Academic literature on the topic 'Memory (including episodic and semantic memory, and working memory)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Memory (including episodic and semantic memory, and working memory)"
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Cabeza, Roberto, and Lars Nyberg. "Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290051137585.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/ motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/ no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial-temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial-temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.
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Cabeza, Roberto, and Lars Nyberg. "Imaging Cognition: An Empirical Review of PET Studies with Normal Subjects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.1.
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We review PET studies of higher-order cognitive processes, including attention (sustained and selective), perception (of objects, faces, and locations), language (word listening, reading, and production), working memory (phonological and visuo-spatial), semantic memory retrieval (intentional and incidental), episodic memory retrieval (verbal and nonverbal), priming, and procedural memory (conditioning and skill learning). For each process, we identify activation patterns including the most consistently involved regions. These regions constitute important components of the network of brain regions that underlie each function.
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Bhor, Rohit Jaysing. "AN OVERVIEW ON “MEMORY DYSFUNCTION, TYPES OF MEMORY, AND ITS CLINICAL DISORDERS”." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.14195.
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ABSTRACTAll things considered, memory debilitation is ordinarily seen by doctors in different controls including neurology, psychiatry, pharmaceutical, andsurgery. Memory misfortune is frequently the most crippling element of numerous disarranges, hindering the typical every day exercises of thepatients, and significantly influencing their families. A few recognitions about memory, for example, the ideas of “short term” and “long haul” haveoffered route to a more refined understanding and enhanced order frameworks. These progressions result from neuropsychological investigationsof patients with central mind injuries, neuroanatomical studies in people and creatures, tests in creatures, positron-discharge tomography, usefulattractive reverberation imaging, and possibilities. Memory is presently comprehended to be a gathering of mental capacities that rely on a fewframeworks inside the cerebrum. In this article, we will talk about the accompanying four memory frameworks that are of clinical significance: Wordymemory, semantic memory, procedural memory, and working memory. Memory frameworks can be isolated into those that are definitive and thosethat are non-decisive. Revelatory or express memory will be memory for occasions that can be deliberately reviewed. Non-definitive or verifiablememory, by correlation, is memory that is communicated as an adjustment in conduct and is regularly oblivious.Keywords: Episodic memory, Semantic memory, Working memory, Agnosia, Brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Wernicke–Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
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Allen, Richard J. "Classic and recent advances in understanding amnesia." F1000Research 7 (March 16, 2018): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13737.1.
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Neurological amnesia has been and remains the focus of intense study, motivated by the drive to understand typical and atypical memory function and the underlying brain basis that is involved. There is now a consensus that amnesia associated with hippocampal (and, in many cases, broader medial temporal lobe) damage results in deficits in episodic memory, delayed recall, and recollective experience. However, debate continues regarding the patterns of preservation and impairment across a range of abilities, including semantic memory and learning, delayed recognition, working memory, and imagination. This brief review highlights some of the influential and recent advances in these debates and what they may tell us about the amnesic condition and hippocampal function.
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Frith, Emily, Nitin Shivappa, Joshua R. Mann, James R. Hébert, Michael D. Wirth, and Paul D. Loprinzi. "Dietary inflammatory index and memory function: population-based national sample of elderly Americans." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 5 (January 24, 2018): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003804.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the association between dietary inflammatory potential and memory and cognitive functioning among a representative sample of the US older adult population. Cross-sectional data from the 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilised to identify an aggregate sample of adults 60–85 years of age (n 1723). Dietary inflammatory index (DII®) scores were calculated using 24-h dietary recall interviews. Three memory-related assessments were employed, including the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease (CERAD) Word Learning subset, the Animal Fluency test and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Inverse associations were observed between DII scores and the different memory parameters. Episodic memory (CERAD) (badjusted=−0·39; 95 % CI −0·79, 0·00), semantic-based memory (Animal Fluency Test) (badjusted=−1·18; 95 % CI −2·17, −0·20) and executive function and working-memory (DSST) (badjusted=−2·80; 95 % CI −5·58, −0·02) performances were lowest among those with the highest mean DII score. Though inverse relationships were observed between DII scores and memory and cognitive functioning, future work is needed to further explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the complex relationship between inflammation-related dietary behaviour and memory and cognition.
