Relevant bibliographies by topics / Melt strength

Academic literature on the topic 'Melt strength'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Melt strength"

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SUGIMOTO, Masataka, Yuichi MASUBUCHI, Jun–ichi TAKIMOTO, and Kiyohito KOYAMA. "Melt Strength and Extrudate Swell of High-Melt-Strength Polypropylene." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 27, no. 1 (1999): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.27.67.

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Kao, Nhol, Arnab Chandra, and Sati Bhattacharya. "Melt strength of calcium carbonate filled polypropylene melts." Polymer International 51, no. 12 (2002): 1385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1057.

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Ghijsels, A., and J. De Clippeleir. "Melt Strength Behaviour of Polypropylenes." International Polymer Processing 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.940252.

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Wong, A. C. Y., and V. H. K. Cheung. "Elongational strength of polyethylene melt." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 67, no. 1-3 (May 1997): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(96)02829-4.

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Raz, Karel, and Frantisek Sedlacek. "Effect of Melt Temperature on Weld Line Strength." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.264.

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This article deals with the influence of the melt temperature on weld line strength in injection-molded plastic parts. A special mold was created for this investigation to make specimens with a central weld line. The experimental material was polypropylene Sabic PP 90910. Its stress at break is around 16 MPa and its melting temperature is between 200°C and 260°C. In general, the presence of weld lines has a negative impact on mechanical properties. This investigation showed that the strength depends on the melt temperature (160–260°C in this case). Strength was measured using mechanical testing. It was found to increase with the melt temperature, up to 210°C. Above 210°C, degradation of the plastic led to decreasing strengths. A melt temperature range of 190–210°C is therefore optimal for this application. Shear forces and friction were found to play a great role, as they raise the melt temperature during molding. This was confirmed by mold-flow analysis. The melt temperature during molding was up to 18% higher than the initial melt temperature. This investigation has important consequences for the plastic industry. It is relevant to evaluations of the polymer matrix strength in composite materials and the strength of 3D printed parts with multiple weld lines.
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Liu, X., L. Yu, K. Dean, G. Toikka, S. Bateman, T. Nguyen, Q. Yuan, and C. Filippou. "Improving Melt Strength of Polylactic Acid." International Polymer Processing 28, no. 1 (March 2013): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.2667.

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Ghijsels, A., J. J. S. M. Ente, and J. Raadsen. "Melt Strength Behavior of Polyethylene Blends**." International Polymer Processing 7, no. 1 (March 1992): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.920044.

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Ni, Xin Hua, Jian Zheng, Ke Lin Gao, and Hong Bin Dai. "Strength Model of Melt-Growth Composite Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1648.

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The present work focuses on the failure mechanisms that occur in melt-growth composite ceramics mainly composed of fiber eutectics with random orientation. First, the stress field of the melt-growth composite ceramics under a tensile stress was obtained. It can be visualized that tensile force is transmitted between oxide fiber eutectics by means of shear stress that develop along the interfaces of oxide fiber eutectics. Consider fiber eutectics having lengths smaller than the critical length. During the composite ceramics fracture, fiber eutectics do not fracture. The average stress of a fiber eutectic can be determined by the shear stress. Then, the probability of ending fiber eutectics and bridging fiber eutectics can be gotten by defining a critical ditrict βl. Finally, consider random orientation and length of the fiber eutectics. Composite ceramics failure by slip incompatibility. The strength model of the melt-growth composite ceramics is built. It is accordance with experiments.
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Choi, K. J., J. E. Spruiell, J. F. Fellers, and L. C. Wadsworth. "Strength properties of melt blown nonwoven webs." Polymer Engineering and Science 28, no. 2 (January 1988): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760280204.

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Paul, C. W. "Hot-Melt Adhesives." MRS Bulletin 28, no. 6 (June 2003): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.125.

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AbstractHot-melt adhesives facilitate fast production processes because the adhesives set simply by cooling. Formulations contain polymers to provide strength and hot tack (resistance to separation while adhesive is hot), and tackifiers and/or oils to dilute the polymer entanglement network, adjust the glass-transition temperature, lower the viscosity, and improve wet-out (molecular contact of the adhesive with the substrate over the entire bonding area). Some adhesives also contain waxes to speed setting, lower viscosity, and improve heat resistance. Obtaining adequate strength and heat resistance from nonreactive hot melts requires that some component of the hot melt separate out into a dispersed but interconnected hard-phase network upon cooling. The hard phases are commonly either glassy styrene domains (for adhesives based on styrenic block copolymers) or organic crystallites (for adhesives based on waxes, olefinic copolymers, or ethylene copolymers). This article will describe first the material properties relevant to the processing and performance of hot-melt adhesives, then the chemistry and function of the specific raw materials used in hot melts, and will conclude with illustrative application examples and corresponding formulations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Melt strength"

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張顯基 and Hin-kei Cheung. "Study on the strength of polymer melt." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31215087.

