Journal articles: 'Memorials'

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SNELL, K. D. M., and RACHAEL JONES. "Churchyard Memorials, ‘Dispensing with God Gradually’: Rustication, Decline of the Gothic and the Emergence of Art Deco in the British Isles." Rural History 29, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 45–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793318000031.

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Abstract:This article considers rusticated memorials in many churchyards and cemeteries in England and Wales, between c. 1850 and the present day, analysing their forms, chronology, and their wider social and artistic significances. These memorials have hitherto been a neglected form among British memorial styles. The discussion here focuses on the English Midlands, Kensal Green Cemetery (London), and Montgomeryshire in Wales. It appraises how such memorial rustication may relate to changing attitudes to rurality, ‘natural’ landscapes, and secularisation over time. As an analysis of shifting memorial tastes, the article assesses the chronology of rustication against the periodisation of two more dominant memorial types: namely Gothic memorials, which prevailed in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Art Deco memorials, which gained popularity from the 1920s. It appraises regional differences in memorial style change, showing little English and Welsh variation in this after the mid-nineteenth century. There is attention to the hitherto little studied decline of the Gothic, and to the wider significance of the more secularised memorial forms that followed it. The role of these Gothic, rusticated, and Art Deco memorials for an understanding of social, attitudinal, religious and secularising change is emphasised.

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Kerby, Martin, Margaret Baguley, Alison Bedford, and Richard Gehrmann. "If these stones could speak: War memorials and contested memory." Historical Encounters: A journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures, and history education 8, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52289/hej8.301.

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This article explores how war memorials engage with the contested nature of public sculpture and commemoration across historical, political, aesthetic and social contexts. It opens with an analysis of the Australian commemorative landscape and the proliferation of Great War Memorials constructed after 1918 and their ‘war imagining’ that positioned it as a national coming of age. The impact of foundational memorial design is explored through a number of memorials and monuments which have used traditional symbolism synonymous with the conservative ideological and aesthetic framework adopted during the inter-war years. The authors then analyse international developments over the same period, including Great War memorials in Europe, to determine the extent of their impact on Australian memorial and monument design. This analysis is juxtaposed with contemporary memorial design which gradually echoed increasing disillusionment with war and the adoption of abstract designs which moved away from a didactic presentation of information to memorials and monuments which encouraged the viewer’s interpretation. The increase of anti- or counter-war memorials is then examined in the context of voices which were often excluded in mainstream historical documentation and engage with the concept of absence. The selection of memorials also provides an important contribution in relation to the ideological and aesthetic contribution of war memorials and monuments and the extent of their relevance in contemporary society.

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Blando, John A., Katie Graves-Ferrick, and Jo Goecke. "Relationship Differences in Aids Memorials." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 49, no. 1 (August 2004): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/a6dj-5evh-56d3-vlar.

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The purpose of this research was to describe AIDS memorials on the Web and to explore relationship differences among those who were grieving loved ones who had died with AIDS, through a thematic content analysis of the memorials the bereft posted on the Web. We identified an AIDS Web site that contained 900 memorials; the memorials often were emotionally intense and personal. We independently coded the memorials for characteristics of the authors, the deceased, and the memorials themselves. Slightly more men than women were memorial authors, and although memorials were authored by a wide variety of individuals, the vast majority of authors fell into seven broad categories: partners, spouses, children, parents, siblings, extended family, and friends. In the memorial content, we identified 2l themes; overall, content of the memorials was dissimilar to obituaries. Content of the memorials as described above were treated as dependent measures in a series of analyses, with relationship between the bereaved and the deceased the independent variable. Memorials written by parents were shortest, while those written by partners or spouses were longest. Partners and spouses revealed the highest emotional intensity, while extended family and friends revealed the lowest. Children most strongly expressed the theme of grief while parents expressed this least strongly. All groups expressed love for the deceased; friends most commonly relayed specific stories about the deceased or discussed how the deceased had influenced them. The authors posit that AIDS memorials on the Web give authentic voice to disenfranchised grievers' sense of loss and suffering.

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Pollock, Christopher. "Keepers of the Flame in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park." California History 97, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.3.64.

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This article explores memorials placed in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in the aftermath of World War I, with an emphasis on those of a botanical nature. Historical, general, and local inspirations behind creation of the memorials are discussed. A detailed description of the development of the park's three memorial groves follows. Context for the creation of the memorial groves is provided through discussion of related local events. Other in-park and local memorials to those who fell in World War I are also covered.

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Baldini, Andrea. "The Nanjing Massacre Memorial and Angelus Novus: Ephemera, Trauma, and Reparation in Contemporary Chinese Public Art." Aisthesis. Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell’estetico 15, no. 1 (August 2, 2022): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/aisthesis-13581.