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Requena-Komuro, Maï-Carmen, Jessica Jiang, Lucianne Dobson, Elia Benhamou, Lucy Russell, Rebecca L. Bond, Emilie V. Brotherhood, et al. "Remote versus face-to-face neuropsychological testing for dementia research: a comparative study in people with Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia and healthy older individuals." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e064576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064576.
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ObjectivesWe explored whether adapting neuropsychological tests for online administration during the COVID-19 pandemic was feasible for dementia research.DesignWe used a longitudinal design for healthy controls, who completed face-to-face assessments 3–4 years before remote assessments. For patients, we used a cross-sectional design, contrasting a prospective remote cohort with a retrospective face-to-face cohort matched for age/education/severity.SettingRemote assessments were conducted using video-conferencing/online testing platforms, with participants using a personal computer/tablet at home. Face-to-face assessments were conducted in testing rooms at our research centre.ParticipantsThe remote cohort comprised 25 patients (n=8 Alzheimer’s disease (AD); n=3 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD); n=4 semantic dementia (SD); n=5 progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA); n=5 logopenic aphasia (LPA)). The face-to-face patient cohort comprised 64 patients (n=25 AD; n=12 bvFTD; n=9 SD; n=12 PNFA; n=6 LPA). Ten controls who previously participated in face-to-face research also took part remotely.Outcome measuresThe outcome measures comprised the strength of evidence under a Bayesian framework for differences in performances between testing environments on general neuropsychological and neurolinguistic measures.ResultsThere was substantial evidence suggesting no difference across environments in both the healthy control and combined patient cohorts (including measures of working memory, single-word comprehension, arithmetic and naming; Bayes Factors (BF)01>3), in the healthy control group alone (including measures of letter/category fluency, semantic knowledge and bisyllabic word repetition; all BF01>3), and in the combined patient cohort alone (including measures of working memory, episodic memory, short-term verbal memory, visual perception, non-word reading, sentence comprehension and bisyllabic/trisyllabic word repetition; all BF01>3). In the control cohort alone, there was substantial evidence in support of a difference across environments for tests of visual perception (BF01=0.0404) and monosyllabic word repetition (BF01=0.0487).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that remote delivery of neuropsychological tests for dementia research is feasible.
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Perez, L. "A Case of a Monolingual Spanish-Speaking Latina with Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.57.
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Abstract Objective Often, individuals with lower educational attainment and limited proficiency in the English language get misdiagnosed and/or undertreated, which can impact their quality of life and other outcomes. The present case study intends to review and discuss the presentation of a monolingual, Spanish-speaking woman with Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA), who was originally referred for a neuropsychological evaluation to determine the severity of her existing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) diagnosis. Case Description Ms. X, is a 64-year-old, right-handed Hispanic woman with 6 years of education. Symptoms included forgetfulness, restlessness, and insomnia. Her family reported that she was repeating her ideas frequently during conversations and failing to recognize previously acquainted people, including her own relatives. A recent MRI of the brain showed anterior temporal lobe atrophy. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes Overall, she showed naming deficits (anomia), impaired verbal fluency, surface dyslexia, and significant problems with comprehension. Executive functioning, sentence repetition, working memory, and attention were generally intact. Qualitatively, her speech was apparently fluent and automatic, yet clearly empty in meaning. In Ms. X’s case, collateral reports of word-finding difficulties, tendency to repeat her thoughts incessantly, associative agnosia and prosopagnosia, and spared repetition and motor speech are strongly indicative of svPPA. Discussion svPPA primarily impacts language production and comprehension, and is characterized by severe anomia, word-finding difficulties, impaired single word comprehension, and in some cases, defective recognition of familiar faces. On testing, impairments can be observed in confrontation naming, with motor speech and repetition, working memory, episodic memory, visuospatial skills, and problem-solving skills relatively intact. Language symptoms are thought to stem from deficits of the semantic system.
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Schnaider Beeri, Michal, Roni Lotan, Jaime Uribarri, Sue Leurgans, David A. Bennett, and Aron S. Buchman. "Higher Dietary Intake of Advanced Glycation End Products Is Associated with Faster Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Nutrients 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071468.
