normal population variation in positive temperament, personality, and cognitive traits, aspects of which may reflect a shared vulnerability with creativity. Investigations of this shared vulnerability may provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying illness and suggest novel treatments.
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Rybakowski, Janusz K. "Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)—A Mediating Enzyme in Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders." Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology 2009 (August 31, 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/904836.
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) has been implicated in numerous somatic illnesses, including cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Recently, MMP9 has been shown to be increasingly important in several aspects of central nervous system activity. Furthermore, a pathogenic role for this enzyme has been suggested in such neuropsychiatric disorders as schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and multiple sclerosis. In this paper, the results of biochemical and molecular-genetic studies on MMP9 that have been performed in these pathological conditions will be summarized. Furthermore, I hypothesize that the MMP9 gene, as shown by functional −1562 C/T polymorphism studies, may be mediating the relationship of neuropsychiatric illnesses (schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder, multiple sclerosis) that are comorbid with cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Vamos, M., J. Conaghan, and T. Lewin. "Exploring sources and types of information about Huntington disease received by affected families." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.654.
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IntroductionWhile revealing the presence of Huntington Disease (HD) within the family setting has received considerable research interest, the sources of information and the detail of which aspects of the illness are discussed remains unexplored. This study's primary aim was to identify HD information sources, both professional and family, and to describe the types of information received by members of affected families, with the hypothesis that some aspects of the disorder would be more fully addressed than others.MethodClients drawn from a specialist genetic unit looking after families with HD (n = 46) were engaged in structured interviews and completed standardized questionnaires, including: the psychological adjustment to genetic information scale (PAGIS); and a current psychological distress measure (K10). Participants obtained HD related information from a mean of 4.76 sources (49.3% professional).ResultsAs expected, genetic and neurological symptoms were more frequently described (97.7% and 86.4% respectively) than cognitive and psychological/psychiatric (63.6%; 52.3%). Regression analyses were used to identify potential predictors of current distress, adjustment, and information satisfaction. Rated satisfaction with information received was higher among participants with a gene positive family member. Across the PAGIS sub-scales, there were differential associations with the predictors examined.ConclusionsGiven that HD is a multi-faceted condition affecting the entire family, needs would be better addressed if information provided went beyond discussion of genetic and movement disorders, and extended to the cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects which are strongly associated with quality of life.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Glatt, Stephen J., William S. Stone, Stephen V. Faraone, Larry J. Seidman, and Ming T. Tsuang. "Psychopathology, personality traits and social development of young first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 189, no. 4 (October 2006): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.016998.
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BackgroundEvaluation of individuals at high genetic risk of schizophrenia is a powerful method for identifying precursors of the illness.AimsTo identify aspects of personality, psychopathology and social development that differentiate high-risk and control individuals.MethodAdolescent and young-adult first-degree relatives (n=35) of people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and a control group (n=55) were compared on 36 measures at baseline of a longitudinal study Measures differentiating high-risk and control participants were related to four genetic loading indices.ResultsHigh-risk participants older than 17 years showed more physical anhedonia, less positive involvement with peers and more problems with peers, siblings and the opposite gender. Older high-risk individuals also were less cooperative, less self-directed and less reward-dependent. Problems with peers and the opposite gender, as well as reward dependence, were related linearly to genetic loading.ConclusionsAlterations in personality traits and social development are present in high-risk individuals, and may be markers for genetic liability toward the illness.
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Shah, Ajit, Ravi Bhat, Sheena McKenzie, and Chris Koen. "Elderly suicide rates: cross-national comparisons and association with sex and elderly age-bands." Medicine, Science and the Law 47, no. 3 (July 2007): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.47.3.244.
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Suicide rates generally increase with age. Examination of cross-national variations in elderly suicide rates may allow the generation of aetiological hypotheses. Suicide rates for males and females in the age-bands 65-74 years and 75+ years were ascertained from the World Health Organisation website for all the listed countries. Cross-national variations were examined by segregating different countries into four quartiles of elderly suicide rates. Suicide rates between males and females and between the two age-bands were compared across different countries. The main findings were: (i) there is wide cross-national variation in elderly suicide rates; (ii) elderly suicide rates were the lowest in Caribbean, central American and Arabic countries, and the highest in central and eastern European, some oriental and some west European countries; (iii) suicide rates were higher in men compared to women for both the age-bands; and, (iv) suicide rates were higher in the age-band 75+ years compared to the age-band 65-74 years for males and females. Potential explanations for regional and cross-national variations in elderly suicide rates include cross-national differences in genetic and environmental factors, prevalence of mental illness in the elderly, life expectancy, socio-economic deprivation, social fragmentation, cultural factors, the availability of appropriate healthcare services, and public health initiatives to improve the detection and treatment of mental illness, mental health and suicide prevention.
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Schwartz, M., M. Moskalewicz, E. Schwartz, and O. Wiggins. "Mental illness is an inevitable consequence of the singular diversity of human beings." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S329—S330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.267.
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Nowadays, cosmopolitan populations increasingly applaud the broad physical, ethnic, racial, and cultural diversity of human beings. So long as we behave within sanctioned norms. This presentation will focus upon the above paradox: In contrast to delighting in physical, ethnic and cultural expressions of human diversity, present-day cosmopolitan societies increasingly call for conformity in behavioral and experiential realms. For example, at meetings such as this, we can freely express and celebrate racial, ethnic, and culturally differences, but we must communicate–within remarkably narrow ranges–cordiality, spontaneity, agreeableness, respectful disagreement and tact. And if we cannot?? We propose that the phenomenon of mental illness arises as a consequence of the phenomenon of human diversity coming up against constraints and limitations in mental and behavioral realms. This presentation will focus upon evolutionary, genetic, biological, anthropological, historical and cultural aspects of the primary role that human diversity plays in mental illness. We will discuss the adaptive origins and strengths associated with the extraordinary diversity of humans (and our pets/domestic animals) as well accompanying vulnerabilities. For example, diversity of skin pigmentation has enabled humans to extend across the globe. A consequence however, is enhanced vulnerability to skin cancer for some with fair skin and vitamin D deficiency for others with dark skin. Psychological diversities can be viewed analogously. The thesis that mental illness is an inevitable consequence of the singular diversity of humanity will be exemplified by disorders such as ADHD, melancholia, schizophrenia and sociopathy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ventegodt, Søren, Isack Kandel, and Joav Merrick. "First Do No Harm: An Analysis of the Risk Aspects and Side Effects of Clinical Holistic Medicine Compared With Standard Psychiatric Biomedical Treatment." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 1810–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.268.
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Clinical holistic medicine (CHM) is short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) complemented with bodywork and philosophical exercises, to be more efficient in treating patients with severe mental and physical illness. STPP has already been found superior to psychiatric treatment as usual (TAU) and thus able to compete with psychiatric standard treatment as the treatment of choice for all non-organic mental illnesses; we have found the addition of bodywork and philosophy of life to STPP to accelerate the process of existential healing and recovery (salutogenesis). In this paper we compare the side effects, suicidal risk, problems from implanted memory and implanted philosophy of CHM with psychopharmacological treatment. Method: Qualitative and quantitative comparative review. Results: In all aspects of risks, harmfulness, and side effects, we have been considering, CHM was superior to the standard psychiatric treatment. The old principle of “first do no harm“ is well respected by CHM, but not always by standard psychiatry. CHM seems to be able to heal the patient, while psychopharmacological drugs can turn the patient into a chronic, mentally ill patient for life. Based on the available data CHM seems another alternative to patients with mental illness. There seem to be no documentation at all for CHM being dangerous, harmful, having side effects of putting patients at risk for suicide. As CHM uses spontaneous regression there is no danger for the patient developing psychosis as, according to some experts, has been seen with earlier intensive psychodynamic methods. CHM is an efficient, safe and affordable cure for a broad range of mental illnesses.
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Sessa, Ben, and Hilary Sutherland. "Addressing mental health needs of deaf children and their families: the National Deaf Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service." Psychiatrist 37, no. 5 (May 2013): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.112.038604.
