Relevant bibliographies by topics / Membrane filters

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Membrane filters'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Membrane filters"

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Li, Xun Chao, and Cong Li. "The Development of Household Membrane Filters for Drinking Water Treatment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.446.

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The health risks and potential environment damage from unsafe municipal water have greatly accelerated the development of household water filter around the world. Similarly, the emergence of membrane technology in recently decades has greatly stimulated the rapid development and wide applications of membrane filter. The most widely used types of household membrane filters currently include RO membrane filter, UF membrane filter and MF membrane filter. Such filters are commercially available and of broad prospects in spite of membrane fouling. This review looks back over previous developments and applications of such three household membrane filters for better evaluation of their future development.
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Alayande, Abayomi Babatunde, Yesol Kang, Jaewon Jang, Hobin Jee, Yong-Gu Lee, In S. Kim, and Euntae Yang. "Antiviral Nanomaterials for Designing Mixed Matrix Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070458.

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Membranes are helpful tools to prevent airborne and waterborne pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses and bacteria. A membrane filter can physically separate pathogens from air or water. Moreover, incorporating antiviral and antibacterial nanoparticles into the matrix of membrane filters can render composite structures capable of killing pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Such membranes incorporated with antiviral and antibacterial nanoparticles have a great potential for being applied in various application scenarios. Therefore, in this perspective article, we attempt to explore the fundamental mechanisms and recent progress of designing antiviral membrane filters, challenges to be addressed, and outlook.
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Matlakh, Nikita, Dmytro Trushakov, Oleksandr Kozlovskyi, and Marianna Fedotova. "Creation of a Multi-section Water Purification Filter With Automated Control of Membrane Pollution." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 52 (2022): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2022.52.166-177.

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The article is devoted to the creation of a multi-section water purification filter, which can be made by hand at home. At the same time it is necessary to apply in the filter the automated control of pollution of membranes in sections of the filter. The main purpose of the study is to develop a simple and cheap multi-section filter for drinking water purification. The filter must have different cleaning technologies with the possibility of its own manufacture and with the possibility of automated control of membrane contamination. The task of the research is to develop and manufacture a working model of a multi-section filter for drinking water purification. The design of the filter should be multi-section with membranes containing various fillers for water purification; simple and cheap to make at home. The design of the filter should provide for automated control of the degree of contamination of the membranes in the filter sections. By analyzing the existing common household water filters, the most optimal solution for developing your own design of a household water filter has been determined. As a result of the analysis, a working model of a three-section water filter was created. The first section of the filter contains a membrane with quartz sand, the second section contains a membrane with activated carbon powder, the third section contains a membrane with small pieces of shungite (or with small pieces of silicon). As a result of an experimental study of the filtration of contaminated water using a three-section filter was determined next. The weight of water after passing through the filter decreases due to the retention of substances with a density greater than that of water (solid impurities). Also, the filtered water became clear and stopped foaming when shaken. This confirms the efficiency of the proposed filter. The developed three-section filter can be used as a separate stand-alone water filter or in addition with household polypropylene water filters for quality filtration of impurities up to 1 micrometer.
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Papageorgiou, Georgios T., Laura Mocé-Llivina, Christina G. Christodoulou, Francisco Lucena, Dina Akkelidou, Eleni Ioannou, and Juan Jofre. "A Simple Methodological Approach for Counting and Identifying Culturable Viruses Adsorbed to Cellulose Nitrate Membrane Filters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.194-198.2000.

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ABSTRACT We identified conditions under which Buffalo green monkey cells grew on the surfaces of cellulose nitrate membrane filters in such a way that they covered the entire surface of each filter and penetrated through the pores. When such conditions were used, poliovirus that had previously been adsorbed on the membranes infected the cells and replicated. A plaque assay method and a quantal method (most probable number of cytopathic units) were used to detect and count the viruses adsorbed on the membrane filters. Polioviruses in aqueous suspensions were then concentrated by adsorption to cellulose membrane filters and were subsequently counted without elution, a step which is necessary when the commonly used methods are employed. The pore size of the membrane filter, the sample contents, and the sample volume were optimized for tap water, seawater, and a 0.25 M glycine buffer solution. The numbers of viruses recovered under the optimized conditions were more than 50% greater than the numbers counted by the standard plaque assay. When ceftazidime was added to the assay medium in addition to the antibiotics which are typically used, the method could be used to study natural samples with low and intermediate levels of microbial pollution without decontamination of the samples. This methodological approach also allowed plaque hybridization either directly on cellulose nitrate membranes or on Hybond N+ membranes after the preparations were transferred.
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Shin, Woo-Jin, Hyung-Seon Shin, Ji-Hun Hwang, and Kwang-Sik Lee. "Effects of Filter-Membrane Materials on Concentrations of Trace Elements in Acidic Solutions." Water 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 3497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123497.