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Objective: Dietary-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs) vary for different food types and the methods employed during their preparation may contribute to diverse chronic health conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate the associations of dietary AGEs (dAGEs) with cognitive decline in older adults. Methods: Non-demented older adults (n = 684) underwent annual testing with 19 cognitive tests summarized as a global cognitive score based on five cognitive domains. We modified a previously validated food frequency questionnaire designed to assess dAGE. The modified questionnaire assessed portion size and frequency of consumption of six food groups (meat, poultry, fish, cheese, spreads, and processed foods), as well as the method of their preparation (e.g., grilling, boiling). dAGE was the sum of the scores of the six food groups. Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the association of baseline dAGE with cognitive decline. All models controlled for age, sex, education, race, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Average follow-up was 3.0 years. Higher baseline dAGEs was associated with a faster rate of global cognitive decline (Estimate = −0.003 (standard error = 0.001, p-value = 0.015). This association was driven by declines in episodic memory (−0.004 (0.002, 0.013)) and perceptual speed (−0.003 (0.001, 0.049)) but not by semantic memory, working memory, and visuospatial domains. These associations were not attenuated by controlling for cardiovascular risk factors and diseases, including diabetes. Levels of dAGE of the specific food groups were not associated with cognitive decline. Conclusions: Higher levels of dietary AGE levels in older adults are associated with faster cognitive decline. These data lend further support for the importance of diet and that its modification may slow or prevent late-life cognitive impairment. Further clinical studies will be needed and the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations will need to be identified.
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Stomby, Andreas, Carl-Johan Boraxbekk, Anders Lundquist, Annelie Nordin, Lars-Göran Nilsson, Rolf Adolfsson, Lars Nyberg, and Tommy Olsson. "Higher diurnal salivary cortisol levels are related to smaller prefrontal cortex surface area in elderly men and women." European Journal of Endocrinology 175, no. 2 (August 2016): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0352.
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Objective Elevated cortisol levels with aging have been associated with atrophy of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as with impaired cognitive functions in men. However, coexisting diseases have confounded many studies examining these relationships. Studies in women are lacking. Our objective was to test whether salivary cortisol levels were related to morphology of the hippocampus and the PFC, and to cognitive performance. Design A cross-sectional study including 200 elderly (55–80 years old) men and women. Method We used magnetic resonance imaging, tests of episodic-, semantic-, and working memory, visuospatial ability, and cortisol levels in four saliva samples collected during 1 day. Results Area under the curve (AUC) for cortisol levels was negatively related to cortical surface area of the left anterior cingulate gyrus (caudal P<0.001; rostral P=0.006), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (P=0.004), and right rostral middle frontal gyrus (P=0.003). In women, there was also a negative relationship with cortical surface area in the left rostral middle frontal gyrus (P=0.006). No relationship was found between cortisol levels and hippocampal volume. Conclusion This study suggests that the structure of the medial PFC is related to cortisol levels in both elderly women and men.
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Nyberg, Lars, Petter Marklund, Jonas Persson, Roberto Cabeza, Christian Forkstam, Karl Magnus Petersson, and Martin Ingvar. "Common prefrontal activations during working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory." Neuropsychologia 41, no. 3 (January 2003): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00168-9.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Memory (including episodic and semantic memory, and working memory)"
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Stenfors, Cecilia U. D. "Subjective Cognitive Complaints in the Working Population : The Influence of Objective Cognitive Functioning and Working Conditions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-95797.
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Cognitive functioning is important for managing work and life in general. However, subjective cognitive complaints (SCC), involving self-perceived difficulties with concentration, memory, decision making, and clear thinking are common in the general and in the working population and can be coupled with both lowered well-being and work ability. The present thesis investigated the extent to which SCC among people in the work force can be explained by objective cognitive functioning (study I & II) and working conditions (study III), utilizing samples from the working population. The potential roles of other common psychological problems which often co-occur with SCC were also investigated in studies I-III. In Study I, high levels of SCC were associated with significantly poorer episodic memory performance during high executive demands and a trend was found towards poorer episodic memory, while not being associated with semantic memory. In Study II, high levels of SCC were associated with significantly poorer executive cognitive performance on all three executive cognitive tests used. Symptoms of depression, chronic stress and sleeping problems were found to play an important role in the relations between SCC and episodic memory during divided attention in study I and executive cognitive functioning in study II. In Study III, in all cross-sectional data analyses, high quantitative demands, information and communication technology (ICT) demands, underqualification in the work situation and inter-personal conflicts were positively associated with SCC, whereas social support, good resources at work and overqualification in the work situation were negatively associated with SCC. In all prospective data analyses, quantitative job demands, ICT demands and underqualification were positively associated with future SCC, including when adjusted for baseline cognitive complaints. The findings may guide prevention of and interventions for SCC among people in the work force.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Accepted.
