Academic literature on the topic 'Menopause – Physiological aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Menopause – Physiological aspects"
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Ballinger, C. B. "Psychiatric Aspects of the Menopause." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 6 (June 1990): 773–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.6.773.
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In the debates about the association between mental illness and the menopause, the psychiatric approach contradicts assertions by the gynaecological and psychoanalytic literature that the menopause has a negative effect on mental health. General population studies show that, if at all, psychiatric morbidity is more common in women in the five years before menopause. Sociocultural and family factors are more important in the aetiology of mental illness in menopausal women than physiological changes. Anxiety and depression in such women do not respond to oestrogen therapy, although some cases respond to antidepressants.
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Valencia, Erick, Angela Marin, and Gil Hardy. "Can antioxidant nutraceuticals benefit the menopause?" British Menopause Society Journal 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/136218002100321785.
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The antioxidants glutathione, selenium and vitamins C and E meet the criteria for nutraceuticals and their in vivo concentrations can undoubtedly influence and improve many disease processes. In an attempt to quantify and correlate their individual roles as nutritional supplements with their therapeutic potential to improve symptoms and lifestyle during the menopause, we conducted a literature search covering the 15 years up to 2001. Few publications were found dealing specifically with menopausal women. Approximately 90% reported research with vitamins and/or selenium and only one paper investigated a possible correlation between glutathione and breast cancer. This relatively low level of research interest in nutritional or antioxidant aspects of the menopause may just reflect a preoccupation with the more general chronic diseases of an ageing population, without necessarily acknowledging the important physiological changes that occur in women. The little encouraging data in the literature should stimulate more research into the prognostic value, mechanisms and efficacy of nutraceutical supplementation that specifically relate to menopausal women.
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Agustina, Agustina, and Nawati Nawati. "HUBUNGAN KECEMASAN TERHADAP KELUHAN MENOPAUSE PADA WANITA USIA 45-50 TAHUN DI KECAMATAN TANAH SEREAL KOTA BOGOR." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Poltekkes Depkes Bandung 13, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v13i2.1864.
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The health problem of women towards elderly is menopause syndrome starting from 40 to 45 years old and it needs attention. It is estimated that one-third of a woman's life span will be in age with a hypoestrogen condition. Women will experience various kinds of disorders both physically and psychologically which negatively impact both in the short and long term. Factors that can influence complaints during menopause are physiological factors due to decreased ovarian activity, socio-cultural and psychological factors that underlie women's personality.
This study used a cross sectional approach which aims to learn more about the relationship between anxiety levels with menopausal women's complaints. The research was carried out in the working area of the Tanah Sareal Community Health Center, Central Bogor District, starting from Oktober until November 2020 with a questioner via E-form conducted to 107 respondents. Results: The age of the respondents was dominated by 50-55 years with an elementary and high school education background. In general, respondents are married and some have normal nutritional status and tend to be obese, most of them do not smoke. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between anxiety and menopause complaints. Multivariate analysis confounder test with regression, the variable anxiety was the most closely related to menopausal complaints with p = 0.023 and an OR value of 5.7. It is recommended that Tanah Sereal Puskesmas carry out health promotion to change women's views about menopause as a physiological thing and pay more attention to psychological aspects in providing health services. The results of this study can be taken into consideration in developing a nursing intervention model in the form of more comprehensive health promotion in preventing and overcoming menopausal complaints by involving family members.
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Martin, David M., Seetal Kakumani, Mary S. Martin, and Geraldine Cassidy. "Learning Disabilities and the Menopause." British Menopause Society Journal 9, no. 1 (March 2003): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136218070300900108.
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How menopause affects women with learning disabilities is a neglected area of research. Women with learning disabilities experience the same physiological effects of the menopause as others, including hot flushes and night sweats, but difficulties in understanding and communication mean that additional supports are often required. They are less likely to report the psychological difficulties or symptoms associated with menopause than women in the general population. Menopause is usually earlier in women with learning disability and earlier still for those with Down's syndrome. Debate about hormone replacement therapy often ignores the needs of women with learning disabilities who, as a result, are very often excluded from the decision-making process. Physical problems among women with learning disabilities and other aspects of ageing warrant particular focus.