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Filtration is commonly used to separate liquids from solid materials before the determination of trace element concentrations in aqueous solutions. Therefore, it is important to determine how much elemental content is extracted from the filter itself or lost via absorption into the filter. In this study, we investigated three types of disposable syringe filters (polyvinylidene difluoride, PVDF; polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE; PTFE with glass microfiber prefiltration media, GD/X) and their acid-cleaned versions using ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and acetic acid (HOAc) solutions. The concentrations of most trace elements (Li, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb, and U) were higher in filtrates that had passed through acid-cleaned filters than those that had passed through uncleaned filters. In filtrates from PVDF and PTFE filters, many trace elements were below the detection limit. However, regardless of the filter type and acid cleaning, Li, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Ba concentrations in filtrates of NH4NO3 solutions, and Al, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ba concentrations in filtrates of HOAc solutions were much higher than those of other trace elements. These differences were particularly noticeable in filtrates from GD/X filters containing glass microfiber layers. These data indicate that certain trace elements can be released from membrane materials by reacting with acid in the filtered solution. Furthermore, the amounts of each trace element were associated with the membrane type. These findings suggest that filter type should be carefully selected to obtain the required accuracy, in consideration of the target elements and whether an acid-cleaned filter is needed.
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Zhang, Jinfeng, Guanyi Chen, Yanning Ma, Miao Xu, Songyan Qin, Xiaoliang Liu, Haijun Feng, and Lian Hou. "Purification of pickling wastewater from the steel industry using membrane filters: Performance and membrane fouling." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 200486–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.486.

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A new technique for treating pickling wastewater discharged from the steel industry using membrane filters was developed and membrane fouling was characterized in a full scale membrane filter. The morphological and chemical properties were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) etc. The results showed that inorganic elements such as phosphates, chlorides, and sulfates were severely blocked in membrane surfaces and pores. The porosity, permeability, hydrophilic contact angle, and surface charge capacity of fouled membranes were all lower than those of new membranes, while the optimal neutralization reaction pH region for fouled membranes shifted and narrowed. Charge neutralization is a critical reason to membrane fouling. By increasing the Zeta potential of the pickling wastewater, the membrane fouling could be controlled. This method is proven to effectively improve the separation property of precipitates after pickling wastewater was neutralized. Moreover, Neutralization helped to reduce the unit number of treatment processes. This investigation could assist in obtaining a better understanding of the fouling properties and behavior in the full-scale membrane filters in the pickling wastewater treatment.
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Afzal, Mohammad A., Joshua Peles, and Andrew L. Zydney. "Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters." Membranes 14, no. 7 (July 17, 2024): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes14070158.

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The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve® NFP and Viresolve® Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor® DV20 and PegasusTM SV4) virus filtration membranes. Experiments were performed with bacteriophage ϕX174 as a model parvovirus and human serum immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a model protein. The virus retention in 1 g/L hIgG solutions was consistently less than that in a protein-free buffer solution by between 1 to 3 logs for the different virus filters. The virus retention profiles for the two homogeneous membranes were very similar, with the virus retention being highly correlated with the extent of flux decline. Membranes prefouled with hIgG and then challenged with phages also showed much lower virus retention, demonstrating the importance of membrane fouling; the one exception was the Viresolve® Pro membrane, which showed a similar virus retention for the prefouled and pristine membranes. Experiments in which the protein was filtered after the virus challenge demonstrated that hIgG can displace previously captured viruses from within a filter. The magnitude of these effects significantly varied for the different virus filters, likely due to differences in membrane morphology, pore size distribution, and chemistry, providing important insights into the development/application of virus filtration in bioprocessing.
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Wohlsen, T., J. Bates, B. Gray, and M. Katouli. "Evaluation of Five Membrane Filtration Methods for Recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Water Samples." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 4 (April 2004): 2318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.4.2318-2322.2004.