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Kask, Kristiina. "Hormones, Mood and Cognition." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9365.
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Ovarian steroid hormones are neuroactive steroids with widespread actions in the brain, and are thus able to influence mood, behavior and cognition. In this thesis the effects of progesterone withdrawal and the direct effects of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone are evaluated. Allopregnanolone, through binding to the GABAA receptor complex, enhances inhibitory neurotransmission, thus exerting anxiolytic, sedative and antiepileptic effects. The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a withdrawal reflex evoked by sudden or noxious auditory stimuli, and can be measured in humans as an eye blink. ASR is significantly increased in several anxiety disorders, and notably also during progesterone withdrawal. Sensorimotor gating can be assessed by measuring prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI). The CNS circuits regulating PPI are sensitive to hormone fluctuations. GABAergic drugs are involved in cognitive impairment and animal studies have indicated that allopregnanolone may inhibit learning. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the behavioral effects of progesterone withdrawal on the startle response and sensorimotor gating in PMDD patients and healthy controls, in healthy third trimester pregnant women and healthy postpartum women. A second aim was to evaluate allopregnanolone effects on memory and cognition in healthy women and also on the startle response and PPI. We found that PMDD patients have an increased startle response across the menstrual cycle and a deficiency in sensorimotor gating during the late luteal phase. Ovarian steroids affect sensorimotor gating; pregnant women have lower levels of PPI than late postpartum women. Acutely administered allopregnanolone did not affect the ASR or PPI. Allopregnanolone impairs episodic memory in healthy women. In conclusion, our studies suggest that ovarian steroids, including allopregnanolone, do not influence the startle response. Ovarian steroids affect sensorimotor gating; pregnancy, a condition with high levels of ovarian steroids, suppresses PPI. Theoretically, the variability in PPI across reproductive events is due to effects mediated by the progesterone or estradiol receptors but is not mediated by allopregnanolone. PMDD patients display decreased PPI during the late luteal phase, suggesting underlying pathophysiology in common with other anxiety disorders. The most vulnerable memory system, the episodic memory, is impaired by the allopregnanolone in healthy women.
Books on the topic "Memory (including episodic and semantic memory, and working memory)"
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Rossi, Simone, Stefano F. Cappa, and Paolo Maria Rossini. Higher cognitive functions: memory and reasoning. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0032.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a sophisticated approach for interfering with human memory and reasoning due to its ability to transiently interfere with the functions of the specialized cortical network, especially when applied as repetitive (r)TMS. This article reviews TMS studies dealing with short-term retention, working memory, and with the episodic component of declarative memory. It also considers certain aspects of semantic memory and nonverbal reasoning. Furthermore, it discusses methodological considerations about the experimental designs, which can be used for the investigation of human cognitive functions. This article emphasizes the fact that higher cognitive functions provide an example as to how underlying physiological mechanisms cannot be fully disclosed by investigations based on a single technique. Studies to develop a true multimodal approach are being undertaken. In this light, behavioural interference studies will gain new power in combination with disruptive and correlational methodologies, establishing causality in a more sophisticated manner.
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Krause, Mark A., Karen L. Hollis, and Mauricio R. Papini, eds. Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108768450.
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Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms is an exploration of laboratory and field research on the many ways that evolution has influenced learning and memory processes, such as associative learning, social learning, and spatial, working, and episodic memory systems. This volume features research by both outstanding early-career scientists as well as familiar luminaries in the field. Learning and memory in a broad range of animals are explored, including numerous species of invertebrates (insects, worms, sea hares), as well as fish, amphibians, birds, rodents, bears, and human and nonhuman primates. Contributors discuss how the behavioral, cognitive, and neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been influenced by evolutionary pressures. They also draw connections between learning and memory and the specific selective factors that shaped their evolution. Evolution of Learning and Memory Mechanisms should be a valuable resource for those working in the areas of experimental and comparative psychology, comparative cognition, brain–behavior evolution, and animal behavior.
