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Journal articles on the topic 'MELTING CHARGE'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Yamada, Ikuya, Hidenobu Etani, Makoto Murakami, Naoaki Hayashi, Takateru Kawakami, Masaichiro Mizumaki, Shigenori Ueda, et al. "Charge-Order Melting in Charge-Disproportionated Perovskite CeCu3Fe4O12." Inorganic Chemistry 53, no. 21 (October 21, 2014): 11794–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic502138v.

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2

Vasiliu-Doloc, L., S. Rosenkranz, R. Osborn, S. K. Sinha, J. W. Lynn, J. Mesot, O. H. Seeck, G. Preosti, A. J. Fedro, and J. F. Mitchell. "Charge Melting and Polaron Collapse inLa1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7." Physical Review Letters 83, no. 21 (November 22, 1999): 4393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.4393.

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3

Cohen, Joel, and Andrew Ford. "Charge Melting of Liposome Colloidal Crystals." Biophysical Journal 116, no. 3 (February 2019): 507a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2738.

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4

Kobayashi, Hisao, Yutaka Kazekami, Nobuhiko Sakai, Yasuo Ohishi, Makoto Shirakawa, and Aakira Ochiai. "Pressure-induced melting of charge order in Eu4As3without structural change." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 41 (September 18, 2008): 415217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/41/415217.

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5

Yamada, Ikuya, and et al et al. "ChemInform Abstract: Charge-Order Melting in Charge-Disproportionated Perovskite CeCu3Fe4O12." ChemInform 46, no. 2 (December 19, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201502017.

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6

Guloyan, Yu A., K. S. Katkova, T. I. Balandina, and A. G. Belyaeva. "Charge redox characteristics and container-glass melting." Glass and Ceramics 47, no. 11 (November 1990): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00677522.

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7

Rapacioli, Mathias, Nathalie Tarrat, and Fernand Spiegelman. "Melting of the Au20Gold Cluster: Does Charge Matter?" Journal of Physical Chemistry A 122, no. 16 (March 23, 2018): 4092–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b12522.

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8

Makarov, A. N., M. K. Galicheva, and A. V. Kuznetsov. "Changing the Arc Efficiency during Melting of a Charge in Arc Steel Melting Furnaces." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.441.

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The article presents the results stemming from the calculation of the arc efficiency of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets. Furnaces that use metallized pellets are characterized by less arc efficiency and a higher electric energy consumption than similar pellet furnaces. The calculation results are confirmed by experimental investigations of energy balances of arc steel melting furnaces during melting of scrap and metallized pellets.

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9

Sigarev, E., Y. Lobanov, S. Semiryagin, and A. Pohvalitiy. "MODELING THE MELTING OF SCRAP METAL OF DIFFERENT DENSITY IN A BOF SMELTING." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 37 (April 23, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.1.

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The results of mathematical modeling process of melting scrap metal in the bath of an oxygen converter are presented. The influence relative amount of scrap metal in the charge of oxygen-converter smelting and its density on dynamics bath temperature during melting, slag oxidation and liquid metal yield was studied. It is shown that due to change in the shape of scrap metal during its melting, the classical approach to determining the reactive surface area of the latter needs to be clarified.Mathematical descriptions of scrap metal melting in converter smelting by linear dependence and using fourth degree polynomials, which take into account the influence of initial and current carbon concentration in the bath, are offered. The influence of density and fraction of scrap metal, which is a part of metal charge, on duration of its melting in bath of oxygen converter, content iron oxides in slag, temperature mode process and yield liquid metal is investigated. It is shown that increasing mass of scrap metal in the metal charge to 40%, in the absence of its preheating, significantly changes the appearance both the oxidation curves of carbon and the dynamics of the bath temperature in the initial period melting.The latter may be due to the preservation active surface area of scrap metal as its mass changes. Additional heat consumption for melting an increased amount preheated («cold») scrap metal leads to a decrease in the temperature of the liquid bath, which confirms the feasibility using the technology melting with preheating an increased amount of scrap.It is shown that from the point of view ensuring the rational course of converter smelting it is expedient to use equal shares heavy and lightweight scrap metal, regardless of the share latter in the metal charge. In the case using, under the considered conditions, «cold» scrap metal, the maximization yield of liquid metal is provided at the amount scrap up to 22% of the total mass metal charge.

