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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mental illiness – South Africa – Limpopo Province'
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1
Makgato, Lephai Irene. "Perceptions of learners in selected rural secondary schools towards mental illness : the case of Ga-Dikgale Community, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3362.
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Thesis(M.A.( Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020The growing number of young people in schools presenting with mental illness is increasingly becoming a disconcerting issue locally and globally. This qualitative study sought to explore the perceptions of mental illness by learners drawn from four secondary schools in Ga-Dikgale rural community (Limpopo Province). Twenty-seven learners (males = 14; females = 13) were selected through purposive sampling and requested to participate in the study. Semi-structured individual interviews and focus group discussions (n = 2) were conducted. The following three themes emerged from the data: a) Knowledge of mental illness, its causes and symptoms b) Knowledge on the management and types of interventions needed for mental illness c) Challenges associated with mentally ill people. The themes and sub-themes emerging suggested deep seated Afrocentric cultural perceptions which tended to shape learners’ views and understanding of mental illness. Some paradoxical explanations with regard to mental illness also emerged. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that mental health literacy campaigns be conducted in schools
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Kruger, Qunessa. "Treatment of mental health illness by Afrikaans speaking church leaders in Polokwane Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1016.
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Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology)) --Univesity of Limpopo, 2013South Africa has a growing rate of mental health care users. Because of the lack of health resources and personal beliefs many of these mental health care users consult with their church leaders. The treatment of mental illness by clergy in South Africa is largely undocumented. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the treatment of mental illness by Afrikaans speaking church leaders in Polokwane, Limpopo Province. To gain a deeper understanding of the views held by the Afrikaans-speaking church leaders, a qualitative approach was utilized. Ten participants agreed to participate in the study. The results tend to suggest that most of the respondents use a combination of supportive therapy and teachings from scripture to treat some mental illnesses, and that they feel positive towards collaboration with other mental health care professionals. Lastly the results indicated that most respondents emphasized the importance of homophily in referral criteria. Key Concepts Mental illness; Christian church; Afrikaans speaking; church leader; treatment
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Netshakhuma, Nancy. "The experience of non- psychiatric trained professional nurses with regard to care of mental health care users in the Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1529.
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Nevhudoli, Nyadzani Dolphus. "Traditional healing modalities in the provision of mental illness in Vhembe, Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1136.
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MAASCentre for African Studies
The study sought to explore the use of traditional healing modalities in the provision of mental illness in the Vhembe district of Limpopo province. Traditional medicine has been used for thousands of years by indigenous people in South Africa and Africa as a whole, and demonstrated efficacy in treating a wide range of health issue. Many of the medicines in contemporary biomedical treatment are derived from plants and herbs used by indigenous people throughout the world. The objectives of the study were to describe the profile of the clients that visit the traditional healers, to explain traditional healers’ diagnostic strategies of mental illness, to explain the traditional healing treatment modalities in the treatment of various forms of mental illness and to discuss traditional healers’ prevention methods of mental illness. The study was guided by indigenous theory of health and illness as a theoretical framework, and for supporting the literature, a theory of African perspective theory was used. A qualitative research approach was used in order to have an in-depth understanding of the modalities of traditional healing in the provision of mental health care. Case study approach was used. Participants were selected purposively around Vhembe district in Limpopo province and snowball sampling technique was applied in order to identify and recruit relevant participants. The researcher conducted semi -structured interviews to gather the relevant data. Data analysis was based on the interpretative philosophy that aimed at examining meaning and symbolic content of qualitative data. Thematic analysis method was employed. The findings of the study confirmed that traditional healing is still widely used in the communities in the provision of mental illness and that there are a variety of diagnostic, treatment and prevention methods in the provision of mental illness. The findings also show that as much as there are challenges facing traditional healing in treatment of mental illness, there is a need to introduce their modalities in the healthcare system of South Africa, Africa and the whole world. Programs that aim to educate the communities about traditional healing modalities should also be established by the Department of Health and the relevant stakeholders such as traditional healers’ organizations.
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Madzhie, Mpho. "The explanations and treatment of mental illness by traditional healers in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province in South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/220.
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Manenzhe, Tovhowani. "Adherence of antiretroviral therapy and mental health of HIV-diagnosed patients in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1501.
