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Journal articles on the topic 'Melanoma – Immunotherapy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Rebegea, Laura, Dorel Firescu, Gabriela Stoleriu, Manuela Arbune, Rodica Anghel, Mihaela Dumitru, Raul Mihailov, Anca Iulia Neagu, and Xenia Bacinschi. "Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy, Combined Treatment for Unresectable Mucosal Melanoma with Vaginal Origin." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 7734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157734.

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Gynecologic melanomas are uncommon and malignant mucosal melanomas with vaginal origin are extremely rare, treatment strategies are limited and extrapolated from those of cutaneous melanoma. A better understanding of the vulvovaginal melanoma’s biology and its risk factors is needed. Therapeutic strategies include surgery, systemic therapy and radiotherapy. For vulvovaginal melanoma, surgery is selected as the primary treatment. Immunotherapy and target treatment have recently enhanced the systemic therapy for cutaneous melanoma (CM). Immunotherapy and new target agents demonstrated a better survival of melanoma and might be considered as treatment of vulvovaginal melanoma. Radiotherapy is included in the therapeutic arsenal for mucosal melanoma and may be performed on selected patients who may receive concurrent checkpoints and inhibition neoadjuvant radiotherapy with the purpose of reducing morbidity and mortality.

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2

Sanlorenzo, Martina, Igor Vujic, Christian Posch, Akshay Dajee, Adam Yen, Sarasa Kim, Michelle Ashworth, et al. "Melanoma immunotherapy." Cancer Biology & Therapy 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2014): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.28555.

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3

Garg, Abhishek D., Aleksandra M. Dudek-Peric, and Patrizia Agostinis. "Melanoma immunotherapy." Oncoscience 2, no. 10 (August 31, 2015): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncoscience.228.

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4

OʼDonnell-Tormey, Jill. "Melanoma Immunotherapy." Oncology Times 38, no. 8 (April 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000482915.84819.6e.

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5

Sivendran, Shanthi, Bradley Glodny, Michael Pan, Miriam Merad, and Yvonne Saenger. "Melanoma Immunotherapy." Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine 77, no. 6 (November 2010): 620–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/msj.20215.

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6

Eggermont, Alexander M. M., Marka Crittenden, and Jennifer Wargo. "Combination Immunotherapy Development in Melanoma." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 38 (May 2018): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_201131.

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Melanoma has been the most important cancer to drive immunotherapy development of solid tumors. Since 2010, immunotherapy has been revolutionized by the concept of breaking tolerance. It represents a major paradigm shift and marks the beginning of a new era. The impact of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1/anti–PD-L1, is unprecedented. In 7 years, it transformed advanced-stage melanoma into a curable disease in over 50% of patients. Another major step has been the development of the combination of BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors in the treatment of BRAF-mutant melanomas. For the treatment of advanced disease, approvals were obtained for the immune checkpoint inhibitors ipilimumab (2011), nivolumab (2014), pembrolizumab (2014), the combination ipilimumab plus nivolumab (2015), and the oncolytic virus vaccine laherparepvec (2015). The combination dabrafenib plus trametinib for BRAF-mutant melanoma was approved in 2014, with similar success for other BRAF plus MEK inhibitor combinations. Because of its unique therapeutic index (high efficacy and low toxicity) anti–PD-1 agents (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have now been placed at the center of practically all combination therapy development strategies in melanoma. Anti–PD-1 agents are the central molecule for combinations with a great variety of other immunotherapeutics such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, agonists, IDO inhibitors, macrophage polarizing agents, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, targeted agents, chemotherapeutics, radiation therapy, and even microbiome modulators.

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7

Anko, Mayuka, Yusuke Kobayashi, Kouji Banno, and Daisuke Aoki. "Current Status and Prospects of Immunotherapy for Gynecologic Melanoma." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050403.

