Dissertations / Theses: 'Mental Health Associations'

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Fowke, Alex James. "Shame : associations with childhood maltreatment and mental health." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/153327/.

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Research consistently reports a relationship between childhood maltreatment and the experience of psychological distress in adulthood. More recently, researchers have sought to identify the emotional consequences of these experiences. The current literature review focuses on the experience of shame. In particular, research is presented which demonstrates how childhood maltreatment, especially psychological abuse, has been associated with the experience of internalised shame. Furthermore, research is presented demonstrating an association between internalised shame the experience of psychological distress in adulthood. A burgeoning evidence base illustrates how shame partially mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the experience of psychological distress in adulthood, although the review concludes that this research remains limited, and the models presented require further investigation to broaden the understanding of the role of shame in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and psychopathology. The empirical paper explores the associations between childhood maltreatment and internalised shame in a sample of participants with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD; n = 35), compared with a control group of participants with no psychiatric diagnoses (n = 35). Participants completed measures of maltreatment, internalised shame, and resource loss and gain. Participants in the BD group reported significantly higher levels of internalised shame, resource loss, and most sub-types of childhood maltreatment, compared with participants in the control iii group. Internalised shame was significantly correlated with childhood emotional abuse and neglect, even when controlled for the effect of low mood and mania. The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed, and directions for further investigation are indicated.

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London, Adam Edwin. "Natural Environment Associations with Mental Health and Obesity Status." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7484.

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Mental health and obesity were ranked among the health priorities of the 2014 and 2017 Community Health Needs Assessments in Kent County, Michigan. Exposure to nature is correlated to improved health outcomes across a variety of morbidities including poor mental health and obesity. This cross-sectional study set within the frameworks of attention restoration theory, environmental health, and pathways to health benefits from nature assessed county survey data including self-reported nature exposures/interactions separated into 3 domain areas: access to nature, attitudes about nature, and physical activity in nature or in nature-based activities. Binary logistic regression analyses of the 653 respondents found that those who self-reported higher frequency of physical activity in nature or in nature-based activities possessed lower odds of also reporting poor mental health (p < .001, OR .652, 95% CI .535, .795) and obesity (p < .001, OR .666, 95% CI .548, .808) with each ascending level of agreement with the physical activity statement question. Ascending levels of agreement with the ease of access to nature statement question was found to be associated with lower odds of poor mental health (p < .001, OR .585, 95% CI .470, .797); however, no correlation was found between this variable and obesity status. The attitudes about nature domain statement questions were not consistently found to be associated with either mental health or obesity status. The significantly associated independent nature variables demonstrated weak effects (Nagelkerke Rï¿½ < .300) on their respectively linked health outcomes. These findings may equip public health officials with information to develop more effective interventions for addressing mental health and obesity in their respective communities.

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Kaushal, Aradhna. "Mental health and wellbeing : associations with religion across the lifecourse." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10059297/.

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Previous research studies have reported benefits of religious practices and beliefs for a range of health outcomes, including mental health and wellbeing. However, most of the research on religion and health is cross-sectional and based on populations from the USA. Therefore, there is a need for evidence from populations outside the USA to assess the external generalisability of these associations. This thesis investigated longitudinal associations between religiosity, and the outcomes of mental health and wellbeing, using data from the Medical Research Council (MRC) National Survey for Health and Development (NSHD). This unique longitudinal data set following the participants from birth was used to investigate 1) the patterns and trends of religiosity across the life course 2) whether religiosity is associated with mental health and wellbeing 3) the role of psychological, social and lifestyle factors on religiosity, and mental health and wellbeing, and 4) whether religiosity moderates the impact of stressful life events on mental health and wellbeing. Associations were tested using regression models, auto-regressive cross-lagged models and interaction terms. A general decline in religious attendance and beliefs across the life course was observed and frequent religious attendance was associated with higher wellbeing scores. Evidence for bi-directional associations between religiosity and mental health was found, but not for wellbeing. Analysis of psychological, social factors and lifestyle factors identified agreeableness, mastery and social support as important factors in associations between religiosity, and mental health and wellbeing. Some aspects of religious beliefs and practices were found to moderate the association between stressful life events, and mental health and wellbeing. There is limited evidence of direct benefits of religiosity for mental health and wellbeing. However, it is possible that religiosity is used as a coping mechanism in response to stressful life events and to some extent buffers their deleterious impact on mental health and wellbeing.

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Bomar, Ginger. "An Assessment of Associations Between Selected Health Practices and Mental Wellness." TopSCHOLAR®, 1994. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/931.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between mental well-being and selected health behaviors. A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 490 students at Western Kentucky University during the 1993 Spring, Summer, and Fall semesters. Study participants completed the Participant Data Sheet, General Weil-Being Schedule, and the Health Behavior Instrument. The data were gathered and analyzed via correlation analysis which revealed a relationship between mental well-being and certain health behaviors. The correlations between general well-being and selected health behaviors were stronger among males than females. There was a relationship found between mental well-being and hours of sleep, eating breakfast, and exercising. It is very noteworthy that there was a significant correlation between GWBS and combined health behaviors.

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Gage, Suzanne H. "Investigating associations of cannabis and cigarette use with mental health outcomes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682685.

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There is a substantial body of evidence showing that substance use is associated with mental health problems, but establishing whether associations are causal and whether specific substances have independent effects is more challenging. The studies in this thesis aimed to investigate whether cannabis and cigarette use are associated with psychotic experiences, depression and anxiety, and examine the extent to which associations might be due to confounding, bias and reverse causation. Data used were from ALSPAC, a large longitudinal birth cohort. For most analyses exposure measures were assessed when participants were aged 16 years, and outcome measures at 18 years. Regression models were used to assess associations before and after adjustment for a large variety of potential confounders. Multiple imputation was used to try and account for potential attrition bias. A Mendelian randomisation approach was used to assess whether associations between smoking and psychotic experiences are likely to be causal, using SNP rsl051730 as an instrumental variable. Cannabis and cigarette use were associated with all mental health outcomes in unadjusted analyses. Adjustment for pre-birth and childhood confounding made little difference to most analyses. Adjustment for other substance use led to substantial attenuation in many of the analyses investigated. Although there appeared to be some divergence between the effects of different substances on specific outcomes, and differences in the specific effects of substances between outcomes, this was not supported by statistical evidence. There was no evidence to support reverse causation. The Mendelian randomisation analysis did not provide evidence of a causal association between smoking and psychotic experiences, but was underpowered. The findings are consistent with previous literature from longitudinal studies that show associations between both cannabis and cigarette use with incident mental health outcomes, but also indicate that unmeasured confounding likely affects most studies to date. At present there is not enough evidence to be confident that associations between substance use and mental health are causal. Future research should utilise novel methods to approach these questions from multiple angles in order to progress the field.

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Monroig, Marlaine Marie. "Associations between positive health behaviors and psychological distress." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/482.

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Research examining the relationship between psychological distress and health behaviors is limited, as most of these studies examine one type of psychological distress and relate it to one type of health behavior. To address this limitation, an exploratory study was conducted that included online self-report measures of a wide range of positive health behaviors (Health Behavior Checklist; HBC) and a wide range of different types of psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory; BSI). Participants were 762 undergraduate students from the University of Central Florida (55% female). Results revealed that the total BSI score showed statistically significant negative correlations with the HBC total score and all four HBC subscales. Thus, participants reporting more overall psychological distress reported that they engaged in fewer positive health behaviors, across all health behavior subtypes. Stepwise regressions that examined the nine BSI subscales and their relationship with the HBC total score revealed that the Hostility subscale of the BSI was the strongest and most consistent predictor of positive health behaviors (in a negative direction). Stepwise regressions also revealed additional relationships of the BSI subscales of Depression and Phobia to particular HBC subscales. The results of this exploratory study provide an initial model on the relationships of particular types of psychological distress that are related to particular types of health behaviors, which will inform future studies on this important topic area.
B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Psychology

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Webb, Jon R., Jameson K. Hirsch, Elizabeth Conway-Williams, and Kenneth G. Brewer. "Forgiveness and Alcohol Problems: Indirect Associations Involving Mental Health and Social Support." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/696.

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Forgiveness is argued, by scholars and lay persons alike, to play an important role in substance abuse recovery. However, little empirical research has been conducted to verify such assumptions. Cross-sectional naturalistic data from a sample of 126 Southern Appalachian college students identified as likely to be hazardous or harmful drinkers were analyzed through multiple-mediation statistical procedures. The general hypothesis of this study was that, while controlling for demographic characteristics, including lifetime religiousness, higher levels of forgiveness would be associated with both better mental health and higher levels of social support, which in turn would be associated with salutary alcohol-related outcomes. In the context of forgiveness of self, for four of the five alcohol-related outcomes, the relationships operated mainly through mental health and primarily in an indirect rather than mediating fashion. Feeling forgiven by God was directly associated with three outcomes. Forgiveness of others was not associated with any of the outcomes measured. While forgiveness appears to be important and beneficial in association with alcohol-related outcomes, it may be that forgiveness of self is most important. Limitations discussed include sample- and measurement-related issues.

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Landstedt, Evelina. "Life circumstances and adolescent mental health: Perceptions, associations and a gender analysis." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11982.