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Hodges, John R. Distributed Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses cognitive functions with a largely distributed neural basis within the framework of contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The following are described: arousal/attention, memory (short-term, or working memory; episodic memory; semantic memory; and implicit memory), and higher-order cognitive function such as planning, problem-solving and set-shifting, motivation, inhibitory control, social cognition, and emotion processing. Each function in placed in the context of its neural basis, with a brief description of the disorders that may affect these cognitive abilities. Methods of assessment at the bedside and by using neuropsychological tasks are also outlined.
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Hodges, John R. Testing Cognitive Function at the Bedside. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the second component of assessment in patients with suspected cognitive dysfunction: testing cognitive function at the bedside. The first part of the examination should assess distributed cognitive functions, notably orientation and attention, episodic and semantic memory, and frontal executive function (initiation in the form of verbal fluency, abstraction, response inhibition, and set shifting); deficits in these indicate damage to particular brain systems, but not to focal areas of one hemisphere. The second part of the assessment deals with localized functions, divided into those associated with the dominant (i.e. the left side, in right-handers) and non-dominant hemispheres. The former relates largely to tests of spoken language with supplementary tests of reading, writing, calculation, and praxis when applicable. Testing right hemisphere function focuses on neglect (personal and extrapersonal), visuospatial and constructional abilities, and the agnosias including object and face agnosia.
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Craik, Fergus I. M. Remembering. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895226.001.0001.
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The book sets out Fergus Craik’s view of human memory as a dynamic activity of mind and brain. In this account, remembering is understood as a system of active cognitive processes, similar to the processes underlying attending, perceiving, and thinking. The book therefore extends and elaborates the concept of “levels of processing” proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). Thus, encoding processes are essentially the mental activities involved in perceiving and understanding, and retrieval is described as the partial reactivation of these same processes. It is further suggested that “memory traces” are represented by a hierarchically organized system of analyzers, modified, sharpened, and differentiated by encounters with successive events. This account proposes that episodic and semantic memory should be thought of as levels in a continuum of specificity rather than as separate systems of memory. The book also covers Craik’s views on working memory and on changes in memory as a function of aging. In the latter case the losses are attributed largely to a difficulty with the self-initiation of appropriate encoding and retrieval operations, compensated by support from the external environment. There is a short chapter on the cognitive neuroscience of human memory, and a final chapter bringing the ideas together. The book covers the development of these ideas, illustrated substantially by experiments from Craik’s own laboratory, and also by empirical and theoretical contributions from other researchers. The final product is a broad account of current ideas and findings in contemporary memory research but viewed from Craik’s personal theoretical standpoint.
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Menon, Vinod. Arithmetic in the Child and Adult Brain. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.041.
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This review examines brain and cognitive processes involved in arithmetic. I take a distinctly developmental perspective because neither the cognitive nor the brain processes involved in arithmetic can be adequately understood outside the framework of how developmental processes unfold. I review four basic neurocognitive processes involved in arithmetic, highlighting (1) the role of core dorsal parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortex systems that form basic building blocks from which number form and quantity representations are constructed in the brain; (2) procedural and working memory systems anchored in the basal ganglia and frontoparietal circuits, which create short-term representations that allow manipulation of multiple discrete quantities over several seconds; (3) episodic and semantic memory systems anchored in the medial and lateral temporal cortex that play an important role in long-term memory formation and generalization beyond individual problem attributes; and (4) prefrontal cortex control processes that guide allocation of attention resources and retrieval of facts from memory in the service of goal-directed problem solving. Next I examine arithmetic in the developing brain, first focusing on studies comparing arithmetic in children and adults, and then on studies examining development in children during critical stages of skill acquisition. I highlight neurodevelopmental models that go beyond parietal cortex regions involved in number processing, and demonstrate that brain systems and circuits in the developing child brain are clearly not the same as those seen in more mature adult brains sculpted by years of learning. The implications of these findings for a more comprehensive view of the neural basis of arithmetic in both children and adults are discussed.