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ABSTRACT We evaluated the efficiency of five membrane filters for recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts. These filters included the Pall Life Sciences Envirochek (EC) standard filtration and Envirochek high-volume (EC-HV) membrane filters, the Millipore flatbed membrane filter, the Sartorius flatbed membrane filter (SMF), and the Filta-Max (FM) depth filter. Distilled and surface water samples were spiked with 10 oocysts and 10 cysts/liter. We also evaluated the recovery efficiency of the EC and EC-HV filters after a 5-s backwash postfiltration. The backwashing was not applied to the other filtration methods because of the design of the filters. Oocysts and cysts were visualized by using a fluorescent monoclonal antibody staining technique. For distilled water, the highest percent recovery for both the oocysts and cysts was obtained with the FM depth filter. However, when a 5-s backwash was applied, the EC-HV membrane filter (EC-HV-R) was superior to other filters for recovery of both oocysts (n = 53 ± 15.4 per 10 liters) and cysts (n = 59 ± 11.5 per 10 liters). This was followed by results of the FM depth filter (oocysts, 28.2 ± 8, P = 0.015; cysts, 49.8 ± 12.2, P = 0.4260), and SMF (oocysts, 16.2 ± 2.8, P = 0.0079; cysts, 35.2 ± 3, P = 0.0079). Similar results were obtained with surface water samples. Giardia cysts were recovered at higher rates than were Cryptosporidium oocysts with all five filters, regardless of backwashing. Although the time differences for completion of filtration process were not significantly different among the procedures, the EC-HV filtration with 5-s backwash was less labor demanding.
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Sanaei, P., G. W. Richardson, T. Witelski, and L. J. Cummings. "Flow and fouling in a pleated membrane filter." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 795 (April 13, 2016): 36–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.194.

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Pleated membrane filters are widely used in many applications, and offer significantly better surface area to volume ratios than equal-area unpleated membrane filters. However, their filtration characteristics are markedly inferior to those of equivalent unpleated membrane filters in dead-end filtration. While several hypotheses have been advanced for this, one possibility is that the flow field induced by the pleating leads to spatially non-uniform fouling of the filter, which in turn degrades performance. In this paper we investigate this hypothesis by developing a simplified model for the flow and fouling within a pleated membrane filter. Our model accounts for the pleated membrane geometry (which affects the flow), for porous support layers surrounding the membrane, and for two membrane fouling mechanisms: (i) adsorption of very small particles within membrane pores; and (ii) blocking of entire pores by large particles. We use asymptotic techniques based on the small pleat aspect ratio to solve the model, and we compare solutions to those for the closest-equivalent unpleated filter.
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Canalli Bortolassi, Ana Cláudia, Vádila Giovana Guerra, Mônica Lopes Aguiar, Laurence Soussan, David Cornu, Philippe Miele, and Mikhael Bechelany. "Composites Based on Nanoparticle and Pan Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Air Filtration and Bacterial Removal." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121740.

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Often, solid matter is separated from particle-laden flow streams using electrospun filters due to their high specific surface area, good ability to capture aerial particulate matter, and low material costs. Moreover, electrospinning allows incorporating nanoparticles to improve the filter’s air filtration efficiency and bacterial removal. Therefore, a new, improved polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers membrane that could be used to remove air pollutants and also with antibacterial activity was developed. We engineered three different filters that are characterized by the different particles embedded in the PAN nanofibers: titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver (Ag). Then, their filtration performance was assessed by quantifying the filtration of sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol particles of 9 to 300 nm in diameter using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The TiO2_F filter displayed the smallest fiber diameter and the highest filtration efficiency (≈100%). Conversely, the Ag_F filter showed the highest quality factor (≈0.06 Pa−1) because of the lower air pressure drop. The resulting Ag_F nanofibers displayed a very good antibacterial activity using an Escherichia coli suspension (108 CFU/mL). Moreover, the quality factor of these membranes was higher than that of the commercially available nanofiber membrane for air filtration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Membrane filters"

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Li, Hong-yu Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Mechanism studies for crossflow microfiltration with pulsatile flow." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 1995. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17858.

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The mechanism of how pulsatile flow affects flux behaviour in crossflow micro-filtration was investigated. The effects of pulsatile flow were sub-divided into shear effects and backflushing effects. A servo-valve hydraulic piston pump was applied to generate pulsatile flows in the membrane module with particular waveforms. Four types of fluid pulsation with specific flow-rate and pressure waveforms were produced for experimental tests. Two parameters, /dVcf\dt/ maxand Pmin, were examined independently for their effect during pulsatile flow, which was estimated by comparing the cake resistance during steady flow and pulsatile flow at the same mean crossflow velocity, trans-membrane pressure and membrane resistance. Filtration tests for all the pulsatile flows with clean water confirmed that pulsatility only affects cake depositions. Without particles, no flux improvement was obtained. The results for the microfiltration of 0.5g/1 silica suspension showed that for pulsatile flows without backflushing (i.e. no negative transmembrane pressure peak), the fluid pulsation decreased cake resistance when the shear related parameter /dVcf\dt/max exceeded a critical value for each given waveform. When the instantaneous transmembrane pressure reached negative values, i.e. back-flushing occurred, the cake resistance was reduced for all pressure waves tested. Cake resistance was reduced more for more negative P min. With two of the waveforms tested, the cake resistance was almost completely eliminated. In contrast, the shear affected cake resistance reduction differently for each waveform. Comparing cake reduction results for different pulsatile waveforms, it was found that, for the square wave, the cake resistance reduction was higher for both shear and backflushing effect tests, while for the short spike waveform, the cake resistance reduction was lower. The flux waveforms were seen to follow the variations in transmembrane pressure. The flux response time was longer than the time required for the pressure changes, but was not dependent on the direction of the pressure change.
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Deng, Shi. "Development of a coarse pore membrane bioreactor with in-situ membrane cleaning /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202007%20DENG.