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Despite a well-documented gender pattern of adolescent mental health, public health research investigating possible influencing factors from a gender-theoretical approach is scarce. This study aimed to explore what factors and circumstances are related to adolescent mental health and to apply a gender analysis to the findings in order to improve the understanding of the relationships between life circumstances and the gendered patterning of mental health among young people. The study population was 16-19-year-old Swedish students and data was collected by means of focus groups (N=29) and self-administered questionnaires (N=1,663, 78.3% response rate) in school settings. Mental health problems were defined in a broad sense including the adolescents’ own understandings, perceived stress, psychological distress and deliberate self-harm. The mental health problems of perceived stress, psychological distress and deliberate self-harm were twice as common among girls as boys. The findings suggest that adolescent mental health is associated with the life circumstances of social relationships, demands and responsibility taking and experiences of violence and harassment. Supportive relationships with friends, family and teachers were found to be of importance to positive mental health, whereas poor social relationships, loneliness and lack of influence were associated with mental health problems. Perceived demands and responsibility taking regarding school work, relationships, future plans, appearance and financial issues were strongly related to mental health problems, particularly among girls regardless of social class. The results indicate that physical violence, sexual assault, bullying and sexual harassment are severe risk factors for mental health problems in young people. Boys and girls experienced different types of violence, and the victim-perpetrator relationships of physical violence differed. These diverging experiences appeared to influence the associations with mental health problems in boys and girls. A gender analysis provides the tools to gain knowledge about the ways that boys’ and girls’ lives are shaped by gender relations and constructions at different levels in society and how these life circumstances represent risk- or protective factors for mental health. For example, unequal power structures and the ways girls are expected to ‘do’ femininity likely influence their life circumstances in ways that place them at greater risk of mental health problems. Hegemonic constructions of masculinity and advantaged positions likely contribute to life circumstances that are positive for mental health but are also implying risk factors for poor mental health among boys, e.g., violence. It is also important to recognise how the intertwined cultural and structural aspects of gender and social class influence the lives and mental health of boys and girls. In conclusion, gendered and class-related mechanisms at the different levels in society influence the distribution of risk factors unevenly among boys and girls, which could be a possible explanation for the gender differences in reports of perceived stress, psychological distress and deliberate self-harm. The likelihood of gender and socioeconomic differences in mental health problems should be taken into account in prevention and health promotion strategies at all levels in society. A greater awareness about gender relations and the gendered social circumstances under which young people live is required. The school environment is an important arena with respect to prevention and health promotion. There is also a need for a joint action against violence and harassment at all levels in society. Implications do not only concern young people; social policy and legislation should focus on reducing gender and class inequalities in general.
Sammanfattning Svensk titel: Livsvillkor och ungdomars psykiska hälsa: uppfattningar, associationer och en genusanalys. Trots ett väldokumenterat genusmönster i ungdomars psykiska hälsa finns det en kunskapslucka i den folkhälsovetenskapliga forskningen avseende genusteoretiska analyser av sambanden mellan ungas livsvillkor och psykisk hälsa. Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka vilka faktorer och omständigheter som är relaterade till psykiska problem, samt att analysera fynden ur ett genusperspektiv för att fördjupa förståelsen av relationerna mellan ungas livsvillkor och genusmönster i psykiska hälsa. Studiepopulationen var gymnasielever i åldern 16-19 år. Studien genomfördes i skolmiljö och data insamlades genom fokusgrupper (N=29) och en enkätstudie (N=1,663, 78.3% svarsfrekvens). En bred definition av psykisk ohälsa tillämpades vilken representerades av ungdomarnas egen förståelse, samt de psykiska problemen upplevd stress, psykiska besvär samt självskadebeteende. Resultaten visade att stress, psykiska besvär och självskadebeteende var dubbelt så vanligt bland flickor som bland pojkar. Psykiska problem var relaterade till livsvillkoren sociala relationer, krav och ansvarstagande samt utsatthet för våld och trakasserier. Stödjande relationer med vänner, familj och lärare var av stor betydelse för psykisk hälsa medan dåliga relationer, ensamhet och brist på inflytande var relaterat till psykiska problem. Psykiska problem var starkt kopplade till erfarenheter av höga krav och ansvarstagande avseende skolarbete, relationer, framtidsplaner, utseende och ekonomi, i synnerhet bland flickor oavsett socioekonomisk bakgrund. Resultaten indikerar att olika former av våld och trakasserier är allvarliga riskfaktorer för psykiska problem och att flickors och pojkars skiljda erfarenheter av olika former av våld samt relationen till förövaren, kan vara relaterade till skillnader i psykiska problem. Genusanalysen av resultaten föreslår att flickors livsvillkor påverkas av ojämlika maktstrukturer och konstruktioner av femininitet och att dessa livsvillkor bidrar till en ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa bland flickor. Livsvillkor kopplade till manlig överordning och hegemoniska konstruktioner av maskulinitet influerar sannolikt pojkars psykiska hälsa positivt. Dessa villkor kan dock också innebära risk faktorer för psykiska problem, t.ex. i fråga om våld. Studien uppmärksammar även hur kulturella och strukturella aspekter av både genus och social klass kan påverka livsvillkor och psykisk hälsa för pojkar och flickor. Studiens slutsats är att genusifierade och klassrelaterade mekanismer på olika nivåer i samhället bidrar till en skev fördelning av riskfaktorer för psykiska problem vilket kan vara en möjlig förklaring till skillnaderna mellan pojkar och flickor i fråga om upplevd stress, psykiska besvär och självskadebeteende. Genus- och socioekonomiska skillnader i psykiska problem bör tas i beaktande i preventivt och hälsofrämjande arbete på alla nivåer i samhället. Detsamma gäller för en ökad medvetenhet om hur ungas livsvillkor är relaterade till psykisk hälsa och hur dessa villkor är genus- och klassrelaterade. Studien uppmärksammar skolan som en viktig arena för preventivt och hälsofrämjande arbete samt att gemensamma insatser krävs på olika arenor för att motverka våld och trakasserier. Implikationer av studien omfattar även generella samhällspolitiska insatser för minskad ojämlikhet. Nyckelord: Stress; psykiska besvär; självskadebeteende; gymnasieelever; maskulinitet; femininitet; sociala determinanter; sociala relationer; krav; ansvarstagande; våld och trakasserier; skola.
Forskarutbildningsämne: Hälsovetenskap.

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Hagenaars, Saskia P. "Genetic associations between cognitive ability, negative emotions, and mental and physical health." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22878.

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Human population-based studies have shown that cognitive ability and negative emotions are associated with later health outcomes. Part of this association might be due to shared genetic influences. The present thesis has two main objectives. The first is to examine the shared genetic aetiology between cognitive ability and mental and physical health. The second is to examine the shared genetic aetiology between the tendency to experience negative emotions and mental and physical health. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 provide an introductory overview of the field of individual differences in psychology, with the first Chapter focussing on cognitive ability and the second on personality (especially neuroticism). Each of these Chapters provide an historical overview of the two traits, followed by the associations with health outcomes, and finish by exploring the genetic aetiology of both cognitive ability and negative emotions and the potential genetic overlap with health outcomes. Chapter 3 focusses on the main cohort analysed in this thesis, the UK Biobank. This Chapter outlines the study population and its demographics, and provides a detailed account of the main variables examined in this thesis. Chapters 4 to 7 present the empirical work and are split in two parts; the first part (Chapters 4 and 5), focusses on cognitive ability. The second part (Chapters 6 and 7) focusses on negative emotions. Chapter 4 presents two studies, examining the shared genetic aetiology between cognitive ability and mental and physical health using linkage disequilibrium score regression and polygenic profile analysis; Mendelian Randomization is used to test for direction of effect between cognitive ability and physical health. The results indicate a substantially shared genetic aetiology between cognitive ability and both physical and mental health. No evidence was found for a causal association between cognitive ability and physical health. Chapter 5 examines the genetic aetiology of a test of executive cognitive function, the Trail- Making test, which has been closely associated with other cognitive abilities. This Chapter also examines the shared genetic aetiology between the Trail-Making test, general cognitive ability, processing speed, and memory, using a range of molecular genetic techniques. The results provide heritability estimates ranging from 7% to 22% for the different Trail-Making test measures, and there are new genetic associations with the Trail-Making test. A considerable degree of genetic overlap is found between the Trail-Making test and general cognitive function and processing speed in particular. Chapter 6 explores the shared genetic aetiology between the personality trait of neuroticism and mental and physical health using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and polygenic profile analysis. The results show significant genetic correlations between neuroticism and major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and anorexia. Polygenic profile scores for multiple mental health traits, as well as body mass index, coronary artery disease, and smoking status are predictive of neuroticism. Chapter 7 examines the genetic contributions to self-reported tiredness, a trait strongly related to the tendency to experience negative emotions; it also examines the genetic overlap with health outcomes using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and polygenic profile analysis. The results demonstrate a significant heritability estimate of 8% for self-reported tiredness. Extensive genetic overlap is identified between self-reported tiredness and mental and physical health, and particularly with the trait of neuroticism. Finally, Chapter 8 summarizes the empirical findings presented in Chapters 4 to 7. This Chapter discusses limitations of the methods used in this thesis, and offers suggestions for future research in the field of genetic epidemiology, especially as applied to health and psychological differences.

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Dangel, Trever. "Associations between Multidimensional Spirituality and Mental Health: Positive Psychological Traits as Mediators." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3436.

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Research in the areas of religion and spirituality and positive psychology have experienced considerable growth within the past two decades. Such growth has led to a plethora of research identifying important constructs in both areas and key relationships among them. The current literature is, however, limited by unclear distinctions between the constructs of religion and spirituality, and a general lack of research into their associations with positive psychological traits and mental health status. As such, the present study aimed to investigate a new model of spirituality, the RiTE model, which is a three-part model designed to capture the multifaceted nature of the spiritual experience. The RiTE model was investigated in its relationship with mental health status in the context of a parallel mediation model, with self-forgiveness, gratitude, and mindfulness serving as parallel mediators. Results suggested that ritualistic and existential spirituality displayed direct associations with mental health status (positive and negative, respectively), while theistic spirituality displayed indirect associations. Indirect associations between theistic spirituality and mental health status were primarily a function of higher levels of gratitude, while existential spirituality was associated with higher levels of all three mediator variables. Clinicians may benefit from utilizing this knowledge when conceptualizing an individual’s spiritual worldview and utilizing spirituality when attempting to enhance client resilience via positive psychological approaches. Future studies should provide further insight into these treatment applications in addition to further clarifying the nuanced mechanisms of the spirituality-mental health association.

