Journal articles: 'Mental illness – Epidemiology'

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Tardiff, Kenneth. "Epidemiology of violence and mental illness." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 9, no. 4 (December 2000): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00008356.

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Kleinman, Arthur. "China: The Epidemiology of Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 2 (August 1996): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.2.129.

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Lilford, Philippa, and Julian C. Hughes. "Epidemiology and mental illness in old age." BJPsych Advances 26, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.56.

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SUMMARYThis is an overview of epidemiology relevant to mental health problems in old age. We start by reviewing some basic terminology: the definitions of prevalence and incidence; the difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology; the differences between study designs, including cross-sectional, case–control and cohort studies. We then cover the main epidemiological features of the major psychiatric diseases that affect older people (dementia and its different types, depression, late-onset schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, delirium, anxiety-related disorders, eating disorders, alcohol and substance misuse, personality disorders) and suicide.We end with some descriptive statistics regarding quality of life in older people.

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Younger, David S. "Epidemiology of Childhood and Adult Mental Illness." Neurologic Clinics 34, no. 4 (November 2016): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.010.

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Brink, Johann. "Epidemiology of mental illness in a correctional system." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18, no. 5 (September 2005): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000179493.15688.78.

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Williams, Donald H. "The Epidemiology of Mental Illness in Afro-Americans." Psychiatric Services 37, no. 1 (January 1986): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.37.1.42.

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Buka, S. L. "Psychiatric Epidemiology: Reducing the Global Burden of Mental Illness." American Journal of Epidemiology 168, no. 9 (September 18, 2008): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn298.

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Kendell, R. E., J. C. Chalmers, and C. Platz. "Epidemiology of Puerperal Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 5 (May 1987): 662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.5.662.

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Computer linkage of an obstetric register and a psychiatric case register made it possible to investigate the temporal relationship between childbirth and psychiatric contact in a population of 470 000 people over a 12-year period resulted in 54 087 births: 120 psychiatric admissions within 90 days of parturition. The ‘relative risk’ of admission to a psychiatric hospital with a psychotic illness was extremely high in the first 30 days after childbirth, particularly in primiparae, suggesting that metabolic factors are involved in the genesis of puerperal psychoses. However, being unmarried, having a first baby, Caesarian section and perinatal death were all associated with an increased risk of psychiatric admission or contact, or both, suggesting that psychological stresses also contribute to this high psychiatric morbidity. Women with a history of manic depressive illness, manic or depressive, had a much higher risk of psychiatric admission in the puerperium than those with a history of schizophrenia or depressive neuroses, and the majority of puerperal admissions met Research Diagnostic Criteria for manic or depressive disorder. Probably, therefore, puerperal psychoses are manic depressive illnesses and unrelated to schizophrenia.

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Brown, Hilary K., Zoe F. Cairncross, Lorraine L. Lipscombe, Andrew S. Wilton, Cindy-Lee Dennis, Joel G. Ray, Astrid Guttmann, and Simone N. Vigod. "Prepregnancy Diabetes and Perinatal Mental Illness: A Population-Based Latent Class Analysis." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 6 (November 12, 2019): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz254.

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Abstract We examined the risk of any perinatal mental illness associated with prepregnancy diabetes and identified how diabetes duration, complexity, and intensity of care affect this risk. We performed a population-based study of women aged 15–49 years with (n = 14,186) and without (n = 843,818) prepregnancy diabetes who had a singleton livebirth (Ontario, Canada, 2005–2015) and no recent mental illness. Modified Poisson regression estimated perinatal mental illness risk between conception and 1 year postpartum in women with versus without diabetes and in diabetes groups, defined by a latent class analysis of diabetes duration, complexity, and intensity-of-care variables, versus women without diabetes. Women with diabetes were more likely than those without to develop perinatal mental illness (18.1% vs. 16.0%; adjusted relative risk = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.15). Latent classes of women with diabetes were: uncomplicated and not receiving regular care (59.7%); complicated, with longstanding diabetes, and receiving regular care (16.4%); and recently diagnosed, with comorbidities, and receiving regular care (23.9%). Perinatal mental illness risk was elevated in all classes versus women without diabetes (adjusted relative risks: 1.09–1.12), but results for class 2 were nonsignificant after adjustment. Women with diabetes could benefit from preconception and perinatal strategies to reduce their mental illness risk.