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What is the nature of memorials? Traditionally, memorials have been conceptualized as lasting entities preserving memories of our shared pasts. This paper challenges this view. My aim is to retheorize our practices of memorialization by examining the role that ephemerality plays in experiential memorials. Rather than fixed structures of meaning, experiential memorials are unstable careers whose significance depends on viewers’ performative engagement. I provide evidence for my thesis by developing a critical interpretation of Qi Kang’s Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall (NMMH) as an example of experiential memorial. The fragmented nature of the here and now frees visitors’ experiences. Like the wind propelling Benjamin’s Angelus Novus into future and progress, the ephemerality of NMMH’s experience unchains its significance from the constriction of dominant narratives of vengeance and resentment. If liberated temporally, the experience of memorials may help us not only to never forget, but also to find reconciliation.

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Sturken, Marita. "Designing the memory of terror, negotiating national memory: The National September 11 Memorial and the National Memorial for Peace and Justice." Memory Studies 16, no. 3 (May 26, 2023): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980231162319.

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This essay analyzes two American memorials that were built in the post-9/11 era: the National September 11 Memorial in New York City, which opened in 2011, and the National Memorial for Peace and Justice, which opened in Montgomery, Alabama, in 2018. Both of these memorials pay tribute to victims of terrorism, the first to victims of foreign terrorism and the second to victims of lynchings, a form of racial terrorism within the United States. This essay argues that these two memorials define the beginning and end of the post-9/11 era, from memorialization as a nationalist enterprise to memorialization as a reckoning on race that demands the destruction of racist monuments and the construction of memorials to victims of racist violence. It looks in particular at how the modern designs of these two memorials produce very different kinds of experiences of memory to tell distinct narratives of victimhood, loss, and nation.

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Eatman, Megan. "Loss and Lived Memory at the Moore’s Ford Lynching Reenactment." Journal for the History of Rhetoric 20, no. 2 (May 2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.20.2.0153.

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ABSTRACT Each year, members of the Moore’s Ford Movement conduct a memorial rally for and reenactment of a lynching that took place in 1946 near Monroe, Georgia. While a lynching memorial that includes a reenactment may sound suspect, particularly because lynching reenactments play a role in white supremacist activities, the Moore’s Ford Memorial’s unusual form offers affordances that other lynching memorials do not. This article argues that the memorial’s simultaneous attachment to and critique of necessarily inadequate traces of the past raise questions about what it means to remember violence in situ. Most lynching memorial rhetoric revolves around the narrow archive of lynching photographs produced, for the most part, by lynchers themselves. Through its combination of archival and lived memory, the Moore’s Ford Memorial both tells a broader story and draws attention to the archive’s inability to capture all that was lost. In dwelling in the gap between past and present, the memorial creates a generative space for community action.

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Yao, Shuang, and Hongyu Mai. "Features of Translation on Ancient Memorials Based on Interpersonal Function Analysis-Exemplified by a Selection of Classical Chinese Essays from Guwen Guanzhi." Studies in Social Science & Humanities 3, no. 1 (January 2024): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/sssh.2024.01.03.

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Translation has been a prominent focus in linguistics for six decades, yet scant attention has been paid to the stylistic nuances found in ancient Chinese memorials. The study aims to find out the linguistic features of translations of the ancient memorials. The paper starts with a brief introduction of Halliday’s interpersonal function theory and the definition of the memorial. Through analyzing the data, we collected from the two well-known Chinese ancient memorials. The former is State of Dispatching Troops and the later is Memorial to the Emperor Stating My Case. Results show the features of memorials regarding mood, modality, and personal pronoun and how these features achieve interpersonal functions through quantitative and qualitative research. This paper provides a simple model for analyzing Chinese ancient literary style memorials and compensates for the lack of theory about stylistic linguistic and systemic-functional linguistics in the English-Chinese translation field. The realization of interpersonal functions reflects the speaker’s status, intentions, tendencies and, the other information. In essays, more polite usage is used instead of the common first-person I and second-person pronoun you. The above analysis is considered by translators when they translate the memorials into English.

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Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. "Tracing the politics of aesthetics: From imposing, via counter to affirmative memorials to violence." Memory Studies 14, no. 4 (June 27, 2021): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17506980211024320.

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Memorials have become increasingly relevant in societies seeking to come to terms with the past of mass violence and there is a growing body of academic scholarship that scrutinises the politics of memory in divided societies. This article takes a different approach to the politics of memorials: it does not focus on what is remembered, that is, to what a memorial testifies, but how memory at a memorial (supposedly) takes place through the aesthetic strategies put to work. It contributes to emerging literature which explores aspects of performativity and the politics of affect. The objective is, however, to take it one step further by not only shifting attention to studying the engagement with, experience and performance at these sites but also to the politics of the aesthetics choice that promote this engagement. To do so, it differentiates between three aesthetic styles of memorials: imposing, counter and affirmative memorials that were all developed at a particular time in order to pursue particular political and social objectives. The current phenomenon, affirmative memorials, holds that there is a duty to remember and is firmly embedded in efforts to build peace, advance liberal norms and contribute to transitional justice. Pursuing this strategy is however at odds with the aesthetic style of these affirmative memorials that is derived from counter memorials and celebrates plurality and openness rather than wanting to affirm one message.