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Wright, Blanche O. "Associations Between Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Among Sexual Minority Adults." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5438.

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Sexual minorities (lesbians, gays, and bisexuals) have a greater risk for substance abuse and mental illness than sexual majorities (heterosexuals). Associations between substance abuse and mental illness among sexual minority adults have not been widely studied. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to use the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration to study the association of substance abuse (alcohol; hard drugs such as heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine; and hallucinogens), prescribed drugs (pain relievers, tranquilizers, sedatives, stimulants, psychotherapeutic, and inhalants, as well as marijuana) and mental illness (no past year, mild, moderate, and severe in the past year) among sexual minority adults ages 18 and older in the United States. Confounding factors that may influence these associations were controlled. The theoretical framework for this study was Meyer's minority stress model. The sample was 43,561 adults. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds for mental illness by drug type. Findings showed that higher odds of mental illness were significantly associated with prescribed drugs and marijuana abuse (OR: 3.48, 95% CI:1.66, 7.29) among gays/lesbians, and with alcohol abuse among bisexuals (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.62, 3.29). Positive social change resulting from this study may include increased knowledge of associations between substance abuse and mental illness among sexual minority adults and guidance for public health interventions to improve sexual minorities' access to early substance abuse and mental health prevention and treatment.

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Noland, Madeline D. W. "Emotional Clarity in Young Adults: Operationalization, Measurement, and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes." Thesis, Seattle Pacific University, 2020. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=22587399.

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Emotional clarity (EC) refers to the ability to identify, understand, and distinguish one’s emotions (Gohm & Clore, 2000). The literature suggests that EC is highly related to emotion regulation (ER), such that individuals with higher EC are more likely to use adaptive ER strategies and individuals with lower EC are more likely to use maladaptive ER strategies (Vine & Aldao, 2014). EC has been measured with both self-report measures and physiological tasks. Due to the limitations of both self-report measures and physiological tasks, I aimed to develop a behavioral measure of EC using the concordance between change in individuals’ physiological responding and change in their subjective emotional states before and during a stressor task. In part one of the study, I created a behavioral measure and compared it to individuals’ self-reported emotional clarity. In part two, I examined the concurrent validity of the behavioral EC measure by assessing its relationships with maladaptive ER, adaptive ER, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI, a maladaptive ER strategy). Participants were 127 (90% female, Mage = 19.51, SDage = 1.31) young adults. Participants completed questionnaires of self-reported emotional clarity and ER strategies. Then, participants completed a modified Trier Social Stress Test in the laboratory (TSST; Waugh, Panage, Mendes, & Gotlib, 2010). Heartbeat was measured throughout and self-rated negative affect was measured before and after stress. Results indicated that behavioral EC was not associated with self-reported EC (r = .14, p = .178). Furthermore, structural equation modeling results indicated that behavioral EC did not predict maladaptive ER (β = .18, p = .733), adaptive ER (β = .61, p = .497), or NSSI (β = .40, p = .618). Examinations of the relations between study variables suggested that self-reported EC may have been a more accurate measure of EC in the current sample. Limitations of the current study may have impacted the ability for the behavioral measure to properly capture the construct of EC. Future research is needed to more fully understand whether a behavioral measure of EC is feasible.

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Sun, Jiandong. "Educational stress among Chinese adolescents : measurement, risk factors and associations with mental health." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53372/3/Sun_Jiandong__Thesis.pdf.

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Academic pressure among adolescents is a major risk factor for poor mental health and suicide and other harmful behaviours. While this is a worldwide phenomenon, it appears to be especially pronounced in China and other East Asian countries. Despite a growing body of research into adolescent mental health in recent years, the multiple constructs within the ‘educational stress’ phenomenon have not been clearly articulated in Chinese contexts. Further, the individual, family, school and peer influencing factors for educational stress and its associations with adolescent mental health are not well understood. An in-depth investigation may provide important information for the ongoing educational reform in Mainland China with a special focus on students’ mental health and wellbeing. The primary goal of this study was to examine the relative contribution of educational stress to poor mental health, in comparison to other well-known individual, family, school and peer factors. Another important task was to identify significant risk factors for educational stress. In addition, due to the lack of a culturally suitable instrument for educational stress in this population, a new tool – the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA) was initially developed in this study and tested for reliability and validity. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from convenient samples of secondary school students in Shandong, China. The pilot survey was conducted with 347 students (grades 8 and 11) to test the psychometric properties of the ESSA and other scales or questions in the questionnaire. Based on factor analysis and reliability and validity testing, the 16-item scale (the ESSA) with five factors showed adequate to good internal consistency, 2-week test-retest reliability, and satisfactory concurrent and predictive validity. Its factor structure was further demonstrated in the main survey with a confirmatory factor analysis illustrating a good fit of the proposed model based on a confirmatory factor analysis. The reliabilities of other scales and questions were also adequate to be used in this study. The main survey was subsequently conducted with a sample of 1627 secondary school (grades 7-12) students to examine the influencing factors of educational stress and its associations with mental health outcomes, including depression, happiness and suicidal behaviours. A wide range of individual, family, school and peer factors were found to have a significant association with the total ESSA and subscale scores. Most of the strong factors for academic stress were school or study-related, including rural school location, low school connectedness, perceived poor academic grades and frequent emotional conflicts with teachers and peers. Unexpectedly, family and parental factors, such as parental bonding, family connectedness and conflicts with parents were found to have little or no association with educational stress. Educational stress was the most predictive variable for depression, but was not strongly associated with happiness. It had a strong association with suicide ideation but not with suicide attempts. Among five subscales of the ESSA, ‘Study despondency’ score had the strongest associations with these mental health measures. Surprising, two subscales, ‘Self-expectation’ and ‘Worry about grades’ showed a protective effect on suicidal behaviours. An additional analysis revealed that although academic pressure was the most commonly reported reason for suicidal thinking, the occurrence of problems in peer relationships such as peer teasing and bullying, and romantic problems had a much stronger relationship with actual attempts. This study provides some insights into the nature and health implications of educational stress among Chinese adolescents. Findings in this study suggest that interventions on educational stress should focus on school environment and academic factors. Intervention programs focused on educational stress may have a high impact on the prevalence of common mental disorders such as depression. Efforts to increase perceived happiness however should cover a wider range of individual, family and school factors. The importance of healthy peer relationships should be adequately emphasised in suicide prevention. In addition, the newly developed scale (the ESSA) demonstrates sound psychometric properties and is expected to be used in future research into academic-related stress among secondary school adolescents.

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Roth, Rachel Anne. "High School Students in College-Level Classes: Associations Between Engagement, Achievement, and Mental Health." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4571.

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Student engagement is a multifaceted construct gaining increased interest within the fields of psychology and education. Current literature suggests that student engagement is linked to important student outcomes including academic achievement, psychopathology, and mental wellness; however, there is a dearth of studies that have examined all components of student engagement simultaneously as they relate to the aforementioned outcomes. Additionally, past literature has found support for a decreasing trend in student engagement across the school years, but less attention has been paid to student engagement in the high school years. Among high school students, a particular subgroup has been virtually ignored: high-achieving students enrolled in college-level curricula such as International Baccalaureate (IB) and Advanced Placement (AP). Research questions answered in the current study pertain to: (a) differences in the components of student engagement among IB and AP students, (b) differences in the components of student engagement of IB and AP students across grade level, (c) the extent to which student engagement relates to academic achievement, and (d) the extent to which student engagement relates to mental health. To answer these questions, self-report surveys and school records data from 727 IB and AP high school students were analyzed. Several main effects for program type and grade level were found among the various dimensions of engagement, as well as two interactions between program type and grade level. Regarding predictive relationships, results indicate that the linear combination of all seven indicators of student engagement accounted for 19.56% of the variance in students' academic achievement, 17.47% of the variance in students' life satisfaction, and 6.17% of the variance in students' anxiety. Implications for school psychologists and future directions are discussed.

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Park, Saengryeol. "Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in older adults : associations with physical and mental health." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7441/.

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With an increasing ageing population, it is important to explore factors that can contribute to healthy ageing. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) are associated with psychological and physical health in older adults. This thesis therefore aims to explore the associations between PA as well as SB and a range of health, motivational, environmental factors in older adults from assisted living facilities (ALFs) and community settings using various methodological approaches. Study 1 used latent profile analyses to group people based on PA, SB, and physical function in resident of ALFs. It was found that those classed as high physical function with an active lifestyle had better mental health compared to those who had lower physical function and an inactive lifestyle. These findings suggest that in order to improve mental health in older adults, interventions should take all these variables into account. Study 2 used latent profile analyses to classify people based on the degree of autonomy support from important others and perceptions of the physical environment, and subsequently examined differences in engaging in light PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) between these groups. Results suggest that perceptions of the physical environment should be taken into account along with support from important others to facilitate increases in levels of PA. Study 3 employed ecological momentary assessment to examine the within-person association of light PA, MVPA, and SB in relation to bodily pain and fatigue in older community dwelling adults. This study revealed associations between bodily pain and PA, as well as SB. Furthermore, daily fatigue was influenced by typical fatigue and physical health. The overall conclusion of the studies presented in this thesis implies that individual, social, and environmental factors and its interactions can all contribute to mental health, PA, SB, bodily pain, and fatigue outcomes in older adults.