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MA (Psychology)Department of Psychology
Background: Given that there is 57.7 million HIV-diagnosed people living in South Africa and the government has established the largest public antiretroviral programme in the whole world but only 53% are adhering. Adherence remains a challenge, due to presence of mental health issues among HIV diagnosed. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate adherence to antiretroviral therapy and mental health of HIV-diagnosed patients in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methods: This was a mixed method study using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. In the quantitative approach, triangulation was utilised in the form of a questionnaire and patients records. Simple random sampling was used to select 134, descriptive analysis using SPSS version 25. For the qualitative approach, a phenomenological research designs was considered and convenience sampling was used to select fifteen participants (15). Data was collected using semi-structured interview; responses were analysed using a computer-aided program called, ATLAS ti. Results: The self-report of adherence was 94.8 %, objectively 39.6% of CD4 count <200c/mm3 at baseline and 34.3% CD4 count after six months was found. 16.5% of females and 2% of males defaulted treatment and 14.9% of missed medical appointments 1-6 times. This study also revealed the mental health issues that HIV-diagnosed patients are struggling with after the diagnosis include the stages of grief, stress, depression, anxiety, mistrust, shame, stigma and discrimination. Recommendation: Effective strategies need to be enhanced and tailor made in effort to encourage patients to take ART diligently. The healthcare providers, community members and the government should be made aware of mental health issues.
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Matambela, Konanani Constance. "Challenges of Families with Relatives Living with Mental Illness: A case of Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District in Limpopo Province." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1328.
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MA (Sociology)Department of African Studies
The aim of the study was to investigate the challenges faced by families living with mentally ill relatives in Thulamela municipality in the Vhembe district, Limpopo province. The objectives of the study were to investigate the impact that caring for a mentally ill person had on the family members; to explore the strategies adopted by families to enable them to cope better with the challenges they faced when caring for their mentally ill relatives; and to understand the support services that were provided to families by health care professionals to enable them to cope with such challenges. A Nonprobability sampling, in particular its subtype convenience samplings was used to select five families who participated in the study. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the main care givers and a focus group discussion took place to gather more in-depth information from at least three members of each family. Those selected to participate in the study were all family members who were involved in the care giving responsibility. All participants were caring for mentally ill relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia, substance induced psychosis or bipolar affective. The care recipient had to be admitted at Hayani psychiatry hospital. Data extracted from the participants was analysed thematically following the six stages of thematic data analysis.The research findings obtained from family caregivers from Thulamela municipality found in the Vhembe district within the Limpopo province, highlighted that taking care of a family members with mental illness comes with a number of challenges. The impact was experienced by all members of the family irrespective of the age, social or financial status. The impact was experienced emotionally, physically, socially and financially. All participants also reported to be experiencing burnout. They prefer their loved ones to remain living in mental institution as it gives them a chance to live normal lives.
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Khumalo, Tsakani Adonia. "The perceptions of mental health care users regarding the factors leading to their re-admissions at Letaba Hospital in Limpopo Province." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/369.
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Ramovha, M. R. "A programme to facilitate the implementation of Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 by Medical doctors in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/882.
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PhD (Advanced Nursing Science)Department of Advanced Nursing Science
iii Abstract The Mental Health Act is the law which sets out when you can be admitted, detained, and treated in hospital against your wishes. It is also known as being “sectioned”. For this to happen, certain people must agree that you have a mental disorder that requires a stay in hospital. In South Africa, the Mental Health Act of 1973 was noted to have many gaps. Due to all the shortcomings, in 2004 the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 came into being in order to protect human rights of the mental health care users. This study sought to determine the knowledge and explore the experiences of medical doctors regarding the implementation of Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002. Secondly, based on the findings, to develop a programme to facilitate the implementation of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 by medical doctors in Vhembe District. The population of this study consisted of all medical doctors working in Vhembe District Hospitals with mental health units and at a specialized mental health hospital as well as all documents completed by medical doctors during admission, care and discharge of mental health care users were purposively sampled. The study was conducted in two phases. In phase 1, where quantitative and qualitative designs were followed to do situational analysis. In phase 2, the programme was developed using results from phase 1, the theoretical framework and approaches outlined by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968); Chinn and Krammer (1999); Walker and Avant (1995). Individual in-depth interviews and questionnaires checklist were used to collect data which was analysed through opened coding method and SPSS. The findings of this study indicate that medical doctors have knowledge and skills deficit regarding implementation of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 during the admission, care, and discharge of mental health care users. Based on these, a programme to facilitate the implementation of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 by medical doctors during admission, care and discharge of mental health care users was developed. The study concludes that this is a significant contributor in supporting the vision of the National Department of Health to ensure improved mental health for all in South Africa. The study recommends a longitudinal study, tracking the impact of a developed programme, the knowledge of medical doctors regarding the implementation of Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002, and its contribution to the improvement of mental health for all should be conducted over a period of 5 (five) to 10 (ten) years
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Nkuna, Thembi. "Experiences of family members of persons living with mental illness in Capricorn District, Limpopo Province; South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3127.
