Academic literature on the topic 'Mendi Limestone'

The Tabas Block is part of the Central Iran microcontinent, located between the Lut Block in the East and the Yazd Block in the West. The Baghamshah Formation is the second lithostratigraphic unit from the sedimentary cycle of the Magu Group and the Baghamshah Subgroup in the Jurassic of Tabas Block. This formation is conformably underlaid with the grey pisoidal limestones of the Parvadeh Formation and overlaid with the Pectinid limestones of the Kamar-e-Mehdi Formation (Esfandiar Subgroup). In this research, the biostratigraphy of the Baghamshah Formation in the Rizu and Kamar-e-Mehdi sections, based on calcareous nannofossils, is examined. The thickness of the Baghamshah Formation in the Rizu section is 270 m (mostly including marl and green shales with intercalation of limestones and calcareous sandstones), and in the Kamar-e- Mehdi section is 236 m (composed of gypsiferous marly shales, marl, marly shales and alternation of marl-shale with limestones and calcareous sandstones). According to the taxonomic studies in the Rizu section, 52 species belong to 24 genera, and in the Kamar-e-Mehdi section, 45 species belong to 23 genera of calcareous nannofossils. Based on index calcareous nannofossils, the CC1, CC2, CC3, and CC4 biozones established by Sissinghh in both sections were determined. It is mentioned that CC5 biozone only occur in Kamar-e-Mehdi section. According to the identified biozones, the suggested age of the Baghamshah Formation is early Berriasian–early Hauterivian in the Rizu section, and early Berriasian–late Hauterivian in the Kamar-e-Mehdi section. Keywords: biostratigraphy, Baghamshah, calcareous nannofossils,Tabas, Iran.

AbstractMississippi Valley type galena deposits emplaced into Carboniferous limestones throughout the Mendip Hills during the late Permian or Triassic period were locally exposed to the action of seawater during the Jurassic period following regional uplift and erosion of the intervening strata. Oxidation of galena initiated the deposition of manganate minerals from the seawater, and these adsorbed heavy metals from both the seawater and local environment. A subsequent hydrothermal event heated the lead-manganate deposits causing decomposition of the galena and creating the conditions which led to the formation of the suite of unusual secondary minerals – including a number of rare oxychlorides – now found at Merehead. Heating of the manganate phases converted them to Mn oxides and released the entrained heavy metals which were then incorporated into unusual mineral phases. The impervious Mn oxide coating which enclosed the cooling Pb-rich areas isolated them chemically, leading to closed-system behaviour. The high-T phases at Merehead are similar to those found in the Pb-bearing silicic skarns at Långban, whilst the suite of secondary minerals which evolved in the closed-system environments bears striking similarities to the ‘anomalous sequence’ of minerals found at the Mammoth-St. Antony Mine. The complexity of these formation processes probably explains the rarity of Mendip-type Pb-Mn deposits. The collective importance of the disconformity, the hydrothermal event, and subsequent sealing of the deposits are recognized for the first time, and the temperature of the hydrothermal event is shown to have been much greater than has heretofore been realized. Silurian volcanic strata underlying the Carboniferous limestones which have previously been assumed to be the source of heavy metals are shown to have been uninvolved in the process.

A sequence stratigraphic study was conducted on the Mendi and Darai Limestone Megasequences in the foreland area of the Papuan Basin in Papuan New Guinea. It involved the integrated use of seismic, wireline log, well core and cuttings, strontium isotope age and biostratigraphic data. This study enhanced the understanding of the structure, stratigraphy and depositional architecture of the limestones, and the morphology of the basin at the time of deposition. The results of the study were integrated with published geological and tectonic models for the Papuan Basin to develop a consistent and coherent model for the depositional history of the limestones. Eleven third-order sequences were delineated within the Mendi and Darai Limestone Megasequences. Eight depositional facies were interpreted across these sequences, namely deep-shelf, shallow-shelf, backreef, reef, shoal, forereef, basin margin and submarine fan facies. Each facies was differentiated according to seismic character and geometry, well core and cuttings descriptions, and its position in the depositional framework of the sequence. Deposition of the Mendi Limestone Megasequence commenced in the Eocene in response to thermal subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise. Sedimentation comprised open-marine, shallow-water, shelfal carbonates. During the middle of the Oligocene, the carbonate shelf was exposed and eroded in response to the collision of the Australian and Pacific Plates, or a major global eustatic sea-level fall. Sedimentation recommenced in the Late Oligocene, however, in response to renewed extensional faulting and subsidence associated with back-arc extension. This marked the onset of deposition of the Darai Limestone Megasequence in the study area. The KFZ, OFZ and Darai Fault were reactivated during this time, resulting in the oblique opening of the Omati Trough. Sedimentation was initially restricted to the Omati Trough and comprised deep and shallow-marine shelfal carbonates. By the Early Miocene, however, movement on the faults had ceased and an extensive carbonate platform had developed across the Gulf of Papua. Carbonate reef growth commenced along topographic highs associated with the KFZ, and led to the establishment of a rimmed carbonate shelf margin. Shallow to locally deeper-marine, shelfal carbonates were deposited on this shelf, and forereef, submarine fan and basin margin carbonates were deposited basinward of the shelf margin. The Uramu High and parts of the Pasca High