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Jones, Matthew, and Jennifer Thompson. Atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0005.
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Alzheimer’s disease usually presents in older age with progressive episodic memory loss. Atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease occur and involve non-amnestic and early-onset forms of the disease. Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and logopenic progressive aphasia (lvPPA) are two well-described syndromes that are most commonly due to atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease. PCA is a higher-order disturbance of vision whilst lvPPA is characterized by hesitant speech with word-finding difficulties and problems with repetition of words and phrases. Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease presents before the age of 65 and typically consists of a constellation of progressive cortical deficits including language disturbance, apraxia, visuospatial deficits, and poor working memory. Alzheimer’s disease may rarely be inherited because of an autosomal dominant mutation in one of three genes (PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP). Recognition and accurate diagnosis of these atypical forms is vital to ensure patients receive the most appropriate care and treatment.
Book chapters on the topic "Memory (including episodic and semantic memory, and working memory)"
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Arbib, Michael A. "A look at vision, and a touch more." In When Brains Meet Buildings, 141–220. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190060954.003.0003.
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Le Corbusier’s distinction between engineering and architectural aesthetics introduces the challenges of balancing the practical and the aesthetic, and introduces his dictum, “A house is a machine for living in.” Here, beauty is just one aspect of the emotional impact of a building. Early visual processing in the frog is action-oriented, while in the primate it is general-purpose. These support different approaches to aesthetic judgment of visual form and suggest deep evolutionary underpinnings of aesthetic judgment. Neuroscientists distinguish working memory, episodic memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory. The VISIONS model exemplifies some of these, as well as principles of brain operation, including competition and cooperation of schema instances in constructing an interpretation of a visual scene. What people attend to is influenced by task and motivation. After assessing how a blind artist developed the ability to paint pictures, the chapter outlines MULTIMODES, a cognitive model that extends the principles of VISIONS to multimodal action-oriented perception of episodes.
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MacLeod, Andrew. "Memory." In Prospection, well-being, and mental health, 118–48. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198725046.003.0006.
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Prospection is only possible because of memory. The well-established difficulty that people have when they are depressed in recalling specific memories is mirrored by a difficulty in thinking about specific future episodes. These, and other similarities between memory and prospection, suggest that elements of episodic memory are used to construct mental representations of future possible episodes. As well as similarities between memory and prospection, Chapter 6 also discusses differences, including the greater involvement of semantic memory in thinking about future episodes. Future episodes are less specific than memories, due to the fact that they are having to be imagined rather than retrieved, but they are consistently rated as more important and more positive than memories, reinforcing the importance of prospection to well-being.
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Leicester, Jonathan. "Memory and Belief." In What Beliefs Are Made From, 72–76. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681082639116010009.
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Many beliefs depend on memories, and memories can be unreliable. This chapter deals briefly with the anatomy and physiology of memory, and defines the different kinds of memory _ long-term or declarative memory, which includes episodic or autobiographical memory, and semantic memory or memory of learned knowledge, source memory, procedural memory, working memory, and implicit, tacit or nondeclarative memory. Special attention is given to working memory and tacit memory, because they are important, and will be unfamiliar to some readers.
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Burge, Tyler. "Perceptual Memory II: Visual Perceptual Long-Term Memory." In Perception: First Form of Mind, 609–24. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871002.003.0017.
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Chapter 17 lays out primary features and functions of visual long-term memory. Recollection and familiarity are distinguished. Different levels of abstractness/concretion in long-term perceptual retention are highlighted. Ability-general, or schematic long-term memory, often misleadingly called ‘semantic memory’, is distinguished from de re long-term memory, which retains perceptual reference to particulars. Episodic memory is a species of long-term de re memory. The representational forms, including the iconicity, of these different types of long-term memory are set out. There is some discussion of whether the different types of memory are different systems or rather different aspects or faces of a single memory system. The discussion stresses functions to retain perceptual contents in long-term visual memory. Relations between perceptual and conceptual attributives in long-term memory are outlined. The chapter concludes with a summary of relations among the various types of perceptual memory, short- and long-term.
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Hong Chin, Wei, Naoyuki Kubota, and Chu Kiong Loo. "An Episodic-Procedural Semantic Memory Model for Continuous Topological Sensorimotor Map Building." In Cognitive Robotics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104818.