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10

Lan, X. K., J. M. Khodadadi, P. D. Jones, and L. Wang. "Numerical Study of Melting of Large-Diameter Crystals Using an Orbital Solar Concentrator." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 117, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2870868.

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The melting of large-diameter crystals using an orbital solar concentrator is studied numerically. In the proposed configuration, a parabolic dish imaging concentrator is used to focus the sun’s radiation onto an ampoule which holds the solid charge material to be processed. The charge will start melting in the vicinity of the focal height, after which it is translated in order for the melt to resolidify as a single crystal. A ray-trace method has been developed to determine the incident concentrated solar heat flux on the ampoule’s surface for both perfectly aligned and misaligned configurations. For the perfectly aligned charge, a transient two-dimensional conduction problem with phase change is formulated, whereas once the perfect alignment of the charge’s symmetry axis with the sun’s incoming ray is perturbed, the problem becomes three-dimensional due to the complex surface heat flux boundary condition. The commercial code FIDAP is used to solve the governing transport equation. By ignoring the participation of the ampoule in the heat transfer process, preliminary results highlighting the feasibility of growing GaAs, Ge, and Si crystals with diameters of the order of 20 cm using the orbital solar concentrator concept are presented. The transient temperature fields within various charge materials during the heat-up process are quantified. The resulting melting pattern within the charge due to the uncolumnated beam is observed to be uniform along the charge when compared to the idealized limiting case of columnated beams. Finally, the effect of the misalignment angle on the melting process is quantified.

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11

Boczkal, Grzegorz. "Electrons charge concentration and melting point of bcc metals." Materials Letters 134 (November 2014): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.07.074.

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12

Seikh, Md Motin, Valérie Pralong, Vincent Caignaert, and Bernard Raveau. "Local Melting of Charge Ordering in CaBaCo4O7by Sr-Doping." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 640, no. 6 (February 27, 2014): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201300671.

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13

Larsen, Amy E., and David G. Grier. "Melting of Metastable Crystallites in Charge-Stabilized Colloidal Suspensions." Physical Review Letters 76, no. 20 (May 13, 1996): 3862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.76.3862.

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14

Berenshtein, P. I., and V. P. Il'ina. "Fritmaking (frit melting) during inclined flow of the charge." Glass and Ceramics 48, no. 11 (November 1991): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00676642.

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15

Doi, Akira. "?Melting? of ionic charge carriers for conduction in glass." Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, no. 3 (March 1989): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00725494.

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16

Boczkal, G. "Melting Point Of Metals In Relation Io Electron Charge Density." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 2457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0399.

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Abstract The concept of spatial criterion of the electron charge concentration is applied to determine the metal melting point. Based on the model proposed for bcc metals, a model for hcp metals and general form for others has been developed. To calculate the melting point, only structural data and atomic number are required. The obtained results show good consistency with the experimental data for metals with atomic number Z < 70.

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17

Adetunji, Onigbajumo, Seidu Saliu Ojo, Akinlabi Oyetunji, and Newton Itua. "Melting Time Prediction Model for Induction Furnace Melting Using Specific Thermal Consumption from Material Charge Approach." Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 09, no. 01 (2021): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2021.91005.

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18

Kuvaldin, A. B., Maxim A. Fedin, A. O. Kuleshov, and I. Y. Zhmurko. "Development of Relay Control Systems of Power and Temperature Mode of Induction Crucible Furnaces with Use of Physical Modeling." Materials Science Forum 906 (September 2017): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.906.8.