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Collins, Charles O., and Charles D. Rhine. "Roadside Memorials." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 47, no. 3 (November 2003): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1654-01n2-2a3c-gq9c.

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Roadside memorials or descansos have diffused from a Mexican/Southwestern regional Hispanic hearth to increasingly draw the attention of motorists and public officials throughout the United States. In the current context, the authors' attention is on privately and spontaneously erected memorials placed at the sites of fatal events. Typically these result from automobile accidents, though not exclusively. The intent of the present article is three-fold: 1) to identify meaning and significance in the precise placement of contemporary markers; 2) to directly investigate the motivation and purposes of memorial/ descanso builders; and 3) to survey issues of traffic safety, highway maintenance, landscape or visual blight, and church/state relations arising from the placement and maintenance of these roadside memorials.

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Koblížková, Adéla, and David Hána. "Memorials as a part of the political symbolic space in Prague." Geografie 128, no. 1 (2023): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie.2023.001.

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Memorials, as pieces of art in public space, have not only an aesthetic function, but also a commemorative, representative, and ideological one. They materialize social discourse and national values that change over time. The social relationship to memorials shapes their symbolism, which is a part of the political symbolic space. The aim of the article is to determine how memorials are involved in this symbolic space (how memorials from various eras are distributed in Prague, which localities might have symbolic connotations, and how this symbolism can be interpreted). Free-standing memorials in the public space of Greater Prague have been included in the research, demonstrating different spatial patterns and symbolism. While the most dominant memorials, dedicated to figures associated with the Czech National Revival, are concentrated in the city center, war memorials, the most common type of memorial, are scattered evenly throughout the city. The reinterpretation of historical events and memorials after the fall of Communism has created conflicting sites of memory, which relate to current Czech-Russian relations and the aftermath of the historical Czech-German national conflict.

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Calabretta, Constanza. "Ricordare la Stasi a Berlino. I memoriali come luoghi d’apprendimento." Didactica Historica 1, no. 1 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2015.001.01.123.long.

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This paper focuses on the documentation center and memorial in Normannenstrasse (Stasi-Museum) and the memorial in Hohenschönhausen, the exStasi prisons, investigating the memorials’ exhibitions and didactic displays. Those two places have a common history : they were opened in 1990 thanks to the civil movements’ active engagement. They have developed a political education program, wanting to preserve the memory of the political persecution and repression in the ex-Communist dictatorship and to reinforce the current democracy. The places have become both memorials and places for learning. The memorials, which welcome a lot of tourists, are two central places in the commemoration and representation of a crucial aspect of the GDR’s past, thanks to their exhibitions and their pedagogical vocation.

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Young, James E. "The memorial’s arc: Between Berlin’s Denkmal and New York City’s 9/11 Memorial." Memory Studies 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698016645266.

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Without direct reference to the Holocaust or its contemporary “counter-monuments,” Michael Arad’s design for the National 9/11 Memorial at Ground Zero is nonetheless inflected by an entire post-war generation’s formal preoccupation with loss, absence, and regeneration. This is also a preoccupation they share with post-Holocaust poets, philosophers, artists, and composers: how to articulate a void without filling it in? How to formalize irreparable loss without seeming to repair it? In this article, I imagine an arc of memorial forms over the last 70 years or so and how, in fact, post-World War I and World War II memorials have evolved along a discernible path, all with visual and conceptual echoes of their predecessors. As Maya Lin’s design for the Vietnam Veterans’ Memorial was informed by earlier World War I and even World War II memorial vernaculars, her design also broke the mold that made Holocaust counter-memorials and other negative-form memorials possible.

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Brandt, Maria C. "Forgotten, but Not Gone." California History 97, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.3.195.

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This essay discusses how the community in Oakland, California, in the 1920s considered and erected memorials to those who served and died in World War I, including plaques, flagpoles, proposed fountains, and the Veterans’ Memorial Building, as well as dozens of city streets renamed as WWI memorials.

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Calabretta, Costanza. "Ricordare la Stasi a Berlino. I memoriali come luoghi d'apprendimento." Didactica Historica 1, no. 1 (2015): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2015.001.01.123.