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Beckman, Linda. "Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying among Swedish Adolescents : Gender differences and associations with mental health." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-28613.

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The aim of this thesis is to study the differences between traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents, focusing on gender, psychosomatic problems, and disability, and to gain insight into health staff’s experience of bullying in schools. The four studies in this thesis were based on surveys undertaken among 3,800 adolescents in Grades 7, 8 and 9 in Sweden, as well as focus groups of 16 people consisting of school social workers and school nurses. While almost no gender differences were found among traditional victims, Study I showed that girls were more likely than boys to be cybervictims. Boys were more likely than girls to be traditional bullies, while girls were equally as likely as boys to be cyberbullies. Study II showed that psychosomatic problems were associated with being a victim, a bully or a bully-victim. Cyberbullying showed no stronger association with psychosomatic problems than traditional bullying. Study III: Three main categories emerged from school health staff’s experience: 1) “Anti-bullying team”; 2) “Working style”; and 3) “Perspectives on bullying”. The last two each comprised two sub-categories: “Team member”/“Single worker”; and “Contextual perspective”/“Individual-oriented perspective”. Study IV showed that, regardless of gender and grade, students with a disability were more likely to be bully-victims and, more particularly, bully-victims involved in both traditional bullying and cyberbullying. No differences between disabled adolescents and others were found with respect to the association between bullying and psychosomatic health. The results show that some adolescents are more likely to experience higher levels of psychosomatic health problems than others. They also show that some adolescents are more likely to be involved in bullying, either as victims, bullies or bully-victims. This thesis also discusses contextual and individual approaches adopted by schools in preventing bullying.

Article 4 was in manuscriptform at the time of the thesis defense.

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Anderson, Katelyn. "Parenting Behaviors During Adolescence and Associations With Emerging Adult Educational Attainment and Mental Health." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24240.

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Emerging adulthood is described as the life stage spanning from the end of adolescence to the initiation of young adulthood or assuming stable adult roles. This developmental period, typically spanning ages 18-29, is characterized by increased exploration and transitions across domains of work, education, and relationships. Although a large body of research has underscored the importance of positive parenting behaviors in childhood and adolescence, few studies have investigated the role of early parenting behaviors on emerging adult education and mental health outcomes. The proposed study tested for associations between observed indicators of parenting in adolescence and educational attainment, peer support and mental health in emerging adulthood. This study also examined convergent validity between observed and parent reported parenting behaviors. Existing data was utilized from Project Alliance 2, a large-scale family-centered intervention longitudinal trial. Participants (n = 160) were a subsample of 593 adolescents and their caregivers who participated in the Family Check-Up (FCU) and completed study measures in middle school, high school, and emerging adulthood. Results from path analyses revealed direct and significant pathways from observed parent growth support in adolescence to emerging adult mental health and from observed parental monitoring in adolescence to emerging adult peer support. In addition, pro-social peer affiliation in adolescence was significantly associated with emerging adult educational attainment. Parent mental health was significantly and negatively associated with observed parental monitoring and problem solving. No gender differences were observed. This research highlights the importance of parenting on social and emotional outcomes in emerging adulthood and expands upon the parenting and emerging adult literature in several important ways.

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Connell, Nicholas J. "Examining Implicit Associations for Community Support Stimuli Following Community Trauma." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10615596.

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Indirect exposure to a traumatic event is associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Indeed, emerging research demonstrates that exposure to media coverage of violent acts has the potential to cause PTSD symptoms. Theoretical conceptualizations for the development and maintenance of trauma- and anxiety-related disorders suggest that avoidance behaviors of trauma-related stimuli may ultimately lead to the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms through negative reinforcement processes. Assessing learned associations between environmental stimuli and anxiety may help identify those at risk for the development of PTSD such that those individuals with more learned associations between environmental stimuli and anxiety may engage in greater avoidance behaviors. A highly publicized traumatic event occurred in Lafayette, Louisiana in the summer of 2015. Following the trauma, the community held several vigils and slogans, and banners were displayed throughout the city to show support for the victims. For some individuals, these community support stimuli may have been associated with comfort; however, some may have developed associations between these community support stimuli and the traumatic event and anxiety. As such, the current study sought to examine the learned associations between community support stimuli and comfort and anxiety. Additionally, this study sought to explore the relation between these learned associations and avoidance behaviors, as well as PTSD symptoms. Overall, participants exhibited greater implicit associations between community support stimuli and anxiety stimuli than with community support stimuli and calm stimuli (M = 0.10, SD = 0.31, 95% CI [0.05, 0.16]). These associations did not predict PTSD symptoms or avoidance behaviors. Findings indicate that although community support stimuli were associated with anxiety, these associations may not contribute to the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Rather, community support stimuli may serve to facilitate effective coping strategies through exposure to anxiety- and fear-eliciting stimuli.

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Rogowski, Cara Jane. "The associations between physical activity, mental health and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540736.

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Fluharty, Meg. "Investigating causal associations of substance use with mental health and social cognitive performance in adolescence." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/e21ae2d3-0d34-4a0b-b676-29e4e3856098.

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The high association of substance use and mental health has been extensively researched, however there remains conflicting evidence in the temporal direction of this relationship. This thesis aims to investigate this association using a range of different methods to examine the direction of association between substance use and mental health problems in adolescence, and whether these are likely to be causal. I also examined the possible role of social cognition in this relationship due to its common associations with both substance use and mental health problems. First, systematic review is used to identify any patterns in the current mental health and substance use literature. Here, I find the evidence is largely mixed and there is a general lack of bidirectional studies and null results reported. Secondly, I conducted a series of longitudinal studies in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) comparing trends of substance use, mental health, and social cognition in both temporal directions. My results suggested two possible pathways (a) substance use impairs social cognitive performance via poor mental health or (b) substance use independently impairs both social cognitive performance and mental health. Finally, to investigate the causality of these associations I conducted a Mendelian randomisation analyses in the most robust observational results (tobacco initiation, externalising behaviour, and social communication). Here, I found some evidence of an association that genetic risk of tobacco initiation is causally associated with externalising disorders, but no evidence of a causal association of genetic risk of tobacco initiation with social cognition. The evidence here suggests some evidence of a causal association of tobacco initiation with externalising behavior. However, the observed associations of tobacco on social cognition may be due to environmental or confounding factors. This thesis further highlights the importance of using range of difference methodological and statistical techniques each with differing underlying assumptions when investigating causal inferences.

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Callahan, Kelly Leigh. "A Study of the Associations Between Relationship Contingent Self-Esteem, Relationship Functioning, and Mental Health." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1524062306890816.

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Nutsford, Daniel. "An exploration of the associations between urban natural environments and indicators of mental and physical health." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9279.

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Natural environments, namely green and blue spaces, have been found to have positive influences on mental health outcomes globally. As the contribution of poor mental health to the disease burden increases, the mechanisms through which natural environments may improve health are of growing importance. This study creates a novel visibility index methodology and investigates whether i) views of natural environments and ii) access to natural environments, are associated with psychological stress and physical activity in Wellington, New Zealand. It also builds upon the work conducted in New Zealand as the first study to investigate links between blue space and mental health and provides an insight into the mechanisms through which increased natural environments may improve health. Individual level data for 442 individuals from the New Zealand Health Survey was obtained and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were used to investigate whether area-level exposure to natural environments influenced their psychological stress and levels of physical activity. Results from regression analysis indicate that increased distant visible green space (beyond 3km), visible blue space, and a combination of green and blue spaces from neighbourhood centroids reduce psychological stress. Some access measures to natural environments were found to have positive associations with psychological stress, however increased proximal access to green space was associated with decreased physical activity. The findings conclude that the visibility of natural environments appears to have stronger associations with stress reduction than access to them. The findings of this paper should influence urban development and inform decision and policy making, particularly the development and/or relocation of health related facilities.

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Ballou, Samuel David. "Associations Between Substance Use & Readiness For Change Among Participants In A Community Mental Health Setting." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1537132011020231.

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Dempster, Katherine W. "Associations Between Expressed Emotion, Mental Health, and Functioning in Families: Child Asthma Status as a Moderator." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6050.

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Expressed emotion (EE), the affective attitudes and behaviors of one toward another, can affect caregivers’ behaviors toward their child. Research examining associations between EE and child/family outcomes is mixed; these associations may be affected by other influences such as the presence of a chronic disease or parent mental health. In this study of families living in an urban area, we examined associations between EE and child outcomes (anxiety/depressive symptoms) and family functioning, with parent anxiety as a covariate. We evaluated child asthma status as a moderator as the presence of a chronic illness may strengthen the association between EE and child/family outcomes. Ninety-four children (mean±SD age=8.83±2.03 years, 48.9% female, 92.6% African American; 47 with asthma) and their parents (81.3% annual household income less than $25,000) completed an observational study including interviews and questionnaires. Measures included the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), Children’s Depressive Symptoms Inventory (CDI), Self-Report Family Inventory (SFI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), and Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) coded for EE. To examine study aims, regression analyses were conducted using PROCESS macro version 3.4. Asthma status (yes/no) was examined as a moderator. EE was associated with child anxiety symptoms, controlling for parent anxiety symptoms (F(1,70) =7.67, p=0.007). Criticism was also positively associated with asthma control (F(1,39)=4.33, p=.04, R2=.08). Asthma status did not moderate any of the associations. Results suggested that high levels of caregiver EE were associated with child anxiety symptoms, but asthma status did not moderate associations. It is possible that regardless of additional family demands related to asthma, EE is associated with child anxiety. Further examination into other systemic stressors (e.g., poverty, access to care) that may moderate these associations is warranted, as well as the impact that minimizing parent anxiety might have on overall EE.