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The physical models of the induction crucible furnaces with nonconducting crucible and conducting crucible were developed. Experimental study of the parameters of an induction crucible furnace for melting of ferromagnetic lumpy charge in ferromagnetic nonconducting crucible was made. Experimental study of the parameters of the furnace for melting copper and magnesium in conducting crucible was made. Three-position control system of active power of induction crucible furnace for melting of ferromagnetic lumpy charge and two-position control system for temperature regime of induction crucible furnaces with conductive crucible were developed.

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19

Zhang, Y. Q., Y. L. Zhu, Z. D. Zhang, and J. Aarts. "Defect-induced charge-order melting in thin films of Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 6 (March 15, 2007): 063919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2710341.

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20

Lee, S. H., and S.-W. Cheong. "Melting of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Charge Stripes inLa5/3Sr1/3NiO4." Physical Review Letters 79, no. 13 (September 29, 1997): 2514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.2514.

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21

Itou, T., K. Miyagawa, K. Kanoda, K. Hiraki, T. Takahashi, K. Murata, and T. Matsumoto. "Melting of charge order in (DI-DCNQI)2Ag by pressure." Synthetic Metals 154, no. 1-3 (September 2005): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.07.071.

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22

Baker, M. B., and J. G. Dash. "Charge transfer in thunderstorms and the surface melting of ice." Journal of Crystal Growth 97, no. 3-4 (October 1989): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(89)90581-2.

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23

Anuradha, K. N., S. S. Rao, and S. V. Bhat. "Complete 'Melting' of Charge Order in Hydrothermally Grown Pr0.57Ca0.41Ba0.02MnO3 Nanowires." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.713.

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24

Chen, C. H., S. Mori, and S.-W. Cheong. "Anomalous Melting Transition of the Charge-Ordered State in Manganites." Physical Review Letters 83, no. 23 (December 6, 1999): 4792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.4792.

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25

Pankova, N. A., S. I. Markov, N. A. Mamina, L. Ya Levitin, T. I. Shitova, and V. S. Eroshenko. "Melting behavior in a hydrothermal charge for opaque optical glass." Glass and Ceramics 45, no. 5 (May 1988): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00674714.

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26

Eriksson, L., and B. Alm. "Characterization of Activated Sludge and Conditioning with Cationic Polyelectrolytes." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0048.

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Three cationic polyelectrolytes with different charge densities were used to condition activated sludge samples from a municipal plant during a period when the sludge characteristics changed strongly. Initially the sludge had high residual turbidity after sedimentation, high filtration resistance, low floc strength and high amounts of extractable extracellular polymers (ECP). These problems could be related to the snow melting that was going on. When that ceased the sludge recovered as shown by decreased residual turbidity, filtration resistance and amount of extractable ECP and increased floc strength. The polyelectrolytes with 40 and 100 % charge density gave good and similar filterabilities during the whole investigation period. With the 10 % charged polymer the filtration resistance was generally higher and especially so during the snow melting period. The reason is that low charge density polymers flocculate with a bridging mechanism. This gives a flexible floc structure which allows the formation of dense filter cakes and also to some extent preserves the original structure. High charge density polymers give closer contacts between the particles and thus a more inflexible and open structure which is favourable in filtration.

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27

Brooker, R. A., Z. Du, J. D. Blundy, S. P. Kelley, N. L. Allan, B. J. Wood, E. M. Chamorro, J. A. Wartho, and J. A. Purton. "The ‘zero charge’ partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting." Nature 423, no. 6941 (June 2003): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01708.

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28

Tanaka, Yasuhiro, and Kenji Yonemitsu. "Photoinduced melting of charge order in quasi-two-dimensional organic conductors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 148 (February 1, 2009): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/148/1/012063.

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29

Gudim, Yu A., and I. Yu Zinurov. "Steelmaking using a solid metallic charge. Electric or fuel melting units?" Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2011, no. 12 (December 2011): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029511120056.

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30

Seikh, Md Motin, Valerie Pralong, Vincent Caignaert, and Bernard Raveau. "ChemInform Abstract: Local Melting of Charge Ordering in CaBaCo4O7by Sr-Doping." ChemInform 45, no. 28 (June 26, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201428009.