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This paper focuses on the documentation center and memorial in Normannenstrasse (Stasi-Museum) and the memorial in Hohenschönhausen, the ex Stasi prisons, investigating the memorials’ exhibitions and didactic displays. Those two places have a common history : they were opened in 1990 thanks to the civil movements’ active engagement. They have developed a political education program, wanting to preserve the memory of the political persecution and repression in the ex-Communist dictatorship and to reinforce the current democracy. The places have become both memorials and places for learning. The memorials, which welcome a lot of tourists, are two central places in the commemoration and representation of a crucial aspect of the GDR’s past, thanks to their exhibitions and their pedagogical vocation.

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Sully, Nicole. "Memorials incognito: the candle, the drain and the cabbage patch for Diana, Princess of Wales." Architectural Research Quarterly 14, no. 2 (June 2010): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135510000734.

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In the second half of the twentieth century, the growing recognition of the plurality of history and the constructive nature of monuments, in conjunction with a more general realisation of the intellectual problems of war, resulted in a widespread interrogation – both intellectually and aesthetically – of concepts of memorialisation and commemoration. This interrogation is credited as the catalyst for a series of new approaches to monument-making, famously exemplified by Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington (1982) in addition to a series of holocaust-related memorials, such as those theorised in the seminal writings of James E. Young. These memorials, in conjunction with post-modern discussions of the politics of memory and issues of counter-memory, complicated the culture of commemoration, seeing the emergence of new commemorative types known as counter-monuments, which Young defines as ‘memorial spaces conceived to challenge the very premise of the monument’. These are often also identified by terms such anti-memorials or progressive memorials. Among these, new sub-genres also emerged in response to particular methods of commemoration such as living and spontaneous memorials, in addition to more gestural methods of commemoration involving, for example, services or performances that transcend the categories of sculpture and architecture.

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Williams, Howard. "Monument and material reuse at the National Memorial Arboretum." Archaeological Dialogues 21, no. 1 (May 16, 2014): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203814000117.

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AbstractExploring the relocation and reuse of fragments and whole artefacts, materials and monuments in contemporary commemorative memorials in the United Kingdom (UK), this paper focuses on the National Memorial Arboretum (Alrewas, Staffordshire, hereafter NMA). Within this unique assemblage of memorial gardens, reuse constitutes a distinctive range of material commemoration. Through a detailed investigation of the NMA's gardens, this paper shows how monument and material reuse, while used in very different memorial forms, tends to be reserved to commemorate specific historical subjects and themes. Monument and material reuse is identified as a form of commemorative rehabilitation for displaced memorials and provides powerful and direct mnemonic and emotional connections between past and present in the commemoration through peace memorials, of military disasters and defensive actions, the sufferings of prisoners of war, and atrocities inflicted upon civilian populations. In exploring monument and material reuse to create specific emotive and mnemonic fields and triggers, this paper engages with a hitherto neglected aspect of late 20th- and early 21st-century commemorative culture.

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de Vries, Brian, and Judy Rutherford. "Memorializing Loved Ones on the World Wide Web." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 49, no. 1 (August 2004): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dr46-ru57-uy6p-newm.

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Creating and visiting Web memorials represent new opportunities for post-death ritual. A content analysis was conducted on a sample of 244 of the memorials found on the largest Web Cemetery: Virtual Memorial Gardens (catless.ncl.ac.uk/Obituary/memorial.html). Analyses revealed that memorials were written, in descending order of prevalence, by children (33%), friends (15%), grandchildren (11%), parents (10%), siblings (8%), spouses (4%), and various other family members. This pattern favoring younger authors may reflect the newness of this venue and facility with computer technology. The content of such memorials often contained reference to missing the deceased, rarely spoke of the cause of death, or made mention of God or religion. Memorials were more likely to be written to the deceased (e.g., in the form of a letter) rather than about or for the deceased (e.g., eulogy/obituary or tribute). Parents, family groups, and other relatives more frequently made religious references in their memorials than did other authors. In addition to the Web as a novel, untapped data source, these memorials offer intriguing opportunities for theoretical refinement (i.e., the ongoing connection between the bereaved and the deceased).

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Roberts, Pamela, and Lourdes A. Vidal. "Perpetual Care in Cyberspace: A Portrait of Memorials on the Web." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 40, no. 4 (June 2000): 521–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3bpt-uyjr-192r-u969.

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This study describes memorials in the newly created “virtual cemeteries.” Web memorials ( N = 276) from three cemeteries were coded for demographics about the deceased, characteristics of authors, and issues of content, audience, and theme. While memorials were extremely varied, they were written frequently for the young ( M age = 47, SD = 24) and for more males than females. Most deaths were recent, but 7.3 percent had occurred more than twenty years prior to the posting of their memorials. Authors included family members, friends, and others who were typically younger or from the same cohort as the deceased. Most memorials were addressed to the community, but 28.3 percent were written to the dead. The majority of memorials were written as stories or celebrations but other primary themes included: grief/missing the dead, retelling the circumstances of the death, and guilt. Web memorials are discussed as a resource to the bereaved and researchers alike, providing the bereaved with an opportunity to create a public memorial regardless of their relationship to the deceased, time elapsed since the death or message content and allowing researchers better access to personal writings undertaken during bereavement.