became submerged during this time and provided sites for pinnacle reef development. During the middle of the Early Miocene, a major global eustatic sea-level fall or flexure of the Papuan Basin associated with Early Miocene ophiolite obduction subaerially exposed the carbonate shelf. This resulted in submarine erosion of the forereef and basin margin sediments. Towards the end of the Early Miocene, however, sedimentation recommenced. Shallow-marine, undifferentiated wackestones and packstones were deposited on the shelf; forereef, submarine fan and basin margin sediments were deposited basinward of the shelf margin; and reef growth recommenced along the shelf margin and on the Pasca and Uramu Highs. By the end of the Early Miocene, however, the pinnacle reef on the Pasca High had drowned. During the middle of the Middle Miocene, subtle inversion associated with ophiolite obduction subaerially exposed the carbonate shelf, and resulted in submarine erosion of the forereef and basin margin sediments. Sedimentation recommenced towards the end of the Middle Miocene, however, in response to eustatic sea-level rise and flexure of the crust associated with foreland basin development. Shallow marine, undifferentiated wackestones, packstones and grainstones were deposited on the shelf; carbonate shoals were deposited along the shelf margin; and forereef, submarine fan and basin margin carbonates were deposited basinward of the shelf margin. Carbonate production rapidly outpaced accommodation space on the shelf during this time, resulting in highstand shedding and the development of a large prograding submarine fan complex basinward of the shelf margin. By the Late Miocene, carbonate deposition had ceased across the majority of the study area in response to a major global eustatic sea-level fall or inversion associated with terrain accreation events along the northern Papuan margin. Minor carbonate deposition continued on parts of the Uramu High, however, until the middle of the Late Miocene. During the latest Miocene, clastic sediments prograded across the carbonate shelf, infilling parts of the foreland basin. Plio-Pleistocene compression resulted in inversion and erosion of the sedimentary package in the northwestern part of the study area. In the southeastern part of the Papuan Basin, however, clastic sedimentation continued to the present day.

A test site for CO2 geological storage is situated in Hontomín (Burgos, northern Spain) with a reservoir rock that is mainly composed of limestone (80-85%) and sandstone (15-20%). The reservoir rock is a deep saline aquifer that is covered by a very low permeability formation which acts as a cap rock. During and after CO2 injection, since the resident groundwater contains sulfate, the resulting CO2-rich acid solution gives rise to the dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) and secondary sulfate-rich mineral precipitation (gypsum or anhydrite) may occur. These reactions that may imply changes in the porosity, permeability and pore structure of the repository could vary the CO2 storage capacity and injectivity of the reservoir rock. Therefore, better knowledge about the overall process of gypsum precipitation at the expense of carbonate mineral dissolution in CO2-rich solutions and its implications for the hydrodynamic properties of the reservoir rocks is necessary. A first aim of this thesis is to better understand these coupled reactions by assessing the effect that P, pCO2, T, mineralogy, acidity and solution saturation state exert on these reactions. To this end, experiments using columns filled with crushed limestone or dolostone are conducted under different P-pCO2 conditions (atmospheric:1-10-3.5 bar; subcritical: 10-10 bar; and supercritical: 150-34 bar), T (25, 40 and 60 °C) and input solution compositions (gypsum-undersaturated and gypsum-equilibrated solutions). The CrunchFlow and PhreeqC (v.3) numerical codes are used to perform 1D reactive transport simulations of the experiments to evaluate mineral reaction rates in the system and quantify the porosity variation along the column. Within the range of P-pCO2 and T of this study only gypsum precipitation takes place and this only occurs when the injected solution is equilibrated with gypsum. Under the P-pCO2-T conditions, the volume of precipitated gypsum is smaller than the volume of dissolved carbonate minerals, yielding always an increase in porosity (¿¿ up to ¿ 4%). A decrease in T favors limestone dissolution regardless of pCO2 owing to increasing undersaturation with decreasing temperature. However, gypsum precipitation is favored at high T and under atmospheric pCO2 conditions but not at high T and under 10 bar of pCO2 conditions. The increase in limestone dissolution with pCO2 is directly attributed to pH, which is more acidic at higher pCO2. A decrease in T favors limestone dissolution regardless of pCO2 owing to increasing undersaturation with decreasing temperature. However, gypsum precipitation is favored at high T and under atmospheric pCO2 conditions but not at high T and under 10 bar of pCO2 conditions. The increase in limestone dissolution with pCO2 is directly attributed to pH, which is more acidic at higher pCO2. Limestone dissolution induces late gypsum precipitation (long induction time) in contrast to dolostone dissolution, which promotes rapid gypsum precipitation. Moreover, owing to the slow kinetics of dolomite dissolution with respect to that of calcite, both the volume of dissolved mineral and the increase in porosity are larger in the limestone experiments than in the dolostone ones under all pCO2 conditions (10-3.5 and 10 bar). Limestone dissolution induces late gypsum precipitation (long induction time) in contrast to dolostone dissolution, which promotes rapid gypsum precipitation. Moreover, owing to the slow kinetics of dolomite dissolution with respect to that of calcite, both the volume of dissolved mineral and the increase in porosity are larger in the limestone experiments than in the dolostone ones under all pCO2 conditions (10-3.5 and 10 bar).
