Journal articles: 'Melania G'

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Ardolino, Francesco. "Violence, Family and Gender: Melania G. Mazzucco’s crime novel." Quaderns d’Italià 22 (December 10, 2017): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/qdi.26.

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Sais, Maria Luisa. "Per una nuova genealogia femminile: L’architettrice di Melania G. Mazzucco." Narrativa, no. 44 (November 30, 2022): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/narrativa.2408.

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Carton-Vincent, Alison. "Le sergent Manuela Paris dans Limbo de Melania G. Mazzucco (2012)." Italies, no. 19 (October 1, 2015): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/italies.5326.

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Ippolito, Antonella. "“L’orma nello schermo opaco”. Intermedialità del costrutto narrativo e rappresentazione di una “realtà depotenziata” in Un giorno perfetto (2005) di Melania G. Mazzucco." Linguæ & - Rivista di lingue e culture moderne, no. 15 (2016) 2 (December 2016): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/ling-2016-002-ippo.

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Morillas, Esther. "?Léxico, polifonía y traducción." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 59, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.59.4.01mor.

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In this article, we will reflect on the problems dealing with the translation of the lexis in contemporary literary texts. We will also study how lexis is the immediate reflection of the polyphony that prevails in the current narrative. In order to do this, first of all we will analyse the characteristics of the novels currently being published in Italy. Once we have established that lexical hybridization is one of the main ways of writing in many contemporary literatures (other than Italian), we shall go on to deal with the problems that arise during the translation of non-standard lexis.<p>Assuming that lexis is something that cannot be isolated from the rest of the text, and that other aspects, such as morphosyntax, must be always taken into account, we will study some examples from the translation into Spanish (by Xavier González Rovira) of Melania G. Mazzucco’s novel <i>Un giorno perfetto</i>, where the variety of the protagonists’ voices is clearly apparent. In order to maintain this polyphony, it will be necessary (apart from translating the mere meaning of a word or expression) to find equivalents for a specific register, as well as a style and some particular connotations that reflect the different ways of speaking found in Mazzucco’s work.<p>

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Ammanagi, Avinash Irappa, Shivasharana C.T., Krishnaveni R., Abhijeeth Shivappa Badiger, Vijaya Kumar Ramaraj, Srinath B. S., and Yalpi Karthik. "A biotechnological approach to optimization and production of melanin by Brevibacillus invocatus strain IBA, under submerged fermentation." Biomedicine 42, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i2.1315.

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Introduction and Aim: Melanin is a macromolecule with many biological activities, found across the animal, plant and microbes. This study focuses on parametric optimization of melanin production using a microbial. Materials and Methods: The soil samples were diluted to tenfold and spread plate technique was employed. The isolated cultures were subjected for melanin production the potential strain was selected and employed for mass production using nitrate broth supplement with L- tyrosine. The culture identification is by biochemical, microscopic and molecular sequencing and data retrieved through NCBI. Different physical parameters are used for the optimum growth of isolated culture. Results: The potential microbial culture was identified through 16s rRNA was Brevibacillus invocatus strain IBA with accession number 696201.1. This is an effective culture produced tyrosinase activity was 3282 U mg-1 and 0.554 g l-1 cell mass. The incubation duration highest melanin production was 48 hours, with 0.328 g l-1. Melanin production was better with 0.352 g l-1 at 120rpm agitation. In pH 6.5 remained establish to be optimum with 0.47 g l-1. Optimum temperature at 35°C high yield with 0.487 g l-1. Sucrose remained establish to be best carbon source with 0.512 g l-1 of melanin; while Tryptone as nitrogen sources produced the maximum melanin 0.548 g l-1. Thin layer chromatography was one of the useful methods to detect melanin from crude to pure melanin had an Rf value of 0.62. Conclusion: Chemical synthesis of melanin is expensive and involves multiple steps, animal or plant sources are cumbersome process. There are limitation and challenges to use the animal origin melanin for therapeutics and for food process. This investigation provides knowledge on factors affecting the melanin production using a bacterial culture in submerged fermentation technique.

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Kiberstis, P. A. "The dark side of melanin exposed." Science 347, no. 6224 (February 19, 2015): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.347.6224.836-g.