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Macleod, Jenny. "Memorials and Location: Local versus National Identity and the Scottish National War Memorial." Scottish Historical Review 89, no. 1 (April 2010): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2010.0004.

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This article seeks to explore the controversy surrounding the Scottish National War Memorial. It analyses the arguments over the design of the memorial and its impact on Edinburgh Castle. The criticisms by Lord Rosebery and others of the design proposed by Robert Lorimer are dealt with in detail. The campaign by the Duke of Atholl to raise money for the memorial is scrutinised and the difficulties in securing donations at a time when there were many simultaneous attempts to raise money for local and institutional memorials is discussed. The article attempts to relate this material to the wider literature on war memorials in the period immediately following the First World War. The main theme of the article is to note the way in which the memorial at the Castle came to be accepted as a ‘national’ memorial and how this process relates to the formation and maintenance of Scottish national identity in the 1920s. As highlighted by comparison with the other national memorials, the Scottish National War Memorial ultimately serves to show the unity of the Scottish nation and the ongoing strength of its martial tradition, a means by which Scotland could express a distinctive identity whilst remaining securely within the United Kingdom.

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Cohen, Erik. "Roadside Memorials in Northeastern Thailand." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 66, no. 4 (June 2013): 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.66.4.e.

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In Thailand spirit houses are often established at places of fatal accidents, but these are generally anonymous. Personalized roadside memorials for accident victims are rare. This article analyses three roadside memorials, located on main roads in northeastern Thailand, in a comparative framework. Like in the contemporary West, such memorials commemorate a suddenly and violently killed person, but manifest a dynamics very different from that of Western roadside memorials: rather than private and temporary, these are permanent shrines, in which the spirit of the deceased is worshipped and supplicated by members of the public. The spirits and their shrines tend to become incorporated into the popular Thai magico-religious complex. While the literature offers a binary distinction between formal public monuments and informal, private and temporary (roadside) memorials, it is suggested that the informal, but public and permanent memorial shrines in Thailand exemplify a third type of edifices to commemorate the deceased in road accidents.

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Zaninović, Tamara, Nerma Omićević, and Bojana Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci. "(De)Linking with the Past through Memorials." Architecture 3, no. 4 (October 9, 2023): 627–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture3040034.

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Numerous examples of urban, architectural, and landscape projects indicate global and continuous interest in memorial design without a comparative study of their contextual similarities and differences. There is no clear terminological and conceptual framework of how memorials are designed nor if they are perceived as diverse types of public places. This research combines multiple results of extensive and on-going research on memorials as places for people to reconnect with past events, circumstances, or persons, with the aim of building a theoretical and conceptual framework within the domain of architectural and urban design. The main question is how the design of memorials achieves remembrance as well as healing of both places and communities through conciliation, mediation, forgetting, learning, and planning new concepts for future urban development. The term (de)linking with the past is proposed for describing the importance of achieving these various memorial functions. The resulting dualistic conceptual framework of memorials includes eleven design principles based on models and methods of spatial interventions which can enable communities to move forward from traumatic events and negative emotions towards building a basis for a better future by learning from the past.

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Bedford, Alison, Richard Gehrmann, Martin Kerby, and Margaret Baguley. "Conflict and the Australian commemorative landscape." Historical Encounters: A journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures, and history education 8, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52289/hej8.302.

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Australian war memorials have changed over time to reflect community sentiments and altered expectations for how a memorial should look and what it should commemorate. The monolith or cenotaph popular after the Great War has given way to other forms of contemporary memorialisation including civic, counter or anti-memorials or monuments. Contemporary memorials and monuments now also attempt to capture the voices of marginalised groups affected by trauma or conflict. In contrast, Great War memorials were often exclusionary, sexist and driven by a nation building agenda. Both the visibility and contestability of how a country such as Australia pursues public commemoration offers rich insights into the increasingly widespread efforts to construct an inclusive identity which moves beyond the cult of the warrior and the positioning of war as central to the life of the nation.

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Marutyan, Harutyun. "The Local and Global in the Armenian Genocide Memorial." International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0024.

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Memorials are one of the most common forms of memorialization and may be understood as symbolic reparations for the victims and survivors of mass violence. They acknowledge the suffering and grief of the victims and pay tribute to the dead. At the same time, the memorials epitomises not only history but also teaches contemporary lessons of local and global character. The Armenian Genocide Memorial as a symbol of grief and revival of the Armenian nation serves all these aims. This article aims to address some points of history of the construction of the Armenian Genocide Memorial, its local and global implications, the issue of absence of names in the Memorial, as well as the feelings of patriotism and statehood embedded in the Armenian Genocide Memorial.