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Howard, L. "Best practices in perinatal mental health for mothers with severe mental illness." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(18)30073-7.

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Perinatal mental disorders are common and can have a profound impact on women and their families. This session will briefly review the epidemiology of disorders in the perinatal period and current evidence on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. The role of the psychiatrist in helping women in their decision-making on treatment will be discussed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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Lawrence, David, Stephen Kisely, and Joanne Pais. "The Epidemiology of Excess Mortality in People with Mental Illness." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 55, no. 12 (December 2010): 752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371005501202.

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Betemps, Elizabeth J., and Cornelia Ragiel. "PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY: Facts and Myths on Mental Health and Illness." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 32, no. 5 (May 1994): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19940501-10.

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Latzman, Natasha E., Heather Ringeisen, Valerie L. Forman–Hoffman, Breda Munoz, Shari Miller, and Sarra L. Hedden. "Trends in mental health service use by age among adults with serious mental illness." Annals of Epidemiology 30 (February 2019): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.11.011.

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London, M. "Mental Illness Among Immigrant Minorities in the United Kingdom." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 3 (September 1986): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.3.265.

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Cross-cultural studies on immigrants from Pakistan and the New Commonwealth are reviewed, with emphasis on epidemiology and differences in clinical presentation. Their referral to the psychiatric service is also examined and deficiencies are noted. Awareness of transcultural issues among health professionals need to be increased in order to achieve diagnosis and improvements in health care.

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Tehrani, J. A., P. A. Brennan, S. Hodgins, and S. A. Mednick. "Mental illness and criminal violence." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, no. 13 (November 16, 1998): S81—S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050214.

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Amini, Homayoun, Reza Majdzadeh, Hasan Eftekhar-Ardebili, Amir Shabani, and Rozita Davari-Ashtiani. "How Mental Illness is Perceived by Iranian Medical Students: A Preliminary Study." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 9, no. 1 (April 19, 2013): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901309010062.

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The study aimed to assess medical students' attitudes toward mental illness following a 4-week psychiatry clerkship. All fifth-year medical students from three academic centers in Tehran were asked to participate in the study. They completed the questionnaire on the last day of their 4-week psychiatry clerkship. A self-administered questionnaire was used to examine participants' Attitudes Toward Mental Illness (ATMI). One hundred and sixty eight students completed the questionnaires (88.9% response rate). In general, the students had favorable attitudes toward mental illness at the end of their clerkship, with mean (± SD) ATMI total score of 78.6 (± 8.1) (neutral score, 66.0). The students showed the most favorable opinion (95.2%) about Category 5 (stereotypic attitude toward people with mental illness) whilst they revealed the least favorable opinion (64.3%) regarding Category 1 (social relations with people affected by mental illness). In addition, the students thought that movies were on the top of influential media on shaping the attitudes toward mental illness. Overall, most of Iranian medical students had generally favorable attitudes toward people with mental illness at the end of their clerkship. Therefore, it may be expected next generation of medical doctors show more favorable attitude toward mental illness.

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Glahn, David, Abraham Reichenberg, Sophia Frangou, and Hans Ormel. "Psychiatric neuroimaging: Joining forces with epidemiology." European Psychiatry 23, no. 4 (June 2008): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.09.014.

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AbstractSevere mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders have a major impact on public health. Disease prevalence and phenotypic expression are the products of environment and gene interactions. However, our incomplete understanding of their aetiology and pathophysiology thwarts primary prevention and early diagnosis and limits the effective application of currently available treatments as well as the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Neuroimaging can provide detailed in vivo information about the biological mechanisms underpinning the relationship between genetic variation and clinical phenotypes or response to treatment. However, the biological complexity of severe mental illness results from unknown or unpredictable interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors, many of which have only been partially identified. We propose that the use of epidemiological principles to neuroimaging research is a necessary next step in psychiatric research. Because of the complexity of mental disorders and the multiple risk factors involved only the use of large epidemiologically defined samples will allow us to study the broader spectrum of psychopathology, including sub-threshold presentation and explore pathophysiological processes and the functional impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on the onset and persistence of psychopathology.

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Kumar, R. "Postnatal mental illness: a transcultural perspective." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 29, no. 6 (1994): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00802048.

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Kringlen, Einar, Svenn Torgersen, and Victoria Cramer. "Mental illness in a rural area." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, no. 9 (May 26, 2006): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0080-0.