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31

Mukherjee, Anamitra, Kalpataru Pradhan, and Pinaki Majumdar. "Conductance switching and inhomogeneous field melting in the charge ordered manganites." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 86, no. 2 (April 2009): 27003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/86/27003.

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32

Lindenberg, E. K., and G. N. Patey. "How distributed charge reduces the melting points of model ionic salts." Journal of Chemical Physics 140, no. 10 (March 14, 2014): 104504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4867275.

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33

Itoh, H., K. Itoh, K. Anjyo, H. Nakaya, H. Akahama, D. Ohishi, S. Saito, et al. "Ultrafast melting of charge ordering in LuFe2O4 probed by terahertz spectroscopy." Journal of Luminescence 133 (January 2013): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.12.051.

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34

Senin, A. V., A. G. Ryazanov, and D. L. Zhuravlev. "Effect of Charge Fractional Composition and the Coke Amount on the Parameters of Manganese Ore Agglomeration." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.945.

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Under laboratory conditions, the method of mathematical planning of experiments was used to study the effect of charge fractional composition (in the range of 2 to 8 mm) and the amount of coke in the charge (in the range of 7 to 13 wt.%) on the agglomeration process characteristics of the “Mamatwan” manganese ore (South Africa). It was found that the main agglomeration parameters vary within the following limits: the initial vacuum under grate – 54...140 mm WC for the charge layer of 350 mm; the maximum temperature – 1365...1440 °С; linear burning speed – 13,4...26,2 mm/min; the charge length of stay at temperatures over 1300 °С (the width of the melting zone) – 2,4...4,8 minutes. Mathematical equations of the combined effect of charge fractional composition and the amount of coke on agglomeration temperature, linear burning speed, width of melting zone (in time), initial vacuum in reactor were calculated. It was found that a major factor in providing the optimum mode of agglomeration is not the amount of coke, but the charge piece size distribution. For example, increasing the charge piece size has an 3,5 times more effective influence on the agglomeration temperature than the amount of coke. For the dust-containing charges the moistening up to 4...6 wt.% H2O is only partially solves the problem of the aerodynamic resistance. Pre-granulation of the dust fraction is needed to improve the gas permeability of the charge.

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35

Issaad, M., M. Djebli, Y. Derouiche, and B. Helifa. "Melting of strongly coupled, negatively charged, two-dimensional dust cluster: The role of charge fluctuation amplitude." Contributions to Plasma Physics 60, no. 1 (October 24, 2019): e201900064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.201900064.

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36

Rasseko, D., and R. Lavrov. "MODIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC RAW MATERIAL BASED ON SODIUM HYDROXIDE FOR PRODUCING GLASS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-8-86-93.

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The research continues the direction of intensification of glass-making processes by completely replacing soda ash in the glass batch with sodium hydroxide to obtain a well-classified intermediate two-component raw material. A method for obtaining a modified synthetic raw material (SRMm) for producing sodium-calcium-silicate glass based on quartz-containing raw material and sodium hydroxide is considered. SRMm consists of two parts, the chemical composition of one of which corresponds to the low-melting eutectic on the Na2O-SiO2 diagram, in contrast to the prototype SRM, the chemical composition of which corresponds to the chemical composition of silicate glass. The products of the synthesis of parts of quartz sand and sodium hydroxide are mixed with the rest of the components of the glass batch of alkali-silicate glasses, followed by possible agglomeration by known methods. The results of a comparative X-ray phase analysis of experimental charges, as well as heat-treated pelletized samples, show more pronounced glass formation processes in a charge based on SRMm than using the prototype. The use of experimental charges can intensify the physicochemical reactions at the stage of melting in a glass-making furnace, reduce the maximum melting temperature of glass, reduce the carryover of dust-like components of the charge and the technogenic load on the environment.