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Cheung, Hin-kei. "Study on the strength of polymer melt /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19471415.

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Doody, Paul David. "The rheology and strength of hot melt adhesives." Thesis, Coventry University, 1997. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/aee7101d-7aef-41a0-a6a1-32d9877f92d1/1.

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Various properties of the components and adhesives were modelled. The compatibility of the components were successfully incorporated into an extended Fox equation to predict the glass transition temperature. The peel strength of the adhesive was modelled in terms of the rheological properties of elastic moduli and loss tangent values at different temperatures. A second model based upon the value of the loss tangent at room temperature was also broadly successful but deviations from predicted behaviour were observed which were attributable to failure of the adhesive joints by a mode not included in the model. The modulus of the adhesive was modelled on the basis of an extended mixture rule in which the extent of compatibility was identified by a parameter n. The value of n varied as a function of adhesive composition and temperature, indicating that the behaviour of the adhesives changed subtly as the compatibility of the phases changed. The value of the parameter could not be directly related to the morphology of the adhesive phases. Fourteen commercially available poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymer samples were selected in which there was a systematic change in the melt index, amount of vinyl acetate, and degree of crystallinity. Various hot melt adhesives were made using these copolymers and a standard amount of wax and resin. The materials were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), oscillatory rheometry (both controlled strain and controlled stress), and transient (creep) rheometry. The adhesives were also investigated using a variety of industrial tests which included peel adhesion and tensile testing at four different rates, open and setting time, shear and peel stress resistance at elevated temperatures, and viscosity determination over a wide range of temperatures. Detailed thermal analysis and characterisation have provided a range of accurate and systematic data on all of the materials and in particular showed that the components of the adhesive did not merely act as a mechanical mixture but had a distinct compatibility. The controlled stress technique was found to more discriminatory than the controlled strain, due to the more precisely controlled heating and cooling of the sample during loading and evaluation. Other key differences between the techniques are attributable to the different thermal histories imposed upon the semi-crystalline adhesive components. Detailed analysis of the complex rheological curves showed several key factors. One of the most important was the modulus crossover temperature Tx which was shown to correlate well with the softening point of the adhesive, its open time, and the heat resistance under shear as determined by the shear adhesion failure temperature (SAFT). It was possible to construct a linear relationship between Tx and SAFT which allowed prediction of this key adhesive parameter. There was no significant relationship established between the softening point of an adhesive and its heat resistance, open time, or critical thermal characteristics, and the use of the softening point as a useful indicator of adhesive performance is contested. The open time was shown to be clearly influenced by the properties of the copolymer. The relationship between open time and melt index is complex and two competing mechanisms are thought responsible. These are the inability to fully wet the substrate for high molecular weights and resistance to complete substrate penetration by capillary effects for adhesives formulated with low molecular weight polymers. Both of these effects cause a reduction in open time. The cloud points of the adhesives were independent of the molecular weight but strongly affected by composition. Degree of crystallinity was also an influence at higher molecular weights. Cloud point correlated slightly with the onset of crystallisation as determined by DSC however differences are extremely small and the method was not deemed robust enough for widespread industrial application. Various properties of the components and adhesives were modelled. The compatibility of the components were successfully incorporated into an extended Fox equation to predict the glass transition temperature. The peel strength of the adhesive was modelled in terms of the rheological properties of elastic moduli and loss tangent values at different temperatures. A second model based upon the value of the loss tangent at room temperature was also broadly successful but deviations from predicted behaviour were observed which were attributable to failure of the adhesive joints by a mode not included in the model. The modulus of the adhesive was modelled on the basis of an extended mixture rule in which the extent of compatibility was identified by a parameter n. The value of n varied as a function of adhesive composition and temperature, indicating that the behaviour of the adhesives changed subtly as the compatibility of the phases changed. The value of the parameter could not be directly related to the morphology of the adhesive phases.
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Githuku, David N. "Melt strength of polyolefins and its role in plastics processing." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65328.

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He, Chunxia 1968. "Shear flow behavior and molecular structure of high melt strength polypropylenes." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84208.