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Rowland, Tobias A., and Steven Marwaha. "Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 8, no. 9 (April 26, 2018): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125318769235.

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Bipolar disorder is a multifactorial illness with uncertain aetiology. Knowledge of potential risk factors enables clinicians to identify patients who are more likely to develop bipolar disorder, which directs further investigation, follow up and caution when prescribing. Ideally, identifying directly causative factors for bipolar disorder would enable intervention on an individual or population level to prevent the development of the illness, and improve outcomes through earlier treatment. This article reviews the epidemiology of bipolar disorder, along with putative demographic, genetic and environmental risk factors, while assessing the strength of these associations and to what extent they might be said to be ‘causative’. While numerous genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified, the attributable risk of individual factors is often small, and most are not specific to bipolar disorder but are associated with several mental illnesses. Therefore, while some genetic and environmental factors have strong evidence supporting their association with bipolar disorder, fewer have sufficient evidence to establish causality. There is increasing interest in the role of specific gene–environment interactions, as well as the mechanisms by which risk factors interact to lead to bipolar disorder.

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Henderson, A. S. "Psychiatric epidemiology now: some achievements and prospects." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2012): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000042.

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Aims.It is timely to ask what epidemiology has brought to our knowledge about mental illness and what information is proving of particular value. In this task, the first step is to identify the truly fundamental questions that the epidemiology of mental disorders should be expected to answer. This review is selectively directed at four such questions.Methods.A small number of significant publications were identified.Results.The extent to which some major questions in epidemiology have been answered is examined.Conclusions.When considered alongside epidemiological knowledge elsewhere in medicine, psychiatric epidemiology has indisputably proved to be a powerful tool. Descriptive studies have been particularly useful for advocacy and policy, while analytic studies of aetiology have yielded some valuable clues. There are now signs that linkage with neuroscience will bring further progress in understanding the causes of mental disorders.

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Häfner, Heinz, and Wolfram an der Heiden. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200204.

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Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of schizophrenia. Method: Narrative literature review. Results: Each year 1 in 10 000 adults (12 to 60 years of age) develops schizophrenia. Based on a restrictive and precise definition of the diagnosis and using standardized assessment methods and large, representative populations, the incidence rates appear stable across countries and cultures and over time, at least for the last 50 years. Schizophrenic patients are not born into ecological and social disadvantage. The uneven distribution of prevalence rates is a result of social selection: an early onset leads to social stagnation, a late onset to descent from a higher social status. The main age range of risk for schizophrenia is 20 to 35 years. It is still unclear whether schizophrenia-like late-onset psychoses (for example, late paraphrenia) after age 60 should be classified as schizophrenia either psychopathologically or etiologically. In 75% of cases, first admission is preceded by a prodromal phase with a mean length of 5 years and a psychotic prephase of one year's duration. On average, women fall ill 3 to 4 years later than men and show a second peak of onset around menopause. Consequently, late-onset schizophrenias are more frequent and more severe in women than in men. The sex difference in age of onset is smaller in cases with a high genetic load and greater in cases with a low genetic load. Type of onset and core symptoms do not differ between the sexes. The most pronounced sex difference is the socially negative illness behaviour of young men. Conclusions: Among the factors determining social course and outcome are level of social development at onset, the disorder itself (for example, genetic liability, severity of symptoms, and functional deficits), general biological factors (for example, estrogen), and sex- and age-specific illness behaviour.

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Brown, Hilary K., Amna Qazilbash, Nedda Rahim, Cindy-Lee Dennis, and Simone N. Vigod. "Chronic Medical Conditions and Peripartum Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." American Journal of Epidemiology 187, no. 9 (April 7, 2018): 2060–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy080.

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McCoy, Brittany M., Martin E. Rickert, Quetzal A. Class, Henrik Larsson, Paul Lichtenstein, and Brian M. D'Onofrio. "Mediators of the association between parental severe mental illness and offspring neurodevelopmental problems." Annals of Epidemiology 24, no. 9 (September 2014): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.05.010.

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McSweegan, Edward. "Infectious Diseases and Mental Illness: Is There a Link." Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, no. 1 (March 1998): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0401.980118.

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De Silva, M. J. "Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.029678.

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Blay, S. L., H. Bickel, and B. Cooper. "Mental illness in a cross-national perspective." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 26, no. 6 (1991): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00789215.