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Ha, Le Thi Hai. "Bullying roles and associations with mental health of adolescents in Vietnam: A short-term longitudinal study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/106949/1/_Le%20Thi%20Hai%20Ha_Thesis.pdf.

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This longitudinal study in schools in Vietnam was one of few internationally to measure both traditional bullying and cyberbullying together and investigate temporal patterns of bullying and its social determinants over an academic year. Surveys were completed with more than 1,400 adolescents. Bullying experiences were common among these young people, but were inherently unstable over time. There were strong links between bullying and mental health problems (depressive symptoms, distress, and suicidal ideation). The findings have implications for preventive interventions in Vietnamese schools and internationally.

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Iwagami, M. "Associations between chronic kidney disease and mental health disorders and psychoactive drugs in the UK general population." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2018. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4649765/.

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This thesis examined the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and both mental health disorders and psychoactive drugs, using a large contemporary UK database of routine medical record data (Clinical Practice Research Datalink [CPRD]). To fill the gap between what is known and what is unknown in this field, I focused on two main topics: (i) severe mental illness (SMI), with and without a history of lithium use, and CKD, and (ii) CKD and antidepressants (mainly prescribed for common mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety) and associated serious adverse outcomes. I first conducted a population-level validation study comparing prevalence estimates of decreased kidney function (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the CPRD population with nationally representative statistics (Health Survey for England and UK Renal Registry). Findings suggested that most patients with decreased kidney function and RRT are probably captured in the CPRD. Secondly, I conducted a cross-sectional study on the association between SMI, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and CKD (defined as two measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 over ≥3 months in the past five years). Patients with SMI, especially lithium users, had a significantly higher prevalence of both CKD and RRT than the general population. Thirdly, I conducted a matched cohort study comparing the prevalence and incidence of antidepressant prescription between patients with and without CKD (matched for age, sex, general practice, and calendar time). Patients with CKD were approximately one and a half times more likely to receive antidepressants for mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Finally, I examined the gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding risk of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by level of kidney function. While the relative risk for GI bleeding associated with SSRIs (i.e. the fully-adjusted rate ratio between periods with and without SSRI prescription) was constant regardless of baseline kidney function, the excess risk for GI bleeding associated with SSRIs (i.e. the fully-adjusted rate difference between periods with and without SSRI exposure) increased markedly as baseline kidney function deteriorated. In conclusion, a close association between CKD and mental health disorders was suggested in the UK general population. It is evident that patients with CKD are more likely to be prescribed antidepressants, and this may cause serious adverse outcomes such as GI bleeding associated with SSRIs. The risk-benefit balance of antidepressants for patients with CKD may need to be reconsidered in light of this new evidence.

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Son, Daye. "Associations Among Different Types of Prosocial Behavior Toward Friends, Friendship Quality, and Mental Health Outcomes During Adolescence." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6931.

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The current study used a multidimensional approach to prosocial behavior by a) exploring various types of adolescent prosocial behavior toward friends (physical helping, sharing, defending, emotional support, including) using both qualitative and quantitative data, and b) examining longitudinal associations among prosocial behavior toward friends, friendship quality, and mental health (anxiety, life satisfaction, depression). The data were taken from Waves 8, 9, and 10 of the Flourishing Families Project. Participants at Wave 8 consisted of 470 adolescents (M age = 18.4 years, SD = 1.04, 49% male, 32% high school students, 33% single-parent families) from the United States. Results revealed that overall prosocial behavior for boys and emotional support for girls were positively associated with friendship quality over time. Overall prosocial behavior was also associated with increased life satisfaction. Discussion focuses on the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior and implications regarding friendships and mental health during adolescence.

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Roberts, Lindsey T. "Associations Between Community Support, Exposure to Violence, and Well-Being Across the Lifespan." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1442918156.

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Richards, Gareth. "Caffeinated energy drink use in adolescents and young adults : associations with mental health, academic performance, and problem behaviour." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/96262/.

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Caffeinated energy drinks have become a cause for concern, with numerous mainstream media accounts relating their usage to undesirable outcomes. This thesis aimed to investigate the accuracy of such claims, and more specifically, to determine whether the consumption of these products is associated with stress and mental health problems, disruptive behaviour, and low academic attainment. The research carried out here also took a novel approach by investigating energy drink use both in isolation and in combination with a number of other dietary variables (e.g. cola and chewing gum consumption, breakfast omission). Three questionnaire surveys were conducted to investigate whether energy drink use was associated with mental health and academic attainment in university students. The findings then helped direct a large-scale longitudinal study of secondary school children from the South West of England. Finally, a preliminary investigation was conducted to investigate acute effects of diet on the likelihood of children incurring behavioural sanctions at school. The results suggested that energy drink use is associated with undesirable mental health, behavioural, and academic outcomes. Although many of the effects observed were cross-sectional, a number of significant longitudinal findings were also made. Taken together with the observation that energy drink consumption in combination with breakfast omission was a significant predictor of the acute occurrence of detentions, these results imply that the relationships could be causal. However, until intervention studies have better determined the nature of the effects, a cautious approach to policy change may be required. The reason for this is that, although many advocate banning adolescent use of energy drinks, doing so has been shown to create additional problems, such as the subsequent emergence of junk food black markets in secondary schools.

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Yeeles, Ksenija. "The associations of informal coercion with legal compulsion, clinical outcomes and the therapeutic relationship in community mental health care." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0a03f868-aa6c-463c-aa24-31a2b31b632e.

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In addition to involuntary treatment, patients with severe mental illness are routinely subject to other pressures such as leverage to improve their adherence to treatment. Little clinical or research attention has been given to these pressures and their associations with both involuntary treatment and clinical outcomes are poorly understood. My thesis aims to test whether the imposing of compulsion affects patients' experience of leverage and whether leverage affects treatment outcomes. It also examines whether patients' relationships with clinicians influence their perception of the coerciveness of involuntary treatment. The thesis begins with a scoping review of current knowledge about non-legislated pressures and identifies their widespread use and limited associations with patient characteristics and outcomes. My empirical studies find that involuntary and voluntary patients do not report different rates of leverage, that leverage is not related to better outcomes, and that the therapeutic relationship does not moderate perceived coercion. My studies suggest that involuntary treatment does not liberate patients from other pressures, but there is also no evidence that clinicians were more controlling with involuntary patients. Unlike legal compulsion, the use of leverage may be a more integral part of clinical practice rather than a considered strategy. Such pressures restrict patient autonomy but their use is neither monitored nor regulated. I found no justification for them in benefits to patients. In contrast to the positive effects of 'procedural justice' I found no evidence that the therapeutic relationship independently alters perceived coercion. Policies and formal training should increase clinicians' awareness of non-statutory pressures to improve their skills and reduce coercion.

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Rees, Joanna. "Diet quality and mental health: How does improved cooking confidence after a food literacy cooking program affect mental health outcomes and associations with dietary and gut biomarkers of the gut-brain axis?" Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2497.

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The prevalence and burden of obesity and mental health disorders have increased in recent years. Better understanding of their relationship is required to identify modifiable risk factors to direct future interventions for improved health outcomes. In Australia dietary patterns have shifted away from home-cooked nutritious foods, towards reliance on pre-prepared convenience meals which are typically energy-dense, nutrient-poor. Latest statistics reflect a decline in diet quality, with significant barriers to healthier eating featured in the living environment. A healthy diet is central to lowering the risks of metabolic disease and for the protection of mental health. The global effort to tackle obesity and improve knowledge around cooking and eating behaviour is gaining momentum. In parallel, tremendous advances have occurred in gut microbiome research, highlighting the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and human health. Diet directly affects microbiome composition, and food-based microbially-derived metabolites play a pivotal role in human physiology that are correlated with multiplicitous diseases including mental illness. This study examined the links between fruit and vegetable intake, diet quality and mental health. Then followed an evaluation of effects of a community-based cooking program on cooking confidence and ability to overcome barriers to healthy eating. Finally, the associations between cooking confidence, dietary and gut biomarkers, the gut microbiome and mental health were investigated. Part one of this PhD involved the creation of a dietary fibre, resistant starch and polyphenolic phytochemical database with which to estimate amounts of these important nutrients in everyday Australian foods. In Part two the database was applied to the pre-collected data from a large cohort of Australian adults, to explore associations between fruit and vegetable intake and mental health after 5 years. Parts three and four studied participants of a 7-week cooking program. Part three comprised evaluation of the program on cooking confidence, ability to overcome barriers to healthy eating, dietary intake and mental health post-program. Part four involved an investigation of the relationship between diet quality, mental health, dietary and gut biomarkers, including the novel inclusion of bile acids, the gut microbiome and underlying mechanisms of the gut-brain axis. Microbiome-specific dietary components positively affected mental health outcomes. The 7-week cooking program overcame some barriers to healthy eating and increased cooking confidence and mental health but did not change diet quality or dietary and gut biomarkers associated with the gut-brain axis. Bile acids significantly contributed to microbial variance as did dietary fibre derived from fruit and cereals and grains. Diet quality and BMI were associated with gut biomarkers and microbiome composition, and phylum level microbial diversity significantly decreased for those in the lowest diet quality category. Additionally, there were iii diet-driven shifts in the relative abundance of predominant phyla that have been linked to poorer mental and physical health outcomes. Our understanding of the diet-gut microbiome-mental health connection is still emerging but there is mounting evidence that diet quality has a profound effect and presents a key modifiable risk factor in the protection against poor health due to both physiological and neurological processes via the gut-brain axis.

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Smith, Eric G. "Comparative Effectiveness of Lithium and Valproate for Suicide Prevention and Associations With Nonsuicide Mortality: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/737.