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Linear shear flow behavior and molecular structure studies were carried out on linear polypropylenes produced using Ziegler-Natta catalysts and sets of branched polypropylenes produced from these linear precursors.
A method combining dynamic and creep measurements was employed to obtain a complete picture of the linear viscoelastic behavior of these polypropylenes. It was found that all samples in a set of polypropylenes have the same linear viscoelastic behavior in the high-frequency range, but display dramatic differences at low frequencies. Increasing branching level results in a steep increase of the zero-shear viscosity, an increase of the steady-state compliance, and a broadening of the relaxation spectrum whose shape changes dramatically and peaks shift to longer times.
Molecular models were tested and applied to the linear polypropylenes to predict linear viscoelastic properties from the molecular weight distribution (MWD). The parameters obtained from the best fit of predicted and experimental data of linear polypropylenes were used to calculate a fictive relaxation spectrum for branched polymers from their MWDs as if they were linear. The comparison between this predicted result and the experimental spectrum showed the separate effects of polydispersity and branching on rheology.
To obtain detailed structural information, the branching process of polypropylenes was simulated using a Monte-Carlo approach, which provides detailed information such as MWD and branching distribution. The simulated MWD was adjusted to the measured GPC curve using a single parameter simply related to the branching density lambda (LCB/1000C). Relations between branching parameters and moments of the MWD were determined, which offer the possibility to calculate branching parameters directly from GPC results. The branching efficiency was estimated and correlations between engineering properties of polypropylenes and the structural information were obtained, which is of valuable industrial interest for polymer design.
A determination of the weight fractions of branches and segments between branch points from the relaxation spectrum is proposed. Due to the complexity of molecular relaxation mechanisms, only approximate correlations between molecular architecture and rheology were observed.*
*This dissertation is a compound document (contains both a paper copy and a CD as part of the dissertation). The CD requires the following system requirements: Microsoft Office.
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La-Orchan, Wittaya. "Melt treatment effects on porosity and impact strength in hypoeutectic aluminum silicon alloy." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22446.

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The effects of the three factors (modification, grain refinement, and hydrogen level) on the amount of porosity, impact strength, and performance of the reduced pressure test in A356 alloy have been studied. It was found that grain refinement, acting singly and in combination with modification, reduces the porosity by inducing mass feeding. However, this beneficial effect may not be found at all cooling rates and casting sizes. There is less total shrinkage in Sr-alloyed samples than in those which are non Sr-alloyed. The reason for this is supposed to be a difference in the liquid density which may be higher in Sr-alloyed samples. Modification has the strongest effect on improving the impact strength of A356 alloy. Hydrogen reduces it slightly. On the other hand, grain refinement, acting singly or in combination with modification, was not found to improve the impact strength of the alloy. To obtain optimum impact strength, it is recommended that a combination of modification and degassing to about 0.1 ml.H$ sb2$/100 g. Al. be used. An excellent linear relatiosnhip between density and hydrogen level exists for all combinations of melt treatment processes when the redued pressure test is used. Three methods of predicting the true hydrogen level are proposed and calculated hydrogen levels agree reasonably well with measured melt hydrogen within the error range of $ pm$0.05-0.1 ml./100 g. Al.
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Parmar, Harisinh, and h_arzoo@yahoo com. "Rheology Of Peroxide Modified Recycled High Density Polyethylene." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080724.164249.

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Consumption of plastics has increased exponentially, in line with the world's population. Not surprisingly this is reflected in enormous growth of the plastic industry especially during the last five decades. Commensurate with this, waste produced from plastics consumption has created a major environmental problem. Many types of waste disposal methods have been used all over the world so far, but all of them have disadvantages. Furthermore, some methods are responsible for the generation of green house gases and further contribution to global warming. Recently, reduction of green house gas emission has become a target of most industries. Plastic recycling and reuse breaks the cycle of endless production of virgin polymer and thus contributes to a net reduction of green house gas emission. Recycling of plastics should produce materials with improved properties to replace virgin plastics for a variety of applications. Improvement in the properties of recycled plastics can be achieved by blending with other plastics, by filler addition and by modification using free radical initiators. Introduction of the free radical initiator (organic peroxide) during reprocessing of the recycled plastics has been found to offer significant property improvements to the recycled materials. Extremely small amounts of a free radical initiator (typically ranging between 0.01 wt% to 0.2 wt%) is capable of enhancing the properties of the recycled plastics to a great extent. This project investigates the use of free radical initiators in the recycling of post consumer recycled high density polyethylene using reactive extrusion. Both molecular and rheological characterisation of recycled and reprocessed materials was carried out and this was followed by tensile testing of the modified materials to satisfy end use applications such as packaging and drainage piping. Post consumer recycled high density polyethylene (R-HDPE) resin and virgin high density polyethylene (V-HDPE) were reactively extruded with low concentrations of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and 1, 3 1, 4 Bis (tert- butylperoxyisopropyl) Benzene (OP2) respectively in a twin screw extruder in order to produce modified materials with varying composition (0.0 wt%, 0.02 wt%, 0.05 wt%, 0.07 wt%, 0.10 wt% and 0.15 wt%) of both organic peroxides. Morphological characterisation using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) demonstrated that there is a decrease in the crystallinity level for all the modified samples. Shear rheological tests were carried out to study the structure of the modified materials within the linear viscoelastic region. Viscoelastic parameters, such as storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G
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Faust, Karsten, André Bergmann, and Jens Sumpf. "Influence of the Melt Flow Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Polyoxymethylene (POM)." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-231703.