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Agarwal, Anil K., Nirmala Kiron, Rajesh Gupta, Aditi Sengar, and Preeti Gupta. "A study of assessment menopausal symptoms and coping strategies among middle age women of North Central India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 4470. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183995.
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Background: Menopause is one of the most significant events in a woman's life and brings in a number of physiological changes that affect the life of a woman permanently and can be influenced by various socio-demographic factors and coping activities. The objectives of the study were to determine the commonly reported menopausal symptoms among middle age women and to correlate identified menopausal problems with coping strategies found in participants.Methods: By using modified MRS questionnaire, 150 menopausal women aged 40-60 years were interview to document of 12 symptoms (divided into somatic, psychological and urogenital domain) commonly associated with menopause.Results: The mean age of menopause was 49.8 years (±4.9) (range 43 - 57 years). The most prevalent symptoms reported were joint and muscular discomfort (70.6%); physical and mental exhaustion (61.3%); and sleeping problems (59.3%). Followed by symptoms of anxiety (48.6%); irritability (45.3%) hot flushes and sweating (38.6; dryness of vagina (37.9%); depressive mood (38.0%). Other complaints noted were incontinence/Frequency of urine (27.3 and heart discomfort (23.3%). Perimenopausal women (47.2%) experienced higher prevalence of somatic and psychological symptoms compared to premenopausal (n=15.6) and postmenopausal (37.2%) women. However urogenital symptoms found more in postmenopausal group of women. There is a strong significant association between the menopausal symptoms and coping strategies adopted by the menopausal women.Conclusions: Symptoms have variable onset in relation to menopause. Some women experience symptoms earlier during perimenopause while some experience them at a later time. The application of various coping methods, including the establishment of social support networks, is warranted to enhance postmenopausal women’s behaviors in different aspects.
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Satapathy, Dr Sushree Priyadarsini, and Dr Rabinarayan Dash. "Socio-health seeking profile of women in Post Menopausal Age group: A study in a Rural block of Ganjam district, South Odisha." December 2022 14, no. 2 (December 10, 2022): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56018/bjkines2022122.
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Background: Menopause is defined as” the time when there has been no menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months and no other biological or physiological cause can be identified.” Objectives: 1) To describe the socio-demographic characteristics of post menopausal women in study area. 2) To explore out the various factors related to the age at menopause. 3) To assess the health seeking behaviour of study population. Materials and Methods- This study was a cross sectional community based observational study which was carried out among Postmenopausal women in 8 selected villages of Chhatrapur block of Ganjam district, Odisha for a period from October 2016 to September 2018 with a sample size of 247. Results- In the present study, 39.3% of the study population attained menopause at the age 46-50 years and 11.7% at the age 51-55years. Factors like socioeconomic status, age at menarche ,parity ,marital status , addiction status, family history of early menopause ,BMI and contraception user were found to have statistical significant association with the age at menopause. On logistic regression by adjusting all the variables it was found that age of study population [AOR=3.030 (1.639-5.602), educational qualification[AOR=11.798 (4.002-34.777)], and occupation [AOR= 3.913 (1.296-11.82)] were found to be significantly associated with the health seeking behaviour. Conclusion-In the present study the mean age at menopause was 46.98±4.080 years. Majority of postmenopausal women perceived that menopause occurred due to normal process of ageing. But less than half of the respondents sought treatment because of lack of knowledge about the symptoms and availability of treatment modalities. Awareness and knowledge about all the aspects of menopause should be provided to them through the health workers and women organisation. Keywords: Behaviour, Health seeking, Menopause, Postmenopausal women.