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37

Kim, Seong Jun, Ji Kyun Kim, Hyeon Seok Lee, Jeong Yeol Kwon, and Heon Yong Lee. "A Study on Improved Characteristics of Electric Charge Storage after Thermal Treatment Using Teflon FEP Film." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.319.

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In this paper, we studied the method of electrets electrode which formed to accumulate negative electric charge by corona discharge. The breakdown voltage sample and damaged sample by various corona discharges have made material stabilization and improved characteristics of electric charge storage throughout the annealing process. After the experiment made material stabilization nearly melting point by many kinds of annealing conditions, we did the corona discharge again by the charged high voltage, a discharge electrode gap, and a discharged time. As we compared it with the best condition, we confirmed that characteristics of electric charge storage were improved.

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38

Dmitriev, S. F., Vladimir Malikov, and Alexey V. Ishkov. "Investigation of Thermal Fields at Phase Boundaries in Powder Mixtures that are Subject to Melting and Chemical Transformation." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 1011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.1011.

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An important part of the process of parts hardening by the induction surfacing method is the heating of hard alloy particles and flux in charge mixture. The article describes comprehensive studies on measurement and simulation of temperatures at phase boundaries in complex melting and heat-sensitive powder mixtures. To record the temperature in the induction surfacing process, it is proposed to apply CA micro-thermocouple method and the thermal indication method using SHS compositions. The developed methods for complex temperature recording in the process of induction surfacing allow to determine the melting temperature of the charge mixture and its single components.

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39

Zhang, Shihai, Chen Zou, Douglas Ian Kushner, Xin Zhou, Raymond J. Orchard, Nanyan Zhang, and Q. M. Zhang. "Semicrystalline polymers with high dielectric constant, melting temperature, and charge-discharge efficiency." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6259984.

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40

Schmitt, F., P. S. Kirchmann, U. Bovensiepen, R. G. Moore, L. Rettig, M. Krenz, J. H. Chu, et al. "Transient Electronic Structure and Melting of a Charge Density Wave in TbTe3." Science 321, no. 5896 (September 19, 2008): 1649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1160778.

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41

Matyukhin, V. I., I. S. Konovalov, and A. V. Matyukhina. "Selecting efficient parameters for the coke charge of shaft-type melting furnaces." Metallurgist 57, no. 5-6 (September 2013): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-013-9743-8.

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42

Yu, Runze, Hajime Hojo, Tetsu Watanuki, Masaichiro Mizumaki, Takashi Mizokawa, Kengo Oka, Hyunjeong Kim, et al. "Melting of Pb Charge Glass and Simultaneous Pb–Cr Charge Transfer in PbCrO3as the Origin of Volume Collapse." Journal of the American Chemical Society 137, no. 39 (September 25, 2015): 12719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b08216.

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43

Farid, Mohammed M., and Atsushi Kanzawa. "Thermal Performance of a Heat Storage Module Using PCM’s With Different Melting Temperatures: Mathematical Modeling." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268301.

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In the present study, the performance of a heat storage unit consisting of number of vertical cylindrical capsules filled with phase change materials, with air flowing across them for heat exchange has been analyzed. Earlier theoretical models did not consider temperature distribution in the radial direction within the capsules, an assumption that limits their applications for small diameter capsules. The mathematical model developed in this work is based on solving the heat conduction equation in both melt and solid phases in cylindrical coordinates, taking into account the radial temperature distribution in both phases. Heat flux was then evaluated at the surface of the first row of the capsules to determine the temperature of the air leaving that row by a simple heat balance. It was found that such computation may be carried out for every few rows rather than for a single row to minimize computer time. The simulation study showed a significant improvement in the rate of heat transfer during heat charge and discharge when phase change materials with different melting temperatures were used. Air must flow in the direction of decreasing melting temperature during heat charge, while it must be reversed during heat discharge.

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44

Guo, Jing Jie, G. H. Liu, Yan Qing Su, Hong Sheng Ding, Jun Jia, and Heng Zhi Fu. "Skull Variation during the Induction Skull Melting Processing of γ-TiAl Alloy." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.809.