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Middleton, Nicos, Jonathan Evans, and David Gunnell. "Social fragmentation, severe mental illness and suicide." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0733-9.

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Keyes, Corey L. M., and Joseph G. Grzywacz. "Complete Health: Prevalence and Predictors among U.S. Adults in 1995." American Journal of Health Promotion 17, no. 2 (November 2002): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-17.2.122.

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Purpose. To operationalize, estimate the prevalence, and ascertain the epidemiology of complete health. Design. Cross-sectional analyses of self-reported survey data collected via a telephone interview and a self-administered questionnaire. Setting. Households in the 48 contiguous states in the United States in 1995. Subjects. Random-digit dialing sample of 3032 adults between the ages of 25 and 74, with a response rate of 61%. Measures. Physical illness and health were measured with a total of 37 items—a checklist of 29 chronic health conditions, a six-item scale of limitations of daily living, and a single item for perceived current health and for perceived 5-year change in energy. Mental illness and health were measured with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form diagnostic scale of major depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorders and three established multi-item scales of subjective well-being (emotional, psychological, and social well-being). Completely healthy adults have high levels of physical and mental health and low levels of physical and mental illnesses; completely unhealthy adults have high levels of physical and mental illnesses and low levels of physical and mental health. Incompletely healthy adults consisted of two groups: one group is physically healthy (high physical health and low physical illness) and mentally unhealthy, and the second group is mentally healthy (high mental health and low mental illness) and physically unhealthy. Results. Nineteen percent of adults were completely healthy, 18.8% were completely unhealthy, and 62.2% had a version of incomplete health. Compared with completely unhealthy adults, completely healthy adults are likely to be young (25–34 years of age) or old (55–64 and 65–74 years), are married, are male, are college educated, and have higher household incomes. Conclusions. Operationalizing complete health highlights objectives for increasing the prevalence of complete health, and reducing the prevalence of complete ill-health and incomplete health.

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O'Connor, Daniel W. "Epidemiology of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 12, S1 (July 2000): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610200006748.

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Epidemiology, which addresses the health of populations rather than that of individuals, is a complex discipline with a special language and set of methodologies that distinguish it from clinical research. Its objectives include identifying the causes of disease, mapping patterns of use of healthcare services, and measuring the costs to the community of mental and physical illness.

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Williams, Jill M., Kunal K. Gandhi, and Neal L. Benowitz. "Carbamazepine but Not Valproate Induces CYP2A6 Activity in Smokers with Mental Illness." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 19, no. 10 (August 18, 2010): 2582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0384.

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Forero, Carlos G., José I. Castro-Rodríguez, and Jordi Alonso. "Towards a biopsychosocial nosology of mental illness: challenges and opportunities for psychiatric epidemiology." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 69, no. 4 (October 13, 2014): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-203900.

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Pang, S., M. Subramaniam, S. P. Lee, Y. W. Lau, E. Abdin, B. Y. Chua, L. Picco, J. A. Vaingankar, and S. A. Chong. "The Singaporean public beliefs about the causes of mental illness: results from a multi-ethnic population-based study." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000105.

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Aims.To identify the common causal beliefs of mental illness in a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian community and describe the sociodemographic associations to said beliefs. The factor structure to the causal beliefs scale is explored. The causal beliefs relating to five different mental illnesses (alcohol abuse, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dementia and schizophrenia) and desire for social distance are also investigated.Methods.Data from 3006 participants from a nationwide vignette-based study on mental health literacy were analysed using factor analysis and multiple logistic regression to address the aims. Participants answered questions related to sociodemographic information, causal beliefs of mental illness and their desire for social distance towards those with mental illness.Results.Physical causes, psychosocial causes and personality causes were endorsed by the sample. Sociodemographic differences including ethnic, gender and age differences in causal beliefs were found in the sample. Differences in causal beliefs were shown across different mental illness vignettes though psychosocial causes was the most highly attributed cause across vignettes (endorsed by 97.9% of respondents), followed by personality causes (83.5%) and last, physical causes (37%). Physical causes were more likely to be endorsed for OCD, depression and schizophrenia. Psychosocial causes were less often endorsed for OCD. Personality causes were less endorsed for dementia but more associated with depression.Conclusions.The factor structure of the causal beliefs scale is not entirely the same as that found in previous research. Further research on the causal beliefs endorsed by Southeast Asian communities should be conducted to investigate other potential causes such as biogenetic factors and spiritual/supernatural causes. Mental health awareness campaigns should address causes of mental illness as a topic. Lay beliefs in the different causes must be acknowledged and it would be beneficial for the public to be informed of the causes of some of the most common mental illnesses in order to encourage help-seeking and treatment compliance.