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More, Raghunath Shahaji, Pooja Dubey, Kalpana Gupta, Khushboo Kumari, and Jitendra Patel. "Assessment of nutritional status and dietary habits of North Indian menopausal women." Journal of Community Health Management 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jchm.2022.025.
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Menopause is the challenging period of a woman’s life marking the end of reproductive phases, normally occurring at mid forty between 45-55 years of age. Approximately 43 million of postmenopausal women is in India now. There is Drop in the level of estrogen and progesterone hormone that produce short-term and long-term effects. Main objectives were to assess the interventional measures in order to bring awareness and improvement in the nutritional status of menopausal women. A total of 100 post-menopausal women subjects were selected using purposive random sampling technique. Experiment was conducted in three phases. With help of Questionnaire collected Data were analyzed by using SPSS 16 software. Majority of Selected samples were from 46 - 50 year of age group, in which 26 % had the habit of consuming milk daily while 51% once a week.63% had the habit of exercise, 61.20 %, 26.86 % and 11.94 were following Walking, yoga and exercise percent respectively. 62 % of women had aching joint and muscle pain as a psychological symptom and vaginal dryness, skin wrinkling and skin itching. 28 % of menopausal women had problem of weight gain, bone disease. 67 percent, among all of the menopausal women had put an effort to lose weight. The prevalence of physiological symptoms and psychological symptoms were reported in more percentage. After imparting nutrition education using developed material like booklet, diet-charts, significant improvement and awareness regarding various aspects of menopause were noticed among menopausal women.
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Leanza, Vito, Alessia Passanisi, and Gianluca Leanza. "Urinary incontinence: quality of life and psychological aspects." Urogynaecologia 27, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/uij.2013.e3.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of female urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life. The method of research is based on a literature search on PubMed, Cochrane library and relevant articles from 1977 to 2012. Forty-eight works were found. Literature showed that UI affects a large percentage of the aged out patients. Women experience UI because of many reasons such as childbirth, menopause and previous gynaecologic surgery. Incontinence is to be treated as it impacts physiological and psychological aspects of patient’s life. Treatments include medical, physical (rehabilitation) and surgical approaches. Measures for assessment are made up by specific and non-specific questionnaires. Evaluation of female incontinence must take into account patients with and without medical treatment. Every sort of therapy has to consider the psychological impact too. In current literature depression, anxiety, shame and decreed selfefficacy resulted as the most important factors involving women with UI.
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Johnston-Ataata, Kate, Jacinthe Flore, and Renata Kokanović. "Women's Experiences of Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Menopause and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: A Qualitative Study." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 38, no. 04/05 (September 2020): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721463.
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AbstractEarly menopause (EM) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) affect an estimated 10% of women and can precipitate a wide range of physiological and personal impacts. Receiving a diagnosis of EM/POI and navigating treatment can be complex experiences for women; however, qualitative research exploring these aspects of the condition is limited. Our study aimed to increase understanding of women's lived experiences of EM/POI encompassing its medical, social, and emotional dimensions. We conducted narrative interviews with 30 women aged 28 to 51 years with spontaneous and iatrogenic EM/POI and menopausal symptoms resulting from ovarian suppression therapy, and analyzed transcripts thematically. This article examines the prominent and under-researched themes of women's experiences of navigating “diagnosis” and treatment. Diagnosis emerged as a complex and changeable process wherein women had to negotiate a diagnosis of spontaneous EM/POI and grasp the meaning and probability of iatrogenic EM/POI. Navigating treatment entailed further complexity as women grappled with the risks and efficacy of hormonal and non-hormonal medications. The findings underline the intricacies of EM/POI as a biomedical phenomenon and highlight the need for health practitioners to recognize and respond to the challenges women face in coming to terms with the condition and managing its embodied effects.
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Mohapatra, Sradhanjali, Ashif Iqubal, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Bisma Jan, Sultan Zahiruddin, Mohd Aamir Mirza, Sayeed Ahmad, and Zeenat Iqbal. "Benefits of Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for Women Health: An Up-Close and In-Depth Review." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15030278.