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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019Background- care of the mentally ill by family members is done with little or no supervision by skilled health workers. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the experiences of family members of patients living with mental illness in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province in South Africa. Objective- to explore and describe the experiences of family members caring for patients living with mental illness. Methods- A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory design was used. Non-probability sampling of the purposive and convenient type was used to explore and describe the experiences of family members of patients living with mental illness in the Capricorn District. Data were collected from fifteen family members caring for MHCUs, by using open-ended semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data were audio recorded and observations were done during interviews. Trustworthiness was ensured by applying credibility, transferability, confirmability and dependability. Data were analysed using Tech’s open-coding method. Results- family members experience disruptive behaviour from MHCUs and they also have to adapt to new routines that are at times unfavourable. As a result, the family members’ health and quality of life are affected, thus making them susceptible to having mental illness and other medical conditions as well. Conclusion- There is a need for family members caring for persons living with mental illness to be given emotional and social support. community projects such as support groups for family members caring for MHCUs and goal directed standard operations procedures at the Psychiatric Ward – specifically designed and implemented for family members caring for MHCUs, are recommended.
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Lavhelani, Ndivhaleni Robert. "Development of a model to support reintegration of male state patients into their families in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1284.
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PhD (Nursing Science)Department of Advanced Nursing Science
State patients are admitted to the psychiatric hospital after being declared as such by a court of law in South Africa. After successful rehabilitation of state patients at the psychiatric hospital, they need to be reintegrated into their families. Perceptions of family members of male state patients regarding reintegration including development of a model to support such reintegration, is not largely explored in the scientific body of knowledge. The aim of this study was to develop a model to support reintegration of state patients into their families in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative approach using descriptive, explorative, and contextual designs was adopted for this study. The study population was family members whose relatives are male state patients admitted and recorded in the admission register of Hayani Hospital, in Limpopo Province. The study was conducted in two phases of which phase one was a situational analysis, and phase two was the development of the model to reintegrate male state patients into their families. This study was conceptualized within the Social Ecological Model (SEM) of human behaviour (Stokols, 2013), the grounded theory for model development outlined in Dickoff et al. (1968), and the approaches outlined in Chinn and Kramer (2008); Walker and Avant (1995). Model evaluation was done by a group of health professionals, some of whom are advanced psychiatric nurses who are doing masters and doctoral studies, and one doctoral graduate who is also an advanced psychiatric nurse. Presentations were made to this group during peer review sessions who in turn gave critical comments regarding the developed model to support reintegration of male state patients until the final model was accepted. Non-probability purposive and convenient sampling were used to sample a hospital and 10 family members of Venda-speaking male state patients. In-depth individual interviews were used as the instrument to collect data which was pretested on one family member who did not form part of the study. Data was analysed using thematic analysis approach. Data was co-coded by an independent doctoral degree graduate to ensure trustworthiness. Conducting home visits by health professionals came up strongly during data analysis. Credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability to ensure trustworthiness of the study, as well as ethical considerations were adhered to. The findings of the study yielded two themes, being perceptions of participants regarding reintegration of male state patients, and perceptions of participants regarding the support needed from family members to reintegrate male state patients. During phase one, the results indicated that family members accept reintegration and also that they indicated the kind of support needed, that lead to phase two of developing a model to reintegrate male state patients. The study was restricted to only one hospital in the Vhembe District out of the five districts of the Limpopo Province.The researcher acknowledges that this study was contextual and that only family members of male state patients were interviewed, the perceptions of family members of female state patients were not heard. The study concluded that there are perceptions that family members of male state patients have regarding reintegration of these patients into their families. Furthermore, family members of male state patients can describe the kind of support that they need in order to reintegrate male state patients into their families. This should be done using the developed model that should involve family members and the community. The study recommends that psychiatric hospitals should implement the model involving family members of male state patients. Furthermore, a longitudinal study should be conducted for a period of 3-5 years to check the effectiveness of the model.
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Molepo, Mamokota Maggie. "Lived experiences of young people living with mental health care users in Limpopo Province." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24861.