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Background: The mood stabilizer lithium has long been reported to be associated with reduced suicide risks, but many studies reporting associations between lithium and reduced suicide risks also have been nonrandomized and lacked adjustment for many potential confounders, active controls, uniform follow-up, or intent-to-treat samples. Concerns also have been raised that medications being considered as potential suicide preventative might increase risks of nonsuicide mortality while reducing risks of suicide. Methods: Three studies of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients were conducted combining high-dimensional propensity score matching with intent-to-treat analyses to examine the associations between lithium and valproate and one-year suicide and nonsuicide mortality outcomes. Results: In intention-to-treat analyses, initiation of lithium, compared to valproate, was associated with increased suicide mortality over 0-365 days among patients with bipolar disorder (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.50 [95% Confidence Interval 1.05, 2.15]) Nonsuicide mortality among VHA patients with or without bipolar disorder was not significantly associated with the initiation of lithium compared to valproate ( HR 0.92 [0.82-1.04]). Rates of treatment discontinuation, however, were very high (≈ 92%). Longitudinal analyses revealed that the increased suicide risks associated with initiating lithium among patients with bipolar disorder occurred exclusively after discontinuation of lithium vii treatment. In secondary analyses restricted to patients still receiving their initial treatment, there was no difference in suicide risk between the initiation of lithium or valproate. Conclusions: Significantly increased risks of suicide were observed at one year among VHA patients with bipolar disorder initiating lithium compared to valproate, related to risks observed after the discontinuation of lithium treatment Since these studies are nonrandomized, confounding may account for some or all of our findings, including the risks observed after lithium discontinuation. Nevertheless, these results suggest that health systems and providers consider steps to minimize any potential lithium discontinuation-associated risk. Approaches might include educating patients about possible risks associated with discontinuation and closely monitoring patients after discontinuation if feasible. Given the obvious importance of any substantive difference between lithium and valproate in suicide or nonsuicide mortality risk, our studies also suggest that further research is needed, especially research that can further minimize the potential for confounding.

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Goldberg, Sophia E. M. "Connectedness in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder| Associations with Maternal Stress, Self-Efficacy, and Empathy." Thesis, Mills College, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10794054.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that is defined by deficits in communication, socialization, and cognitive abilities that make it more challenging for individuals to form and maintain relationships. Previous research has found that mothers with children with ASD-related symptoms report increased maternal stress and decreased maternal self-efficacy and maternal empathy. However, this research mainly examined the medical side of ASD, omitting the emotional aspect that is frequently and importantly associated with child developmental and behavioral outcomes. Alternatively, parent-child connectedness is a way to understand how parents feel emotionally connected to their children. The aim of this study was to understand how ASD-related behaviors and symptomology influenced maternal connectedness to their children, and evaluating maternal stress, maternal self-efficacy, and maternal empathy as mediating variables. Mothers (N = 125) of children between 3 and 5 years of age reported on their children’s ASD-related symptomology, maternal stress, maternal self-efficacy, maternal empathy, and parent-child connectedness. The results showed a negative effect of ASD behaviors on maternal feelings of parent-child connectedness. Maternal stress, maternal self-efficacy, and maternal empathy were tested as mediating variables and the findings demonstrated how these parenting dimensions contributed to the negative relationship between ASD symptomology and parent-child connectedness. The results are discussed regarding the possible factors influencing the parent-child connectedness, as well as implications for further research in the field of Infant Mental Health.

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Totzeck, Christina [Verfasser], Jürgen [Gutachter] Margraf, and Stefan G. [Gutachter] Hofmann. "Emotion and mental health : associations, assessments, and clinical implications / Christina Totzeck ; Gutachter: Jürgen Margraf, Stefan G. Hofmann ; Fakultät für Psychologie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201560586/34.

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Macginty, Rae. "Investigating associations between maternal mental health on wheeze through two years of age in a South African birth cohort study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26907.

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Background: Wheezing is one of the most common respiratory illnesses in children worldwide. Severe wheeze can result in significant morbidity, caregiver burden and increased health care costs. In addition, early childhood wheeze may be associated with reduced lung function, diminished airway responsiveness, increased risk of asthma in late childhood and subsequent respiratory disease including asthma in adulthood. This is particularly true in those experiencing recurrent wheeze episodes, which in the presence of viral respiratory tract infections, are believed to lead to asthma diagnosis. Thus, it is imperative to understand the risk factors for early childhood wheeze to reduce the increasing burden of respiratory illness. Recent research has seen a shift to maternal psychosocial risk factors and the impact these have on child respiratory health outcomes, such as wheeze. Various studies, largely conducted in High Income Countries (HIC), have found associations between antenatal or postnatal psychosocial risk factors, such as depression, psychological distress, and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), and child wheeze and/or asthma diagnosis in early stages of life. However, these studies predominantly considered those in low-income urban regions that were predisposed to respiratory illnesses, including wheeze and asthma. Utilising the techniques and knowledge gained from previous studies, this research considers the relationship between antenatal or postnatal maternal psychosocial exposures and the onset and recurrence of child wheeze in a South African setting. In the study population used for this research, the reported prevalence of antenatal psychological distress and depression was 23% and 20%, respectively, while 34% of the women were exposed to antenatal IPV. Often those suffering from poor mental health in these contexts are not recognised and therefore remain untreated. In addition, service provision in these settings is also generally poor. The combination of low levels of social and psychiatric support, with unique political and socio-economic risk factors, may result in more persistent and severe forms of psychosocial exposure in Low Middle Income Countries (LMIC). Given the high prevalence of psychosocial risk factors, as well as the high prevalence of child wheeze, South Africa provides an excellent platform to investigate the association between maternal antenatal or postnatal psychosocial exposure and the development and recurrence of child wheeze in an LMIC context. Methods: The data used for this research was provided by the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a prospective birth cohort study conducted in the Drakenstein region, a peri-urban region outside of Paarl in the Western Cape of South Africa. Pregnant women over 18 years old, between 20-28 weeks' gestation, living in the region were enrolled in a parent study, in order to investigate the epidemiology and aetiology of respiratory illnesses in children. The parent study considered various risk factors, including psychosocial risk factors such as maternal depression, psychological distress and IPV, which were measured antenatally and postnatally by validated questionnaires. In the context of this research, wheeze was considered to be present if it was identified during any routine study follow-up visit, as well as at an unscheduled lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) episode visit during the first two years of life. Recurrent wheeze was defined as experiencing two or more episodes of wheeze in a 12-month period. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between antenatal and postnatal psychosocial risk factors and child wheeze. Results: From the results, postnatal psychological distress and IPV were associated with experiencing at least one episode of child wheeze (adjusted OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.16-3.79 and 1.60, 95% CI: 1.11-2.29 respectively) and recurrent wheeze (adjusted OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.09- 4.95 and 2.22, 95% CI: 1.35-3.63 respectively), within the first two years of life. No associations were found between antenatal psychosocial risk factors and child wheeze. Of clinical covariates explored, maternal smoking and household smoke exposure, birth weight, gestational age, sex and population group were associated with the presence of wheeze. All of these clinical covariates, as well as alcohol consumption were associated with recurrent child wheeze. Conclusion: Maternal postnatal psychological distress and postnatal IPV had the strongest impact on predicting wheeze outcomes. These findings suggest that screening and treatment programs which address maternal postnatal psychosocial risk factors may lessen the burden of childhood wheeze in LMIC settings.

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Piedra, Alexandra Nicole. "THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LATINX TRADITIONAL VALUES ON MENTAL HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES FOR ONE’S CHILD AND FOR ONESELF." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1604301207356666.

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37

Gonzalez, Maria G. "Associations Between Parenting Stress, Feeding Practices, and Child Eating Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2021. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2285.

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The COVID-19 pandemic provides an important opportunity to understand how parenting stress during social crisis may predict child feeding practices and perceptions of child mealtime behaviors. The objective of the present study was to explore whether parents’ perceived increases in and overall levels of parenting stress during the pandemic were associated with controlling feeding practices and perceptions of child eating behaviors. Parents (n = 284) of 4–6-year-old children completed a cross-sectional online survey between March and April 2020. The survey assessed parents’ perceived change in parenting stress during the onset of the pandemic and levels of parenting stress during the pandemic (via the Parenting Stress Scale), as well as child feeding practices (via the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire), and children’s eating behaviors (via the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire). Ordinal linear regressions were used examine whether changes in and levels of parenting stress predicted use of controlling or responsive feeding practices and parents’ perceptions of child eating behaviors. The majority (63.7%, n = 181) of parents indicated their family was moderately or extremely emotionally affected by the pandemic and 56.7% (n = 161) indicated pandemic-related precautions had been moderately or extremely challenging. Perceived increases in parenting stress during the onset of the pandemic were associated with more frequent use of food as a reward (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.26) and for emotional regulation (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.04 – 1.23), as well as low child food responsiveness (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 – 0.99) and lower odds of slow eating (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84 – 1.00). Higher overall levels of parenting stress were associated with more frequent use of food as a reward (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02 – 1.08) and for emotional regulation (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.03 – 1.08) but also with use of pressuring feeding practices (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 – 1.06) and encouraging a balanced diet less frequently (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 – 1.06). Higher overall levels of parenting stress were associated with greater child food fussiness (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02 – 1.08), low enjoyment of food (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02 – 1.07), and low satiety responsiveness (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.93 – 0.98). During the COVID-19 pandemic, increases in and high levels of parenting stress predicted parents’ use of food for emotion and behavioral regulation, but also with various domains of children’s eating behaviors. Results highlight the need for targeted efforts to support families during social crisis.

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38

Lee, Joanna M. "Black Youth and the Boys in Blue: Associations Between Police Treatment, Mental Health, and Ethnic Identity in African American Juvenile Offenders." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/5124.