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Women’s health is an imminent concern worldwide, but it remains an ignored segment of research in most developing countries, and is yet to take the center stage in even developed nations. Some exclusive female health concerns revolve around both pathological and physiological aspects. These gender-specific maladies include breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers, and physiological concerns such as menopause and osteoporosis, which are often coexistent. Recently, women’s health issues, including postmenopausal syndrome, have attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners alike, opening newer pharmaceutical research and clinical avenues. Although not counted as a disease, postmenopausal syndrome (PMS) is a female health phenomenon underpinned by hormonal depletion. Enhanced life expectancy in women has added to their suffering, and pharmacological interventions are needed. Amongst the available treatment modalities, the use of numerous botanicals has emerged as an efficient health management tool for women. Cimicifuga racemosa (CR or Black Cohosh) is a plant/herb which has been traditionally exploited and extensively used by women. This review is an attempt to compile and provide a summary of the importance of CR in complementary and alternative therapies for the improvement of various disorders related to women, such as menopausal syndrome, mammary cancer, and osteoporosis. It aims to systematically highlight the bioactive constituents, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic potentials, quality control processes, chromatographic techniques, and possible mechanisms of action of clinically effective phytomedicine for women’s health. Various clinical trials and patents relating to CR and women’s health have been collated. Furthermore, the plant and its related products have been considered from a regulatory perspective to reveal its commercial feasibility. The present review summarizes the existing data on CR focusing on women’s health, which can help to introduce this traditional phytomedicine to the world and provide some reference for future drug development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Menopause – Physiological aspects"
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Amend, Valerie A. "Implications of beverages and physical activity on hot flashes in menopausal women." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1538075.
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The purpose of this research study was to examine the effects of consumption of beverages (caffeinated and alcoholic) and physical activity on the frequency and severity of hot flashes in peri-menopausal, menopausal, and post-menopausal women by conducting an on-line survey of women over the age of 40 employed at a Midwestern University. One-hundred ninety-six women participated in this study. Majority of participants were age 50-59 (n=104, 53.1%), and were in the naturally post-menopausal reproductive stage (n=81, 41.3%). Overall, results revealed that the effects of self-reported physical activity, average daily caffeine and alcohol intake were not significant in predicting the frequency of hot flashes (R2=.043, F(6, 184) = 1.39, p= .221). However, results revealed a small, but statistically significant effect of physical activity, caffeine, and alcohol intake on severity of hot flashes (R2=.068, F(6,180) = 2.195, p = .046). Additionally, relatively more participation in aerobic physical activity increased frequency of hot flashes (p= .031); while higher intensity of aerobic physical activity had an inverse relationship on both frequency and severity of hot flashes (p=.011, p=.003, respectively).Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Phillips, Susana M. (Susana Maria). "The relationship between sex steroid levels and memory functions in women." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28513.
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Memory function was examined in association with sex hormone levels in women. The results of the first study suggest that self-reports of memory problems were especially prevalent among women attending a menopause clinic compared to a nonpatient sample. In the following investigation, women given placebo after undergoing a bilateral oophorectomy showed decreases in memory performance, specifically on a paired-associate learning task, coincident with declines in estrogen levels. Significant improvements were found in estrogen-treated women pre- to postoperatively in the immediate recall of paragraphs, in association with supraphysiological estrogen levels. A final study on naturally-cycling women found a decline in visual memory performance during the menstrual compared to the luteal phase of the cycle. Visual memory scores were positively correlated with progesterone levels whereas paired-associate recall scores were positively associated with estradiol levels during the luteal phase. These results suggest that certain aspects of memory covary with changes in sex steroid levels in some women.
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Schleifer, Laura A. "The role of estrogen in the mood-lowering effects of acute tryptophan depletion in postmenopausal women /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38272.