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The ratio of skull weight to charge weight (Rs) and the skull size during the induction skull melting (ISM) processing of TiAl alloy were investigated. The effects of inputting power, charge weight, and holding time on them were studied theoretically. An experiment was carried out. The theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.

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45

Singhal, Lokesh Kumar, and Sudipta Patra. "Energy Conservation Potential in Stainless Steel Making by use of Molten Pig Iron and Liquid Ferro-Chrome." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.124.

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Stainless steel is mostly manufactured by Electric Arc Furnace Argon Oxygen Decarburization route utilising 100% solid charge of steel scrap/DRI/stainless steel scrap and ferroalloys.The process consumes around 415/450 KWH of power per ton of stainless steel.In the state of Odisha, we are endowed with both iron and chromite ores,which offer opportunity for use of molten pig iron and liquid ferrochrome for energy efficient stainless steel making for a plant located there. This paper analyses potential for energy conservation in EAF for three different grades of stainless steel belonging to AISI 200,300,400 series. In this concept, melting is performed in two different furnaces,one EBT type and the other Spout type.In EBT furnace only high ferrous melt with liquid pig iron and DRI/Scrap are charged and dephosphorized. In the spout furnace high carbon ferrochrome which has a tendancy to solidify rapidly due to its high melting point of nearly 1575°C is diluted with scrap which brings down its melting point drastically to enable it to be kept molten.Silicon in the high carbon ferrochrome is gainfully utilised to raise the temperature of molten pool.The diluted ferrochrome is taken in ladle in appropriate portion to which dephosphorised decarburized molten steel is added from EBT furnace for charging into AOD. The material and energy balance have been carried out for the entire charge mix using classical approach of energy calculation. Both variants of DRI and scrap addition to hot metal have been considered for the EBT furnace. Calculations for EBT furnace have been validated using data from an existing carbon steel plant using similar practice of steel making. Calculated values for such energy efficient stainless steel making have been compared with data on existing stainless steel plant using solid charge. Energy usage can be reduced by more than 60% with this approach. Keywords: Electric arc furnace, Stainless steel melting, liquid ferrochrome, energy conservation.

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46

Golovchenko, N. Yu, O. S. Bairakova, G. I. Ksandopulo, and S. Kh Aknazarov. "Reception Ferrotungsten from Wolframite Concentrate by Alumimotermic Method." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 13, no. 3-4 (May 4, 2011): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj86.

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For the smelting ferrotungsten of raw materials (mineral) took us to calculate the charge for each experiment. To optimize the process of obtaining ferrotungsten of wolframite carried out the following activities: to reduce speed and combustion temperature. A change batch positive impact on the development of the combustion process. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the introduction of aluminium additives in excess of stoichiometry because the explosive burning regime turned into stationary. In this work the charge calculated on 300 g volframite concentrate so that as a result of the aluminotermic reaction in the alloy contained 70% of tungsten. Calculations of charge showed that in the case of the smelting of ferro-alloys and master alloys used in this work and have a high melting point (ferrotungsten, ferromolybdenum, etc.) – temperature process of melting alloy is indispensable for the success of melting. To reduce the speed of combustion and the temperature were conducted experiments on selection of ballast additives which allows you to bring the process to a smooth flow of the reaction. As ballast additives used aluminium oxide. It was found that an increase of more than 20 additives reducing the release of the alloy and metal extraction. Also included experiments on selection of warm additives. Use as a warm additive of ammonium nitrate is not desirable because of the rapid reaction and loss of metal slag. The output and the extraction of metal in the application of potassium and sodium nitrate are the same but in the case of kalievoj nitrate slag can be used as a prolonged potash fertilizer. From the x-ray spectrometer alloys were analyzed.

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47

Bigeev, V. A., Yu A. Kolesnikov, M. V. Potapova, M. G. Potapov, and S. V. Yudina. "Technological estimation of skull effect on steel melting parameters in basic oxygen furnace." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 5 (June 20, 2019): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-5-583-588.