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Noman, Abeer Essam, Naif S. Al-Barha, and Fusheng Chen. "Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Melanin Produced by Gluconobacter oxydans FBFS 97." Fermentation 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2022): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110574.

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The present study aimed to characterize melanin pigment extracted from Gluconobacter oxydans FBFS 97. After 14 days of culture at 28 °C in GY (glucose and yeast extract) liquid-state medium, G. oxydans FBFS97 produce the maximum melanin, up to about 12–15 mg/L. The physicochemical characteristics of the extracted melanin showed an ability to dissolve in 1 mol/L NaOH or 1 mol/L KOH, and insolubility in water and most organic solvents, such as chloroform and petroleum ether. The extracted melanin was confirmed to be exact melanin by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The UV-visible spectrum of G. oxydans FBFS97 exhibited a maximum absorption peak at 230 nm. Extracted melanin demonstrated significant free radical-scavenging activity by DPPH and ABTS methods. The IC50 value of the extracted melanin for scavenging 50% DPPH radicals was 36.94 μg/mL, and the IC50 value of antioxidant activity for ABTS was 4.06 μg/mL. Hence, G. oxydans FBFS97 has the potential to be a new candidate for melanin production.

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Riyanto, Anwar, Taufiqurrachman Nasihun, and Titiek Sumarawati. "The Difference between the Effect of Green Tea Cream and Tocopherol on Decreasing Level of Tyrosinase Enzyme and Amount of Melanin in Rattus norvegicus Exposed to UVB Rays." Sains Medika 11, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sainsmed.v11i1.4347.

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Introduction: Green tea and tocopherol are potent antioxidants used to treat melasma. However, whether green tea or tocopherol is superior remains unclear. Objective: To compare the effectiveness between green tea and tocopherol in decreasing the amount of melanin and tyrosinase level in wistar rats exposed to UVB rays.Methods: The experimental study took 30 male Wistar rats randomly and divided them into 3 groups. The control group (C-G) was given basic topical cream, GT-G was given green tea topical cream and TC-G was given tocopherol topical cream. All rats were exposed to UVB every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for 4 weeks, whereas topical creams were smeared every day. Topical creams smearing on the same day with UVB exposure was performed 20 minutes before exposure and 4 hours after UVB exposure. The doses of UVB were 50 mJ/cm2 in first week, 70mJ/cm2 in the second week and 80mJ/cm2 in the third and fourth weeks. The amount of melanin was measured using pixel method and the tyrosinase level was measured using ELISA.Results: Anova analysis indicates that the amount of melanin and tyrosinase level are significantly different between groups, p<0.05. Post Hoc LSD analysis indicates that the amount of melanin in GT-G and TC-G are significantly lower than that of C-G, p<0.05. The amount of melanin in GT-G is lower than that of TC-G, p<0.05. The tyrosinase level in GT-G is significantly lower than that of C-G and TC-G, p<0.05. Meanwhile, the tyrosinase level in TC-G is lower than that of C-G but insignificantly, p>0.05.� Conclusion: Green tea topical treatment is significantly capable of decreasing the amount of melanin and tyrosinase level better than tocopherol.

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Zhang, Fengpei, Fanzheng Xue, Hui Xu, Yuan Yuan, Xiaoping Wu, Junli Zhang, and Junsheng Fu. "Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Extraction of Inonotus hispidus Fruiting Body Melanin." Foods 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10122893.

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Melanin has good nutritional and medicinal value; however, its extraction rate is extremely low. This study explored the edible and medicinal fungus Inonotus hispidus fruiting body melanin (IHFM) extraction process and solid-state fermentation conditions. The results showed that the best way to extract IHFM is the compound enzymatic method, with complex enzyme 26.63 mg/g, liquid material ratio 5:1, enzymatic hydrolysis 80 min, pH 4.61, and enzymolysis temperature at 36.07 °C. The yield of IHFM was 23.73 ± 0.57%, which was equivalent to 1.27 times before optimization. The best solid medium formula was normal pH, rice 20 g per cultivation bottle, maltose 22 g/L, beef extract 4.4 g/L, carbon-nitrogen ratio 5:1, and liquid-to-material ratio 1.1:1, where the IHFM yield was 31.80 ± 1.34%, which was equivalent to 1.7 times that before optimization. In summary, solid-state fermentation and extraction optimization greatly improved the yield of melanin, provided a reference to produce melanin, and laid a foundation for the development and utilization of melanin.