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Depression is a major mental health problem for women. Several lines of evidence suggest that fluctuating levels of estrogen associated with various reproductive events are related to changes in mood. It has been hypothesized that estrogen may exert its influence on mood via its effect on the serotonergic system---a system frequently implicated in the regulation of mood. The major goal of the following study was to elucidate further the role of estrogen in mood regulation. To this end, we examined the role of estrogen in the mood-lowering effect of Acute Tryptohpan Deption (ATD), a technique designed to cause a marked lowering of plasma and brain tryptophan, and therefore brain serotonin levels, so that the effects of decreased serotonin on mood can be studied directly. We hypothesized that (1) exogenous estrogen may protect against the mood-lowering effects of ATD in postmenopausal women and that (2) a history of affective disturbance, particularly reproduction-related affective disturbance, would be associated with greater vulnerability to ATD as predicted by the kindling model of depression. Fifty-eight postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to treatment with estrogen (0.625 mg Premarin) or placebo in the context of prospective, double-blind, cross-over design. During the final two week sof the 12-week treatment phase, all participants completed one ATD test session and one nutritionally balanced amino acid control session. We found that: (1) treatment with exogenous estrogen significantly improved mood and menopausal symptoms as compared to placebo treatment, (2) ATD was associated with a significant lowering of mood in both groups, (3) treatment with estrogen did not protect women from ATD effects unless they responded to 11 weeks of treatment with exogenous estrogen with enhanced mood, and (4) a history of reproduction-related affective disturbance was associated with more dysphoric mood in response to ATD. In conclusion, these data provide further evi
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Thewes, Belinda Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "The fertility-and menopause-related information needs of young women with a diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25212.
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Background: The use of chemotherapy and endocrine therapies in the treatment of pre-menopausal women with breast cancer may result in menopausal symptoms, permanent infertility or the need to delay pregnancy. This series of studies investigates the fertility- and menopause-related information needs of pre-menopausal women with a diagnosis of early breast cancer (Studies 1 and 2) and the benefits women need to make undergoing adjuvant endocrine therapies worthwhile (Study 3). Method: Study 1 is a qualitative study of 24 women and Study 2 a survey study amongst 228 women. Study 3 included a subset of 102 women from the sample involved in Study 2 who had been treated with endocrine therapies for a minimum of three months. To be eligible, women had to be aged 40 years or younger (Study 2 and 3) when diagnosed with early stage breast cancer, and be 6-60 months post-diagnosis at the time of participation. For Study 2, participants completed a mailed self-report questionnaire that included a fertility- and menopause-related information needs survey, and standardized measures of distress, quality-of-life, menopausal symptoms and information preferences. For Study 3, participants were asked to complete a face-to-face interview. Results: Study 1 showed that many women thought that the information they had received in the past about fertility and menopausal symptoms was either insufficient or unavailable. Some women felt that, while information on fertility and menopause issues had not been paramount at the time of diagnosis, it became increasingly important after diagnosis. Study 2 showed that 71% of participants discussed fertility-related issues with a health professional as part of their breast cancer treatment and 86% discussed menopause-related issues. Consultation with a fertility or menopause specialist was the most preferred method of obtaining this information. Study 3 demonstrated that the majority of participants considered adjuvant endocrine therapy worthwhile for a 2% absolute gain in survival rates and for a 6-month gain in life expectancy. Conclusions: The results of this series of studies suggest that younger women have unmet needs for fertility- and menopause-related information. Women with early breast cancer who had received adjuvant endocrine therapies judged modest survival gains sufficient to make adjuvant endocrine therapy worthwhile.
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Austin, Nicole. "Vitamin D, neuromuscular control and falling episodes in Australian postmenopausal women." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0009.