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Gynecologic melanomas are rare and have a poor prognosis. Although immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors) and targeted therapy has greatly improved the systemic treatment of cutaneous melanoma (CM) in recent years, its efficacy in gynecologic melanomas remains uncertain because of the rarity of this malignancy and its scarce literature. This review aimed to evaluate the literature of gynecologic melanomas treated with immunotherapy and targeted therapy through a PubMed search. We identified one study focusing on the overall survival of gynecologic melanomas separately and five case series and nine case reports concentrating on gynecologic melanomas treated with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and/or targeted therapy. Furthermore, the KIT mutation has the highest rate among all mutations in mucosal melanoma types. The KIT inhibitors (Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: TKIs) imatinib and nilotinib could be the treatment options. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with KIT inhibitors may potentially treat cases of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, because of the different conditions and a small number of cases, it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for gynecologic melanoma rigorously at this time. Further prospective cohort or randomized trials of gynecologic melanoma alone are needed to assess the treatment with solid evidence.

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8

Helgadottir, Hildur, Paola Ghiorzo, Remco van Doorn, Susana Puig, Max Levin, Richard Kefford, Martin Lauss, et al. "Efficacy of novel immunotherapy regimens in patients with metastatic melanoma with germline CDKN2A mutations." Journal of Medical Genetics 57, no. 5 (October 5, 2018): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105610.

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BackgroundInherited CDKN2A mutation is a strong risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. Moreover, carriers have been found to have poor melanoma-specific survival. In this study, responses to novel immunotherapy agents in CDKN2A mutation carriers with metastatic melanoma were evaluated.MethodsCDKN2A mutation carriers that have developed metastatic melanoma and undergone immunotherapy treatments were identified among carriers enrolled in follow-up studies for familial melanoma. The carriers’ responses were compared with responses reported in phase III clinical trials for CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors. From publicly available data sets, melanomas with somatic CDKN2A mutation were analysed for association with tumour mutational load.ResultsEleven of 19 carriers (58%) responded to the therapy, a significantly higher frequency than observed in clinical trials (p=0.03, binomial test against an expected rate of 37%). Further, 6 of the 19 carriers (32%) had complete response, a significantly higher frequency than observed in clinical trials (p=0.01, binomial test against an expected rate of 7%). In 118 melanomas with somatic CDKN2A mutations, significantly higher total numbers of mutations were observed compared with 761 melanomas without CDKN2A mutation (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001).ConclusionPatients with CDKN2A mutated melanoma may have improved immunotherapy responses due to increased tumour mutational load, resulting in more neoantigens and stronger antitumorous immune responses.

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Saraceni, Megan M., Nikhil I. Khushalani, and Anthony Jarkowski. "Immunotherapy in Melanoma." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 28, no. 2 (March 27, 2014): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190014527317.

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The incidence and mortality of melanoma are on the rise. Historically, patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma were faced with a grim prognosis, with survival rates of 15% at 5 years. Prior to 2011, no drug or therapeutic regimen had been shown to improve overall survival (OS) in metastatic melanoma. Chemotherapeutic agents, such as dacarbazine or temozolomide, are often given to patients for palliative purposes; high-dose interleukin 2 and biochemotherapy are immunotherapeutic options that could be offered to patients with a good performance status at specialized centers. Neither has been shown to impact OS, but durable complete responses are seen in a minority of patients. Since 2011, 4 new drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, all of which improve survival. Three of these agents (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib) are targeted therapies, with ipilimumab being the only new immunotherapy. With a focus on immunotherapeutic agents, this review seeks to summarize the treatment options currently available for metastatic melanoma and to examine those on the near horizon.

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10

Buchbinder, Elizabeth Iannotti, Jason L. Weirather, Michael P. Manos, Ryan C. Brennick, Patrick Alexander Ott, Rizwan Haq, Benjamin Izar, and F. Stephen Hodi. "Characterization of the genetics of mucosal melanoma in patients treated with immunotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 9556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.9556.