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the lived experiences of young
people living with mental healthcare users (MHCUs) in order to gain insight into
their needs and how their daily coping can be maximised. A qualitative,
descriptive phenomenology study was undertaken, with face-to-face, audiorecorded
individual in-depth interviews conducted with 10 participants aged
between 19 and 23 years, at their homes. Participants were recruited from one
of the local health clinics in Dikgale area, Limpopo province, where the MHCUs
collect medication and attend follow-up medical reviews. Non-probability
purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample size.
The following were the objectives of the study:
To explore and describe the lived experiences of young people living with
MHCUs.
To determine the coping strategies of young people living with MHCUs.
Five themes and 12 sub-themes emerged from the study. The findings of the
study revealed that young people were faced with psychological effects, caring
demands and responsibilities, effects on their schooling performance, and lack of
coping and support. The study results informed recommendations to the
psychiatric nursing services on the needs and support to be provided to these
young people in order to ensure maximum coping in their life situation.Health Studies
M.A. (Nursing Science)
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Rangwawaneni, M. E. "The role of professional nurses towards the provision of mental healthcare to mental health care users within a selected hospital in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/809.
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Makhwanya, Tshililo Edwin. "Inter-professional collaboration among membrs of the mental health team at Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/243.
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Mubvafhi, Norman Lufuno. "Implementation of the 72 hour assessment policy of involuntary mental health care users at General Hospitals in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/854.
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Matumba, Khensani Beauty. "External difficulties facing mentally disabled children in Grace and Love Special School in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/199.
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Mbedzi, Takalani Ellen. "The experiences of family members regarding 72-hours assessment admission of a mental health care user at selected hospital in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, SA." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1130.
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MCurDepartment of Advanced Nursing Science
Background: In South Africa the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 direct district hospitals to render 72-hour assessment of the MHCU’s. In Vhembe district 72- hour assessment is implemented in public general hospital. Purpose: The study determined the experiences of family members regarding 72-hour assessment admission of MHCU’s at selected hospital in Vhembe District. Methodology: The research design was qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual in nature. The study population consisted of the family members of the MHCU’s admitted for 72-hour assessment. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 family members. This study used in-depth individual interviews to collect data until data saturation was reached and analysed using Tesch’s steps. Ethical consideration and measures to ensure trustworthiness were given attention to throughout the study. Results: Three themes emerged from analysed data which is negative experiences of family’s members, family member’s experience on coping mechanism and structural constraints. Recommendations: This study recommends further research study on the development of a model to support the family members in their caregiving role The study recommends further research study on the experiences of the health care professional regarding 72-hour assessment of a MHCU’s
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Ravhura, Grace Tshilidzi. "Experiences of forensic nurses regarding the provision of care to victims of sexual assault in selected public hospitals of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18917.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of forensic nurses when providing care to victims of sexual assault in selected public hospitals of Limpopo province.
Methods: A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was employed in this study. A sample of 7 registered nurses was purposively selected to partake in in-depth unstructured interviews.
Results: Four themes associated with the experience of providing care to victims of sexual assaults emerged during data analysis. These included (1) psychological experiences of nursing victims of sexual assault, (2) physical challenges associated with implementing the forensic nursing specialty in a clinical setting, (3) psychological coping strategies to deal with challenges experienced, and (4) the experience of managerial support.
Conclusion: Participants reported negative psychological and physical experiences of providing care to victims of sexual assault, which resulted to occupational stress. Recommendations of forensic nurses support guidelines and further research were made.Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)
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Mabunda, Nkhensani Florence. "A model to promote family involvement in caring for mental health care users in Long-term mental health institutions of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1241.
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PHDPHDepartment of Public Health
Family involvement in caring for mentally ill patients in long-term mental healthcare institutions is defined as a strategy in which family members and long-term healthcare professionals become partners to provide the best possible care for a person with mental illness. The study seeks to develop a model to promote family involvement in long-term mental health care institutions in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Mixed methods was used. Unstructured interviews were conducted with 21 family members and 6 focused group discussions with MHCUs in qualitative phase. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 360 nurses in the quantitative phase. Data was analysed independently of which convergent analytic approach was used to merge the two data sets. iv The study reports that the MHCUs’ attitudes towards families contribute to poor involvement by family members in the care/visit of the MHCUs while admitted in long-term mental health care. The rejection of the MHCUs also came up strongly during data analysis. Nurses perceived that insufficient family involvement hinders the provision of mental health care services. Eight steps in the Walker and Avant Method were adapted to clarify and distinguish the definition of the main concepts. A model to promote family involvement was conceptualised using the six areas as described by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968). A model was validated against its rationale and purpose of the study. Justification on the contribution of the family involvement in mental health care revealed that “family involvement in caring for MHCUs” is an engagement and encourages family members to participate in the diagnosis, treatment and recovery process. Study recommended that a developed model should be implemented in health establishments providing mental health services. Policies should be reviewed to include activities which the families should be notified of immediately the mentally ill patient is declared to receive mental health care, treatment and rehabilitation. Developed model should be piloted and evaluated to identify areas that will further improve the quality of mental health services.