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Falls in the older population have devastating consequences on the psychological and physiological health of the individual. Due to the complexity of interacting factors associated with ageing, pathology and falling episodes, determination of a primary cause or set of causes has been difficult to establish. Deficits in components of neuromuscular control have been widely studied with the coordinated interaction of sensory and motor system components being presented as a fundamental factor in the reduction of falling episodes. A causal relationship between deficits in vitamin D status and falling episodes has also been suggested. Furthermore, a relationship between poor vitamin D status, falling episodes and poor neuromuscular performance has been reported. The aims of the current study were designed to advance understanding in three aspects of the problem of falls prevention. Firstly an examination of the reliability of testing procedures commonly used in assessment of falls risk was undertaken. The Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) testing procedure was selected as a commonly used tool and the reliability of its various components (sensory, motor and balance) was undertaken as an independent assessment of this approach to assessing falls propensity. Secondly, a case control study of fallers and non fallers was undertaken in which the neuromuscular tests evaluated in the reliability study were used to assess differences in neuromuscular control. The influence of vitamin D status on these measures was also considered. Thirdly, a 12-month randomised controlled trial of vitamin D/calcium supplementation or placebo/calcium was undertaken to identify the effect on falls outcome and individual measures of neuromuscular control.
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Dook, Jan. "The effect of long term training on the bone mineral density and muscle strength of perimenopausal athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1994. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1093.
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The aim of this research was to determine if long term training (20 years+) in a high impact weight bearing sport (netball/basketball: NB/88), a low impact weight-bearing sport (running/ field hockey: GEN) and a non weight-bearing sport, swimming (SWI) produced a positive relationship with regional bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle strength. Method: Three groups of perimenopausal athletes (n=20) plus a control group (CON) (n=20) had Total Body BMD and body composition measured by DEXA (Hologic QDR 2000) and isometric strength of dominant arm flexors and leg extensors by a strain tensiometer connected to a strength chair. Differences between groups were determined by ANOVA followed by Scheffe Test and correlations by Pearson r. General characteristics, including age, height, weight and calcium intake showed no statistical differences.
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Viljoen, Janet Erica. "The effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in post-menopausal women." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005191.
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The main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of progressive resistance training on the blood lipid profile in post-menopausal women. Thirty-four female subjects aged 50 to 75 years were selected from the population of Grahamstown, South Africa. All participants were previously sedentary and possessed at least one lipid profile abnormality but were otherwise healthy. Pre-tests included a sub-maximal stress Electrocardiogram, measures of stature, mass, central and limb girths as well as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a total blood lipid profile. Participants took part in a 24-week progressive resistance training programme, consisting of three supervised sessions per week, each lasting 45 minutes and were not permitted to lose more than 10% of initial body mass during the 24-week study. All pre-test measures, excluding the stress ECG and the OGTT, were repeated every four weeks for the duration of the study. Results were that body mass, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio did not change. Girth measures at mid-humerus, chest, waist, hip, mid-quadricep and mid-gastrocnemius all decreased significantly (p=0.05). LDL-cholesterol increased significantly over the course of 24 weeks (3.61mmol.L-1 to 4.07mmol.L-1) as did total cholesterol (5.81mmol.L-1 to 6.24mmol.L-1). Triglyceride concentration remained unchanged and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly between the pre-test measure (1.55mmol.L-1) and the measure after six months (1.42mmol.L-1). It can be concluded that the blood lipid profile in a sample of post-menopausal women was not positively affected by a progressive resistance training programme over a 24 week period.Maiden name: Kelly, Janet Erica
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"Effects of menopause and menopausal hormone therapy on vascular reactivity in Hong Kong Chinese women." Thesis, 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074199.
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Conclusion 1. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 1a. There was a significant reduction in both endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation following a surgical menopause. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 1b. There was a significant reduction in endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation but no significant effect on endothelium-independent arterial relaxation.Conclusion 2. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 2a. The addition of unopposed oestrogen significantly improved endothelium-dependent but not endothelium-independent arterial relaxation. The results of the research supported hypothesis 2b. The addition of oestradiol combined with progestogen (norethisterone acetate) reversed the reduction in arterial relaxation caused by a surgical menopause. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 2c. The addition of tibolone reversed the reduction endothelium-dependent but not endothelium-independent arterial relaxation. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 2d. The addition of oestradiol combined with a progestogen (norethisterone acetate) reversed the reduction in endothelium-dependent but not endothelium-independent arterial relaxation.