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Swanson, Jeffrey W., E. Elizabeth McGinty, Seena Fazel, and Vickie M. Mays. "Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy." Annals of Epidemiology 25, no. 5 (May 2015): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.004.

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Rukavina, Tea Vukušić, Alexander Nawka, Ognjen Brborović, Nikolina Jovanović, Martina Rojnić Kuzman, Lucie Nawková, Bibiána Bednárová, Svetlana Žuchová, Marie Hrodková, and Zuzana Lattová. "Development of the PICMIN (picture of mental illness in newspapers): instrument to assess mental illness stigma in print media." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, no. 7 (August 3, 2011): 1131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0419-z.

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Faulkner, Mary-Rose, Lucy C. Barker, Simone N. Vigod, Cindy-Lee Dennis, and Hilary K. Brown. "Collective impact of chronic medical conditions and poverty on perinatal mental illness: population-based cohort study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, no. 2 (November 2, 2019): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-212714.

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BackgroundChronic medical conditions (CMCs) and poverty commonly co-occur and, while both have been shown to independently increase the risk of perinatal mental illness, their collective impact has not been examined.MethodsThis population-based study included 853 433 Ontario (Canada) women with a singleton live birth and no recent mental healthcare. CMCs were identified using validated algorithms and disease registries, and poverty was ascertained using neighbourhood income quintile. Perinatal mental illness was defined as a healthcare encounter for a mental health or substance use disorder in pregnancy or the first year postpartum. Modified Poisson regression was used to test the independent impacts of CMC and poverty on perinatal mental illness risk, adjusted for covariates, and additive interaction between the two exposures was assessed using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and synergy index (SI).ResultsCMC and poverty were each independently associated with increased risk of perinatal mental illness (CMC vs no CMC exposure: 19.8% vs 15.6%, adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.21, 95% CI (CI) 1.20 to 1.23; poverty vs no poverty exposure: 16.7% vs 15.5%, aRR 1.06, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.07). However, measures of additive interaction for the collective impact of both exposures on perinatal mental illness risk were not statistically significant (RERI 0.02, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.06; SI 1.09, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.24).ConclusionCMC and poverty are independent risk factors for perinatal mental illness and should be assessed as part of a comprehensive management programme that includes prevention strategies and effective screening and treatment pathways.

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Muirhead, Lisa. "Cancer Risk Factors Among Adults with Serious Mental Illness." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 46, no. 3 (March 2014): S98—S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.028.

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Varshney, Mohit, Ananya Mahapatra, Vijay Krishnan, Rishab Gupta, and Koushik Sinha Deb. "Violence and mental illness: what is the true story?" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 70, no. 3 (August 28, 2015): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205546.

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Hogan, M. "Mental health reform under policy mainstreaming: needed, but uncertain." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 23, no. 1 (November 13, 2013): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796013000632.

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October 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's message to the US Congress on the need to reform mental healthcare. Much has changed in that time. In 2006, Frank and Glied summarized these changes and the forces behind them, finding that the well-being of people with mental illness was ‘better but not well.’ They also conclude that most improvements have been due to ‘mainstreaming,’ the inclusion of those with mental illness in broad reforms such as Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. With the gradual assimilation of mental health concerns, leadership and resources into mainstream programmes and agencies, future improvements will require that these programmes are accessible and oriented to people with mental illness. The passage of broad health reform legislation in 2010 (the Affordable Care Act) reinforces this change; several of its provisions attempt to make healthcare more relevant to the population with mental illness. In this editorial, I discuss a set of challenges which remain for the population with mental illness in the healthcare system, and the prospects for change. These challenges include: (1) improving basic mental healthcare in primary care, (2) improving mental healthcare for children, (3) earlier detection and treatment of psychotic illness, (4) disability and unemployment and (5) the challenge of sustaining an adequate, speciality public mental healthcare system under conditions of mainstreaming. In general, I conclude that the prospects for successful reform are uncertain. Establishing mental healthcare specialization in mainstream systems has not been notably successful to date.