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9556 Background: Mucosal melanomas can be effectively treated with checkpoint inhibitors, although the response rates are lower than those observed for melanomas arising in cutaneous sites. The mechanistic basis for the lower efficacy of immunotherapies in mucosal melanoma has been suggested to be related to their lower mutational burden. However, there has been limited characterization of the genetics in this melanoma subtype. Methods: Tumor genotyping was performed on all mucosal melanoma patients seen within the Dana Farber Cancer Institute from 2011 until the present by Oncopanel analysis. Results: We identified a total of 57 mucosal melanoma patients whose tumors had been genotyped. Of these 42 received immunotherapy and had response data available. Within the cohort of mucosal melanoma patients, 37.3% had durable clinical benefit (DCB) to their first line of IO therapy. These patients had an average mutational burden/megabase of 6.41 (95% CI 3.53-11.01) but tumor mutational burden did not correlate with response in this cohort. The pattern of mutations in mucosal melanomas was distinct from cutaneous melanomas, as the most frequent mutations were in SF3B1, ATRX, KIT and NF1 genes. Patients with KIT aberrations had a higher DCB rate compared patients with wildtype KIT (73 vs. 33%). In addition, there were several genetic differences observed based upon the site of origin of the mucosal melanoma. A higher rate of SF3B1 mutations was observed in patients with melanoma of anal/rectal origin while patients with vulvar/vaginal melanoma had higher rates of ATRX mutations, which frequently correlated with p53 ( TP53) mutations. Conclusions: This analysis is one of the first to look at genetic patterns in a large cohort of a relatively rare type of melanoma and correlate with response. Our findings confirm the low mutational burden observed in mucosal melanoma despite the high response rate observed in these patients. In addition, this study uncovered a higher rate of response to immunotherapy in mucosal melanoma patients with a KIT mutation.

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11

Lugowska, Iwona, Pawel Teterycz, and Piotr Rutkowski. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." Współczesna Onkologia 2018, no. 1 (2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/wo.2018.73889.

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12

Mitchell, Tara C., and Emily Feld. "Immunotherapy in melanoma." Immunotherapy 10, no. 11 (August 2018): 987–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2017-0143.

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13

A. Tarhini, Ahmad. "Immunotherapy of Melanoma." Current Molecular Pharmacology 9, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467208666150716120238.

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14

Borobova, E. A., and A. A. Zheravin. "IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR MELANOMA." Siberian journal of oncology 16, no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21294/1814-4861-2017-16-4-65-75.

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15

Lacy, Katie E., Sophia N. Karagiannis, and Frank O. Nestle. "Immunotherapy for melanoma." Expert Review of Dermatology 7, no. 1 (February 2012): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/edm.11.80.

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16

Eisen, Tim. "Immunotherapy for melanoma." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 26, no. 2 (March 2001): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00802-16.x.

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17

Lotze, M. T., W. J. Storkus, S. D. Hurd, M. J. Maeurer, and J. M. Kirkwood. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." Melanoma Research 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008390-199303000-00009.

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18

Cuevas, Lauren, and Adil Daud. "Immunotherapy for melanoma." Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 37, no. 2 (June 2018): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12788/j.sder.2018.028.

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19

HERSEY, Peter. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 6 (March 2010): S2—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-7563.2010.01269.x.

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20

Kim, Christina J., Sophie Dessureault, Dimitry Gabrilovich, Douglas S. Reintgen, and Craig L. Slingluff. "Immunotherapy for Melanoma." Cancer Control 9, no. 1 (January 2002): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327480200900104.

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21

Weber, Jeffrey. "Immunotherapy for melanoma." Current Opinion in Oncology 23, no. 2 (March 2011): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cco.0b013e3283436e79.

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22

STINGL, G. "C058 Melanoma — Immunotherapy." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 9 (September 1997): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9959(97)89133-7.

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23

Haanen, John B. A. G. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 11, no. 2 (September 2013): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcsup.2013.07.013.

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24

Kee, D., and G. McArthur. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 43, no. 3 (March 2017): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2016.07.014.