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In this article the correlation between the average molar mass and the melt flow rate (MFR) is achieved. Based on the example of Polyoxymethylene (POM) it is shown that a high average molar mass is associated with a low MFR (high viscosity). On the basis of this dependency, the mechanical properties of static and dynamic tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness and notched impact strength are investigated. It was found that the characteristic values of static tensile strength, elastic modulus and hard-ness increase with increasing MFR (decreasing viscosity). On the other hand the dynamic long-term properties and notched impact strengths decrease with increasing MFR
Im Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der mittleren molaren Masse und des Schmelzfließindex (MFR) hergestellt. Dabei wird am Beispiel von Polyoxymethylen (POM) ersichtlich, dass eine hohe mittlere molare Masse mit einem geringen MFR (hochviskos) einhergeht. Basierend auf dieser Abhängigkeit werden die mechanischen Eigenschaften statische und dynamische Zugfestigkeit, E-Modul, Härte sowie Kerbschlagzähigkeit untersucht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Kenngrößen statische Zugfestigkeit, E-Modul und Härte mit steigendem MFR (abnehmende Viskosität) zunehmen. Die dynamischen Langzeiteigenschaften und Kerbschlagzähigkeiten sinken hingegen mit zunehmendem MFR
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ZHOU, HONG. "KINETICS, PROCESSING, AND PROPERTIES OF Si/SiC COMPOSITES FABRICATED BY REACTIVE-MELT INFILTRATION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin994941745.

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Korin, Christer. "Mechanical Behaviour of Adhesive Joints in Cartonboard for Packaging." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4731.

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A cartonboard package is often sealed and closed with an adhesive – either a hot-melt adhesive (adhesives that are applied in a molten state on the cartonboard) or a dispersion adhesive (adhesives that are applied as water-based dispersions). This thesis focuses on the process of hot-melt gluing, and how material properties and process conditions affect the performance of the adhesive joint. Requirements vary depending on how the package is to be used. A package that is only supposed to protect the product during transport differs from one that is supposed to attract consumers and facilitate their use of the product. If a package has been opened, due to external or internal forces that cause a fracture in the adhesive joint, the consumer may choose another package instead. A fracture of the adhesive joint may occur in several different ways; for example, a cohesive fracture in the adhesive, an interfacial fracture between the adhesive and one of the cartonboard surfaces, and a cohesive fracture in the cartonboard. The traditional way of testing the adhesive joint is to subjectively evaluate the fibre tear after manually tearing the joint apart. The primary interest of this study has been to find an objective method that can characterise the adhesive joint – that is, its strength and joint characteristics. The work has principally concentrated on physical experiments where the Y-peel method has been evaluated and further developed, including the construction of a laboratory adhesive applicator. Adhesive joint failure is analysed and correlated to the force-elongation curve during Y-peel testing in order to explore various mechanisms of the failure. The force versus elongation curves are transformed into a force versus inelastic deformation curve for the adhesive joint. The inelastic deformation of the adhesive joint is defined as the inelastic opening of the adhesive joint perpendicular to the cartonboard surface. The dissipative descending energy has been used to characterise the adhesive joint. High descending dissipative energy showed high resistance against final failure of the joint. This correlates very well with the manual fibre-tear test. Characteristic force-elongation curves in Y-peel testing – that is, the shape of the curve – have been analysed, and four main failure modes have been identified. The finite element method has been used to predict mechanical behaviour in the ascending part of the force-elongation curve. When it comes to local behaviour, a high stiffness adhesive results in bending behaviour while a low results in shearing, but on a global scale, no big difference was detected on the ascending part of the force-elongation curve. The new laboratory adhesive applicator and finite element method can be used to objectively design the interaction between the adhesive and the cartonboard for a specific application. This can be achieved by modifying the cartonboard, the adhesive or the process parameters.
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Books on the topic "Melt strength"

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Ellis, David L. Precipitation strengthened high strength, high conductivity Cu-Cr-Nb alloys produced by chill block melt spinning. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Meat and poultry: Improved oversight and training will strengthen new food safety system : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1999.

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Living well on the spectrum: How to use your strengths to meet the challenges of Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism. New York: Guilford Press, 2011.

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Weakland, Mark. Two-Legged, Meat-Eating Dinosaurs: Ranking Their Speed, Strength, and Smarts. Black Rabbit Books, 2019.

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Weakland, Mark. Two-Legged, Meat-Eating Dinosaurs: Ranking Their Speed, Strength, and Smarts. Black Rabbit Books, 2020.