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Borkar, Neha. "Characterization of microporous membrane filters using scattering techniques." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1289943937.

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Nel, A. M. "Removal of organic foulants from capillary ultrafiltration membranes by use of ultrasound." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1997.

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Wong, Hiu Man. "Removal of pathogens by membrane bioreactor : removal efficiency, mechanisms and influencing factors /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20WONGH.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-102). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Parameshwaran, Kathiravelu Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Enhancing membrane processes for water reuse." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Chemical Sciences & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41495.

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The study reported here was aimed at optimising the microfiltration (MF) membrane process applied to water reclamation. Polypropylene hollow fibre membrane (0.2 ??m) with high pressure backwahing was mainly used in this study. To obtain secondary effluent for microfiltration a biological treatment (UASB/SBR) was applied to brewery effluent. It was identified that loading at a rate below 14 kg COD/kLd will ensure the stable performance of UASB. An initial energy balance of the system (Biological and MF) shows a plant treating brewery effluent (4000 mg/L COD) could yield a net energy of 2.5 kWh/kL (yield from methane less the plant operating energy) at an optimised MF flux. For the MF of low solids feed it was found that crossflow has no benefit and that intermittent dead end filtration is less productive than dead-end cycles. It was also that found cycle time between air backwashes is strongly dependent on the imposed flux and the maximum TMP allowed. Analysis based on energy and capital cost indicates that if energy saving is the objective the unit needs to be operated at low imposed flux. However, if capital and energy costs are combined, cost efficient operation would be at about 60 to 70 L/m2.h for TMPmax of 20 kPa or above 80 L/m2.h for TMPmax of 50 kPa. For cycles with a TMPmax of 20 kPa, the specific cake resistance was constant over the range of imposed fluxes. However, for a TMPmax of 50 kPa the specific resistance was higher and increased with imposed flux, signifying compressible cake formation. Further analysis of the TMP profiles showed that the membrane resistance increased over a number of cycles and that the increase was higher at higher flux. To fully optimise the operation, it would be necessary to include these factors. Laboratory scale studies with yeast showed many similarities with secondary effluent filtration. However, some inconsistencies were observed at lower f1uxes, which need to be confirmed by further studies. Life cycle assessment of the membrane filtration process indicated that operating at low flux (10 Llm2.h) with higher TMPmax is the environmentally sound operational strategy. The analysis highlights the fact that the environmental impacts mainly come from the membrane operation (more than 85%). When alternative energy sources are considered, the least impact operational strategy shifts towards higher flux (in the vicinity of 30 l/m2.h). In-situ electrochemical cleaning using an electrolysis process indicated better flux recovery than traditional chemical cleaning. However, repeated cycles of fouling and cleaning showed electrochemically cleaned membranes have a higher fouling tendency than the chemically cleaned membrane. Initial characterisation of membrane surface properties after cleaning could not provide conclusive evidence for the cause of rapid fouling of the electrochemically cleaned membrane.
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Pang, Shing Kin. "Development of a low-cost membrane with used non-woven material for wastewater treatment /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202006%20PANG.

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Bahia, Adilson Silva [UNESP]. "Tratamento de efluente de curtume por biofiltro aerado Submerso pré-tratado com microfiltro de membrana." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111149.