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Clark, Jennifer, and Ashley Cheshire. "Rip by the Roadside: A Comparative Study of Roadside Memorials in New South Wales, Australia, and Texas, United States." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 48, no. 3 (May 2004): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3red-6h7d-pnnc-urt7.

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The comparative study of roadside memorials in New South Wales, Australia, and Texas, United States, raises questions about the consistency in memorial form and practice between societies with diverse ethnic and religious profiles and different historical backgrounds. This article compares roadside memorials in two societies, and suggests that ethnic and sub-group affiliation accounts for local and individual differences in what is essentially an international phenomenon powered by developments in motoring culture, postmodernism, and globalization. The roadside memorial reclaims public space for the celebration of the individual in a period and place of overwhelming technological and cultural change.

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McKenzie, Brent. "Remembrance Tourism: Maarjamäe Memorial Versus The Estonian Victims of Communism Memorial." International Conference on Tourism Research 15, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ictr.15.1.374.

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The people of the Republic of Estonia experienced severe oppression and terror during the latter half of the 20th century following their forced annexation into the Soviet Union. Additionally, the Soviet military can rightfully be credited with decisively driving Nazi Germany out of Estonia, during World War II. These related, but conflicting results, has resulted in two different memorials, and two radically different perspectives, located within 500 meters of each other, in the Estonian capital city of Tallinn. This research examines the impact of such confrontation in ideals and remembrance, through the promotion (or lack of), funding, and maintenance of history, through memorials in public space. This research addresses these questions through a comparison of two Memorials located within sight of each other, the Maarjamäe Memorial and the Estonian Victims of Communism Memorial, in Tallinn, Estonia. The comparison of the two Memorials highlights the challenges involved in the construct of remembrance, as well as the related construct of nostalgia, within markets such as Estonia that has two distinct ethnic groups, Estonian, and Russian, and how their respective views of the constructs shape the success or failure of such tourism attractions. The findings of this research will be of benefit to other regions with a similar past, when it comes to remembrance and reflection through tourism.

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Harjes, Kirsten. "Stumbling Stones: Holocaust Memorials, National Identity, and Democratic Inclusion in Berlin." German Politics and Society 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780889237.

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In 1997, Hinrich Seeba offered a graduate seminar on Berlin at the University of California, Berkeley. He called it: "Cityscape: Berlin as Cultural Artifact in Literature, Art, Architecture, Academia." It was a true German studies course in its interdisciplinary and cultural anthropological approach to the topic: Berlin, to be analyzed as a "scape," a "view or picture of a scene," subject to the predilections of visual perception in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This course inspired my research on contemporary German history as represented in Berlin's Holocaust memorials. The number and diversity of these memorials has made this city into a laboratory of collective memory. Since the unification of East and West Germany in 1990, memorials in Berlin have become means to shape a new national identity via the history shared by both Germanys. In this article, I explore two particular memorials to show the tension between creating a collective, national identity, and representing the cultural and historical diversity of today's Germany. I compare the Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas (Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe, or "national Holocaust memorial") which opened in central Berlin on May 10, 2005, to the lesser known, privately sponsored, decentralized "stumbling stone" project by artist Gunter Demnig.

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Megem, Maxim E. "Preserve vs dismantle: major trends in the Baltics’ politics of memory regarding Soviet monuments at sites of mass violence." Baltic Region 14, no. 4 (2022): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-8.

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Another round of the Soviet ‘monument fall’ in the Baltics, which began in the early 2000s, continued into 2022. This process, however, has not affected Soviet memorials at the sites of mass violence perpetrated during the German occupation of the Baltics. This article aims to investigate major trends in the Baltics’ politics of memory regarding Soviet monuments erected at sites of mass violence. The official policy of the Baltics towards these memorial sites has been largely shaped by the international agenda and the perception of the commemorated events. During the Euroatlantic drift, the concept of the Baltic States’ past incorporated the Holocaust narrative, recoding the symbolic space of Soviet sites remembering Nazi crimes against Jews and integrating them into the national culture of remembrance. Soviet memorials at sites commemorating the tragedy of local peoples were incorporated as is into the national memorial landscape. Yet, Lithuanian authorities viewed these memorials with greater suspicion because of the Soviet countermemory, which the sites preserved. Memorials to Soviet POWs, albeit perceived as ‘alien’, are protected by law in the Baltics. Nevertheless, it did not save the places of remembrance from acts of vandalism. Moreover, there are trends in the Baltics towards a revision of the laws protecting the monuments.

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Baguley, Margaret, Martin Kerby, and Nikki Andersen. "Counter memorials and counter monuments in Australia’s commemorative landscape: A systematic literature review." Historical Encounters: A journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures, and history education 8, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.52289/hej8.308.