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Osam, Cemre Su, Matthias Pierce, Holly Hope, Darren M. Ashcroft, and Kathryn M. Abel. "The influence of maternal mental illness on vaccination uptake in children: a UK population-based cohort study." European Journal of Epidemiology 35, no. 9 (April 24, 2020): 879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00632-5.

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Abstract Reduced vaccination uptake is a growing and global public health concern. There is limited knowledge about the effect of maternal mental illness (MMI) on rates of childhood vaccination. This retrospective cohort study examined 479,949 mother-baby pairs born between 1993 and 2015 in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD GOLD), a UK-based, primary health-care database. The influence of MMI on children’s vaccination status at two and five years of age was investigated using logistic regression adjusting for sex of the child, child ethnicity, delivery year, maternal age, practice level deprivation quintile and region. The vaccinations were: 5-in-1 (DTaP/IPV/Hib) and first dose MMR by the age of two; and all three doses of 5-in-1, first and second dose of MMR vaccines by the age of five. Exposure to MMI was defined using recorded clinical events for: depression, anxiety, psychosis, eating disorder, personality disorder and alcohol and substance misuse disorders. The likelihood that a child completed their recommended vaccinations by the age of two and five was significantly lower among children with MMI compared to children with mothers without mental illness [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.86, 95% CI 0.84–0.88, p < 0.001]. The strongest effect was observed for children exposed to maternal alcohol or substance misuse (at two years aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.44–0.58, p < 0.001). In the UK, an estimated five thousand more children per year would be vaccinated if children with MMI had the same vaccination rates as children with well mothers. Maternal mental illness is a hitherto largely unrecognised reason that children may be missing vital vaccinations at two and five years of age. This risk is highest for those children living with maternal alcohol or substance misuse.

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Link, Bruce G., and Ann Stueve. "Evidence Bearing on Mental Illness as a Possible Cause of Violent Behavior." Epidemiologic Reviews 17, no. 1 (1995): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036173.

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Breakey, W. R., and P. J. Fischer. "Mental illness and the continuum of residential stability." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00790651.

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Arboleda-Flórez, J., H. Holley, and A. Crisanti. "Understanding causal paths between mental illness and violence." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, no. 13 (November 16, 1998): S38—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001270050208.

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Iwagami, Masao, Kathryn Mansfield, Joseph Hayes, Kate Walters, David Osborn, Liam Smeeth, Dorothea Nitsch, and Laurie Tomlinson. "Severe mental illness and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study in the United Kingdom." Clinical Epidemiology Volume 10 (April 2018): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/clep.s154841.

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Colpe, Lisa J., Joan F. Epstein, Peggy R. Barker, and Joseph C. Gfroerer. "Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)." Annals of Epidemiology 19, no. 3 (March 2009): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.09.005.

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Younger, David S. "Epidemiology of Childhood Mental Illness: A Review of U.S. Surveillance Data and the Literature." World Journal of Neuroscience 07, no. 01 (2017): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjns.2017.71005.

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EVENGÅRD, BIRGITTA, ANDREAS JACKS, NANCY L. PEDERSEN, and PATRICK F. SULLIVAN. "The epidemiology of chronic fatigue in the Swedish Twin Registry." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 9 (September 2005): 1317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705005052.

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Background. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) remains an idiopathic and controversial entity.Method. We screened 31405 individual members of the Swedish Twin Registry (aged 42–64 years) for the symptoms of fatiguing illness via a telephone questionnaire. We refined self-reported symptoms via data from several national registries and from physician review of all available medical records in order to approximate closely the dominant case definition of CFS.Findings. The 6-month prevalence of CFS-like illness was 2·36% (95% CI 2·19–2·53) and was markedly higher in women than men, odds ratio 3.92 (95% CI 3·24–4·72) with no significant association with age or years of education. There was a highly significant association with occupation that disappeared after accounting for gender.Interpretation. CFS-like illness may be more common that previously acknowledged. There is a marked increase in risk by gender. Previous reports that CFS is more prevalent in individuals in certain occupational categories were not confirmed and may have been due to confounding by gender.

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Péter, Ujma Przemyslaw. "Kognitív epidemiológia – Az intelligenciaszint prospektív összefüggése a szomatikus és pszichiátriai betegségrizikóval." Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika 22, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 50–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0406.22.2021.002.