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Os efluentes do processo de industrialização do couro em curtumes apresentam, além de elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica em termos de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), altas concentrações de sólidos totais, suspensos e sulfeto, o que torna o tratamento destes efluentes problemático. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a biotratabilidade dos efluentes de curtumes por meio do tratamento por Biofiltro Aaerado Submerso (BF) após pré-tratamento por membrana de microfiltração. Os resultados mostraram que pode haver a viabilidade técnica no uso de BF para remoção de matéria orgânica e sulfeto de águas residuárias industriais de curtume, pois atingiram, respectivamente, a remoção 84% e 98 %
The effluents from leather tanning process have in addition to high concentrations of organic matter in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), high concentrations of total solids, total suspended solids and sulfide, which makes problematic the treatment of these effluents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biotreatability of tannery effluent by submerged aerated biofilter after microfiltration membrane pretreatment. The results showed that can be used in the technical feasibility of BF removal of organic sulphide and industrial raw tannery wastewater as it amounted, respectively, removal to 84% and 98%
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Bahia, Adilson Silva. "Tratamento de efluente de curtume por biofiltro aerado Submerso pré-tratado com microfiltro de membrana /." Ilha Solteira, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111149.

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Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto
Banca: Liliane Lazzari Albertin
Banca: Luis Fernando Rossi Léo
Resumo: Os efluentes do processo de industrialização do couro em curtumes apresentam, além de elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica em termos de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), altas concentrações de sólidos totais, suspensos e sulfeto, o que torna o tratamento destes efluentes problemático. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a biotratabilidade dos efluentes de curtumes por meio do tratamento por Biofiltro Aaerado Submerso (BF) após pré-tratamento por membrana de microfiltração. Os resultados mostraram que pode haver a viabilidade técnica no uso de BF para remoção de matéria orgânica e sulfeto de águas residuárias industriais de curtume, pois atingiram, respectivamente, a remoção 84% e 98 %
Abstract: The effluents from leather tanning process have in addition to high concentrations of organic matter in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), high concentrations of total solids, total suspended solids and sulfide, which makes problematic the treatment of these effluents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biotreatability of tannery effluent by submerged aerated biofilter after microfiltration membrane pretreatment. The results showed that can be used in the technical feasibility of BF removal of organic sulphide and industrial raw tannery wastewater as it amounted, respectively, removal to 84% and 98%
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Li, Jianxin. "Real-time investigation of fouling phenomena in membrane filtrations by a non-invasive ultrasonic technique." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53027.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Membrane fouling is universally accepted as one of the most critical problems limiting the wider application of membranes in liquid separations. The development and utilization of a suitable non-invasive technique for the on-line monitoring of fouling in industrial and laboratory applications may enable the effectiveness of fouling remediation and cleaning strategies to be quantified. The overall objective of this research is to develop ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) and its use as an analytical tool for the real-time study of inorganic-, organic- and protein- fouling of various types of membranes including nylon, polysulfone (PSU) and polyethersulfone (PESU) and modules, including flatsheet and tubular types. Different separation systems including microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), flat-sheet and tubular modules, and suitable ultrasonic probes were used in this study. Results of this study show a good correlation between the UTDR signal response and the development of a fouling layer on a membrane surface. UTDR effectively detected the appearance, growth and movement of a fouling layer echo as fouling proceeded. Cake (fouling)-layer compressibility was observed by UTDR. The structure and compaction of an asymmetric PSU membrane could be detected by UTDR. UTDR was also successfully used for monitoring membrane cleaning and evaluating the cleaning effectiveness o f various cleaning methods. UTDR results corroborated the flux measurements and SEM analyses. The ultrasonic unit is a programmed microprocessor, and can be used to compare reference and test signals to produce a differential signal (a fouling layer echo). A differential signal indicates the state and progress o f a fouling layer on the membrane surface in actual operations. Both amplitude and arrival time of differential signals as a function of operation time provide useful quantitative information, i.e. changes in thickness and density of a fouling layer, on the fouling processes. A predictive modelling program, ultrasonic reflection modelling (URM), was developed to describe the processes of ultrasonic testing related to the deposition of fouling layers on membrane surfaces. The mathematical model could substantiate changes in the densities of the fouling layer as well as the thickness. This is important as deposit resistance to flow is related to both thickness and density (compressibility). The predicted results of cake layer deposition are in good agreement with the actual UTDR measurements obtained in MF and UF. Furthermore, protein fouling was successfully detected in tubular UF by UTDR. Ultrasonic frequency spectra could be used as an additional tool for fouling detection.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Membraan-aanvuiling of -verstopping is die grootste struikelblok wat die meer algemene aanwending van membrane vir verskillende watersuiweringsprosesse beinvloed. Die ontwikkeling en gebruik van ‘n geskikte nie-inmengende tegniek vir die in-lyn meting van aanvuiling van membrane in laboratorium-en nywerheidstoepassings mag ‘n geleentheid bied vir die kwantifisering van die verwydering van aanvuiling en skoonmaakstrategiee. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was die ontwikkeling van ultrasoniese tydgebiedsweerkaatsing (Eng: ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry, UTDR) en die gebruik daarvan as ‘n analitiese metode vir die studie van anorganiese-, organiese- en bio-besoedeling op verskeie tips membrane, insluitend nylon, polisufoon (PSU) en polietersulfoon (PESU), in beide platvel- en buismodules. Verskeie skeidingsisteme, insluitend mikrofiltrasie (MF) en ultrafiltrasie (UF) is ontwerp en gebruik in hierdie studie. Eksperimentele resultate het goeie ooreenstemming tussen die UTDR seinrespons en die ontwikkeling van ‘n aanvuilingslaag op die membraanoppervlakte bewys. Die ultrasoniese tegniek kon die vorming, groei en beweging van ‘n bevuilingslaagterugkaartsing waarneem namate bevuiling vorder. Aanvuilingslaagsamepersing is deur UTDR waargeneem. Die struktuur en samepersing van ‘n asimmetriese PSU membraan is ook deur UTDR gesien. UTDR is verder suksesvol gebruik om die skoonmaak van membrane te monitor en om die skoonmaakgeskiktheid (cleaning effectiveness) van verskeie skoonmaakmetodes te bepaal. UTDR resultate het permeaatvloeimetings en SEM analyses bevestig. Die ultrasoniese eenheid is ‘n geprogrameerde mikroverwerker, en kan gebruik word om verwysings- en toetsseine te vergelyk, en dan ‘n differensiaalsein te gee (‘n aanvuilingslaagweerklank). ‘n Differensiaalsein dui die toestand en vordering van ‘n aanvuilingslaag op die membraanoppervlakte gedurende gebruik aan. Beide amplitude asook aankomstyd van differensiaalseine as funksies van gebruikstyd verskaf bruikbare kwantatiewe inligting, dws. Veranderings in die dikte en digtheid van ‘n aanvuilingslaag, op die aanvuilingsproses. ‘n Voorspellingsmodelleringprogram - ultrasonieseweerkaatsingsmodellering (Eng: ultrasonic reflection modeling, URM) is ontwikkel om die proses van ultrasoniese toetsing by die deponering van aanvuilingslae op membraanoppervlaktes beter te beskryf. Veranderings in die digtheid en dikte van die aanvuilingslaag teenvloei is verwant aan dikte en digtheid (saampersbaarheid). Die voorspelde resultate van aanvuilingslaagdeponering stem goed ooreen met die werklike UTDR-metings wat in MF en UF gemaak is. Bio-aanvuiling is suksesvol waargeneem deur UTDR in buisvormige UF membrane. Ultrasoniese frekwensiespektra kan dus as ‘n bykomende metode gebruik word vir die waarneming van aanvuiling op skeidingsmembrane.
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Books on the topic "Membrane filters"