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25

Parmiani, Giorgio, Chiara Castelli, Licia Rivoltini, Chiara Casati, Glenn A. Tully, Luisa Novellino, Andrea Patuzzo, Diego Tosi, Andrea Anichini, and Mario Santinami. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." Seminars in Cancer Biology 13, no. 6 (December 2003): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.09.001.

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26

Komenaka, Ian, Heidi Hoerig, and Howard L. Kaufman. "Immunotherapy for melanoma." Clinics in Dermatology 22, no. 3 (May 2004): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.001.

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27

Bender, Carolin, Jessica C. Hassel, and Alexander Enk. "Immunotherapy of Melanoma." Oncology Research and Treatment 39, no. 6 (2016): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446716.

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28

Smith, Caroline, and Vincenzo Cerundolo. "Immunotherapy of melanoma." Immunology 104, no. 1 (September 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01297.x.

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29

Gellrich, Frank Friedrich, Stefan Beissert, and Friedegund Meier. "Immunotherapy for melanoma." Der Onkologe 24, S2 (September 11, 2018): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00761-018-0443-7.

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30

Rietschel, Petra, and Paul B. Chapman. "Immunotherapy of Melanoma." Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 20, no. 3 (June 2006): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2006.02.005.

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31

Eggermont, Alexander M. M., and Dirk Schadendorf. "Melanoma and Immunotherapy." Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 23, no. 3 (June 2009): 547–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2009.03.009.

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32

Lorenz, Anna, Mateusz Kozłowski, Sebastian Lenkiewicz, Sebastian Kwiatkowski, and Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska. "Cutaneous Melanoma versus Vulvovaginal Melanoma—Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Comparison of Immunotherapy Efficacy." Cancers 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 5123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14205123.

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Cutaneous melanoma is a relatively common neoplasm, with fairly well understood pathogenesis, risk factors, prognosis and therapeutic protocols. The incidence of this disease is increasing every year. The situation is different for rare malignancies such as vulvar melanomas and for the even rarer vaginal melanomas. The risk factors for vulvovaginal tumors are not fully understood. The basis of treatment in both cases is surgical resection; however, other types of treatments such as immunotherapy are available. This paper focuses on comparing the pathogenesis and risk factors associated with these neoplasms as well as the efficacy of two groups of drugs—anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4 inhibitors—against both cutaneous melanoma and melanoma of the lower genital tract (vulva and vagina). In the case of cutaneous melanoma, the situation looks more optimistic than for vulvovaginal melanoma, which has a much worse prognosis and, as it turns out, shows a poorer response to immune therapy.

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Luna Pais, Helena, Paulo Luz, Soraia Lobo-Martins, André Mansinho, Rita Sousa, Rita Luís, Dolores Presa, Daniel Gomes, Luís Costa, and Rita Teixeira de Sousa. "Immunotherapy in Metastatic Mucosal Melanoma with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Case of Success." Case Reports in Immunology 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5516004.

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Mucosal melanoma accounts for 1% of all melanomas. It is more aggressive than cutaneous melanoma, and local excision provides the best disease-free survival. The vast majority of patients eventually develop metastases, with a metastatic pattern independent of the primary tumor site. While studies show that BRAF and KIT inhibitors have a role in the management of these patients, the actual treatment focus is on immunotherapy. Herein is described the case of a 79-year-old woman with metastatic mucosal melanoma and bone marrow infiltration causing disseminated intravascular coagulation, who was treated with an immunotherapy combination (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies), achieving complete disease remission. This is the third case of melanoma with disseminated intravascular coagulation at presentation and the second case treated with immunotherapy in the literature, but the only one achieving disease remission.

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Joshi, Krishna Prasad, Dinesh Atwal, Rahul Ravilla, Jun Tao, Joseph Su, Issam Makhoul, Laura Fulper Hutchins, and Fade A. Mahmoud. "Outcomes of immunotherapy in advanced melanoma in relation to age." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2018): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.5_suppl.187.