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Increasing the lining life of basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) reduces the expenses for refractories. Application of skull lining layer on the working surface is a good way to improve the efficiency of refractories. Features of the application of slag skull by the method of blowing a slag from previous melt with gas jet are discussed in the paper. It is shown that the presence of skull on the surface of the oxygen converter working lining affects not only the campaign duration of the unit, but also the technological parameters of steel melting, connected with its slag and thermal conditions. To quantify this effect, calculations of melting indices were performed for the conditions of BOF shop of PJSC MMK using a mathematical model based on the balance-statistical equations of physicochemical and thermal processes of oxygen-converter steel smelting. Taking into account the fact, that the skull is involved in the process as an additional material, that introduces slag-forming components and physical heat, the corresponding article of the heat balance was added to the program for melting parameters calculating. Assessment of the change of the amount of slag in the BOF in the course of steelmaking, knowing the possible arrival of the components from skull, was carried out. The calculations results of the change of the of melt metal components mass from the percentage of skull in the BOF are presented. The dependence of the change of the consumption of charge components on the amount of skull in the BOF is presented. It is shown that with an increase of the skull amount for smelting of the same steel mass some increase of metal charge will be required. This fact can be explained by increased iron loss with oxides, metallic beads and additional oxygen consumption for oxidative refining of the melt.

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48

Le, Duc Anh, Anh Tuan Hoang, and Toan Thang Nguyen. "Charge Ordering under a Magnetic Field in the Extended Hubbard Model." Modern Physics Letters B 17, no. 20n21 (September 10, 2003): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984903006153.

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We study the charge ordering behavior under magnetic field H in the extended Hubbard model within the coherent potential approximation. At quarter filling, for small H we find that the relative variation of critical temperature is quadratic with the coefficient α smaller than the one for conventional spin-Peierls systems. For intermediate fields, a melting of the charge ordering on decreasing temperature under fixed H at various band filling is found.

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49

Dymko, Iegor. "CHOICE OF THE OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE DUPLEX-PROCESS OF INDUCTION MELTING OF CONSTRUCTIONAL IRON." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2018.00669.

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To find effective control of the duplex process of induction melting in conditions of uncertainties, a method was suggested that made it possible to obtain optimal controls for both stages: melting and thermal treatment. It is shown how the search for an optimal melting control strategy can be performed using the theory of statistical games. At the same time, it is selected which of the melting regimes will be the best with the existing provision of the shop with charge materials. The costs of melting are the total costs, consisting of: – costs for the selected technological mode of melting (including costs for materials), – costs from the potential rejection of castings due to the non-conformity of the chemical composition of the alloy to the specified – due to the incorrectly chosen melting mode, – costs from the downtime due to the fact that the necessary amount of metal from the furnace is not delivered to the conveyor. The choice of an optimal control strategy in accordance with the proposed procedure can remove uncertainty in the evaluation of input process variables if they are taken as indicators of the charge quality. To find the optimal control at the stage of the heat treatment, a multialternative description of the final state is proposed on the basis of solving the problem of ridge analysis. This makes it possible to remove the uncertainty in the estimation of the final state, which allows a lot of optimal solutions in the sense of achieving a given quality. It is shown that such approach makes it possible not only to synthesize the optimal controller of the temperature regime on the basis of an analysis of the system of differential equations describing the control object, but also the application of the Pontryagin maximum principle to search for optimal control of the thermal treatment. The proposed method allows to determine the optimal control in the sense of stabilization for a given process parameter of the duplex process of induction melting. The resulting solutions form the necessary logical conditions for the logic control unit for the control system of the duplex induction melting process.

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Gavel, Dharm Jeet, Allert Adema, Jan van der Stel, Cees Kwakernaak, Jilt Sietsma, Rob Boom, and Yongxiang Yang. "Melting Behaviour of Iron Ore Pellet Bed under Nut Coke Mixed Charge Conditions." ISIJ International 60, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2019-246.

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