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Liu, Yinghui, Xiaowen Huang, Hongfang Liu, Liyan Xi, and Chester R. Cooper. "Increased virulence of albino mutant of Fonsecaea monophora in Galleria mellonella." Medical Mycology 57, no. 8 (February 13, 2019): 1018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz007.

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Abstract Fonsecaea monophora has been the predominant pathogen of chromoblastomycosis in Southern China, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. New models are needed to study this infection. In the current study, we examined the role of melanin on the pathogenicity of F. monophora in Galleria mellonella model using melanin and albino strain. Interestingly, the albino mutant strain displayed higher pathogenicity compared to the melanin stain and restoration of melanin of albino mutant could reverse the pathogenicity. Histopathology showed that inflammatory nodules were bigger than that infected with albino cells, which suggested that melanized cells could trigger a robust cellular immune response of G. mellonella than albino cells. The activated immune response in G. mellonella induced by melanized cells might explain the decreased virulence of melanized cells in larvae model. While further study was needed to gain full insights into the molecular immunological mechanism in G. mellonella activated by melanin.

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Madhusudhan, D. N., Bi Bi Zainab Mazhari, Syed G. Dastager, and Dayanand Agsar. "Production and Cytotoxicity of Extracellular Insoluble and Droplets of Soluble Melanin byStreptomyces lusitanusDMZ-3." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/306895.

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AStreptomyces lusitanusDMZ-3 strain with potential to synthesize both insoluble and soluble melanins was detected. Melanins are quite distinguished based on their solubility for varied biotechnological applications. The present investigation reveals the enhanced production of insoluble and soluble melanins in tyrosine medium by a single culture.Streptomyces lusitanusDMZ-3 was characterized by 16S rRNA gene analysis. An enhanced production of 5.29 g/L insoluble melanin was achieved in a submerged bioprocess following response surface methodology. Combined interactive effect of temperature (50°C), pH (8.5), tyrosine (2.0 g/L), and beef extract (0.5 g/L) were found to be critical variables for enhanced production in central composite design analysis. An optimized indigenous slant culture system was an innovative approach for the successful production (264 mg/L) of pure soluble melanin from the droplets formed on the surface of the culture. Both insoluble and soluble melanins were confirmed and characterized by Chemical, reactions, UV, FTIR, and TLC analysis. First time, cytotoxic study of melanin using brine shrimps was reported. Maximum cytotoxic activity of soluble melanin was Lc50-0.40 µg/mL and insoluble melanin was Lc50-0.80 µg/mL.

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Francke, Felix, Richard J. Ward, Laura Jenkins, Elaine Kellett, Dietmar Richter, Graeme Milligan, and Dietmar Bächner. "Interaction of Neurochondrin with the Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Interferes with G Protein-coupled Signal Transduction but Not Agonist-mediated Internalization." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 43 (August 31, 2006): 32496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m602889200.

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Screening of a human brain cDNA library using the C-terminal tail of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) as bait in a yeast two-hybrid assay resulted in the identification of the neurite-outgrowth related factor, neurochondrin. This interaction was verified in overlay, pulldown, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Deletion mapping confined the binding to the C terminus of neurochondrin and to the proximal C terminus of MCHR1, a region known to be involved in G protein binding and signal transduction. This region of the MCHR1 is also able to interact with the actin- and intermediate filament-binding protein, periplakin. Interactions of MCHR1 with neurochondrin and periplakin were competitive, indicating that these two proteins bind to overlapping regions of MCHR1. Although neurochondrin did not interfere with melanin-concentrating hormone-mediated internalization of the receptor, it did inhibit G protein-coupled signal transduction via both Gαi/o and Gαq/11 family G proteins as measured by each of melanin-concentrating hormone-induced G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel activity of voltage-clamped amphibian oocytes, by calcium mobilization in transfected mammalian cells, and by reduction in the capacity of melanin-concentrating hormone to promote binding of [35S]guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate to both Gαo1 and Gα11. Immunohistochemistry revealed co-expression of neurochondrin and MCHR1 within the rodent brain, suggesting that neurochondrin may be involved in the regulation of MCHR1 signaling and play a role in modulating melanin-concentrating hormone-mediated functions in vivo.