Una planta pilot per a l'emmagatzematge geològic de CO2 es troba a Hontomín (Burgos). El reservori és un aqüífer salí profund, format principalment per roca calcària (80-85%) i gres (15-20%), que està situat entre dues capes de molt baixa permeabilitat que actuen com a roques segell. La dissolució de CO2 a l'aigua del reservori provocarà una disminució del pH i, en conseqüència, la dissolució dels carbonats presents en el reservori. Tenint en compte que l'aigua resident és rica en sulfat, és possible la precipitació de minerals secundaris (guix o anhidrita). Aquestes reaccions poden provocar canvis en la porositat, la permeabilitat i l'estructura de por del reservori que, a la vegada, poden afectar la seva injectivitat i capacitat d'emmagatzematge. Per tant, cal aprofundir en el coneixement sobre els processos acoblats de precipitació de guix i dissolució de carbonats (calcita i dolomita) en solucions riques en CO2 dissolt i les seves implicacions en les propietats hidrodinàmiques de la roca reservori. Un primer objectiu d'aquesta tesi és poder comprendre millor aquestes reaccions acoblades mitjançant l'avaluació de l'efecte que exerceixen la pressió P, la pressió parcial de CO2 pCO2, la temperatura T, la mineralogia, l'acidesa i l'estat de saturació de la solució sobre aquestes reaccions. Amb aquest objectiu, s'han realitzat una sèrie d'experiments utilitzant columnes plenes de roca calcària o dolomia triturada sota diferents condicions de P-pCO2 (atmosfèrica: 1-10-3.5 bar; subcrítica: 10-10 bar, i supercrítica: 150-34 bar), T (25, 40 i 60 ° C) i composició de la solució d'entrada (solucions subsaturades o equilibrades amb guix). Els codis numèrics CrunchFlow i PhreeqC (v.3) s'han utilitzat per realitzar simulacions de transport reactiu dels experiments en columna amb l'objectiu d'avaluar les velocitats de reacció en el sistema i quantificar la variació de la porositat al llarg de la columna. En les condicions de P-pCO2-T estudiades, la precipitació de guix únicament té lloc quan la solució injectada està en equilibri amb guix. A més, el volum de guix precipitat és menor que el volum de carbonat dissolt, originant sempre un augment de porositat. Una disminució en la T afavoreix la dissolució de la calcària independentment de la pCO2 degut a l'augment de la subsaturació. No obstant, la precipitació de guix està afavorida a alta T per condicions atmosfèriques, originant-se l¿efecte contrari per condicions subcrítiques. L'augment de la pCO2 comporta un augment en la dissolució de calcària, fet que és directament atribuït a l'efecte del pH, que és més àcid a major pCO2. La dissolució de calcària comporta un retard en la precipitació de guix (llarg temps d'inducció), al contrari del que passa amb la dissolució de dolomia que promou una ràpida precipitació de guix. A més, a causa de la lenta cinètica de dissolució de la dolomita amb respecte a la de la calcita, el volum de mineral dissolt i l'augment de porositat són majors en els experiments amb calcària sota totes les condicions de pCO2 estudiades. La dissolució de calcària comporta un retard en la precipitació de guix (llarg temps d'inducció), al contrari del que passa amb la dissolució de dolomia que promou una ràpida precipitació de guix. A més, a causa de la lenta cinètica de dissolució de la dolomita amb respecte a la de la calcita, el volum de mineral dissolt i l'augment de porositat són majors en els experiments amb calcària sota totes les condicions de pCO2 estudiades. La dissolució del carbonat es produeix al llarg de tota la columna quan la pCO2 és alta (10 and 34 bar) i, en canvi, es localitza a l'entrada de la columna sota condicions atmosfèriques. Aquesta diferència és deguda a la capacitat tampó de l'àcid carbònic, ja que manté el pH al voltant de 5 i la solució subsaturada pel que fa a la calcita i a la dolomita al llarg de la columna