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Over the course of the last four decades there has been a growing interest in the development and impact of counter memorials and counter monuments. While counter memorial and monument practices have been explored in Europe and the United States, relatively little research has been conducted in the Australian context. This systematic literature review examines the current state of scholarship by exploring what form counter monuments and memorials have taken and what events they have focussed on. A total of 134 studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final review. The major factors identified that have impacted on the development of the counter memorial and monument genre in Australia are international and domestic influences, historical, political and social-cultural events in Australia, the socio-political agenda of various individuals or organisations, and the aesthetics of the counter memorials and monuments themselves. The review found that Australia has a diverse and active counter memorial and monument genre, with commemorative practices honouring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, women, victims of human made and natural disasters, the experiences of asylum seekers, and the histories and experiences of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer communities.

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Przybylska, Lucyna. "Memorial crosses in Poland: a commonplace and contested element of public roads." Geografie 120, no. 4 (2015): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2015120040507.

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The aim of the paper is to show spatial regularity of roadside memorialisation as well as public opinions on the phenomenon in Poland. Field studies covering 623 kilometres of public roads showed that out of 100 roadside memorials, the majority (98%) are memorial crosses A correlation between the distribution of roadside memorials and the road category and related accident rate was noted. Internet questionnaires, on the other hand, indicated that opinions on memorial crosses are nearly equally divided in Polish society: 52% are for leaving them along roads and 48% are for their removal. Furthermore, an analysis of web discussions has shown that memorial crosses are seen by society either as traditional components of road infrastructure, or objects of religious cult, or cross-cultural markers of death and grief.

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Sokołowska-Paryż, Marzena. "Narrating Canadian War Memorials, Understanding National Identity." Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies, no. 41(2) (2023): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cr.2023.41.2.06.

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Pierre Berton writes that “Canada, more than most countries, is a nation of … memorials”. Yet, with the passage of time, war memorials inevitably tend to lose their original significance, becoming altogether ‘invisible’ for historically-estranged generations. Hence the need for re-remembering war memorials and monuments for the purposes of consolidating a (national) collective memory. The aim of this paper is a comparative analysis of Fields of Sacrifice (1963, dir. Donald Brittain), Herbert Fairlie Wood’s and John Swettenham’s Silent Witnesses (1974), Robert Shipley’s To Mark Our Place (1987), and Robert Konduras’s and Richard Parrish’s World War I: A Monumental History (2014) within the context of the theoretical distinction between memorial and monument cultures in order to discuss the defining ideological tropes of ‘Canadianness’.

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Zernetska, O., and O. Myronchuk. "Historical Memory and Practices of Monumental Commemoration of World War I in Australia (Part 1)." Problems of World History, no. 12 (September 29, 2020): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-12-11.

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The authors’ research attention is focused on the specifics of the Australian memorial practices dedicated to the World War I. The statement is substantiated that in the Australian context memorials and military monuments formed a special post-war and post-traumatic part of the visual memory of the first Australian global military conflict. The features of the Australian memorial concept are clarified, the social function of the monuments and their important role in the psychological overcoming of the trauma and bitter losses experienced are noted. The multifaceted aspects of visualization of the monumental memory of the World War I in Australia are analyzed. Monuments and memorials are an important part of Australia’s visual heritage. It is concluded that each Australian State has developed its own concept of memory, embodied in various types and nature of monuments. The main ones are analyzed in detail: Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne (1928–1934); Australian War Memorial in Canberra (1941); Sydney Cenotaph (1927-1929) and Anzac Memorial in Sydney (1934); Desert Mounted Corps Memorial in Western Australia (1932); Victoria Memorials: Avenue of Honour and Victory Arch in Ballarat (1917-1919), Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial (2004), Great Ocean Road – the longest nationwide memorial (1919-1932); Hobart War Memorial in the Australian State of Tasmania (1925), as well as Villers-Bretonneux Australian National Memorial in France dedicated to French-Australian cooperation during the World War I (1938). The authors demonstrate an inseparable connection between the commemorative practices of Australia and the politics of national identity, explore the trends in the creation and development of memorial practices. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of memorial sites are based on the clearly expressed function of a place of memory, a place of mourning and commemoration. It was found that the representation of the memorial policy of the memory of Australia in the first post-war years was implemented at the beginning at the local level and was partially influenced by British memorial practices, transforming over time into a nationwide cultural resource.

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Zernetska, O., and O. Myronchuk. "Historical Memory and Practices of Monumental Commemoration of World War I in Australia (Part 2)." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-10.