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McNally & co. [from old catalog] Rand. Globalisation and the UK: Strength and Opportunity to Meet the Economic Challenge. HMSO Books, 2005.

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Hilyard, Mark D. Partitioning of rare earth and high field strength elements between pargasitic amphibole and silicate melts. 1997.

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Wiser, Cathy. Stability and gel strength of meat emulsions made with prerigor, preblended beef and reduced salt levels. 1989.

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Moffic, H. Steven, and James Sabin. Ethical Leadership for Psychiatry. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.50.

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Solutions for the current challenges in mental health care worldwide require improved ethical leadership and administration. Though psychiatrists have the broadest training for stewardship, other disciplines and patient consumers provide their own potential. Business leadership and ethics also need consideration. How to meld the strengths and ethical principles of the various mental health care constituencies is a major global task, but one that can be met. Possible ethical ways to do so are to use emotional intelligence and a culture of compassionate love to prioritize the professional and personal needs of the staff, and to have more leadership provided by formerly disenfranchised prosumers and/or leaders from marginalized cultures. Those responsible for mental health care systems must include the representative viewpoints of all stakeholders. One country, the USA, is highlighted for what can be generalized to other countries, supplemented by some important differences found in other societies.
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M, Singh, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. SiC (SCS-6) fiber reinforced-reaction formed SiC matrix composites: Microstructure and interfacial properties. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Melt strength"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Melt Strength." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 451. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7302.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Melt Strength." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 451. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7303.

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Ni, Xin Hua, Jian Zheng, Ke Lin Gao, and Hong Bin Dai. "Strength Model of Melt-Growth Composite Ceramics." In High-Performance Ceramics V, 1648–50. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-473-1.1648.

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Cooper, Kevin, and Angelo Scopelianos. "High-Strength, Melt Processable, Aromatic Poly(anhydride)s." In ACS Symposium Series, 51–77. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0977.ch005.

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Hiroki Komatsu, Luiz Gustavo, Duclerc Fernandes Parra, Washington Luiz Oliani, Ademar Benevolo Lugao, and Vijaya Kumar Rangari. "Degradation Study of High Melt Strength Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites in Environmental and Accelerated Conditions." In TMS 2016: 145thAnnual Meeting & Exhibition: Supplemental Proceedings, 59–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274896.ch8.

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Komatsu, Luiz Gustavo Hiroki, Duclerc Fernandes Parra, Washington Luiz Oliani, Ademar Benevolo Lugao, and Vijaya Kumar Rangari. "Degradation Study of High Melt Strength Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites in Environmental and Accelerated Conditions." In TMS 2016 145th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 61–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48254-5_8.

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Maiwald-Immer, T., T. Göhler, and A. Fischersworring-Bunk. "From Melt Pool to Strength - Application of ICME Methods for the Development of Rapid Manufacturing Technologies." In Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME 2015), 215–20. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119139508.ch26.

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Maiwald-Immer, T., T. Göhler, and A. Fischersworring-Bunk. "From Melt Pool to Strength — Application of ICME Methods for the Development of Rapid Manufacturing Technologies." In Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME 2015), 215–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48170-8_26.

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Shi, Donglu, Krishanu Lahiri, and Sandhya Sagar. "A New Method to Determine the Coupling Strength of the Interfaces in Seeded-Melt Textured YBa2Cu3Ox." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials, 567–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9059-7_75.

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Sulong, Abu Bakar, and Joo Hyuk Park. "Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Polyethylene Fibers by Melt Spinning: Process Optimization and Mechanical Strength Characterization." In Advanced Materials Research, 289–92. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-463-4.289.

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Conference papers on the topic "Melt strength"

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Edmonds, Neil R., Peter N. Plimmer, and Chris Tanner. "High melt strength, tear resistant blown film based on poly(lactic acid)." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-30: The 30th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4918465.

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Kaewmesri, Wanrudee, Jantrawan Pumchusak, Patrick C. Lee, and Chul B. Park. "Effect of CO2 Content on Foaming Behavior of Recyclable High-Melt-Strength PP." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0336.

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Zhang, XiaoLi. "Preparation of High Strength Mo(Si, Al)2-SiC Composite by Melt Infiltration Process." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77249.

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The Mo(Si, Al)2-SiC composite was prepared by infiltrating melted aluminum into MoSi2+C compacts at 1350°C, and the microstructure and mechanical property of this composite were analyzed. The results showed that the phases of these composite are Mo(Si1-x, Alx)2 and SiC, and a small amount of Mo5Si3C and Al. Increasing the value of x, the amount of Mo5Si3C and Al phases decrease and even disappear gradually. The microstructure of this composite is sheet-like Mo(Si, Al)2 with needle-like SiC distributed in its gap, and parts of SiC are whisker-like. When x = 0.2, the bending strength of the composite reaches the maximum, which was 770 MPa. The bending strength of designed composite prepared by melt infiltration in this study is better than that of the composite prepared by hot pressing reported in literature.
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Goh, C. S., J. Wei, and M. Gupta. "Synthesis of Magnesium Reinforced With Nano-Size Y2O3 Using Disintegrated Melt Deposition Technique." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13243.