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Psychology
Ph.D.;
The present study was conducted to further our understanding of the correlates of and variations in perceptions of police treatment among African American adolescent offenders. Ethnic identity development can play a role in youths' sensitivity to stigma, but whether this finding applies to black youth involved in the juvenile justice system has not been explored. Although there is evidence for a robust association between perceptions of discrimination and negative psychological outcomes, there is a dearth of research that investigates a) the directional nature of these associations, and b) how associations vary as a function of perceptions of personal and group discrimination. Participants were 501 African American youth ages 14-18 who were adjudicated of a felony or serious misdemeanor in Philadelphia. Data were taken from annual interviews conducted over the course of four years. Increased ethnic identity exploration was related to the perception that police use biased behavior against people from different racial/ethnic backgrounds. Furthermore, there was a relatively stronger association between psychological distress and perceptions of police behavior among youth who reported taking an active role in making meaning of their ethnicity,. Finally, the results of this study support drawing a distinction between personal and global perceptions of discrimination, in that their links to psychological distress differed with respect to the direction of effects. Specifically, whereas negative personal encounters with the police lead to higher levels of distress, being distressed led to more negative global perceptions of the police. This study provides evidence that normative processes in adolescence, like ethnic identity development, operate much the same way among high risk youth (e.g., juvenile offenders) as in more normative samples. This is especially important given that the consideration of normative developmental processes in high-risk samples like juvenile offenders can have implications for rehabilitation efforts. Finally, the present research highlights the need for the education of law enforcement agencies regarding adolescent development and factors that might increase or decrease young people's willingness to comply with the law.
Temple University--Theses

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39

Williams, Kate Elizabeth. "Self-regulation from birth to age seven : associations with maternal mental health, parenting, and social, emotional and behavioural outcomes for children." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/71568/1/Kate_Williams_Thesis.pdf.

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Self-regulation refers to our individual capacities to regulate our behaviours, emotions, and thoughts, with these skills developing rapidly across early childhood. This thesis examined sleep, emotional, and cognitive regulation development, and related parental influences, for children participating in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Important longitudinal associations among children's self-regulation, maternal mental health, parenting, and later behaviour problems for children were also investigated. A unique contribution of this research was a prevalence estimate of early childhood self-regulation problems in Australian children that was documented for the first time.

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40

Balfour, Lindsay E. "Hospital Loneliness and the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Preliminary Analysis of Associations with Recovery in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/336.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine general loneliness, hospital loneliness, and the patient-physician relationship in regards to their associations with Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) recovery outcome variables (days until engraftment and quality of life). Fifteen (66.7% female, 33.3% male; 93.3% white, 6.7% Black/African American; average age 61.73) individuals who had an allogeneic or autologous BMT at The Mayo Clinic of Jacksonville completed the FACT-BMT, UCLA-Loneliness Scale Version 3, the CARE Measure, and provided disease and treatment information at the 6 month posttransplant date (+/- 30 days). Patients recovering from BMT indicated significantly higher scores of hospital loneliness in comparison to their general loneliness scores. This increase is believed to represent the outcome of experiencing hospital isolation during the post-transplant recovery process. Increases in hospital loneliness were marginally significant in predicting decreases in the patients overall quality of life. The patient physician consultational relationship was found to have a significant relationship with the number of days until engraftment, however the direction of the relationship was opposite the hypothesized direction. This may suggest that engraftment influences the quality of the relationship instead of vice versa. These results imply that there is a relationship between hospital isolation and increases in the amount of loneliness experienced during recovery from a BMT. Loneliness has been found to have a negative relationship with a number of physiological and quality of life outcomes. The present study also elucidates possible correlates with the patient-physician relationship.

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41

Nguyen, Huong Thanh. "Child maltreatment in Vietnam : prevalence and associated mental and physical health problems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16331/1/Huong_Thanh_Nguyen_Thesis.pdf.

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Child maltreatment is not a new issue. It has existed in various forms in every society since the early days in history. However, it is only in the past four decades that abuse and neglect of children has attracted widespread interest among health professionals and the general public. There is now a large body of evidence that identifies four main maltreatment forms: physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment and neglect. Child maltreatment is a substantial public health problem, as it is associated with immediate and long-term health problems. Most research into child maltreatment has been conducted in English-speaking, developed countries. Although there has been a small but steady increase in the number of studies from less developed countries over the past decade, there remains a relative dearth of research in these populations, especially in Asia. Over the years, most research projects around the world tend to be focused on only one type of child maltreatment (usually either child sexual abuse or child physical maltreatment), and many studies do not examine risk factors in depth, or address the possible outcomes of various forms of maltreatment. Children have always held a very important place in the culture and traditions in Vietnam. In 1989, Vietnam was the first Asian country and the second country in the world to sign and ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since then Vietnam has adopted various measures to promote children's rights and particularly children's rights to be protected from abuse and exploitation. Despite strong political support for the rights of children, there is little formal research into child maltreatment. From the small amount of available evidence and media reports, it appears that children in Vietnam are vulnerable to maltreatment, just as they are all over the world. It is clear that information about the extent and health consequences of different forms of child maltreatment from scientifically sound studies is still far from sufficient. Thus, more research is essential to ensure effective and culturally appropriate responses to protect children from maltreatment. The primary aim of this research was to examine the nature and co-occurrence of four forms of child maltreatment including sexual, physical, emotional maltreatment and neglect among Vietnamese secondary and high school adolescents in both urban and rural settings, and determine the extent to which such adverse experiences impact on self-reported health risk behaviours and physical and mental health. A mixed methods design including qualitative interviews and focus group discussions, and a cross-sectional survey was employed in this study. Incorporation of qualitative inquiry added a cultural dimension on child maltreatment and informed to develop appropriate quantitative measures. Following 8 focus group discussions and 16 in-depth interviews as well as a pilot study of 299 adolescents in Vietnamese schools, a cross-sectional survey of 2,591 adolescents randomly selected from eight secondary and high schools in one urban district and one rural district was undertaken between 2004 and 2005. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires in class rooms. Key information included demographics, family characteristics and environment, and four scales measuring sexual abuse, emotional and physical maltreatment and neglect as well as standard brief assessments of health related risk behaviours, mental and general physical health. The study clearly revealed that experiences of different forms and co-occurrence of child maltreatment among school adolescents were prevalent in Vietnam. The prevalence estimates of at least one type of physical and emotional maltreatment, neglect and sexual abuse were 47.5%, 39.5%, 29.3% and 19.7% respectively. A significant proportion of respondents (41.6%) was exposed to more than one form of child maltreatment, of which 14.5% and 6.3% experienced three or four maltreatment forms. Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the prevalence of child physical and emotional maltreatment and neglect among adolescents was not statistically different between urban and rural districts. However, children from rural schools were more likely to report unwanted sexual experiences than their counterparts in urban schools. There was no significant gender difference in reports of adverse sexual experiences. In contrast, girls were more likely to report emotional maltreatment and neglect whereas boys were more likely to experience physical maltreatment. Furthermore, family environment assessed by parental quarrelling, fighting, perceived quality of parental relationship and emotional support appeared to be the most consistent factors significantly predicting each form of child maltreatment. After controlling for a wide range of potential confounding factors, many significant correlates between each type of maltreatment, each level of maltreatment co-occurrence and each health risk behaviour were found. In general, the pattern of correlations between child maltreatment and health risk behaviours was similar for females and males. Emotional maltreatment significantly correlated with most behaviours examined. Physical maltreatment seems more likely to be associated with involvement in physical fights and being threatened. Sexual abuse was significantly related to smoking, drinking, being drunk, and involvement in fighting. Statistically significant associations between neglect and self-harm such as involvement in fighting, feeling sad and hopeless, suicidal thoughts and attempts were found. Clearly, co-occurrence of child maltreatment was significantly associated with almost all examined health risk behaviours and a dose-response relationship was observed in most of the dependent variables. Regarding continuous measures of mental and physical health, multivariate regression analyses revealed that presence of four types of child maltreatment explained a small but significant proportion of variance (from 5% to 9%), controlling for a wide range of background variables. Additionally, while each form of child maltreatment had independent effects on depression, anxiety problems, low self-esteem and poor physical health emotional maltreatment appeared to be the strongest influence on mental and physical health of both female and male adolescents. Analysis of variance also clearly suggested that exposure to increasing numbers of maltreatment forms significantly increased the risk of mental and physical health problems in a dose-response fashion. The present study extends a small body of previous research examining poly-victimization in developed nations to an Asian country. The data contribute new knowledge on cross-cultural child maltreatment problems. Considerable commonalities as well as some differences in the findings in Vietnam compared with earlier research were found. One important conclusion concerns the significant independent associations between various types of child maltreatment, as well as the cumulative effects of poly-victimization on a wide range of health risk behaviours, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and general physical health. This pioneering research in Vietnam provides timely and substantial evidence that can be used to raise public awareness of the nature of child maltreatment and the harmful effects of not only sexual and physical abuse but also other forms of emotional maltreatment and neglect which have not received attention before. These results from a community-based sample have demonstrated the urgent need for prevention programs. The current study provides an impetus for more comprehensive research in this sensitive area in the near future so that culturally and politically relevant evidence-based responses to child maltreatment can be developed in Vietnam.

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42

Nguyen, Huong Thanh. "Child maltreatment in Vietnam : prevalence and associated mental and physical health problems." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16331/.