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The authors’ research attention is focused on the specifics of the Australian memorial practices dedicated to the World War I. The statement is substantiated that in the Australian context memorials and military monuments formed a special post-war and post-traumatic part of the visual memory of the first Australian global military conflict. The features of the Australian memorial concept are clarified, the social function of the monuments and their important role in the psychological overcoming of the trauma and bitter losses experienced are noted. The multifaceted aspects of visualization of the monumental memory of the World War I in Australia are analyzed. Monuments and memorials are an important part of Australia’s visual heritage. It is concluded that each Australian State has developed its own concept of memory, embodied in various types and nature of monuments. The main ones are analyzed in detail: Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne (1928–1934); Australian War Memorial in Canberra (1941); Sydney Cenotaph (1927-1929) and Anzac Memorial in Sydney (1934); Desert Mounted Corps Memorial in Western Australia (1932); Victoria Memorials: Avenue of Honour and Victory Arch in Ballarat (1917-1919), Australian Ex-Prisoners of War Memorial (2004), Great Ocean Road – the longest nationwide memorial (1919-1932); Hobart War Memorial in the Australian State of Tasmania (1925), as well as Villers-Bretonneux Australian National Memorial in France dedicated to French-Australian cooperation during the World War I (1938). The authors demonstrate an inseparable connection between the commemorative practices of Australia and the politics of national identity, explore the trends in the creation and development of memorial practices. It is noted that the overwhelming majority of memorial sites are based on the clearly expressed function of a place of memory, a place of mourning and commemoration. It was found that the representation of the memorial policy of the memory of Australia in the first post-war years was implemented at the beginning at the local level and was partially influenced by British memorial practices, transforming over time into a nationwide cultural resource.

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Ansbach, Jennifer. "Using Memorials to Build Critical Thinking Skills and Empathy." English Journal 105, no. 4 (March 1, 2016): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej201628399.

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Sobieraj, Jerzy. "Lynching, Memory and Memorials." Polish Journal for American Studies, no. 13 (Spring 2019) (October 15, 2019): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/pjas.13/1/2019.02.

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This article touches upon three important topics: lynching, memory, and memorialization-looked at from the perspective of the twenty-first century. As far as lynching is concerned, it focuses on a significant growth of interest in this painful historical, social, and political issue. In the context of lynching it discusses memory and the process of memorialization, sometimes seen as a relatively new trend, and the creation of memorial sites, such as the American lynching memorials in Duluth, Minnesota and Montgomery, Alabama.

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Lavoie, D., M. Savard, M. Malo, and D. Kirkwood. "MEMORIALS." Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.54.4.396.

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Edie, R. W. "MEMORIALS." Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 54, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 398–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.54.4.398.

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Doe, John. "Memorials." Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 8 (1988): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1988.6682140x.

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Graebner, Robert J., A. L. Levshin, J. E. White, Herbert Robertson, Dorel Zugravescu, Misac Nabighian, Clyde Ringstad, Kathy Troost, and Ron Free. "Memorials." Leading Edge 13, no. 7 (July 1994): 786–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle13070786.1.

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Chris, H. "Memorials." Leading Edge 14, no. 9 (September 1995): 1002–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle14091002.1.

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Collins, William, and Rhonda Boone. "Memorials." Leading Edge 15, no. 7 (July 1996): 858–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle15070858.1.

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Brant, Arthur A., Eric Lauritsen, Misac N. Nabighian, James R. Wait, W. Gordon Wieduwilt, and Kenneth L. Zonge. "Memorials." Leading Edge 15, no. 9 (September 1996): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle15091054.1.

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Yorston, Howard J., Clark Reid, Linda Hill Mcgregor, Osvaldo de Oliveira Duarte, and Lynn Trembly. "Memorials." Leading Edge 17, no. 5 (May 1998): 703–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle17050703.1.

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Yorston, Howard J., Paul M. Tucker, Denny Meyer, Mary Marsh, and E. R. Brumbaugh. "Memorials." Leading Edge 17, no. 10 (October 1998): 1464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle17101464.1.

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Bjerstedt, Dennis, Sven Treitel, and James P. Duncan. "Memorials." Leading Edge 18, no. 1 (January 1999): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle18010138.1.

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Dudley, D. G., E. P. Krider, Paul Widess, Douglas R. Schmitt, Michael Burianyk, and Helmy Sherif. "Memorials." Leading Edge 18, no. 2 (February 1999): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle18020275.1.

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“Bill” Laing, William E., Robert B. Peacock, and Phyllis Connor. "Memorials." Leading Edge 19, no. 5 (May 2000): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle19050548.1.

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Laing, William E. “Bill“, Nordine Ait-Laoussine, and Don Townsend. "Memorials." Leading Edge 19, no. 10 (October 2000): 1140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle19101140.1.

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Roth, Jerry, Irshad Mufti, and Janet Bauder Thornburg. "Memorials." Leading Edge 19, no. 12 (December 2000): 1357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle19121357.1.

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Wang, Zhijing (Zee), Wenrong Xu, Jinzhen Cheng, Scott W. Tinker, Jeffrey A. May, and Grace L. Ford. "Memorials." Leading Edge 20, no. 6 (June 2001): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle20060661.1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Memorials'

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