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For humans to understand the world around them, learning and memory are two cognitive processes of the human brain that are deeply connected. Memory allows information to retain and forms an experiences reservoir. Computational models replicating those memory attributes can lead to the practical use of robots in everyday human living environments. However, constantly acquiring environmental information in real-world, dynamic environments has remained a challenge for many years. This article proposes an episodic-procedure semantic memory model to continuously generate topological sensorimotor maps for robot navigation. The proposed model consists of two memory networks: i) episodic-procedural memory network (EPMN) and ii) semantic memory network (SMN). The EPMN comprises an Incremental Recurrent Kernel Machines (I-RKM) that clusters incoming input vectors as nodes and learns the activation patterns of the nodes for spatiotemporal encoding. The SMN then takes neuronal activity trajectories from the EPMN and task-relevant signals to update the SMN and produce more compact representations of episodic experience. Thus, both memory networks prevent catastrophic forgetting by constantly generating nodes when the network meets new inputs or updating node weights when the incoming input is similar to previously learned knowledge. In addition, idle or outlier nodes will be removed to preserve memory space.
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Glannon, Walter. "Neural Prosthetics for Memory." In Neural Prosthetics, 171–202. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813910.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses different techniques to treat pathologies of forgetting and remembering. Deep brain stimulation can modulate hypoactive engram cells and synaptic connections in the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit or other cortical regions to improve memory encoding and retrieval. This same technique can modulate hyperactivity in the hippocampal–amygdala circuit to weaken or suppress emotionally charged memories. It can also erase memories by inducing electrophysiological silence in neurons associated with the memory trace. The chapter also explains the design and mechanism of a hippocampal prosthetic to restore encoding and retrieval in people with damaged hippocampi resulting in spatial, working, semantic, and episodic memory impairment. By regulating neural firing patterns necessary to form and access memories, this prosthetic could ameliorate anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Like other neural prosthetics, this would depend on how well the hippocampal prosthetic integrated into the brain and interacted with multiple cell fields in the declarative memory network. Although this prosthetic would not select some memories as being more meaningful than others in forming a personal narrative, its ability to restore encoding and retrieval functions would be necessary for this constructive process.
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Craik, Fergus I. M. "Remembering." In Remembering, 41–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895226.003.0003.
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This chapter makes the case for understanding memory in terms of qualitatively different codes represented by active processes, as opposed to such memory systems as episodic and semantic memory. A distinction is made between primary memory (PM), viewed as active conscious processing, and secondary memory (SM), viewed as the long-term representations of events and knowledge. The notion that PM involves attention paid to the information held in mind is discussed in light of current views of working memory. SM is described in terms of a hierarchically organized set of analytic representations running from specific episodes to context-free knowledge, as an alternative description to Tulving’s account in terms of separate episodic and semantic systems. The role of the external context in supporting retrieval is emphasized, and also the role of executive processes in enabling self-initiated activities when such environmental support is absent. Following previous researchers, the chapter endorses the notion of remembering as a set of active analytic operations, and stresses the similarity between the processes of perceiving and remembering. These ideas are illustrated by empirical examples.
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Plancher, Gaën, and Pascale Piolino. "Virtual Reality for Assessment of Episodic Memory in Normal and Pathological Aging." In The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234737.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Memory is one of the most important cognitive functions in a person’s life. Memory is essential for recalling personal memories and for performing many everyday tasks, such as reading, playing music, returning home, and planning future actions, and, more generally, memory is crucial for interacting with the world. Determining how humans encode, store, and retrieve memories has a long scientific history, beginning with the classical research by Ebbinghaus in the late 20th century (Ebbinghaus, 1964). Since this seminal work, the large number of papers published in the domain of memory testifies that understanding memory is one of the most important challenges in cognitive neurosciences. With population growth and population aging, understanding memory failures both in the healthy elderly and in neurological and psychiatric conditions is a major societal issue. A substantial body of evidence, mainly from double dissociations observed in neuropsychological patients, has led researchers to consider memory not as a unique entity but as comprising several forms with distinct neuroanatomical substrates (Squire, 2004). With reference to long-term memory, episodic memory may be described as the conscious recollection of personal events combined with their phenomenological and spatiotemporal encoding contexts, such as recollecting one’s wedding day with all the contextual details (Tulving, 2002). Episodic memory is typically opposed to semantic memory, which is viewed as a system dedicated to the storage of facts and general decontextualized knowledge (e.g., Paris is the capital of France), including also the mental lexicon. Episodic memory was initially defined by Tulving as a memory system specialized in storing specific experiences in terms of what happened and where and when it happened (Tulving, 1972). Later, phenomenological processes were associated with the retrieval of memories (Tulving, 2002). Episodic memory is assumed to depend on the self, and involves mental time travel and a sense of reliving the original encoding context that includes autonoetic awareness (i.e., the awareness that this experience happened to oneself, is not happening now, and is part of one’s personal history).