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Magnesium (Mg), which is the lightest structural metal known, is used in various high-end sectors due to its high specific strength and stiffness. In an attempt to further improve the mechanical properties of Mg, a judicious incorporation of reinforcements into Mg is recommended. Conventional micron-size particulate reinforced Mg composites are faced with the issues of low ultimate tensile strength and ductility due to particle cracking and particle matrix interfacial failures. To overcome these underlying problems and to look for further improvement in properties, the use of nano-size particles is investigated. Accordingly, Mg reinforced with 0.5, 1 and 2 volume percent of nanosize Y2O3 respectively were synthesized using the disintegrated melt deposition technique. Mechanical property results reveal an improvement in yield and tensile strengths of the nanocomposites relative to pure Mg. Ductility of the nanocomposites remain relatively constant even with up to 2 volume percent of Y2O3 particles added. The Mg nanocomposites synthesized exhibited excellent combination of properties that were more superior than conventional Mg-SiC composites.
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Morohashi, Noritaka. "Bond Splitting Strength of 5-Year Field-Exposed Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams with Melt-Solidified Slag Aggregate." In Fourth International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/2016/scmt4s127.

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Brogan, J. A., C. C. Berndt, A. Claudon, and C. Coddet. "The Mechanical Properties of Combustion-Sprayed Polymers and Blends." In ITSC 1996, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0221.

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Abstract The mechanical properties of EMAA copolymer are dependent upon the thermal spray processing parameters. The parameters determine coating temperatures which, in turn, affects the microstructure. If the deposition temperature is too low, (104 °C for PFl 13 and 160 °C for PFl 11) coatings have low strengths and low energy to break values. Increased coating temperatures allow the particles to fully coalesce resulting in maximized strength and elongation to break. However, at 271 °C, PFl 11 had visible porosity which decreased both strength and elastic modulus. Pigment acts as reinforcement in the sense that the modulus increased but the elongation to break decreased, thus reducing the energy to break. Water quenching reduces the elastic modulus and yield strength, but increases the elongation to break for both EMAA formulations. The mechanical properties of post consumer commingled plastic and PCCP / EMMA blends improved if the recycled plastic was pre-processed by melt-compounding. Melt compounding increased the strength and toughness by improving the compatibility among the various polymer constituents. The addition of PCCP increases the modulus and yield strength of ethylene methaciylic acid copolymer.
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Zielinski, Stephen M., Anthony A. Sansone, and Rusi P. Taleyarkhan. "Melt-Water Explosive Interactions: Triggering and Suppression." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10258.

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Under appropriate thermal-hydraulic conditions the combination of a hot fluid (e.g., molten metals) and a cold vaporizing fluid (e.g. water) can be made to undergo spontaneous or externally assisted (e.g., via trigger shock) onset of explosive interactions (via destabilization of the interfacial vapor layer) and resulting in rapid heat transfer, phase change, pressure buildup and melt fragmentation. Energetic melt-water explosions are a well-established contributor to the risk of nuclear reactor systems such as the infamous Chernobyl Accident. The prevention of triggering of such interactions in nuclear systems is of paramount importance. However, once the fundamentals are understood, it may be possible to not only intensify but more importantly, to control the intensity of the interaction. The control and intensification of explosive interactions can become of considerable importance in the areas covering variable thrust propulsion with tailored pressure profiles, for enhancing rapid heat transfer, and also for powder metallurgy (i.e., supercooled powder production in which the resulting materials may turn super-plastic with enhanced ductility and strength). This paper discusses results of experiments conducted with various molten metals specifically, tin, galinstan and aluminum interacting with water, with and without non-condensable gases such as hydrogen. It is found that under the appropriate combination of conditions, spontaneous and energetic liquid water to vapor phase changes can be readily introduced within milliseconds if the hot metal fluid is tin or galinstan (but not for aluminum) including the timed feedback of shocks generated from earlier explosions leading to chain-type reaction fronts propagating through mixtures. Using 3–10 g metal masses of tin or galinstan spontaneously exploding in water, shock over-pressures up to 12 bar (175 psig) were monitored about 4 cm from the explosion zone, accompanied with mechanical shock power levels of about 2 kW. A previously slow phase change process (viz., normal metal quenching) occurring over tens of seconds could be turned explosive to transpire within milliseconds for melt-water thermal states within the so-called thermal interaction zone (TIZ). However, it was also conclusively revealed that, for an otherwise spontaneously explosive combination of tin-water or galinstan-water, the inclusion of even trace (0.3 w/o) quantities of aluminum which generates monoatomic non-condensable gas in the interfacial layer is found to have a radical influence on stabilizing the interfacial vapor layer between hot fluid and cold fluid, thereby ensuring conclusive (100% of time) prevention of explosion triggering for all cases tested. This paper compares and presents the results obtained in this study along with insights into energetics, with gram quantity melt droplets and draws analogies with data taken for industrial scale aluminum casthouse safety conditions involving thousands of kilograms of melt. Insights drawn for adaption to industrial settings are provided for enabling physics-based prevention or initiation.
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Fujiwara, Kenji, Narihito Nakagawa, Kenji Kobayashi, Shinya Yokoi, Tsutomu Kihara, and Hideaki Takamatsu. "Research on Application of Melt-Growth Composite Ceramics to Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38029.