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187 Background: Older age is a risk feature in melanoma. Elderly are more likely to have immunosenescence, which could help melanoma cells escape immune surveillance. Hence, there is a belief that elderly people cannot mount a potent immune response to checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) to fully eliminate melanoma. The objective of the study was to investigate age-related differences in the time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and immunotherapy related adverse events (irAEs) among patients with metastatic melanoma who received CPI. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with stage IV melanoma who received at least 1 dose of ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or combined ipilimumab and nivolumab. Demographics, pathologic, and clinical characteristics were obtained. Immune-related response criteria were utilized to define responses. Results: Sixty patients were included; 29 were less than 65 years old and 31 were 65 years or older. No significant differences, when adjusted for gender, type of melanoma and presence of brain metastasis, in TTP [HR 0.79; 95% CI (0.371.70); p = 0.46] and OS [Hazard ratio (HR) 0.75; 95% CI (0.31-1.82); P = 0.491] was observed between the < 65 and ≥65 year-old groups who received CPI for metastatic melanoma. Overall irAEs in two groups was comparable with 62% in the younger patients and 45% in the older patients (P = 0.19). Thirty responders had a median age of 66.9 (54.3-73.3 years old) and 30 non-responders had a median age of 62.7 (54-69.1 years old). Non-responders, regardless of age, were more likely to have BRAF mutated melanomas (53.3% vs. 27.6%; P = 0.04) and less likely to have irAEs (40% vs. 66.7%; P = 0.04) than responders. Conclusions: No difference in TTP, OS or irAEs was observed between the elderly and the young patients who received CPI for metastatic melanoma. In general, responders had higher irAEs and less BRAF mutated melanomas than non-responders.

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Trilla-Fuertes, Lucia, Guillermo Prado-Vazquez, Angelo Gámez-Pozo, Rocio Lopez-Vacas, Maria Isabel Lumbreras Herrera, Virtudes Soriano, Fernando Garicano, et al. "Abstract 5416: RNA-seq and proteomics to identify response to immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a Spanish Melanoma Group Study." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 5416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5416.

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Abstract Background: Prediction of response to immunotherapy remains an unmet need in the field of advanced melanoma. Methods: Computational analyses, including probabilistic graphical models, sparse k-means, and consensus cluster, were used to characterize melanoma TCGA samples. The implication of the identified processes in response to immunotherapy was then studied in an independent cohort of 53 patients with advanced melanoma and treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Paraffin samples from this cohort were analyzed using RNA-seq and mass-spectrometry proteomics. Results: In the TCGA cohort, there were two different layers of information: one related to molecular features of the tumor (based on keratinization, melanogenesis, and extracellular space), and one related to immune status. Therefore, two independent classifications of TCGA melanoma samples were established: molecular and immune. The immune classification distinguished between responders and not responders to immunotherapy in the second cohort (p= 0.0006, HR=6.52). Finally, high-throughput proteomics was used to characterize molecular mechanisms involved in response to immunotherapy, identifying several biological processes and proteins that may be relevant in treatment selection for patients who do not respond. Conclusions: We established that the immune information was independent of tumor molecular features in melanomas included in the TCGA. An immune classification of these tumors was established. This immune classification predicted response to immunotherapy in a new cohort of patients with advanced melanoma treated with PD-1 inhibitors. Finally, proteomics was used to identify possible targets in those patients who did not respond to immunotherapy. Citation Format: Lucia Trilla-Fuertes, Guillermo Prado-Vazquez, Angelo Gámez-Pozo, Rocio Lopez-Vacas, Maria Isabel Lumbreras Herrera, Virtudes Soriano, Fernando Garicano, Maria Jose Lecumberri, Maria Rodriguez, Margarita Majem, Elisabeth Perez, Maria Gonzalez-Cao, Juana Oramas, Alejandra Magdaleno, Joaquin Fra, Alfonso Martin, Monica Corral, Teresa Puertolas, Juan Angel Fresno Vara, Enrique Espinosa. RNA-seq and proteomics to identify response to immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a Spanish Melanoma Group Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5416.