1

Basile, Angelo, and Catherine Charcosset. Integrated membrane systems and processes. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2016.

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1959-, Lindsey Karen, Crull Anna W, and Business Communications Co, eds. Membrane microfiltration: Materials, markets & opportunities. Norwalk, Conn., U.S.A: Business Communications Co., 1988.

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Tomaszewska, Maria. Destylacja membranowa. Szczecin: Wydawn. Uczelniane Politechniki Szczecińskiej, 1996.

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Bodzek, Michał. Studia nad otrzymywaniem, strukturą, własnościami transportowymi i zastosowaniem membran do ultrafiltracji. Gliwice: Dział Wydawnictw Politechniki Śląskiej, 1985.

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Sharpe, Anthony N. Membrane filter food microbiology. Letchworth: Research Studies, 1987.

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Ehsani, Neda. A study on fractionation and ultrafiltration of proteins with characterized modified and unmodified membranes. Lappeenranta: Lappeenranta University of Technology, 1996.

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Hanft, Susan. Membrane technology: A new era. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 2001.

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Park, Geriann P. Membrane technology: A new era. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1996.

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Wier, Patrick. Reverse osmosis modules and equipment. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1998.

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Gutman, R. G. Membrane filtration: The technology of pressure-driven crossflow processes. Bristol, England: A. Hilger, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Membrane filters"

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Srivastava, Anchal, Saurabh Srivastava, and Kaushik Kalaga. "Carbon Nanotube Membrane Filters." In Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials, 1099–116. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20595-8_31.

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Jornitz, Maik W. "Protein Adsorption on Membrane Filters." In Filtration and Purification in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 191–220. Third edition. | Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, 2019. | Series: Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315164953-9.