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SummaryRates of developmental delay, autism and mental illness in deaf children are higher than in hearing children. Early language acquisition (signed or spoken) is a protective factor against mental disorder. Deaf children and their families are often given conflicting messages and advice about their upbringing and many are unable to access generic child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). We describe the National Deaf CAMHS, a service that has been set up to answer the needs of this group of patients. It uses specialist intervention which incorporates some aspects of Deaf awareness to empower deaf children and reduce the burden of mental health problems that are likely to accompany them into and throughout their adulthood.
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Cohen, Peter J. "Untreated Addiction Imposes an Ethical Bar to Recruiting Addicts for Non-Therapeutic Studies of Addictive Drugs." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 1 (2002): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00722.x.
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The mental illness of substance dependence or addiction is responsible for major economic, social, and personal costs. If we are to elucidate its etiology, understand its mechanisms, and eventually bring it under control, scientific investigation is essential. Research in animals and humans has enhanced our understanding of this disease through examination of genetic, neurophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral factors. But because animals cannot verbalize their subjective responses to drugs and because significant symptoms of addiction (e.g., craving, impaired control, and compulsive use) cannot be observed in non-drug-dependent humans, it is not surprising that certain investigations of substance dependence have required the participation of addicted or substance-dependent humans.
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Markova, Кsenija V., Natalia V. Skripchenko, Yuriy V. Lobzin, Vadim E. Karev, Alla A. Vilnits, Eugeniy Yu Gorelik, Elvira A. Martens, and Sergey V. Sidorenko. "Meningococcal infection in modern conditions: clinical, microbiological and preventive aspects." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 11, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped11381-92.
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The problem of meningococcal infection remains relevant due to the high epidemiological and social significance throughout the world, the unpredictability of the course, a wide range of clinical manifestations (from asymptomatic carriage to extremely severe generalized forms) with a high risk of life-threatening conditions and deaths, and a significant incidence of disability after past illness (loss of limbs, deafness, mental inferiority, and more). The changing serogroup landscape of meningococcal infection with an increase in the incidence of diseases caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W, Y and others is noteworthy. The article presents an analytical review of literature and reflects current clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic and preventive trends in the Russian Federation and abroad. The review focuses on the epidemiological features of meningococcal infection, depending on the serogroup affiliation of meningococcus, the variety of clinical manifestations of the generalized form of meningococcal infection, including atypical manifestations, age-related features, depending on the serogroup of the pathogen. New diagnostic approaches and the possibilities of specific prophylaxis are highlighted. Attention is focused on the importance of monitoring the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of meningococcal infection depending on the genetic characteristics of the pathogen, and the need for further in-depth studies of this problem.
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Abreu Agrela Rodrigues, Fabiano de, and Roselene do Espírito Santo Wagner. "THE BRAIN'S RELATIONSHIP TO MENTAL DISORDERS." Journal Health and Technology - JHT 1, no. 3 (October 3, 2022): e1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/jht.v1i3.17.
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Mental disorder is a dysfunction of brain activity that can affect an individual's mood, behavior, reasoning, learning, and communication. It is a silent disease that can be present at any stage of life. Its reflexes occur at the psychological level and may have physical symptoms, depending on the stage of the illness. Commonly associated with suffering are anxiety disorders, depression, panic syndrome, chemical dependency, bipolar disorder, and others. Each individual manifests his or her pathology in a unique way, and the management must also be personalized. The disorder has multiple causes, such as genetic inheritance, environment, culture, emotional impacts, traumas, phases of the life cycle, among other aspects. Therefore, its treatment requires a multidisciplinary team, with professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, speech therapists, and, in the school environment, when it comes to learning, a psychopedagogue, an extremely important professional for the student and his family. When the manifestation of the disorder happens in the school phase, teachers are key, since school is a very familiar environment and functions as the second home and family representation. Teachers have the possibility to observe and identify the student's problem; they spend many hours with the student daily, transfer knowledge, and identify the student's emotional state, attention focus maintenance, memory, engagement, motivation, mood and behavior changes. They are the first to notice learning difficulties or inability presented by some individuals when facing new situations, triggered by several factors
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Cowan, Tovah, Zachary B. Rodriguez, Ole Edvard Granrud, Michael D. Masucci, Nancy M. Docherty, and Alex S. Cohen. "Talking about Health: A Topic Analysis of Narratives from Individuals with Schizophrenia and Other Serious Mental Illnesses." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12080286.
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Individuals with schizophrenia have higher mortality and shorter lifespans. There are a multitude of factors which create these conditions, but one aspect is worse physical health, particularly cardiovascular and metabolic health. Many interventions to improve the health of individuals with schizophrenia have been created, but on the whole, there has been limited effectiveness in improving quality of life or lifespan. One potential new avenue for inquiry involves a more patient-centric perspective; understanding aspects of physical health most important, and potentially most amenable to change, for individuals based on their life narratives. This study used topic modeling, a type of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on unstructured speech samples from individuals (n = 366) with serious mental illness, primarily schizophrenia, in order to extract topics. Speech samples were drawn from three studies collected over a decade in two geographically distinct regions of the United States. Several health-related topics emerged, primarily centered around food, living situation, and lifestyle (e.g., routine, hobbies). The implications of these findings for how individuals with serious mental illness and schizophrenia think about their health, and what may be most effective for future health promotion policies and interventions, are discussed.
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Crow, T. J. "Sex Chromosomes and Psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 5 (November 1988): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.5.675.
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Although the incidence of the recurrent psychoses (bipolar affective illness and schizophrenia) in the two sexes is approximately equal, gender influences a number of aspects of major psychiatric disease: unipolar depressive illness is twice as common in females, onset of schizophrenia is earlier and outcome is worse in males, and pairs of psychotic first-degree relatives are more often than expected of the same sex. In addition, sex chromosomal aneuploidies (e.g. XXY and XXX) are more frequent in patients with psychosis. Some of these findings can be explained if there is a major locus of predisposition to psychiatric disease in the ‘pseudoautosomal’ region of the sex chromosomes – that distal segment of the short arms in which there is genetic exchange between X and Y chromosomes at male meiosis. A gene located here would be transmitted in an autosomal manner, but would be passed above chance expectation to children of the same sex when inherited through a male. In that this segment of the sex chromosomes is subject to a high rate of recombination (which could generate new mutations), and may include determinants of brain lateralisation, it appears that the pseudoautosomal region could carry the genes which predispose to the major psychoses.
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Radanovic, Marcia, Rafael T. de Sousa, L. Valiengo, Wagner Farid Gattaz, and Orestes Vicente Forlenza. "Formal Thought Disorder and language impairment in schizophrenia." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 1 (December 18, 2012): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012005000015.
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Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness in which disorders of thought content are a prominent feature. The disruption of normal flow of thought, or “Formal Thought Disorder” (FTD), has been traditionally assessed through the content and form of patients’ speech, and speech abnormalities in schizophrenia were considered as a by-product of the disruption in conceptual structures and associative processes related to psychosis. This view has been changed due to increasing evidence that language per se is impaired in schizophrenia, especially its semantic, discursive, and pragmatic aspects. Schizophrenia is currently considered by some authors as a “language related human specific disease” or “logopathy”, and the neuroanatomical and genetic correlates of the language impairment in these patients are under investigation. Such efforts may lead to a better understanding about the pathophysiology of this devastating mental disease. We present some current concepts related to FTD as opposed to primary neurolinguistic abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Van Bost, Gunther, Stefaan Van Damme, and Geert Crombez. "The role of acceptance and values in quality of life in patients with an acquired brain injury: a questionnaire study." PeerJ 5 (July 6, 2017): e3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3545.
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ObjectiveAn acquired brain injury (ABI) is a challenge for an individual’s quality of life (QOL). In several chronic illnesses acceptance has been found to be associated with a better health-related quality of life. This study investigated whether this relationship is also found in patients with ABI. We also explored the impact of the perceived ability to live according to one’s own values (life-values-match).MethodsA total of 68 individuals (18–65 years of age) with an acquired brain injury completed a battery of questionnaires. The relations between health-related QOL (SF-36) and disease specific QOL (EBIQ; European Brain Injury Questionnaire), and personal values (Schwartz Values Inventory) and acceptance (ICQ; Illness Cognitions Questionnaire) were investigated. An additional question measured the life-values-match. Rehabilitation professionals reported the extent of impairment involved.ResultsAcceptance was positively associated with mental aspects of health-related QOL and the EBIQ Core Scale, after demographic variables and the extent of impairment were introduced in the regression. In a post hoc analysis we found that the life-values-match mediated the relationship between acceptance and mental aspects of QOL.ConclusionIn patients with an ABI, promoting acceptance may be useful to protect QOL. Strengthening the life-values-match may be a way to accomplish this.