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Abstract:

Child maltreatment is not a new issue. It has existed in various forms in every society since the early days in history. However, it is only in the past four decades that abuse and neglect of children has attracted widespread interest among health professionals and the general public. There is now a large body of evidence that identifies four main maltreatment forms: physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment and neglect. Child maltreatment is a substantial public health problem, as it is associated with immediate and long-term health problems. Most research into child maltreatment has been conducted in English-speaking, developed countries. Although there has been a small but steady increase in the number of studies from less developed countries over the past decade, there remains a relative dearth of research in these populations, especially in Asia. Over the years, most research projects around the world tend to be focused on only one type of child maltreatment (usually either child sexual abuse or child physical maltreatment), and many studies do not examine risk factors in depth, or address the possible outcomes of various forms of maltreatment. Children have always held a very important place in the culture and traditions in Vietnam. In 1989, Vietnam was the first Asian country and the second country in the world to sign and ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since then Vietnam has adopted various measures to promote children's rights and particularly children's rights to be protected from abuse and exploitation. Despite strong political support for the rights of children, there is little formal research into child maltreatment. From the small amount of available evidence and media reports, it appears that children in Vietnam are vulnerable to maltreatment, just as they are all over the world. It is clear that information about the extent and health consequences of different forms of child maltreatment from scientifically sound studies is still far from sufficient. Thus, more research is essential to ensure effective and culturally appropriate responses to protect children from maltreatment. The primary aim of this research was to examine the nature and co-occurrence of four forms of child maltreatment including sexual, physical, emotional maltreatment and neglect among Vietnamese secondary and high school adolescents in both urban and rural settings, and determine the extent to which such adverse experiences impact on self-reported health risk behaviours and physical and mental health. A mixed methods design including qualitative interviews and focus group discussions, and a cross-sectional survey was employed in this study. Incorporation of qualitative inquiry added a cultural dimension on child maltreatment and informed to develop appropriate quantitative measures. Following 8 focus group discussions and 16 in-depth interviews as well as a pilot study of 299 adolescents in Vietnamese schools, a cross-sectional survey of 2,591 adolescents randomly selected from eight secondary and high schools in one urban district and one rural district was undertaken between 2004 and 2005. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires in class rooms. Key information included demographics, family characteristics and environment, and four scales measuring sexual abuse, emotional and physical maltreatment and neglect as well as standard brief assessments of health related risk behaviours, mental and general physical health. The study clearly revealed that experiences of different forms and co-occurrence of child maltreatment among school adolescents were prevalent in Vietnam. The prevalence estimates of at least one type of physical and emotional maltreatment, neglect and sexual abuse were 47.5%, 39.5%, 29.3% and 19.7% respectively. A significant proportion of respondents (41.6%) was exposed to more than one form of child maltreatment, of which 14.5% and 6.3% experienced three or four maltreatment forms. Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the prevalence of child physical and emotional maltreatment and neglect among adolescents was not statistically different between urban and rural districts. However, children from rural schools were more likely to report unwanted sexual experiences than their counterparts in urban schools. There was no significant gender difference in reports of adverse sexual experiences. In contrast, girls were more likely to report emotional maltreatment and neglect whereas boys were more likely to experience physical maltreatment. Furthermore, family environment assessed by parental quarrelling, fighting, perceived quality of parental relationship and emotional support appeared to be the most consistent factors significantly predicting each form of child maltreatment. After controlling for a wide range of potential confounding factors, many significant correlates between each type of maltreatment, each level of maltreatment co-occurrence and each health risk behaviour were found. In general, the pattern of correlations between child maltreatment and health risk behaviours was similar for females and males. Emotional maltreatment significantly correlated with most behaviours examined. Physical maltreatment seems more likely to be associated with involvement in physical fights and being threatened. Sexual abuse was significantly related to smoking, drinking, being drunk, and involvement in fighting. Statistically significant associations between neglect and self-harm such as involvement in fighting, feeling sad and hopeless, suicidal thoughts and attempts were found. Clearly, co-occurrence of child maltreatment was significantly associated with almost all examined health risk behaviours and a dose-response relationship was observed in most of the dependent variables. Regarding continuous measures of mental and physical health, multivariate regression analyses revealed that presence of four types of child maltreatment explained a small but significant proportion of variance (from 5% to 9%), controlling for a wide range of background variables. Additionally, while each form of child maltreatment had independent effects on depression, anxiety problems, low self-esteem and poor physical health emotional maltreatment appeared to be the strongest influence on mental and physical health of both female and male adolescents. Analysis of variance also clearly suggested that exposure to increasing numbers of maltreatment forms significantly increased the risk of mental and physical health problems in a dose-response fashion. The present study extends a small body of previous research examining poly-victimization in developed nations to an Asian country. The data contribute new knowledge on cross-cultural child maltreatment problems. Considerable commonalities as well as some differences in the findings in Vietnam compared with earlier research were found. One important conclusion concerns the significant independent associations between various types of child maltreatment, as well as the cumulative effects of poly-victimization on a wide range of health risk behaviours, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and general physical health. This pioneering research in Vietnam provides timely and substantial evidence that can be used to raise public awareness of the nature of child maltreatment and the harmful effects of not only sexual and physical abuse but also other forms of emotional maltreatment and neglect which have not received attention before. These results from a community-based sample have demonstrated the urgent need for prevention programs. The current study provides an impetus for more comprehensive research in this sensitive area in the near future so that culturally and politically relevant evidence-based responses to child maltreatment can be developed in Vietnam.

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43

Müller, Rachel. "Understanding the associations of social skills and social support with mental health, participation and quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-162262.

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44

Miller, Sophie Ann. "Associations between socio-economic position, neighbourhood disadvantage, and mental health and well-being: Are the relationships moderated by exposure to a natural disaster?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/131621/1/Sophie_Miller_Thesis.pdf.

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An average of at least one natural disaster is experienced every day worldwide. The frequency, timing, spatial extent and intensity of natural disasters is increasing. In response, this thesis aims to understand socio-economic inequalities in mental health and well-being and whether differential exposure to a major flood event influences this relationship. Findings indicate who you are and where you live is important in the context of a natural disaster. The importance of this research is to ensure health protection of populations with the greatest needs. This approach will help ensure that government expenditure on public health initiatives are appropriately targeted.

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Gardner, Sallie. "Student-Teacher Distress: Perceived Prevalence of Psychological Distress among Final Year Primary School Student-Teachers, and Associations between the Internship Demands and Student-Teachers' Coping Strategies and Resources." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367216.

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Teaching is stressful. Professional demands may impact on well-being and contribute to psychological distress, and attrition among student-teachers and beginning teachers. For student-teachers, already challenged by their final year of teacher preparation, the Internship may be similarly demanding. Psychological distress, one of the world’s most prevalent mental health disorders among the general adult population, has been widely studied, and found to be even greater, in university medical, health and law students. There is substantial literature about stress on teachers, and the impact of the practicum on early childhood teachers and secondary-school student-teachers, but few, if any, studies report on psychological distress, the Internship, and coping strategies of primary school student teachers. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate primary school student teachers’ psychological distress prior to, and during their 6-week Internship. Moreover, in order to extrapolate information on how best to address their psychological distress, and to identify strategies which may be pertinent to future teacher education curricula, a second purpose of the study was to examine coping strategies, and professional resources used by a sample of Australian primary-school student-teachers to manage their personal and professional stress.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Education and Professional Studies
Arts, Education and Law
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46

Gößmann, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Gendered violence in violent environments: Expressions, conditions, and associations of intimate partner violence and mental health among women affected by war in northern Iraq / Katharina Gößmann." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2021. http://d-nb.info/123291360X/34.

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47

Zapata, Lauren B. "Associations Between Maternal Depression and Child Social Competence and Display of Problem Behaviors: A Longitudinal Investigation of Direct, Indirect and Moderating Effects." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001174.

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48

Mitrofan, O. "Understanding associations between exhibited aggression and aggression seen on television and in video games in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties, attending specialist outpatient mental health services." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49063/.

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The possibility that seeing aggression on television and in video games might cause aggression in children is a public health concern. A systematic review found insufficient, contradictory and methodologically flawed evidence regarding this association in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties. It indicated the complexity of the subject, along with numerous gaps in knowledge. There are few studies based in clinical settings. This thesis reports a mixed methods pilot study that explored possible associations between aggression seen on television and in video games and reported aggression in children attending specialist outpatient Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). Forty-seven children aged 7-11 years with behavioural and emotional difficulties, attending CAMHS, and their carers participated in a survey. Twenty children were purposively selected; they and a parent/carer participated in semi-structured interviews, which were analysed using the Framework Analysis Approach. Quantitative findings indicate that children exhibit various types of aggression, of varying frequency and severity. Qualitative findings reveal that children see aggression in multiple real and virtual settings. Children do not think their own behaviour is influenced by seeing aggression. Carers regard aggression as the result of a combination of inner and environmental factors, amongst which seeing aggression in real life has more impact than television/video games. Verbal aggression is often seen in real and virtual settings, frequently exhibited and strongly associated with poor peer relationships and low prosocial behaviour. There is currently no definitive proof of any association between seeing aggression on television and in video games and exhibited aggression in such children. This thesis makes suggestions for the undertaking of and methodology for future research, tackling the challenges of researching this field and hard to reach population. Carers, professional organisations and policy makers should consider the role of aggression, particularly verbal, that children see in both real and virtual environments.

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Gabler, Sandra [Verfasser], and Gottfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Spangler. "Foster Children’s Attachment Development and Mental Health in the First Six Months of Foster Care Placement: Associations with Foster Parents’ Stress and Sensitivity / Sandra Gabler. Betreuer: Gottfried Spangler." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1054164088/34.

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Müller, Rachel [Verfasser], and Alarcos [Akademischer Betreuer] Cieza. "Understanding the associations of social skills and social support with mental health, participation and quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury / Rachel Müller. Betreuer: Alarcos Cieza." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1043906673/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mental Health Associations'

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