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Latgé, J. P., H. Bouziane, and M. Diaquin. "Ultrastructure and composition of the conidial wall of Cladosporium cladosporioides." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-232.

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Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the conidial wall of Cladosporium cladosporioides was constituted of an electron-lucent inner layer and an electron-dense outer layer. The conidial surface is covered by rodlet fascicles which can be removed by ultrasonication. Ultrastructurally, the 100 000 × g ultracentrifugation pellet of the ultrasonicated extract containing the rodlet layer appeared as an amorphous structure containing probably internal wall material anchoring the rodlet fascicles on the wall. The total conidial wall was essentially composed of β(1 → 3)glucans and melanin. Lipid, salt, and galactan represented the main components of the 100 000 × g ultracentrifugation pellet of the ultrasonicated extract. Cladosporium cladosporioides produced melanin via the pentaketide pathway. Tricyclazole inhibited melanin synthesis but did not interfere with allergen production. This suggests that the wall components associated with melanin are not allergenic factors.

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Roberto da Silva Pereira do Valle, Paulo, Bernardo De Almeida Halfeld Vieira, Kátia De Lima Nechet, and Moisés Mourão Júnior. "AVALIAÇÃO DE INSETICIDAS NO CONTROLE DE PRAGAS DA MELANCIA E SEU IMPACTO NA INCIDÊNCIA DE VIROSES." Revista Acadêmica: Ciência Animal 4, no. 1 (January 15, 2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v4i1.9261.

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A incidência de insetos-praga e doenças na cultura da melancia podem ser consideradas como um dos fatores que contribui para a baixa produtividade da cultura no estado de Roraima (15 t/ha). Com o objetivo de contribuir para a melhoria do manejo fitossanitário desta cultura, foi realizado um experimento para avaliar o efeito dos princípios ativos thiamethoxam (25 g/ha), imidacloprid (210 g/ha), acetamiprid (50 g/ha), dimethoate (60 g/ 100 l de H2O) e chlorfenapyr (24 g/ 100 l de H2O) no controle de insetos sugadores (pulgões - Aphis gossypii e Myzus persicae) e raspadores-sugadores (tripes – Thrips spp.) e na incidência de potyvirus transmitidos por pulgões. Os princípios ativos que mostraram os melhores resultados foram thiamethoxam e imidacloprid, mantendo as plantas de melancia sem pulgões ou com a presença esporádica de fêmeas ápteras em folhas isoladas. Os potyvirus ZYMV e PRSV–W, transmitidos pelo pulgão A. gossypii, foram identificados em todas as parcelas experimentais, evidenciando que o controle do inseto vetor não resultou no controle das viroses nas plantas de melancia.

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Williams, Robert F. "5310539 Melanin-based agents for image enhancement." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13, no. 1 (January 1995): XXVII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(95)90107-g.

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Chen, Shiguo, Changhu Xue, Jingfeng Wang, Hui Feng, Yuming Wang, Qin Ma, and Dongfeng Wang. "Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by SquidOmmastrephes bartramiMelanin." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/901563.

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The adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by squid melanin was investigated. At a metal ion concentration of 2 mM/L, the biosorption efficiency of melanin reached 95% for Cd(II) and Pb(II). The maximum content of bound Cd(II) and Pb(II) was 0.93 mM/g and 0.65 mM/g, respectively. Temperature had no obvious effect on the adsorption of the metals, and in a pH range of 4.0–7.0, the adsorption yield was high and stable. Macrosalts such as NaCl,MgCl2, andCaCl2had no obvious effect on the binding of Pb(II) but greatly diminished the adsorption of Cd(II), which indicated that different functional groups in squid melanin are responsible for their adsorption. IR analysis of metal ion-enriched squid melanin demonstrated that the possible functional groups responsible for metal binding were phenolic hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COOH), and amine groups (NH). This study reports a new material for the removal of heavy metals from low-strength wastewater.