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Graham, Candida, Crystal Rollings, Sarah de Leeuw, Lesley Anderson, Brenda Griffiths, and Nansi Long. "A Qualitative Study Exploring Facilitators for Improved Health Behaviors and Health Behavior Programs: Mental Health Service Users’ Perspectives." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/870497.
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Objective.Mental health service users experience high rates of cardiometabolic disorders and have a 20–25% shorter life expectancy than the general population from such disorders. Clinician-led health behavior programs have shown moderate improvements, for mental health service users, in managing aspects of cardiometabolic disorders. This study sought to potentially enhance health initiatives by exploring (1) facilitators that help mental health service users engage in better health behaviors and (2) the types of health programs mental health service users want to develop.Methods.A qualitative study utilizing focus groups was conducted with 37 mental health service users attending a psychosocial rehabilitation center, in Northern British Columbia, Canada.Results.Four major facilitator themes were identified: (1) factors of empowerment, self-value, and personal growth; (2) the need for social support; (3) pragmatic aspects of motivation and planning; and (4) access. Participants believed that engaging with programs of physical activity, nutrition, creativity, and illness support would motivate them to live more healthily.Conclusions and Implications for Practice.Being able to contribute to health behavior programs, feeling valued and able to experience personal growth are vital factors to engage mental health service users in health programs. Clinicians and health care policy makers need to account for these considerations to improve success of health improvement initiatives for this population.
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Li, Caifeng, Zhen Wei, Yifan Wang, and Long Sun. "Associations between Suicidal Ideation and Relatives’ Physical and Mental Health among Community Residents: Differences between Family Members and Lineal Consanguinity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315997.
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(1) Background: Despite the verified relationship between relatives’ characteristics and individual suicidal ideation, few studies have discussed the role of family members and lineal consanguinity independently according to whether they live together with the individuals or not. (2) Methods: The data in this study were collected in November 2019 and identified rural adults over 18 years old in Shandong as the survey objects, with a total of 879 valid cases included in this survey. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the risk factors affecting adults’ suicidal ideation and differentiate the effects of a family member and lineal consanguinity’s physical and mental health. Relatives’ physical and mental health were estimated by three aspects: whether they were suffering from chronic diseases, mental illness, or alcoholism. (3) Results: The study showed that a family member’s physical (OR = 2.303, p < 0.01) and mental health (OR = 5.877, p < 0.05) was related to suicidal ideation, but the association between lineal consanguinities’ physical and mental health and suicidal ideation were not supported. People over 40 years old (OR = 6.528, p < 0.05), from only-child families (OR = 4.335, p < 0.01), with household indebtedness (OR = 2.992, p < 0.001), or difficulty falling asleep (OR = 3.165, p < 0.001) had risk factors of suicidal ideation. (4) Conclusions: The physical and mental health of individuals’ family members are related to their suicidal ideation, and their lineal consanguinities’ physical and mental health are not related to suicidal ideation. These findings imply the different associations between family environment, genetic factors, and suicidal ideation. Family members’ health should be considered as a factor to prevent and control suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation.
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Malmberg, A., G. Lewis, A. David, and P. Allebeck. "Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia†." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 4 (April 1998): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.4.308.
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BackgroundSchizoid personality and poor social adjustment have been thought of as common antecedents of schizophrenia but the existing literature is inconclusive. We have carried out a large cohort study with improved methodology.MethodThe premorbid personality and adjustment of 50 054 Swedish men were assessed on entry into the army at the age of 18. Individuals who developed schizophrenia or another psychosis after 15-year follow-up were identified. Odds ratios for variables independently associated with the later development of schizophrenia were calculated, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsFour variables reflecting early problems with interpersonal relationships were strongly associated with later schizophrenia and, to a lesser extent, non-schizophrenic psychoses, but also occurred commonly in the cohort as a whole. These associations with schizophrenia persisted after early-onset cases were excluded, though their predictive value was low (3.0%, 95% CI 1.5–4.5).ConclusionsSome aspects of premorbid personality and adjustment may act as risk factors for schizophrenia. The results appear to be most consistent with a multi-factorial aetiology for schizophrenia and offer tentative support for a psychological disturbance mediating genetic and environmental effects on the causal pathway to the illness.
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Yen, Po Yu, Muhammad Zaidi, and Syed Naqvi. "188 Challenges in Differentiating Between Obsession and Delusion in Schizophrenic Patients: A Case Report." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (April 2020): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920001030.
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Abstract:Schizophrenia is a serious, chronic mental illness that manifests a variety of symptoms: hallucinations, delusion of grandiose, disorganized behaviors, and neurocognitive decline after each episode. Among the patients with schizophrenia, obsessive- compulsive symptoms (OCS) or obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) are two relatively common comorbidities (25% and 12.5%, respectively). The appearance of these comorbidities complicates patient management: selecting the suitable pharmacological treatment may be challenging as delusion and obsession have similar presentation in this population. We would like to present a case which we suggest that differentiation between obsession and delusion will result in a positive impact on disease management.Patient was a middle- aged male with history of Schizophrenia and status post skin grafting. He presented with delusions, auditory hallucinations and disorganized behavior. During his hospitalization, he spent much portion of a day slapping or hitting his wound. He would not follow staffs’ recommendations regarding wound care as he believed that his behavior would lead to diminishing his pain from skin grafting and shorten the recovery time. He was treated with psychotropic medications, anti-depressants aided with medication for pain. Despite adequate pain management, appropriate dosage of anti-depressants and psychotherapy his self- injurious behavior persisted throughout the course of his hospitalization.In this report, we presented the challenges in managing compulsive behavior in a patient with Schizophrenia. To date, OCD and OCS are diagnosed based on clinical presentations, which results in difficulty in patient management especially when the illness is complicated by Schizophrenia. Patient was accessed with Yale- Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale on multiple occasions which the results indicated that he had subclinical OCD. However, the validity of the test is questionable as it is a test for severity of OCD; If his compulsive behavior was due to delusion rather than obsession, YBOCS should not be applied since it is limited to the patients with OCD.We propose that there is a necessity of developing a diagnostic intervention that may aid the differentiation between delusion and obsession in Schizophrenic patients. Genetic testing, for example, may be one of the potential diagnostic interventions to utilize clinically: A recent study, “Serotonin system genes and obsessive- compulsive trait dimensions in a population- based, pediatric sample: a genetic association study” by Sinopoli et al, has demonstrated a possible correlation between obsessive- compulsive spectrum disorders and serotonin gene variants. Although genetic testing of OCD is at its early stages and many aspects are yet to be discovered, it is optimistic to believe that potential benefits of the genetic test is tremendous as it will provide physicians a clearer picture in designing a treatment plan for this patient population.
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Baker, Justin T., Daniel G. Dillon, Lauren M. Patrick, Joshua L. Roffman, Roscoe O. Brady, Diego A. Pizzagalli, Dost Öngür, and Avram J. Holmes. "Functional connectomics of affective and psychotic pathology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 18 (April 15, 2019): 9050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820780116.
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Converging evidence indicates that groups of patients with nominally distinct psychiatric diagnoses are not separated by sharp or discontinuous neurobiological boundaries. In healthy populations, individual differences in behavior are reflected in variability across the collective set of functional brain connections (functional connectome). These data suggest that the spectra of transdiagnostic symptom profiles observed in psychiatric patients may map onto detectable patterns of network function. To examine the manner through which neurobiological variation might underlie clinical presentation, we obtained fMRI data from over 1,000 individuals, including 210 diagnosed with a primary psychotic disorder or affective psychosis (bipolar disorder with psychosis and schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder), 192 presenting with a primary affective disorder without psychosis (unipolar depression, bipolar disorder without psychosis), and 608 demographically matched healthy comparison participants recruited through a large-scale study of brain imaging and genetics. Here, we examine variation in functional connectomes across psychiatric diagnoses, finding striking evidence for disease connectomic “fingerprints” that are commonly disrupted across distinct forms of pathology and appear to scale as a function of illness severity. The presence of affective and psychotic illnesses was associated with graded disruptions in frontoparietal network connectivity (encompassing aspects of dorsolateral prefrontal, dorsomedial prefrontal, lateral parietal, and posterior temporal cortices). Conversely, other properties of network connectivity, including default network integrity, were preferentially disrupted in patients with psychotic illness, but not patients without psychotic symptoms. This work allows us to establish key biological and clinical features of the functional connectomes of severe mental disease.