Conclusion 3. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 3a. Endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation but no endothelium-independent arterial relaxation was improved after the addition of menopausal hormone therapy using oestrogen combined with a progestogen in a continuous manner. The results of the research did not support hypothesis 3b. Neither endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation nor the endothelium-independent arterial relaxation was improved by cyclical menopausal HT.
Conclusion 4. The results of the research did not support hypothesis 4. The addition of menopausal hormone therapy using combined oestrogen with progestogen did not improve arterial relaxation in postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease.
Hypothesis 2. This hypothesis examined three different types of commonly used menopausal HT. That unopposed oestrogen (2a), oestrogen combined with a progestogen (2b and 2d) or a synthetic steriod that has oestrogenic, progestogenic as well as androgenic activity (tibolone, 2c), reverse the reduction in arterial relaxation following menopause in Hong Kong Chinese women.
Hypothesis 3. That menopausal hormone therapy using oestrogen combined with progestogen given in either continuous (3a) or cyclical (3b) regimens improves arterial relaxation in postmenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women.
Hypothesis 4. That menopausal hormone therapy using combined oestrogen with progestogen improves arterial relaxation in postmenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women with established coronary heart disease.
Menopausal HT can in general at least partially reverse changes in arterial relaxation in postmenopausal women. Different types of menopausal HT exhibit different effects on arterial relaxation. In healthy vessels, menopause HT mainly reverses the endothelium-dependent vascular effect, but it remains unclear how menopausal HT affects the endothelium-independent vascular effect. However, with established coronary heart disease, menopausal HT cannot reverse the changes in vascular reactivity.
Summary. Menopause results in a reduction in arterial relaxation. However, GnRHa temporarily induced menopause in young women, the endothelium-independent vasodilatation was not impaired. This difference can be partly explained by the difference in age as vascular reactivity is age dependent. Secondly, GnRHa works with an initial phase of increase in oestrogen production resulting in a shorter duration of hypo-oestrogenism resulting in the lack of impairment on endothelium-independent vasodilatation.
This thesis tested the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. That vascular reactivity decreases after the menopause as shown in premenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women with either a surgical (1a) or a medically induced (1b) menopause.
This thesis will examine the effects of menopause and menopausal HT on arterial reactivity which is an indirect measurement of vascular function. Previous studies have shown that oestrogen is a potent coronary artery vasodilator, and this effect may be mediated via both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. One method of assessing vascular reactivity is to use ultrasound measurement of changes in brachial artery diameter in response to certain stimuli. Using this technique, changes in both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation can be measured. Increased rather than decreased arterial relaxation after stimulus can be viewed as a favourable response.
Yim, So-fan.
Adviser: C. J. Haines.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5873.
Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-194).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
School code: 1307.
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Worley, Susan E. "Factors influencing body composition of postmenopausal women." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27102.
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The purpose of this research was to examine some of
the factors which may affect body composition of
postmenopausal women. The effect of estrogen, physical
activity, diet and lifestyle were examined in 9 women
receiving estrogen replacement therapy and 11 women not
using this drug. For 3 consecutive days, the subjects
collected 24-hour urine samples and recorded their
dietary intake. Body fat was estimated by obesity
indices based on height and weight and a regression
equation based on abdominal skinfold, abdominal
circumference and bideltoid diameter (Young, 1964). Lean
body mass (LBM) was estimated from urinary excretion of
creatinine (Forbes & Bruining, 1976). Physical activity
and lifestyle were assessed by a self-administered
questionnaire. Age, height, physical activity, diet and lifestyle were similar for the two groups. Estrogen
users were heavier than non-users (p < 0.05) and as a
group had a higher prevalence of obesity. Percent body
fat and LBM also tended to be higher in the estrogen
users than in the non-estrogen users. The weight
difference between the two groups was already present at
age 25 years and persisted through the subsequent 30-year
period. All 20 subjects maintained their weight between
ages 25 and 35 years, thereafter, increasing in weight
significantly (p < 0.05) by decade through age 55 years.