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Ballesteros, Soledad. "Cognitive Plasticity Induced in Older Adults by Cognitive Training, Physical Exercise, and Combined Interventions." In Multiple Pathways of Cognitive Aging, 340–67. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197528976.003.0015.
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Verbal abilities, general knowledge, and implicit memory are maintained with age, but processing speed, working memory, and episodic memory that depend on the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, are not. The failure of these abilities compromises independent living and a prolonged working life. However, functional brain reorganization and compensatory mechanisms allow older adults to maintain successful task performance. Physical exercise and cognitive training have potential for preventing cognitive decline. The question is whether the combination of both trainings produces synergetic effects. This chapter summarizes the study protocol of an ongoing multidomain versus single-domain randomized controlled trial aimed at investigating the short- and long-term effects of combining cognitive video game training with physical exercise, compared to cognitive training and physical training alone, on executive control and memory in older adults, two abilities that decline with aging, in comparison with the performance of an active-control group.
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Fazio, Eugenio, Alessandro Bile, and Hamed Tari. "Optical Soliton Neural Networks." In Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107927.
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The chapter describes the realization of photonic integrated circuits based on photorefractive solitonic waveguides. In particular, it has been shown that X-junctions formed by soliton waveguides can learn information by switching their state. X junctions can perform both supervised and unsupervised learning. In doing so, complex networks of interconnected waveguides behave like a biological neural network, where information is stored as preferred trajectories within the network. In this way, it is possible to create “episodic” psycho-memories, able to memorize information bit-by-bit, and subsequently use it to recognize unknown data. Using optical systems, it is also possible to create more advanced dense optical networks, capable of recognizing keywords within information packets (procedural psycho-memory) and possibly comparing them with the stored data (semantic psycho-memory). In this chapter, we shall describe how Solitonic Neural Networks work, showing the close parallel between biological and optical systems.
Conference papers on the topic "Memory (including episodic and semantic memory, and working memory)"
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Malcorra, Bárbara, Natália Mota, Janaina Weissheimer, Lucas Schilling, Maximiliano Wilson, and Lilian Hübner. "REDUCED SPEECH CONNECTEDNESS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE RELATES TO POORER SEMANTIC MEMORY." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda020.
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Background: Connected speech, an ecologically valid task, represents a valuable tool to support the detection of linguistic and cognitive impairment. Objective: First, to verify whether connected speech can differentiate oral narrative production between adults with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cognitively healthy older adults (HOA). Second, to verify whether specific speech graph attributes are associated with episodic, working, and semantic memory. Methods: 24 AD patients (age=72.75±8.13; education=4.25±3.30) and 48 HOA (age=69.85±7.06; education=5.08±3.10) produced an oral narrative task based on a sequence of pictures and performed episodic, working, and semantic memory tasks. Narratives were transcribed and each word was represented as a node and the temporal sequence was represented as directed edges. Graph connectedness was assessed by counting the number of edges (E), the number of nodes in the largest connected component (LCC) and the number of nodes in the largest strongly connected component (LSC). Results: AD patients produced less connected narratives than the HOA, with fewer edges (p=0.0035) and smaller LSC (p=0.0116). Semantic memory correlated moderately with LCC (Rho=0.59, p=0.002) exclusively in AD. Episodic memory correlated with LSC in HOA (Rho=0.47, p= <0.001). Conclusion: Word-graphs connectedness represents a practical tool to assess cognitive impairment in AD patients.