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Carter, J. W., J. Parnas, A. Urfer-Parnas, J. Watson, and S. A. Mednick. "Intellectual functioning and the long-term course of schizophrenia-spectrum illness." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 6 (September 22, 2010): 1223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001820.
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BackgroundRecent neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia, together with substantial evidence of neurocognitive dysfunction among people with schizophrenia, have led to a widespread view that general cognitive deficits are a central aspect of schizophrenic pathology. However, the temporal relationships between intellectual functioning and schizophrenia-spectrum illness remain unclear.MethodLongitudinal data from the Copenhagen High-Risk Project (CHRP) were used to evaluate the importance of intellectual functioning in the prediction of diagnostic and functional outcomes associated with the schizophrenia spectrum. The effect of spectrum illness on intellectual and educational performance was also evaluated. The sample consisted of 311 Danish participants: 99 at low risk, 155 at high risk, and 57 at super-high risk for schizophrenia. Participants were given intellectual [Weschler's Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)/Weschler's Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)] assessments at mean ages of 15 and 24 years, and diagnostic and functional assessments at mean ages 24 and 42 years.ResultsIntellectual functioning was found to have no predictive relationship to later psychosis or spectrum personality, and minimal to no direct relationship to later measures of work/independent living, psychiatric treatment, and overall severity. No decline in intellectual functioning was associated with either psychosis or spectrum personality.ConclusionsThese largely negative findings are discussed in the light of strong predictive relationships existing between genetic risk, diagnosis and functional outcomes. The pattern of predictive relationships suggests that overall cognitive functioning may play less of a role in schizophrenia-spectrum pathology than is widely believed, at least among populations with an evident family history of schizophrenia.
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Almowallad, Sanaa, Leena S. Alqahtani, and Mohammad Mobashir. "NF-kB in Signaling Patterns and Its Temporal Dynamics Encode/Decode Human Diseases." Life 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12122012.
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Defects in signaling pathways are the root cause of many disorders. These malformations come in a wide variety of types, and their causes are also very diverse. Some of these flaws can be brought on by pathogenic organisms and viruses, many of which can obstruct signaling processes. Other illnesses are linked to malfunctions in the way that cell signaling pathways work. When thinking about how errors in signaling pathways might cause disease, the idea of signalosome remodeling is helpful. The signalosome may be conveniently divided into two types of defects: phenotypic remodeling and genotypic remodeling. The majority of significant illnesses that affect people, including high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and many types of mental illness, appear to be caused by minute phenotypic changes in signaling pathways. Such phenotypic remodeling modifies cell behavior and subverts normal cellular processes, resulting in illness. There has not been much progress in creating efficient therapies since it has been challenging to definitively confirm this connection between signalosome remodeling and illness. The considerable redundancy included into cell signaling systems presents several potential for developing novel treatments for various disease conditions. One of the most important pathways, NF-κB, controls several aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, is a key modulator of inflammatory reactions, and has been widely studied both from experimental and theoretical perspectives. NF-κB contributes to the control of inflammasomes and stimulates the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory genes, including those that produce cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, NF-κB is essential for controlling innate immune cells and inflammatory T cells’ survival, activation, and differentiation. As a result, aberrant NF-κB activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory illnesses. The activation and function of NF-κB in relation to inflammatory illnesses was covered here, and the advancement of treatment approaches based on NF-κB inhibition will be highlighted. This review presents the temporal behavior of NF-κB and its potential relevance in different human diseases which will be helpful not only for theoretical but also for experimental perspectives.
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Raduto, O. I. "Medical social factors affecting the effectiveness of the treatment of viral hepatitis patients." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 19, no. 5 (October 15, 2014): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40836.
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There was performed the analysis of modern epidemiological, social and financial aspects of the hepatitis C treatment. There was considered the influence of some factors on the efficacy of the treatment efficacy, in particular, the genetic status of patients, stage of the disease, the development of side effects and patient compliance with the treatment regimen. Social factors were shown to include also the patient's race, language barriers, being in prison, availability of the treatment. The effectiveness of treatment for this group ofpatients is also influenced by the gender, young age, the presence of mental illness in the patient, drug and alcohol abuse. Financial constraints contribute to the reducing the commitment of the drugs intaking, the deterioration of the health status of viral hepatitis C and B patients, respectively, higher total health expenditure for the health care. There was made a conclusion about the necessity of the work on the formation of the adherence of this category of patients to the treatment, the patient and doctor must work together to make a treatment decision, after careful discussion of the need to comply treatment and risks of side effects, as well as re-infection.
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Gutkevich, E., V. Lebedeva, S. Vladimirova, and A. Semke. "Mental health care of the family – Reality and innovative projects in the Russian practice." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1347.
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IntroductionPsychosocial functional deficiency of persons with mental disorders covers the most important kinds of activity: work, education, independent living, and interactions with people, family interactions. Important aspect of rehabilitation practice is work with the family, relatives, and the nearest environment of patients due to decrease in the field of marriage or stable cohabitation.ObjectiveTo determine adaptive-preventive potential of the family in the area of mental health.Material and methodsThe analysis of multilevel characteristics of adaptation of 414 adult persons (patients with mental disorders and members of their families) with use of system approach and the methodical complex (“The Passport of Health of the Family”) has been carried out.ResultsWe define the adaptive-preventive potential of the family of mental patient as biological (genetic) and social-psychological opportunities of family system of the individual to compensate the limits of ontogenetic (life) cycle of the family of several generations caused by the illness of the family member. Novelty of the “Clinical-psychological model of anti-relapse behaviour based on interaction of mental patients, their families, persons from the general population and experts in the field of mental health” project consists of scientific justification of development of multilevel (individual, family, society) model of anti-relapse behavior.ConclusionThis multidisciplinary project is aimed at the persons entering into risk groups for development of mental disorder (for example, persons with sub-syndrome symptoms or with biological, and psychological or social risk factors) and the persons entering into risk groups for relapse of the existing mental disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ventegodt, Søren, Suzette Thegler, Tove Andreasen, Flemming Struve, Lars Enevoldsen, Laila Bassaine, Margrethe Torp, and Joav Merrick. "Clinical Holistic Medicine (Mindful,Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Complemented with Bodywork) in the Treatment of Experienced Mental Illness." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.67.
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Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) complemented with bodywork improved 31 of 54 patients (57.4%, 95% CI: 43.21–70.77%) who rated themselves mentally ill before treatment. Calculated from this we find 1.41 < NNT < 2.31; we estimate NNH > 500. Of the 54 patients, 40% had already had traditional treatment that did not help them. Bodywork helped the patients to confront repressed painful feelings from childhood and this seemingly accelerated and improved the therapy. The patients received in average 20 sessions over 14 months at a cost of 1600 EURO. For the treatment responders, all measured aspects of life (on a five point Likert Scale) improved significantly, simultaneously, and radically: somatic health (from 2.9 to 2.3), self-esteem/relationship to self (from 3.5 to 2.3), relationship to partner (from 4.7 to 2.9 [no partner was rated as “6”]), relationship to friends (from 2.5 to 2.0), ability to love (from 3.8 to 2.4), self-assessed sexual ability (from 3.5 to 2.4), self-assessed social ability (from 3.2 to 2.1), self-assessed working ability (from 3.3 to 2.4), and self-assessed quality of life (from 4.0 to 2.3. Quality of life as measured with QOL5 improved (from 3.6 to 2.3 on a scale from 1 to 5; p < 0.001). This general improvement strongly indicated that the patient had healed existentially, i.e., had experienced what Aaron Antonovsky (1923–1994) called “salutogenesis”, defined as the process exactly the opposite of pathogenesis. For the treatment responders, the treatment provided lasting benefits, without the negative side effects of drugs. A lasting, positive effect might also prevent many different types of problems in the future.