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An unique ceramic material produced through unidirectional solidification with eutectic composition of two-phase oxides was introduced recently. This composite material has the microstructure of coupled networks of two single crystals interpenetrate each other without grain boundaries. Depending on this microstructure this material, called Melt Growth Composite (MGC), can sustain its room temperature strength up to 1,700 (near its melting point) and offer strong oxidization-resistant ability, making its characteristics quite ideal for the gas turbine application. Our research project on MGC started in 2001 with the objective of establishing component technologies for MGC application to the high temperature components of the gas turbine engine. This paper outlines the results of our research so far at the early stage of the project.
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You, Xiangyu, Chengcong Ye, and Ping Guo. "Study of Microscale Three-Dimensional Printing Using Near-Field Melt Electrospinning." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2960.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing of microscale structures with high resolution (sub-micron) and low cost is still a challenging work for the existing 3D printing techniques. Here we report a direct writing process via near-field melt electrospinning to achieve microscale printing of single filament wall structures. The process allows continuous direct writing due to the linear and stable jet trajectory in the electric near-field. The layer-by-later stacking of fibers, or self-assembly effect, is attributed to the attraction force from the molten deposited fibers and accumulated negative charges. We demonstrated successful printing of various 3D thin wall structures (freestanding single walls, double walls, annular walls, star-shaped structures, and curved wall structures) with a minimal wall thickness less than 5 μm. By optimizing the process parameters of near-field melt electrospinning (electric field strength, collector moving speed, and needle-to-collector distance), ultrafine poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers have been stably generated and precisely stacked and fused into 3D thin-wall structures with an aspect ratio of more than 60. It is envisioned that the near-field melt electrospinning can be transformed into a viable high-resolution and low-cost microscale 3D printing technology.
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Angstadt, David C., and John P. Coulter. "Product Strength and Orientation Manipulation via Vibration-Assisted Injection Molding." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33928.

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This investigation focuses on determining why polystyrene ASTM specimens exhibit an increase in tensile strength when processed by vibration assisted injection molding (VAIM) while polycarbonate parts do not. VAIM is one of several polymer processing methods that attempt to improve product properties via manipulation of the polymer melt. Observation of birefringence patterns in VAIM processed polystyrene samples show a significant impact on molecular orientation. The same studies were conducted on opaque polycarbonate and were unable to determine the degree of molecular orientation via birefringence measurement. It was theorized that VAIM did not produce significant orientation due to its higher thermal conductivity and stiffer backbone. It has been determined by this investigation that VAIM processing does impart significant molecular orientation in polycarbonate specimens but still does not increase its UTS. It is proposed that increased molecular orientation induced by VAIM processing inhibits crazes from growing into cracks. VAIM therefore favors polymers that fail by crazing (e.g., polystyrene) rather than those that fail by shear yielding (e.g., polycarbonate).
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Reports on the topic "Melt strength"

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Canfield, Thomas R. Calculations using density dependent melt temperature and shear modulus with the PTW strength model (u). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1078436.

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Kohlitz, Jeremy, Naomi Carrard, and Juliet Willett. Support Mechanisms to Strengthen Equality and Non-Discrimination (EQND) in Rural Sanitation (Part 2 of 2). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.003.