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A kognitív epidemiológia az intelligencia és az egészségi állapot összefüggésének tudo- mánya. A modern, sokszor több százezer fős, teljes populációkon végzett kognitív epide- miológiai vizsgálatok eredményei alapján a magasabb premorbid intelligencia gya- korlatilag valamennyi mentális betegség, illetve pszichiátriai probléma alacsonyabb kockázatával függ össze. A magasabb premorbid intelligencia a halálozás, a szív- és ér- rendszeri betegségek, a metabolikus betegségek, a rossz egészség-magatartás és számos kisebb népegészségügyi jelentőségű betegség előfordulásával is negatívan függ össze; a légzőszervi betegségekkel és a dohányzáshoz nem köthető daganatokkal azonban gyen- ge vagy hiányzik az összefüggés. A mentális betegségekkel való összefüggést nem, a szo- matikus betegségekkel és a mortalitással való összefüggést azonban részben mediálják a felnőttkori szocioökonómiai státusz mutatói. A speciális vizsgálati elrendezések – úgymint ikerkontroll-vizsgálatok, pszeudoexperimentális vizsgálatok, valamint a mendeli ran- domizáció módszerét használó molekuláris genetikai vizsgálatok – eredményei arra utal- nak, hogy az intelligencia és az egészség közötti kapcsolat jelentős részét genetikai ténye- zők közvetítik, de a szomatikus egészségre a magasabb intelligencia következményeként elérhető jobb szocioökonómiai státusz is szerény hatást gyakorol.Cognitive epidemiology is the science of the relationship between intelligence and health. Modern studies of cognitive epidemiology, often with samples of several hundreds of thousands of individuals, have revealed that higher premorbid intelligence is associated with a lower risk of virtually all of mental illnesses and psychiatric problems. Higher premorbid intelligence is also associated negatively with the incidence of mortality, circulatory illness, metabolic illness, poor health behavior and many diseases of lower epidemiological significance, but its relationship to respiratory illness and non-smoking related cancers is weaker or non-existent. Indicators of adult socioeconomic status do not mediate the association between intelligence and mental illness, but they do partially mediate the relationship with somatic illness and mortality. Studies with special designs -twin control studies, pseudo-experimental studies and molecular genetic studies using Mendelian randomization – suggest that the relationship between intelligence and health is heavily mediated by genetic factors, but somatic health may be modestly but causally improved by better social status as a consequence of higher intelligence.

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Foreman, David. "The psychiatry of children aged 0–4: advances in assessment, diagnosis and treatment." BJPsych Advances 21, no. 6 (November 2015): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.014100.

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SummaryMental illness in very young children is relatively rare and the number of 0- to 4-year-olds seen in secondary care psychiatric services has recently declined. Conceptualisation of mental illness in this age group is shifting towards a model that views disorders as part of the wider spectrum of diagnoses, rather than distinct, developmentally specific conditions. This article discusses the epidemiology of psychiatric illness in preschool children, evaluates assessment tools that have only recently been validated for use in secondary care and considers evidence of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of early intervention using treatments encompassing pharmacological, psychological and social approaches.

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Dell'Osso, Liliana, Primo Lorenzi, and Barbara Carpita. "Autistic Traits and Illness Trajectories." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 15, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010094.

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In the framework of increasing attention towards autism-related conditions, a growing number of studies have recently investigated the prevalence and features of sub-threshold Autistic Traits (ATs) among adults. ATs span across the general population, being more pronounced in several clinical groups of patients affected by psychiatric disorders. Moreover, ATs seem to be associated with specific personality features in non-clinical population, implying both a higher vulnerability towards psychopathology and extraordinary talents in specific fields. In this framework, the DSM-5’s Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presentations may be considered as the tip of an iceberg that features several possible clinical and non-clinical phenotypes. Globally, the autism spectrum may be considered as a trans-nosographic dimension, which may not only represent the starting point for the development of different psychopathological trajectories but also underlie non-psychopathological personality traits. These different trajectories might be shaped by the specific localization and severity of the neurodevelopmental alteration and by its interaction with the environment and lifetime events. In this wider framework, autistic-like neurodevelopmental alterations may be considered as a general vulnerability factor for different kinds of psychiatric disorders, but also the neurobiological basis for the development of extraordinary abilities, eventually underlying the concept of geniality. Moreover, according to recent literature, we hypothesize that ATs may also be involved in the functioning of human mind, featuring the peculiar sense of “otherness” which can be found, with different grades of intensity, in every human being.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mental illness – Epidemiology'

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