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Kar, Sujita Kumar, S. M. Yasir Arafat, Nisha Mani Pandey, Russell Kabir, and Shivangini Singh. "Suicide in the geriatric population of South East Asia - contexts and attributes." F1000Research 11 (October 27, 2022): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126744.1.
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Suicide in the geriatric population is a significant problem. Increasing age, living alone, having a psychiatric illness and medical comorbidities have been identified as risk factors for suicide among the elderly population. The elderly population in South East Asia is rapidly growing and the number of elderly people with mental illness and/or medical comorbidities is also increasing. The factors and attributes of suicide may vary from region to region due to socio-cultural and geographic diversities. Understanding these factors may help in planning suicide prevention strategies for the elderly population. There is a dearth of studies assessing the demography, risk factors for, and prevention of suicide among the elderly population in South East Asia. We tried to observe and explain the challenging paradigms to excerpt attributes and the context of geriatric suicide. It is observed in this review that lack of social integration or interaction along with some psychiatric disorders leads to suicidal ideation and completed suicide in the elderly. South East Asia has unique characteristics in several aspects like religious and cultural diversity, poverty, unemployment, demographic structure of the region, migration, natural disasters and calamities, political environment, poor policy implementation, and easy access to suicide means (e.g. pesticides). Primary care physicians, specialized mental health support, gate-keeper training, means restriction, raising awareness, supportive family environment, and dedicated call centers could be potential areas for suicide prevention among the elderly people of the region. Further studies are warranted to formulate effective suicide prevention strategies.
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Simpson, Hugh D., Zhibin Chen, Patrick Kwan, and Martin Brodie. "003 A markov/multi-state model of progression and dynamics of seizure freedom in in large cohort of patients with epilepsy." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 89, no. 6 (May 24, 2018): A2.3—A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-anzan.3.
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IntroductionEpilepsy is a common and often highly morbid disease, associated with a not insignificant mortality. Some aspects of epilepsy have been well studied, for example the genetic basis and phenomenology of certain epilepsy syndromes, while other aspects such as long-term outcomes in large cohorts of epilepsy patients are less well studied. Mathematical modelling can assist in the analysis and interpretation of patterns and trends in long-term cohort data, that might not otherwise be obvious intuitively or using standard statistical methods.MethodsMarkov chain and state based modelling have been successfully used in analysing the progression of stages of disease in other specialties, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy. We applied this methodology to disease progression in epilepsy, by applying it to long-term cohort data. We used data from a longitudinal observational cohort study of 1795 patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy, for up to 30 years. The patients were managed in typical, real world clinical practice.ResultsWe created a framework for conceptualising the natural history of epilepsy as a step-wise progression of disease through various stages, determined by seizure freedom and antiepileptic drug schedule. We adapted mathematical frameworks based on Markov chain and multi-state models to this model. We generated transition probabilities representing the dynamics of moving between stages of disease. This allowed us to analyse the dynamics of progression, and hence prognosis, in one of the largest and longest followed epilepsy cohorts in the world.ConclusionEpilepsy can be conceptualised as multi-stage, stepwise disease process. Markov and multistate models can be used to model the natural history of epilepsy, and inform us of the likely outcomes of epilepsy at the various stages in its progression. This quantification of outcomes can help us better inform patients of their prognosis at various stages in their illness.
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Doumen, M., S. Pazmino, D. Bertrand, D. De Cock, J. Joly, R. Westhovens, and P. Verschueren. "POS0207 UNRAVELING THE COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN DISEASE ACTIVITY AND FATIGUE IN EARLY RA: A MEDIATION ANALYSIS WITH DATA FROM THE CareRA TRIAL." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 339.1–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1349.
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BackgroundFatigue is recognized as one of the most important symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although inflammation is often proposed as the predominant pathophysiological mechanism, many patients with RA continue to experience fatigue despite inflammatory disease control. The relationship between RA disease activity and fatigue appears to be complex and is likely confounded by cognitive, emotional and social aspects.ObjectivesTo unravel the complex interaction between disease activity and fatigue in early RA.MethodsData were analyzed from the 2-year treat-to-target trial Care in early RA (CareRA), which compared different remission-induction DMARD regimens, either with or without bridging glucocorticoids, in treatment-naïve patients with early RA. Fatigue was measured on a visual analog scale (VAS) at every study visit. The association between inflammatory disease activity (DAS28-CRP) and fatigue (VAS) over time was studied with a multilevel mediation analysis, including as mediators the individual components of the DAS28-CRP, pain (VAS), disability (HAQ), psychosocial aspects (Short-Form 36 [SF-36]), illness perceptions (Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire [IPQ-R]), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]).ResultsA total of 356 patients were included in these analyses, with a mean (SD) fatigue (VAS) of 48/100 (24) at study initiation. Although there was a consistently positive association between DAS28-CRP and fatigue over time, this association was fully mediated by patient global assessment (PGA) and pain, and to a lesser extent by SF-36 Mental Health and the PSQI global score (Figure 1). Full mediation implies the absence of a significant direct association between DAS28-CRP and fatigue after adjusting for these mediators. In addition, no mediating effect was found for tender/swollen joint counts or CRP.Figure 1.Mediation analysis of the association between DAS28-CRP and fatigue (VAS) over time.Reported are the standardized regression coefficients with indicators of significance (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). DAS28-CRP = Disease Activity Score in 28 joints with C-reactive protein, SJC28/TJC28 = swollen/tender joint count in 28 joints, HAQ = Health Assessment Questionnaire, SF-36 = Short-Form 36, MH = mental health, RE = emotional role functioning, SF = social functioning, IPQ-R = Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality IndexConclusionOur mediation analysis suggests that the relationship between disease activity and fatigue in early RA is complex and fully mediated by aspects of wellbeing like pain, mental health, sleep quality, and the patient’s overall assessment of disease. These results imply a mainly indirect relation between fatigue and inflammation. Clinicians should reserve specific attention for the psychosocial determinants of fatigue, particularly when no improvement is seen with DMARDs.Disclosure of InterestsMichaël Doumen: None declared, Sofia Pazmino: None declared, Delphine Bertrand: None declared, Diederik De Cock: None declared, Johan Joly: None declared, Rene Westhovens Speakers bureau: Honoraria for lectures:- Celltrion- Gilead- Galapagos, Consultant of: - Celltrion- Gilead- Galapagos, Patrick Verschueren Speakers bureau: MSDGalapagosEli Lilly, Consultant of: SanofiGalapagosPfizerGilead, Grant/research support from: Pfizer Chair Management of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis at KU Leuven Belgium
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Alciati, Alessandra, Angelo Reggiani, Daniela Caldirola, and Giampaolo Perna. "Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology: Toward the Future of Personalized Psychiatry." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081340.
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The polygenic and multifactorial nature of many psychiatric disorders has hampered implementation of the personalized medicine approach in clinical practice. However, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged as an innovative tool for patient-specific disease modeling to expand the pathophysiology knowledge and treatment perspectives in the last decade. Current technologies enable adult human somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs to generate neural cells and direct neural cell conversion to model organisms that exhibit phenotypes close to human diseases, thereby effectively representing relevant aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this regard, iPSCs reflect patient pathophysiology and pharmacological responsiveness, particularly when cultured under conditions that emulate spatial tissue organization in brain organoids. Recently, the application of iPSCs has been frequently associated with gene editing that targets the disease-causing gene to deepen the illness pathophysiology and to conduct drug screening. Moreover, gene editing has provided a unique opportunity to repair the putative causative genetic lesions in patient-derived cells. Here, we review the use of iPSC technology to model and potentially treat neuropsychiatric disorders by illustrating the key studies on a series of mental disorders, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Future perspectives will involve the development of organ-on-a-chip platforms that control the microenvironmental conditions so as to reflect individual pathophysiological by adjusting physiochemical parameters according to personal health data. This strategy could open new ways by which to build a disease model that considers individual variability and tailors personalized treatments.