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Zadlo, Andrzej, Krystian Mokrzyński, Shosuke Ito, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, and Tadeusz Sarna. "The influence of iron on selected properties of synthetic pheomelanin." Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 78, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12013-020-00918-1.

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Abstract It is believed that while eumelanin plays photoprotective and antioxidant role in pigmented tissues, pheomelanin being more photoreactive could behave as a phototoxic agent. Although the metal ion-sequestering ability of melanin might be protective, transition metal ions present in natural melanins could affect their physicochemical properties. The aim of this research was to study iron binding by pheomelanin and analyze how such a binding affects selected properties of the melanin. Synthetic pheomelanin (CDM), prepared by enzymatic oxidation of DOPA in the presence of cysteine was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, chemical analysis, and time-resolved measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence. Iron broadened EPR signal of melanin and increased its optical absorption. Iron bound to melanin exhibited EPR signal at g = 4.3, typical for high-spin iron (III). Iron bound to melanin significantly altered the kinetics of melanin photodegradation, which in turn modified the accessibility and stability of the melanin–iron complexes as indicated by the release of iron from melanin induced by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and KCN. Although bound to melanin iron little affects initial stages of photodegradation of CDM, the effect of iron becomes more pronounced at later stages of melanin photolysis.

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Milligan, G., H. Murdoch, E. Kellett, J. H. White, and G. J. Feng. "Interactions between G-protein-coupled receptors and periplakin: a selective means to regulate G-protein activation." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 5 (October 26, 2004): 878–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320878.

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A substantial number of G-protein-coupled receptor-interacting proteins have been identified initially by the use of yeast two-hybrid screens. Using the C-terminal tail of both opioid receptors and the melanin concentrating hormone receptor-1 as bait, the actin and intermediate filament-binding protein periplakin was isolated. In each case, the site of interaction is within helix VIII of the receptor and periplakin limits agonist-mediated G-protein activation potentially by competing with G-protein for this region of the receptor.

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Chowjarean, Verisa, Preeyaporn Plaimee Phiboonchaiyanan, and Saraporn Harikarnpakdee. "Skin Brightening Efficacy of Grammatophyllum speciosum: A Prospective, Split-Face, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 16829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416829.

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Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine throughout Asia. The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical skin-whitening effect and in vitro evaluation of the underlying mechanism of G. speciosum pseudobulb ethanolic extract (GSE). The study examined the inhibitory effects of GSE on B16F10 tyrosinase activity, melanin content, and mushroom tyrosinase. The GSE was developed into a hydrogel formulation and evaluated for its stability. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of hydrogel containing GSE was conducted on healthy volunteers to examine the skin irritation and skin-whitening effect using Maxameter® MX 18 and Visioface® RD. GSE significantly inhibited the formation of melanin in B16F10 cells without affecting the tyrosinase enzyme and mushroom tyrosinase. After 6 months, the hydrogel containing a 0.5% (w/w) GSE formulation showed good physicochemical stability. There was no skin irritation caused by GSE hydrogel in participants. GSE hydrogel significantly increased melanin reduction activity by 8.285% after 56 days of treatment, whereas the hydrogel base was −0.949%. The results revealed that G. speciosum decreased melanogenesis in B16F10 cells and increased melanin-reduction activity in our clinical study. Hence, G. speciosum could be used in skincare products as a form of dermatological-whitening agent.

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Almeida, Edmilson Igor Bernardo, Márcio Cleber de Medeiros Corrêa, Gabriel Nuto Nóbrega, Everton Alves Rodrigues Pinheiro, and Fabrício Ferreira Lima. "Crescimento e marcha de absorção de macronutrientes para a cultivar de melancia Crimson Sweet." REVISTA AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE 6, no. 3 (December 30, 2012): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v6i3.778.