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Bakshi, Abhaya K., Rajendra Ghimire, Eric Sheridan, and Melanie Kuhn. "Treatment of Produced Water using Silicon Carbide Membrane Filters." In Advances in Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics VIII, 89–106. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119211624.ch9.

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Havránek, V., V. Hnatowicz, J. Kvítek, and I. Obrusník. "Analysis of Membrane Filters and Thick Fly Ash Samples by PIXE." In Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences 1994, 185–93. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6025-5_22.

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Tatpate, Pallavi Mahajan, Supriya Dhume, Yogesh Chendake, and Sachin Chavan. "Application of Nanomaterial-Modified Membrane Filters for Separation of Heavy Metal Pollutants." In Advances in Green and Sustainable Nanomaterials, 119–36. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003328322-5.

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Somasegaran, Padma, and Heinz J. Hoben. "Counting Serologically Specific Rhizobia in Soil and Peat Inoculants Using Membrane Filters and Immunofluorescence." In Handbook for Rhizobia, 65–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8375-8_7.

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Nakano, H., S. Manabe, S. Uematsu, T. Sato, N. Osawa, T. Hirasaki, T. Yamashiki, S. Sekiguchi, and N. Yamamoto. "Novel Validation Method of Virus-Removability for Biological Cell Culture Products Using Polymeric Membrane Filters." In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 87–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2844-5_13.

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Tong, Flora, and Chikezie Nwaoha. "Filters and Membranes." In Process Plant Equipment, 81–105. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118162569.ch6.

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Vedavyasan, C. V. "Sand Filter." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1743–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_525.

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Vedavyasan, C. V. "Sand Filter." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_525-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Membrane filters"

1

Mao, Ning, Jingxian Liu, Deqiang Chang, and Xi Sun. "Comparison of filtration performances between membrane and non-membrane filters." In 2015 International Symposium on Computers and Informatics. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isci-15.2015.296.

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Wang, Yi, Martin J. Prest, and Michael J. Lancaster. "Membrane Supported Transmission Lines and Filters." In 2008 38th European Microwave Conference (EuMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eumc.2008.4751658.

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Konstantinidis, George, Alexandru Mueller, George Deligiorgis, Ioana Petrini, Dan Vasilache, Dan Neculoiu, Michalis Lagadas, et al. "GaAs-membrane-supported millimeter-wave filters." In Micromachining and Microfabrication, edited by Henry Helvajian, Siegfried W. Janson, and Franz Laermer. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.443031.

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Kaufmann, P., A. S. Kudaka, M. M. Cassiano, A. M. Melo, R. Marcon, A. Marun, P. Pereyra, et al. "Continuum terahertz radiation detection using membrane filters." In 2009 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imoc.2009.5427586.

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G. Giorges, Aklilu T., and John A. Pierson. "The Comparison of Membrane Blocking Process and Yeast Membrane Filtration Data." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66944.

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Membrane filtration systems are used in a variety of processing industries where their performance meet and exceed the requirements in cost and quality. However, it is a challenge to design a small pore-size membrane system that treats very concentrated, large-volume streams within a reasonable time period. In the processing industries, several membrane technologies are used to separate various fluid streams where the concentrate or filtrate contains high-value products. Nevertheless, pore blocking is one of the major factors determining the applicability, efficiency and performance of the membrane filtration and separation system. Inside and outside membrane pore blockages lead to concentration polarization and cake buildup that reduces the flux rate and increases losses in system efficiency. There are four pore blocking mechanisms identified and modeled (complete, standard, intermediate and cake). Several experimental and theoretical works exist that describe the pore flow and blocking process. Depending on the processing fluid and membrane characteristics, all or some of the blocking mechanisms will be exhibited during the filtration process. Understanding the fluid and membrane size and characteristics in addition to pore blocking mechanisms is very important to designing effective membrane filtration systems that overcome the drawbacks associated with membrane performance. Furthermore, developing a membrane filtration system with a target cleaning process that controls membrane performance declines and maintains a reasonable flux for an extended period of time requires understanding and identifying the cause of membrane blocking. In this study, the membrane blocking during the filtration process was investigated experimentally. The experiment was designed to simulate the characteristics of a fluid stream encountered in food processing. The higher concentration was selected to manage the experiment time as well as to address worst-case scenarios, while the lower concentrations were selected to manage the filter area reduction. Dead-end filtration of two yeast solution concentrations were filtered through two different filter areas. In addition, the dynamic tests were conducted with shear generated using an impeller operated at various rotational speeds. Several tests were performed and the filtrate volume, time, pressure and agitation rate were recorded. The volume was measured with a graduated cylinder and the time measured in seconds. The results show the membrane blocking process is significantly affected by the membrane and fluid characteristics. The plots of pore blocking models and the experimental membrane filtrate data show the dominant pore blocking observed for both filters and flow process is cake filtration. The side-by-side comparison also indicates that the dominant pore blocking mechanisms depend on time. Thus, the initial and final pore blocking may not be attributed to the same pore blocking mechanism. Although it cannot be clearly shown from the current study, some part of the experimental flux profile may also be shaped by the combined pore blocking effects.
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Sharma, B., and C. T. Sun. "Design of Acoustic Filters Using Acoustic and Elastic Resonators." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65499.