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A renewed focus on equity is being driven by the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation framework and Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, which emphasise the importance of adequate and equitable sanitation for all. However, as raised in Part 1 of this issue on equality and non-discrimination (EQND), there is evidence that CLTS processes for achieving community-wide outcomes are not always systematic, adequate, sustained, or sufficient to meet the needs of disadvantaged groups. A compilation of 50 CLTS and rural sanitation programmes around the world that significantly used support mechanisms was gathered to inform this issue. Our rapid review of the programmes found that although numerous trials existed, few had been taken to scale, few were located outside of Asia, and many did not have disaggregated monitoring and evaluation information that is publicly shared or collected at all. This issue therefore emphasises the importance of monitoring, evaluating and knowledge sharing processes in building an evidence base for facilitating equitable rural sanitation outcomes.
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P., DALLA VILLA. Overcoming the impact of COVID-19 on animal welfare: COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2020.nf.3137.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) represents 182 countries with a focus on animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. The OIE has several Collaborating Centres that support the work of the organisation. The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) is the Secretariat for the OIE Collaborating Centre Network on Veterinary Emergencies (EmVetNet). In April 2020, the IZSAM initiated a COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. The working group represented the EmVetNet Collaborating Centres, international institutions, veterinary associations, authorities and animal welfare organisations. Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine recruited summer research students whom catalogued over 1,200 animal welfare related reports and provided 64 report narratives for the working group. IZSAM launched the EmVetNet website (https://emvetnet.izs.it) for public and private exchange of information, materials, and guidelines related to veterinary emergencies. The EmVetNet COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare continues to meet to address emerging issues, strengthen the network for future emergencies, and share information with stakeholders including national Veterinary Services responding to the epidemic.
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P., DALLA VILLA. Overcoming the impact of COVID-19 on animal welfare: COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2020.nf.3137.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) represents 182 countries with a focus on animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. The OIE has several Collaborating Centres that support the work of the organisation. The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) is the Secretariat for the OIE Collaborating Centre Network on Veterinary Emergencies (EmVetNet). In April 2020, the IZSAM initiated a COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. The working group represented the EmVetNet Collaborating Centres, international institutions, veterinary associations, authorities and animal welfare organisations. Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine recruited summer research students whom catalogued over 1,200 animal welfare related reports and provided 64 report narratives for the working group. IZSAM launched the EmVetNet website (https://emvetnet.izs.it) for public and private exchange of information, materials, and guidelines related to veterinary emergencies. The EmVetNet COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare continues to meet to address emerging issues, strengthen the network for future emergencies, and share information with stakeholders including national Veterinary Services responding to the epidemic.
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Winkler-Portmann, Simon. Umsetzung einer wirksamen Compliance in globalen Lieferketten am Beispiel der Anforderungen aus der europäischen Chemikalien-Regulierung an die Automobilindustrie. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627796.

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This publication based on a master thesis explores the challenges of the automotive industry regarding the European chemical regulations REACH and CLP, as well as potential improvements of the current compliance activities and the related incentives and barriers. It answers the research question: "To what extent should the compliance activities of actors in the automotive supply chain be extended in order to meet the requirements of European chemicals regulation; and where would it help to strengthen incentives in enforcement and the legal framework?“. The study’s structure is based on the transdisciplinary delta analysis of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the legal requirements and the requirements for corresponding compliance with the actual state of the actual compliance measures of the automotive players and attempts to identify their weak points (the delta). The main sources for the analysis are the legal texts and relevant court decisions as well as guideline-based expert interviews with automotive players based on Gläser & Laudel. As objects of the analysis, there are in addition answers to random enquiries according to Article 33 (2) REACH as well as the recommendations and guidelines of the industry associations. The analysis identifies the transmission of material information in the supply chain as a key problem. The global database system used for this purpose, the IMDS, shows gaps in the framework conditions. This results in compliance risk due to the dynamically developing regulation. In addition, the study identifies an incompliance of the investigated automobile manufacturers with regard to Art. 33 REACH. In answering the research question, the study recommends solutions to the automotive players that extend the current compliance activities. In addition, it offers tables and process flow diagrams, which structure the duties and required compliance measures and may serve as basic audit criteria. The analysis is carried out from an external perspective and looks at the entire industry. It therefore cannot cover all the individual peculiarities of each automotive player. As a result, the identified gaps serve only as indications for possible further compliance risks.
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Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.

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Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Innovative Solutions to Human-Wildlife Conflicts: National Wildlife Research Center Accomplishments, 2006. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7205657.aphis.

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The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm of Wildlife Services (WS) by providing scientific information on the development of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management. NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC's strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these programs goals.
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Innovative Solutions to Human-Wildlife Conflicts: National Wildlife Research Center Accomplishments, 2004. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7204386.aphis.

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The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm of Wildlife Services (WS) by providing scientific information on the development of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management. NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC's strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these programs goals.
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Innovative Solutions to Human-Wildlife Conflicts: National Wildlife Research Center Accomplishments, 2005. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7204387.aphis.

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The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) functions as the research arm of Wildlife Services (WS) by providing scientific information on the development of socially acceptable methods for wildlife damage management. NWRC has identified four strategic program goals: (1) developing methods, (2) providing wildlife services, (3) valuing and investing in people, and (4) enhancing information and communication. WS is dedicated to helping meet the wildlife damage management needs of the United States by building on NWRC's strengths in these four key areas. This annual research highlights report is structured around these programs goals.
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