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Para a sustentabilidade na produção da melancia é importante atender-se às suas exigências nutricionais, especialmente na época em que ocorre maior demanda por nutrientes. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e marcha de absorção de macronutrientes pela cultivar de melancia Crimson Sweet. O experimento foi desenvolvido no perímetro irrigado do Baixo Acaraú, situado na região norte do estado do Ceará. As épocas de amostragem iniciaram-se no décimo quarto dia após a emergência (DAE), e foram realizadas em intervalos regulares de 10 dias, sendo assim representados: 24, 34, 44, 54 e 64 DAE. Constatou-se que o período de maior acúmulo de massa seca ocorre entre os 44 e 64 DAE, sendo que aos 64 DAE, a massa seca total da planta está estimada em 1.131,72 g; a ordem decrescente dos macronutrientes acumulados pela cultivar de melancia Crimson Sweet foi: K>Ca>N>Mg>S>P; aos 64 DAE, a parte aérea exportou: 66,64 g kg-1 de K; 46,04 g kg-1 de Ca; 31,71 g kg-1 de N; 11,57 g kg-1 de Mg; 11,86 g kg-1 de S; e 6,20 g kg-1 de P; o período compreendido entre 44 e 64 DAE está identificado como sendo o de maior requerimento de macronutrientes pela planta.

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Burmasova, Marina A., Aidana A. Utebaeva, Elena V. Sysoeva, and Maria A. Sysoeva. "Melanins of Inonotus Obliquus: Bifidogenic and Antioxidant Properties." Biomolecules 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060248.

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Extracts and melanins from Inonotus obliquus are widely used in medicine due to their high antioxidant properties. This study is dedicated to define the influence of the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Inonotus obliquus melanins and their bifidogenic effects on Bifidobacterium bifidum 1 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. For this purpose, melanins precipitated from Inonotus obliquus aqueous extracts, obtained by a few methods, and separated melanin fractions by organic solvents were used. For the melanin physicochemical properties analysis spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering methods were applied. Melanins and their fractions difference in particle size and charge, antioxidant properties, and redox potential were revealed. It was shown that the redox potential, the size of melanin particles and the z-potential had maximum influence on bifidobacteria growth. The greatest activating effect on bifidobacteria was established by using melanin isolated from aqueous microwave extracts in concentrations of 10−13, 10−10, 10−5 g/cm3. The use of this melanin with antioxidant activity 0.67 ± 0.06 mg/g (expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent), and with redox potential −5.51 ± 2.22 mV as a prebiotic allowed the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum 1 s to increase by 1.4 times in comparison with ascorbic acid by 24 h of cultivation.

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Ushakova, Nina, Alexander Dontsov, Natalia Sakina, Alexander Bastrakov, and Mikhail Ostrovsky. "Antioxidative Properties of Melanins and Ommochromes from Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (August 23, 2019): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090408.

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A comparative study of melanin and ommochrome-containing samples, isolated from the black soldier fly (BSF) by enzymatic hydrolysis, alkaline and acid alcohol extraction or by acid hydrolysis, was carried out. Melanin was isolated both as a melanin-chitin complex and as a water-soluble melanin. Acid hydrolysis followed by delipidization yielded a more concentrated melanin sample, the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of which was 2.6 × 1018 spin/g. The ommochromes were extracted from the BSF eyes with acid methanol. The antiradical activity of BSF melanins and ommochromes was determined by the method of quenching of luminol chemiluminescence. It has been shown that delipidization of water-soluble melanin increases its antioxidant properties. A comparison of the antioxidant activity of BSF melanins and ommochromes in relation to photoinduced lipid peroxidation was carried out. The ESR characteristics of native and oxidized melanins and ommochromes were studied. It is assumed that H. illucens adult flies can be a useful source of natural pigments with antioxidant properties.

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Shkolnikova, M. N., and E. A. Kadritskaya. "Rationale for the use of buckwheat husk for the production of functional food colors." Processes and Food Production Equipment 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17586/2310-1164-2020-10-4-22-28.

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The aim of the work was to substantiate the use of buckwheat husk for obtaining a functional food colorant melanin. The objects of the study were samples of buckwheat husk Fagopýrum esculéntum and isolated water-soluble melanin. The isolation of melanin was carried out by extraction of buckwheat husk with 4% NaOH at a hydraulic modulus of 1:20. The sorption capacity of the melanin extract was determined by its interaction with copper salt solutions in an alkaline medium. It has been established that a distinctive feature of buckwheat hulls is its low ash content, a rather high fiber content – 24.7–26.5%, and a sufficient content of pectin substances – 7.2–7.7% and melanin – 15.7–16.2%. The husk can be used for further processing in order to obtain the food coloring melanin. The experiment proved the ability of a melanin sample to bind copper ions: one gram of a 0.5% solution of buckwheat husk melanin extract bounded 966.6 mg/ml copper, and the antioxidant activity of one gram of melanin extract corresponds to the antioxidant activity of 0.056 g of rutin. Thus, water-soluble samples of melanin isolated from buckwheat hulls can be used as food coloring agents, as well as antioxidants and biosorbents, which makes it possible to recommend them as functional food ingredients in food.