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Recently, investigators have experimentally demonstrated that high transmission loss at low frequencies can be obtained using membrane type resonators. Mass loaded membranes have been shown to produce high transmission loss at the anti-resonance frequency [1], while an array of membranes has been experimentally demonstrated to exhibit a cut-off frequency below which all waves are attenuated [2]. Also, an array of side holes on a cylindrical tube has been shown to exhibit a similar cut-off frequency [3].
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Thomas, Alison M., Chrysa M. Theodore, and Patrick J. Hood. "Polymer liquid crystal membrane filters in space applications." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Edward W. Taylor. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.405366.

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Nakamura, Keisuke, Hiroshi Oki, Ryoko Sanui, Katsunori Hanamura, Masamichi Tanaka, Nobuhiro Hidaka, and Hiroaki Matsumoto. "Soot Oxidation Characteristics of SiC Nanoparticle Membrane Filters." In SAE 2012 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0848.

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White, Lloyd R. "Ceramic Filters for Use at High Temperature." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-188.

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A new hot gas filter for removal of particulates upstream of gas turbines is described and compared with a device called a candle. Candle filters are made in the shape of a large test tube from ceramic materials bonded with a glassy phase. The filtering membrane is fairly thick making candles relatively heavy. A thinner filter would be easier to support, more tolerant of thermal shock, and would offer less resistance to flow. A filter of a ceramic/ceramic composite may achieve these goals and specimens are being fabricated by depositing a ceramic material on a ceramic fiber preform by chemical vapor infiltration. The ceramic matrix is silicon carbide and the ceramic fiber reinforcement is alumina-boria-silica. Progress toward filter development is described.
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Alonso-Ramos, Carlos A., Xavier Le Roux, Daniel Benedikovic, Vladyslav Vakarin, Elena Durán-Valdeiglesias, Dorian Oser, Diego Pérez-Galacho, et al. "High rejection ratio silicon membrane Bragg filters (Conference Presentation)." In Metamaterials, edited by Allan D. Boardman, Kevin F. MacDonald, and Anatoly V. Zayats. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2307362.

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Reports on the topic "Membrane filters"

1

Kesavanathan, Jana, and Robert W. Doherty. Test Procedure for Removing Polystyrene Latex Microspheres from Membrane Filters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada367979.

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Phelps, John M. Handbook for evaluation of TEM sample preparation of particles on membrane filters:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5134.

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Hess, M., and C. A. W. Di Bella. Gasification of char in a membrane filter: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5541498.

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Oji, L. N., M. C. Thompson, K. Peterson, C. May, and T. M. Kafka. Cesium Removal from R-Reactor Building Disassembly Basin Using 3MEmpore Web-Membrane Filter Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/303905.

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Barajas and George. PR-015-05600-R01 Assessment of Sampling Systems for Monitoring Water Vapor in Natural Gas Streams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011197.

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Research has been conducted to assess the usefulness of various sampling and delivery methods in transporting a representative sample of a natural gas stream for analysis of moisture content. Three sampling configurations commonly used by the natural gas industry were evaluated, including a sample system with a regulated probe heated above ambient conditions, the same system held at a constant temperature simulating ambient conditions, and a heated sample system incorporating a membrane filter. Each configuration was used to transport samples of distribution-quality natural gas with levels of water vapor within common tariff limits, as well as samples of a water-saturated stream of methane simulating a common dehydration system upset. The time response of samples in each configuration to step changes in water vapor content between these two conditions was also evaluated. Measurements were performed using both manual chilled mirror dew point testers and automated analyzers.
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Guilio A. Rossi, Kenneth R. Butcher, and Stacia M. Wagner. DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A CERIA-ZIRCONIA TOUGHENED ALUMINA PROTOTYPE FILTER ELEMENT MADE OF RETICULATED CERAMIC FOAM COATED WITH A CERAMIC MEMBRANE ACTING AS BARRIER FILTER FOR FLY ASH. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/9039.

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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2041.

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The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2041.

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The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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