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Wilson, L. S., P. Devitt, and O. Hally. "Standards of prescription writing in a long-term psychogeriatric unit: a series of clinical audits." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32, no. 2 (October 13, 2014): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.58.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to improve the quality of prescription writing in a long-term psychogeriatric inpatient unit by a combination of serial audits and interventions designed to address the identified deficiencies.MethodsWe undertook three clinical audits of the prescription sheets used in an inpatient unit providing continuing care for residents with severe and enduring mental illness and dementia. Based on the findings of the first audit a set of prescribing guidelines was implemented into the ward. Following the second audit a new prescription sheet was developed. The format of the new prescription sheet was designed to account for the needs of the unit and to adhere to Irish and UK best practise guidelines. Two months after its introduction we undertook a third audit.ResultsCompletion of the drug sensitivity box increased from 25% at audit one to 100% at audit three. Other specific aspects of prescription writing that had been poor at the beginning of the audit cycle also showed improvement: prescribing of generic psychotropic drugs increased by 69% and inclusion of the prescribers Medical Council Registration Number increased by 78%. However, some basic aspects of prescription writing remained weak such as frequency of drug administration and documentation of the stop/review date for ‘as required’ medication.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that clinical audit and feedback can improve the quality of prescriptions in an in-patient setting.
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King, C., L. Bracken, E. McDonough, M. Pirmohamed, M. Peak, and D. Hawcutt. "P45 The acceptability of using genetic information to guide treatment of asthma to children, young people, and parents (pilot study)." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): e35.3-e36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.83.
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BackgroundThere are multiple pharmacogenomic studies in children’s asthma. It has not been established how (or if) children, young people or their parents/legal guardians would accept use of their genetic information to guide their treatment.AimTo determine the views of CYP, and parents/legal guardians, on aspects of using genetic testing to guide management of childhood asthma.MethodsFocus group session with both the Liverpool’s young people advisory group (YPAG), and Parents’ group, at Alder Hey Children’s Hospital. Group members completed anonymous questionnaires determining the importance and privacy associated with different themes of data, with a special focus on health data.ResultsThere were 11 responders, five parents/guardians and six CYP. Both the parents and the CYP considered personal data, such as date of birth, NI number and name, both the most important and the most private. Health data was considered the second most important, and private, although parents rated data from social media data an equal second in terms of privacy. Within healthcare data, CYP considered data regarding their mental health, followed by medical conditions and genomic data, as the sources to be of highest importance. Parents considered their child’s illnesses most important, followed by genomic data. In relation to privacy, CYP considered genomic data first followed by information concerning their mental health. The parents considered genomic data highest for data privacy.ConclusionFrom this session it is clear that health data in general, and genetic data in particular, has a high value of importance to CYP and parents, but there are variations in how data is prioritised. These pilot data will inform a large scale patient and parent acceptability study in personalised medicine and childhood asthma (CHANGE study).Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose
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Lan, Yi-Feng Carol, Diane C. Zelman, and Wen-Tao Chao. "Angry characters and frightened souls: Patients and family explanatory models of bipolar disorder in Taiwan." Transcultural Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461518761924.
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Bipolar disorder (BD) affects a significant proportion of Taiwanese individuals (Weissman et al., 1996; Yang, Yeh, & Hwu, 2012). Psychotropic medications are typically the mainstay of treatment for BD, and there is an abundance of international research on biological etiology and medication options. However, there is comparatively little research on psychosocial aspects of BD, including how it is understood and managed within families. As culture provides the context in which psychiatric disease is managed, there is a need to identify distinct Chinese psychosocial perspectives that might shed light on intervention options. This research explored how Taiwanese patients and family members comprehend and cope with BD. A sample of 42 participants, including 20 Taiwanese patients diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder-I (BD-I) for at least 4 years, and 22 family members, participated in separate interviews on explanatory models of illness. Qualitative thematic analysis focused on features that were distinct from those in current Western research literature. Five themes were identified that represented Taiwanese conceptualizations of BD, notions of etiology, views regarding treatment, and the difficulties in managing the disorder. Participants used Chinese language terms and descriptions of BD that reflected greater concerns about irritability, anger, and family conflict than about other symptoms, and participants also emphasized characterological trait descriptions of the condition. Their responses reflected their acceptance of lifelong family responsibility for caretaking, clashing beliefs regarding biomedical versus traditional Chinese medical and spiritual models of etiology and cure, profound concerns about the effects of psychiatric medication on the liver and kidney systems, and a focus on stress rather than genetic or biological models of etiology.
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Moritz, Steffen. "A Review on Quality of Life and Depression in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 13, S14 (2008): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900026894.
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AbstractQuality of life (QoL) is increasingly recognized as a pivotal outcome parameter in research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While the concept remains somewhat ill-defined, there is now little dispute that the patients’ personal goals deserve foremost consideration during the course of treatment as the primary aim of treatment should be relief from individual despair, which is related but by no means synonymous to symptom reduction. Studies using generic (ie, illness-unspecific) instruments have confirmed poor QoL in OCD patients across a wide range of domains, especially with respect to social, work role functioning, and mental health aspects. Scores are sometimes as low as those obtained by patients with schizophrenia. Depression and obsessions are the symptom clusters that most strongly contribute to low QoL. Findings from a novel survey of 105 OCD participants point to multiple daily life problems, poor work status, and tense social networks in these patients. In order to achieve therapeutic success and improve QoL, functional problems at work and comorbid disorders such as secondary depression and physical impairments should be targeted. While successful treatment sometimes positively impacts well-being, in some studies symptom decline did not translate into improved QoL.
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Stanciu, I., S. Siebert, D. Mackay, and D. Lyall. "OP0215 MENTAL HEALTH, SLEEP AND COGNITION CHARACTERISTICS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH RHEUMATOID FACTOR STATUS IN THE UK BIOBANK." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 129.2–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1767.
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Background:There are significant gaps in the literature regarding sleep, mental health, and cognition for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite being important aspects of patients’ overall quality of life. Similarly, there is a lack of understanding about the role of rheumatoid factor (RF) on these domains.Objectives:The aim of the current study was to characterize mental health, cognition, and sleep variables in people with RA and to compare these associations in people with positive RF (RF+) and negative RF (RF-) in a large population cohort.Methods:This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the UK Biobank cohort (n= 502,506) to compare people with and without RA and people that are RF+ versus RF- on a variety of sociodemographic, lifestyle, illness-related factors and depression, neuroticism, performance on cognitive tests and sleep-related factors. Logistic regression analyses were also performed to determine whether RF seropositivity was associated with mental health, cognition, and sleep variables. We adjusted for the covariates of age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation index, smoking status, BMI and alcohol intake.Results:In this sample 5,907 people self-reported having RA (1.17%), of which 74% were RF- and 26% were RF+. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between people with and without RA for depression, neuroticism, nap during the day, getting up in the morning, insomnia, reaction time, fluid intelligence and prospective memory. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between RF+ and RF- people for depression, neuroticism, sleep duration, nap during the day, getting up in the morning, insomnia, and reaction time. In the unadjusted regression analyses neuroticism (B=-0.06, SE= 0.01, p < 0.001), sleep duration (B=0.02, SE= 0.005, p < 0.001), nap during the day (OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.02-1.65, p < 0.05) and reaction time (B=4.55, SE=0.53, p< 0.001) were significantly associated with RF status. After adjusting for covariates, only sleep duration (B=0.01, SE=0.005, p< 0.01) remained significant.Conclusion:The current study suggests that RA diagnosis and RF status are associated with differences in mental health, sleep, and cognition, highlighting the importance of addressing these aspects in clinical settings and future research.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Semydotska, Zh D., and M. Yu Neffa. "Harmonization of the personality and human health in the modern world." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 17, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.17.1.2021.225726.