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Hilke, Franz J., Tobias Sinnberg, Axel Gschwind, Heike Niessner, German Demidov, Teresa Amaral, Stephan Ossowski, et al. "Distinct Mutation Patterns Reveal Melanoma Subtypes and Influence Immunotherapy Response in Advanced Melanoma Patients." Cancers 12, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092359.

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The detection of somatic driver mutations by next-generation sequencing (NGS) is becoming increasingly important in the care of advanced melanoma patients. In our study, we evaluated the NGS results of 82 melanoma patients from clinical routine in 2017. Besides determining the tumor mutational burden (TMB) and annotation of all genetic driver alterations, we investigated their potential as a predictor for resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and as a distinguishing feature between melanoma subtypes. Melanomas of unknown primary had a similar mutation pattern and TMB to cutaneous melanoma, which hints at its cutaneous origin. Besides the typical hotspot mutation in BRAF and NRAS, we frequently observed CDKN2A deletions. Acral and mucosal melanomas were dominated by CNV alterations affecting PDGFRA, KIT, CDK4, RICTOR, CCND2 and CHEK2. Uveal melanoma often had somatic SNVs in GNA11/Q and amplification of MYC in all cases. A significantly higher incidence of BRAF V600 mutations and EGFR amplifications, PTEN and TP53 deletions was found in patients with disease progression while on ICI. Thus, NGS might help to characterize melanoma subtypes more precisely and to identify possible resistance mechanisms to ICI therapy. Nevertheless, NGS based studies, including larger cohorts, are needed to support potential genetic ICI resistance mechanisms.

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Barillaro, Francesco, Marco Camilli, Paolo Dessanti, Nader Gorji, Fabio Chiesa, Alessandro Villa, Alessandro Pastorino, Carlo Aschele, and Enrico Conti. "Primary melanoma of the bladder: Case report and review of the literature." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 90, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2018.3.224.

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Skin melanoma represents one of the most common and lethal solid tumor. It usually develops on the skin but it can occur in any tissues with melanine- containing-cells (extracutaneous malignant melanoma). Only 4-5% of malignant melanomas originate in extracutaneous tissues, and they have an extremely lethal behavior (1). These non-skin malignant melanomas are rare but extremely aggressive. Primary melanoma of the genitourinary tract accounts for less than 0.2% of all melanomas. To date only 28 cases of primary bladder melanoma (PMM) are described. We report a rare case of PMM of the bladder in a 72 years old man treated with radical cystectomy and immunotherapy with Nivolumab.

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Birta, Daiana, Simona Blaj, Dragos Terteci-Popescu, Emil Avram, Cristina Tiple, Magdalena Chirila, Andrei Ungureanu, and Renata Zahu. "Sinonasal malignant melanoma." Romanian Journal of Rhinology 12, no. 47 (July 1, 2022): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjr-2022-0020.

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Abstract Sinonasal malignant melanoma is a rare, aggressive tumor, associated with a poor prognosis, accounting for 8-15% of all head and neck melanomas and 0.5-2% of all melanomas. The diagnosis is given by histopathological and immunological examination. Elective treatment consists of surgical excision with free resection borders, and adjuvant chemotherapy / radiotherapy / immunotherapy / checkpoint inhibitors can be used to control local recurrence and distant metastases. We chose to present the case of an unresectable ethmoidal malignant melanoma at the time of diagnosis, pembrolizumab treatment converting it to resectability, with improving patient’s quality of life, even if the patient developed an adrenal metastasis.

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Anjali, V. T., and Feroze Kaliyadan. "Immunotherapy in skin cancers - A narrative review." Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 4 (January 10, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jsstd_74_2021.