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Mabunda, Nkhensani Florence. "An assessment of the implementation of Batho Pele orinciples by health care providers at selected mental health hospitals in the Limpopo Province." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/251.
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Madiba, Malesiba Naum. "Experiences of families caring for mentally handicapped children at the Bana ba Thari School in the Polokwane Municipality of the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1666.
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Thesis (M. Cur.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015.Background:The experiences of families living with the mentally handicapped childrenwho attended the Bana Ba Thari School in the Polokwane Municipality of the Limpopo Province were never evaluated and, therefore, the experiences of families werenot known. Theaim:The aim of this study wasto describe the experiences of the families caring for the mentally handicapped children who attended theBana Ba Thari School in thePolokwane Municipality of theLimpopo Province, South Africa. Study methodology:A qualitative phenomenological research approach was used.Data was collected from 23 families who cared for their mentally handicapped children by conductingsemi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data wasaudio recorded and field notes were written down. Data was analysed using Tech’s open coding method forqualitative research.After the Medunsa Research and Ethics Committee had given ethic clearance for this study to be conducted, the Department of Education also gave permission for the study to be conducted.After the Medunsa Research and Ethics Committee had given ethic clearance for this study to be conducted, the Department of Education also gave permission for the study to be conducted.Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were observedand adhered to while conducting the study. The results:The results showed that the parents lackedadequateknowledge about mentally handicapped children which ledto poor interaction.The study also revealed a gap of knowledge from various professions likedoctors andeducators which ledto poor intervention and delay of therapy for the mentally handicapped children. The study also revealed the psychological impact on the parents and siblings.Parents worriedabout the future of their mentally handicapped children, which led to their denial andanxiety while the siblings became depressed. Parents also experienced a physiological impact, socio-economic problems, lack of resources at school like material for rehabilitation, and lack of transport to take their children to school every day. In addition,it was found that most of the parents and siblings didnot get continuing psychological support. vi Conclusion and recommendations:It is recommended that government and agencies should provide assessment and therapy facilities for mentally handicapped children and their parents. It is also recommended that professionals like doctors and educatorsstill need to undergoin-service training with regard to mentally handicapped learners to enable them to make proper decisions or to execute accurate interventions.
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Gumani, Andronica Masefako. "A grounded theory of critical incidents impact management among SAPS officers in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9292.
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A study was conducted to describe and interpret the personal strategies that South African Police Service officers in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, use in their line of work. These are strategies to deal with the impact of the primary victims’ critical incidents of rape, domestic violence, murder and road accidents. The focus was on describing the impact of the critical incidents that the officers are exposed to, which manifest in a form of traumatic stress, namely, vicarious traumatisation, and management of this impact.
Twenty participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling techniques from the family violence, child protection and sexual offences, domestic violence, field training, detective and social crime prevention units. Unstructured open-ended interviews, diaries and follow-up telephone interviews were used as data collection methods and data were collected in the participants’ home languages, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. Data gathered necessitated looking into both the aspects of the officers’ organisational and operational work. Data were thus analysed through the content thematic and constant comparative data analysis methods.
The results first presented a profile of police vicarious traumatisation in the Vhembe District, which include the types of critical incidents exposed to, the organisational and operational stressors that lead to vicarious traumatisation, and the description of vicarious traumatisation symptoms. Second, a theoretical framework of the process of police critical incidents impact management (PCIIM) was developed. The framework shows that the management of the impact of the encountered incidents is inspired by various coping needs and subcultures of the officers, and the management takes place through the use of two styles of trauma management, namely, the linear and multilateral styles, which refer to application of coping strategies successively and the combination of horizontal and vertical application of coping strategies, respectively. The coping strategies used by the officers help them to have an objective understanding of the critical incidents encountered, have less severe symptoms of vicarious traumatisation, some symptoms last for shorter periods than before, and other symptoms are no longer experienced. Resilience to the encountered incidents is shown through the development of coping strategies to handle the incidents, facing them, and showing cognitive hardiness. The officers also manage to reflect on
the experiences encountered, engage in narratives about them and mutual help thus still working towards attaining posttraumatic growth.Psychology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)