For all 20 subjects no correlation was found between
energy intake and any measure of obesity or body
fatness. Obesity was unrelated to energy consumption.
Physical activity did not correlate significantly with
any estimate of body composition. Energy intake showed
an inverse correlation with hours spent watching
television (r = -0.82, p < 0.002). Nutrient intake for
most women was adequate; however, calcium intake in women
not receiving estrogen replacement therapy may be
insufficient.Graduation date: 1987
10
Manns, Patricia J. "Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy, and insulin resistant coronary artery disease risk factors in postmenopausal women." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/32409.
Full textAbstract:
Low physical activity levels and high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are risk
factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in both men and women. However,
postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may have
increased risk of CAD because of HRT-related increases in serum CRP. There are two
manuscripts in this dissertation. The purpose of the first manuscript was to determine
whether higher physical activity energy expenditure was associated with lower serum
CRP, independent of oral HRT status and body fatness, in 133 postmenopausal women.
Higher physical activity energy expenditures were significantly associated with lower
serum CRP levels (r=-0.21, p=0.0l9), independent of oral HRT use, age, smoking
behavior, alcohol consumption, aspirin use, and statin use. However, in the complete
multivariate model, which included body fat, the association between higher physical
activity and lower serum CRP levels was abolished. The purpose of the second study
was to quantify the biological variability of insulin resistant CAD risk factors in a sample
of 8 postmenopausal women. Risk factor outcomes, including serum total cholesterol,
serum triglycerides (TG), serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum
glucose, plasma insulin, serum CRP, waist and hip circumferences, abdominal sagittal diameter, body fat, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure, and self-reported physical
activity energy expenditure, were measured on two occasions, 7-12 days apart. High
absolute biological variability values (by standard error of measurement) were observed
for serum TG (32.0 mg/dl), serum CRP (5.6 mg/l), SBP (4.0 mmHg), and physical
activity (9.4 kcal/kg/week). High relative biological variability (by within-subjects
coefficient of variation ���27.3%) was also observed for serum TG, serum CRP, and
physical activity. Bland-Altman plots identified individual outliers for serum TG, serum
CRP, plasma insulin, and SBP. Together, the results suggest that the correlations
between lower levels of serum CRP and higher levels of physical activity, though
significant, may have been attenuated by the high biological variability of both serum
CRP and physical activity. Thus, the importance of higher levels of physical activity, in
decreasing serum CRP and the concomitant risk of heart disease, may be underestimated
in the absence of serial measurement of serum CRP and physical activity.Graduation date: 2002
Books on the topic "Menopause – Physiological aspects"
1
L, Walker W., ed. Not the change of life: Breaking the menopause taboo. [New York]: Penguin, 1987.
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2
Greer, Germaine. The change: Women, aging, and the menopause. Toronto: Knopf, 1991.
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3
Greer, Germaine. The change: Women, aging and the menopause. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 1991.
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4
The change: Women, aging, and the menopause. New York: Knopf, 1992.
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5
Greer, Germaine. The change: Women, aging and the menopause. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 1992.
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6
Greer, Germaine. The change: Women, ageing, and the menopause. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1991.
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7
The change. Glendive, MT: Deanne Smith, 2014.
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8
Motta, Pietro M. An atlas of menopausal aging: A photographic review of scanning electron microscopy. Boca Raton [Fla.]: Parthenon Pub. Group, 2003.
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9
Motta, Pietro M. An atlas of menopausal aging. Boca Raton: Parthenon Pub., 2002.
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10
Canada. Special Advisory Committee on Reproductive Physiology. and Canada Drugs Directorate, eds. Menopause: A report. [Ottawa]: Health Canada, 1995.
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