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With the deepening contradictions between the technocratic and spiritual development of humankind, the need for spiritual healing is becoming increasingly urgent. The path to spiritual healing is marked by the need to rethink the place and role of a human in the universe. The curing of spirituality is the valeological paradigm of the 21st century. Spirituality closely interacts with the so-called physical vacuum, on one side, and with the physical structures of the personality, on the other. By acknowledging the spiritual and physical structure of the personality, the conventional medicine seeks to restore only physical health, while neglecting its spiritual constant. Scientific evidence of the existence of a single energy system of the universe has already been revealed in the form of an experimentally substantiated theory of physical vacuum and torsion fields. If we want to get an adequate understanding of the fundamentals of health, disease, and personality development, we must certainly consider the spiritual aspect of being. The energy of thought directly controls health, stimulating it or, conversely, causing illness. Human thoughts are the primary information carrier, where the energy potential is encapsulated. It does not seem possible to explain energy processes in a body by the laws of classical physics. It is the domain of quantum physics. The domination of mind over matter is quantum reality. Some provisions of quantum physics are postulated by quantum biology. In particular, it concerns the corpuscular-wave duality of elementary biological objects, as well as the probability as a category related to the quantum essence of biological objects. Energy processes form the basis of human mental activity, and their laws describe the mechanisms of thinking and consciousness. There is a relationship between energy processes and body physiology, a correlation between substance and energy. In this way, consciousness and the energy of thought control health by stimulating it or, conversely, by causing illness. A spiritual person rises above his genetic destiny. Epigenetics studies the hidden impacts exerted on genes by multiple sources, including thoughts and beliefs. The power of thought changes a person’s genetic code. One should be willing to make changes in one’s thinking and consciousness. We influence the healing processes with our consciousness. The power of thought and speech plays a major role in harmonizing the personality and maintaining a person’s health.
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Savage, Sharon A. "Beginning at the ends: telomeres and human disease." F1000Research 7 (May 1, 2018): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14068.1.
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Studies of rare and common illnesses have led to remarkable progress in the understanding of the role of telomeres (nucleoprotein complexes at chromosome ends essential for chromosomal integrity) in human disease. Telomere biology disorders encompass a growing spectrum of conditions caused by rare pathogenic germline variants in genes encoding essential aspects of telomere function. Dyskeratosis congenita, a disorder at the severe end of this spectrum, typically presents in childhood with the classic triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and oral leukoplakia, accompanied by a very high risk of bone marrow failure, cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, and other medical problems. In contrast, the less severe end of the telomere biology disorder spectrum consists of middle-age or older adults with just one feature typically seen in dyskeratosis congenita, such as pulmonary fibrosis or bone marrow failure. In the common disease realm, large-scale molecular epidemiology studies have discovered novel associations between illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and mental health, and both telomere length and common genetic variants in telomere biology genes. This review highlights recent findings of telomere biology in human disease from both the rare and common disease perspectives. Multi-disciplinary collaborations between clinicians, basic scientists, and epidemiologist are essential as we seek to incorporate new telomere biology discoveries to improve health outcomes.
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Ventegodt, Søren, Suzette Thegler, Tove Andreasen, Flemming Struve, Lars Enevoldsen, Laila Bassaine, Margrethe Torp, and Joav Merrick. "Clinical Holistic Medicine (Mindful, Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Complemented with Bodywork) in the Treatment of Experienced Physical Illness and Chronic Pain." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.68.
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We investigated the treatment effect of psychodynamic short-term therapy complemented with bodywork on patients who presented with physical illness at the Research Clinic for Holistic Medicine in Copenhagen. Psychodynamic short-term therapy was complemented with bodywork (Marion Rosen) to help patients confront old emotional pain from childhood trauma(s). Patients were measured with a five-item quality of life and health questionnaire (QOL5), a one-item questionnaire of self-assessed quality of life (QOL1), and four questions on self-rated ability to love and to function sexually, socially, and at work (ability to sustain a full-time job). Most of the patients had chronic pain that could not be alleviated with drugs. Results showed that 31 patients with the experience of being severely physically ill (mostly from chronic pain), in spite of having consulted their own general practitioner, entered the study. The holistic approach and body therapy accelerated the therapy dramatically and no significant side effects were detected. After the intervention, 38.7% did not feel ill (1.73 < NNT < 4.58) (p = 0.05). Psychodynamic short-term therapy complemented with bodywork can help patients. When the patients responded to the therapy, the self-assessed mental health, relationship with partner, ability to work, self-assessed quality of life, relationships in general, measured QOL (with the validated questionnaire QOL5), and life's total state (mean of health, QOL and ability) were significantly improved, statistically and clinically. Most importantly, all aspects of life were improved simultaneously, due to induction of Antonovsky-salutogenesis. The patients received in average 20 sessions over 14 months at a cost of 1600 EURO. For the treatment responders, the treatment seemingly provided lasting benefits.
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Iles-Caven, Yasmin, Iain Bickerstaffe, Kate Northstone, and Jean Golding. "Spiritual and religious beliefs and behaviour: data collected from 27/28-year-old offspring in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 2019-2020." Wellcome Open Research 6 (August 24, 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17153.1.
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Religious/spiritual belief and practices have sometimes been demonstrated to have positive associations with outcomes such as coping with serious illness, anxiety, depression, negative life events and general well-being, and therefore warrants consideration in many facets of health research. For example, increasing secularisation evidenced, particularly in the West, may reflect increasing rates of depression and anxiety. Very few studies have charted the ways in which religious/spiritual beliefs and practices of parents and their offspring vary longitudinally or between generations. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is one such study that can relate belief and practices with aspects of physical and mental health and/or distinguish the different facets of the environment that may influence the development, or inter-generational loss, of belief and behaviours. This paper describes the 2019-2020 data collection in the ALSPAC on the religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours (RSBB) of the study offspring (born 1991/1992) at ages 27-28 years. Previously collected and new data on the offspring are described here and comparisons are made with identical data completed by their parents (mothers and their partners) in early 2020. The most striking observations are that in almost all aspects of RSBB the offspring of both sexes are more secular, especially when compared with their mothers. For example, 56.2% of offspring state that they do not believe in God, or a divine power compared with 26.6% of mothers and 45.3% of mothers’ partners. When asked about their type of religion, 65.4% of participants stated ‘none’, compared with 27.2% of mothers and 40.2% of partners. This confirms previous research reporting increasing secularisation from one generation to the next. As with the mothers and their partners, female offspring were more likely than males to believe in a divine power and to practice their beliefs.
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BARON, MIRON. "Genetic linkage in mental illness." Nature 346, no. 6285 (August 1990): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346618a0.
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Baron, Miron, Jean Endicott, and Jurg Ott. "Genetic Linkage in Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 5 (November 1990): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.5.645.
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Advances in genetic linkage strategies, including techniques of molecular genetics, augur well for the discovery of disease-related genes in mental disorders. Recent studies showing linkage of chromosomal loci to bipolar affective illness and schizophrenia attest to the potential in the ‘new genetics'. However, the failure to replicate some of the early findings has led to calls for re-evaluation of the methodology in psychiatric research. Problems in studying complex (psychiatric) disorders include diagnostic uncertainties, unclear mode of transmission, aetiological heterogeneity, cohort effects, and assortative mating. Knowing the potential pitfalls in linkage analysis of mental illness should avert spurious findings and will increase the prospects of success.
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Patil, Sngeeta, Prabhuswami Hiremath, and Mahadeo Shinde. "Impact of Back Massage on Physical and Psychological Measures in Chronically Ill Patients." International Journal of Current Research and Review 13, no. 17 (2021): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2021.131736.
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Introduction: The significance of massage in providing nursing care is frequently overlooked. Massage therapy has been shown to have beneficial effects, both physically and psychologically, on the whole person. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of giving chronically ill patients a back massage on their physiological and psychological markers while they were getting care at a tertiary care centre. Methods and Material: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence that back massage has on the physiological and psychological parameters of patients who suffer from chronic illnesses. 1. To determine the effect that back massage has on the physiological and psychological aspects of patients who are suffering from chronic illness. Methodology For the purpose of this study, a one-group, pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design was used to serve as the investigation’s research methodology. Result: This inquiry will focus on collecting samples from 50 chronically ill patients of both sexes between the ages of 16 and 60 who have been hospitalised to Krishna Hospital in Karad. The patients’ ages range from 16 to 60. The results showed that after three days of back massage, the mean score for anxiety decreased from 47 to 35, the score for stress decreased from 16 to 9, and the score for the Patient Health Questionnaire dropped from 58 to 39. After receiving a back massage for three days, the patient’s average pulse decreased from 82 to 75, the average respiration rate decreased from 26 to 19, the patient’s systolic blood pressure decreased from 141 to 129, and the patient’s diastolic blood pressure decreased from 95 to 83. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that massage therapy is a safe and effective treatment for patients in intensive care units to lower the severity of patients’ physical and mental health problems. As a consequence of this, regular application of back massage in the context of therapeutic therapy is strongly recommended.