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Immunotherapy, in the context of cancers, involves the use of various drugs to stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. Immunotherapy is being increasingly used for cutaneous malignancies, especially melanoma. Immunity plays an important part in protection against cancer. One of the factors limiting the effectiveness of host immunity is improper recognition of cancer cells. Sometimes, despite recognizing the cancer cells as abnormal, the immune response, for various reasons might not be strong enough to deal effectively with the cancer cells. Immunotherapy basically tries to address the two points mentioned above by improving the capacity of the immune system to recognize and effectively destroy cancer cells. In skin cancers, immunotherapy is best established for melanomas, but is increasingly being used for non-melanoma skin cancers too. This article reviews some of the general concepts about immunotherapy in cancer and discusses in detail, the available options and future possibilities in the applications of immunotherapy in skin cancer.

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Castet, Florian, Sandra Garcia-Mulero, Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona, Andres Cuellar, Oriol Casanovas, Josep Caminal, and Josep Piulats. "Uveal Melanoma, Angiogenesis and Immunotherapy, Is There Any Hope?" Cancers 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11060834.

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Abstract:

Uveal melanoma is considered a rare disease but it is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Local treatments are effective, but the systemic recurrence rate is unacceptably high. Moreover, once metastasis have developed the prognosis is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%, and systemic therapies, including immunotherapy, have rendered poor results. The tumour biology is complex, but angiogenesis is a highly important pathway in these tumours. Vasculogenic mimicry, the ability of melanomas to generate vascular channels independently of endothelial cells, could play an important role, but no effective therapy targeting this process has been developed so far. Angiogenesis modulates the tumour microenvironment of melanomas, and a close interplay is established between them. Therefore, combining immune strategies with drugs targeting angiogenesis offers a new therapeutic paradigm. In preclinical studies, these approaches effectively target these tumours, and a phase I clinical study has shown encouraging results in cutaneous melanomas. In this review, we will discuss the importance of angiogenesis in uveal melanoma, with a special focus on vasculogenic mimicry, and describe the interplay between angiogenesis and the tumour microenvironment. In addition, we will suggest future therapeutic approaches based on these observations and mention ways in which to potentially enhance current treatments.

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Thomas, Daniel, and Danielle M. Bello. "Adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma." Journal of Surgical Oncology 123, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.26329.

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Kim, Dae Won, Jaime Anderson, and Sapna P. Patel. "Immunotherapy for uveal melanoma." Melanoma Management 3, no. 2 (June 2016): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/mmt-2015-0006.

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Postow, Michael. "Immunotherapy questions in melanoma." Immuno Oncology Insights 03, no. 03 (March 29, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18609/ioi.2022.006.

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George, D. D., V. A. Armenio, and S. C. Katz. "Combinatorial immunotherapy for melanoma." Cancer Gene Therapy 24, no. 3 (November 11, 2016): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cgt.2016.56.

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Yang, Ming. "Aging and melanoma immunotherapy." Science 361, no. 6397 (July 5, 2018): 39.5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.361.6397.39-e.

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ITO, Akira, Takeshi KOBAYASHI, and Hiroyuki HONDA. "Heat immunotherapy for melanoma." Skin Cancer 19, no. 3 (2004): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5227/skincancer.19.298.

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Zigler, Maya, Gabriel J. Villares, Dina C. Lev, Vladislava O. Melnikova, and Menashe Bar-Eli. "Tumor Immunotherapy in Melanoma." American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 9, no. 5 (2008): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200809050-00004.

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Breazzano, Mark P., Ronald W. Milam, Sean A. Batson, Douglas B. Johnson, and Anthony B. Daniels. "Immunotherapy for Uveal Melanoma." International Ophthalmology Clinics 57, no. 1 (2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iio.0000000000000148.

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Oratz, Ruth, and Jean-Claude Bystryn. "Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma." Dermatologic Clinics 9, no. 4 (October 1991): 669–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30371-1.

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Roman, Ruth-Ann. "Immunotherapy for Advanced Melanoma." Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 15, no. 5 (September 27, 2011): E58—E65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/11.cjon.e58-e65.

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