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Daramilas, Christos, and Rusi Jaspal. "Measuring patient satisfaction: Insights from social psychology." Social Psychological Review 19, no. 1 (2017): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsspr.2017.19.1.20.
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This article focuses on patient satisfaction, itself based on patient experience, as a means of tapping into patient quality of care. Current measures of patient satisfaction are inadequate. For instance, some do not acknowledge the role of cultural diversity, values, and identities in patient satisfaction. The main purpose of this article is to identify the aspects of an adequate measure of patient satisfaction. A brief review of existing scales is provided. More specifically, a small sample of scales in the following healthcare contexts is critically evaluated: primary care; out-of-hours primary care; outpatient care; nursing care; chronic illness care; integrated elderly care; mental health care; psychiatric care; and compassionate care. Various healthcare settings are explored in order to provide a more holistic overview of patient satisfaction. Drawing on a range of social psychological theories of identity, representation, and action, it is argued that an appropriate measure should be patient-focused and capture patients’ perceptions and experiences of the care they receive; it should be culturally sensitive and consider cultural values; and it should encompass both the physical and psychological dimensions of healthcare. Conclusions provide general recommendations regarding the items that could form part of a new measure of patient satisfaction in healthcare, including a set of generic items that should constitute its backbone. This new universal measure could facilitate more systematic data collection surrounding patient satisfaction as well as the comparison of patient satisfaction in distinct healthcare contexts. A multi-faceted measure of patient satisfaction drawing on social psychological principles will be a pivotal tool for collecting data that are conducive to the improvement of patient quality of care.
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Gomez, A., F. H. Butrus, P. Johansson, E. Åkerström, S. Soukka, S. Emamikia, Y. Enman, S. Pettersson, and I. Parodis. "FRI0168 ASSOCIATION OF OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY WITH IMPAIRED HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 668–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4016.
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Background:Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experience a considerably impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared with the general population. Previous literature has implied an association between high body mass index (BMI) and HRQoL diminutions. However, data are scarce and further exploration in large study populations and, importantly, with regard to the clinical significance of this association is needed.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether overweight and/or obesity were associated with impaired physical and/or mental HRQoL aspects in the SLE population of two large clinical trials.Methods:We utilised pooled baseline data from the BLISS-52 (NCT00424476) and BLISS-76 (NCT00410384) clinical trials of belimumab (N=1684). Access to data was granted by GlaxoSmithKline. The patients were stratified into four groups based on their body mass index (BMI), according to WHO guidelines. We conducted comparisons between non-overweight versus overweight, and non-obese versus obese SLE patients. HRQoL was self-reported using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) short form 36 (SF-36) health survey, the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale and the three-level EuroQol- 5 Dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire. We explored whether the differences in scores were clinically meaningful using previously determined thresholds for minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs). The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparisons between different BMI groups. Linear regression analysis was next applied to test independence in multivariable models, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, disease duration, disease activity, organ damage and standard of care treatment.Results:Forty-four per cent (44%) of the patients had a BMI score over the normal range, and 18% were obese. The overweight group performed worse than the non-overweight with regard to FACIT-Fatigue scores (mean ± standard deviation: 27.7 ± 12.1 vs 32.0 ± 11.3; P<0.001), EQ-5D score (0.70 ± 0.19 vs 0.76 ± 0.18; P<0.001) and all SF-36 subscales and component summaries. The differences were greater than the MCIDs for physical component summary (PCS) scores (36.9 ± 9.3 vs 40.8 ± 9.6; P<0.001), physical functioning (53.3 ± 25.1 vs 63.6 ± 25-1; P<0.001), role physical (48.0 ± 27.1 vs 55.6 ± 26.9; P<0.001), bodily pain (43.8 ± 22.4 vs 52.5 ± 25.1; P<0.001), vitality (39.6 ± 21.7 vs 46.6 ± 21.3; P<0.001), and social functioning scores (55.8 ± 25.2 vs 62.6 ± 25.2; P<0.001). Likewise, obese patients reported worse FACIT-Fatigue scores (25.7 ± 11.9 vs 31.1 ± 11.6; P<0.001), EQ-5D scores (0.68 ± 0.20 vs 0.75 ± 0.18; P<0.001) and clinically important diminutions of HRQoL in all SF-36 items, except for the mental component summary (MCS), role emotional and mental health.In multivariable linear regression analysis, the overweight and obese group showed worse PCS scores (standardised coefficient: β=-0.09; P<0.001 and β=-0.13; P<0.001, respectively) and FACIT-Fatigue scores (β=-0.11; P<0.001 and β=-0.10; P<0.001, respectively), and overweight patients had significantly impaired MCS scores (β=-0.05; P=0.039), irrespective of other factors. High disease activity and organ damage were associated with impaired HRQoL in all aspects, while Asian patients reported better PCS scores (and β=0.29; P=0.007) and FACIT-Fatigue scores (β=0.33; P=0.002).Conclusion:BMI above normal was highly associated with HRQoL impairment, especially in physical aspects. Further survey to examine causality is warranted to support structured weight control strategies as an intervention towards a more favourable HRQoL.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Coverdale, John, Raymond Nairn, and Donna Claasen. "Depictions of Mental Illness in Print Media: A Prospective National Sample." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 5 (October 2002): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00998.x.
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Objective: Because there are no published reports of depictions of mental illness in print media based on national samples, we set out to prospectively collect and analyse a near complete New Zealand sample of print media. Methods: A commercial clipping bureau was contracted to provide cuttings of all items with any mental health or illness aspect over a four week period. These items were analysed for potentially positive and negative depictions and how mental illness was represented within each item. An independent search for additional newspaper items concerning one prominently featured topic indicated that the rate of identification of relevant stories was at least 91%. Result: The collection consisted of six hundred print items which were most commonly news or editorial pieces (n = 562, 93.7%). Negative depictions predominated, with dangerousness to others (n = 368, 61.3%) and criminality (n = 284, 47.3%) being the most common. Positive depictions, including human rights themes, leadership and educational accomplishments occurred in 27% (n = 164) of all items. Generic mental illness terminology without reference to specific diagnostic categories was present in 47% of all items (n = 284). Conclusions: Negative depictions that predominate confirm the stereotypic understanding of mental illness that is stigmatizing. These findings underscore the challenge facing us as mental health professionals attempting to change attitudes towards mental disorders when the stereotypes are so regularly reinforced.
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Pritchard, Dewi B., and Brian Harris. "Aspects of Perinatal Psychiatric Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 5 (November 1996): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.5.555.
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BackgroundIn view of the current changes in the National Health Service, it was considered an opportune time to review the literature on perinatal psychiatric illness.MethodA systematic review was undertaken of relevant articles on medline, ClinPsych and Excerpta Medica Psychiatry.ResultsSixty-eight articles were used in the review.ConclusionsDevelopments in the field of perinatal psychiatry include a greater understanding of the nosology and aetiology of the conditions, the effect of maternal illness on the child as well as transcultural factors. The perspective of the individual sufferer has been somewhat ignored. New treatments with both pharmacotherapy and hormones are emerging, but perhaps the greatest current challenge is to adapt our management strategies to community care.
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Ahmad Mir, Javaid, Bushra Mushtaq, and Onaisa Aalia Mushtaq. "Mental illness vs mental retardation." IP International Journal of Medical Paediatrics and Oncology 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmpo.2022.003.
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Mental illness and mental retardation are completely two different terms and with two different concepts in them and cannot be used interchangeably. Mental illness can be caused by number of causes like genetic causes, environmental causes and chemical imbalances in the brain. While mental retardation in the imbalance in normal development of the brain in an individual by which it can be categorized into mild Estimates of the prevalence of comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and mental retardation in community and clinical populations range from 14.3 to 67.3 percent. Mental illness can be described when behaviour of individuals is inappropriate, irrational, or unrealistic in most physical, or in mental illness the person’s behaviour is not normal. Mental disorder can be caused by physical, psychological or environmental factors, or a com- bination of all three. While mental illness is not level of intelligence, it is possible for a person to be both mentally ill and retarded.