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Hellinen, Laura, Sina Bahrpeyma, Anna-Kaisa Rimpelä, Marja Hagström, Mika Reinisalo, and Arto Urtti. "Microscale Thermophoresis as a Screening Tool to Predict Melanin Binding of Drugs." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060554.

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Interactions between drugs and melanin pigment may have major impacts on pharmacokinetics. Therefore, melanin binding can modify the efficacy and toxicity of medications in ophthalmic and other disease of pigmented tissues, such as melanoma. As melanin is present in many pigmented tissues in the human body, investigation of pigment binding is relevant in drug discovery and development. Conventionally, melanin binding assays have been performed using an equilibrium binding study followed by chemical analytics, such as LC/MS. This approach is laborious, relatively slow, and limited to facilities with high performance quantitation instrumentation. We present here a screening of melanin binding with label-free microscale thermophoresis (MST) that utilizes the natural autofluorescence of melanin. We determined equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 11 model compounds with melanin nanoparticles. MST categorized the compounds into extreme (chloroquine, penicillin G), high (papaverine, levofloxacin, terazosin), intermediate (timolol, nadolol, quinidine, propranolol), and low melanin binders (atropine, methotrexate, diclofenac) and displayed good correlation with binding parameter values obtained with the conventional binding study and LC/MS analytics. Further, correlation was seen between predicted melanin binding in human retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE-choroid) and Kd values obtained with MST. This method represents a useful and fast approach for classification of compounds regarding melanin binding. Thus, the method can be utilized in various fields, including drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.

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Ohse, Silvana, Bráulio Luciano Alves Rezende, Danilo Lisik, and Rosana Fernandes Otto. "Germinação e vigor de sementes de melancia tratadas com zinco." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 34, no. 2 (June 2012): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222012000200014.

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O experimento foi conduzido com objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de zinco sobre a germinação e o vigor de sementes de melancia. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de sete doses de zinco (0; 0,19; 0,38; 0,76; 0,95; 1,14 e 1,52 g de Zn kg-1 de sementes), utilizando como fonte o ZnSO4.7H2O. Os efeitos da aplicação de Zn sobre as sementes e plântulas foram avaliados pelo teste de germinação (porcentagem de plântulas normais e anormais + sementes mortas), com quatro repetições, e por teste de vigor (comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas), com cinco repetições, sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O tratamento de sementes de melancia, cv. Crimson Sweet com Zn, aumentou a germinação até a dose de máxima eficiência técnica, a qual foi de 0,95 g de Zn kg-1 de sementes. O tratamento de sementes de melancia com diferentes doses de Zn reduziu o vigor das sementes, quando avaliado pelo teste de comprimento e massa fresca e seca de plântulas.

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Menezes Filho, Antonio Carlos Pereira de, Wendel Cruvinel de Sousa, and Carlos Frederico de Souza Castro. "Características de embalagens biodegradáveis a partir do resíduo de melancia e incorporadas com amido do tubérculo de Sinningia elatior." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): e932986547. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6547.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características de duas embalagens biodegradaveis a partir do resíduo de melancia e incorporado com amido de Sinningia elatior. O resíduo de melancia foi coletado em fazendas produtoras de melancia. O tubérculo de Sinningia elatior foi coletado no município de Rio Verde, Goiás Brasil. As embalagens biodegradáveis, foram avaliados quanto a espessura (mm), umidade (Tu%), cinzas (Tcz%), opacidade, solubilidade em água (%), taxa de inchamento (%), pH, biodegradabilidade, atividade antioxidante para DPPH (%) e FRAP µMol g Fe+2, fenólicos totais expressos em mg EAG 100 g-1 MS, vapor de água em g mm h-1 m-2 kPa, cor, microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e análise em 3D. Foram obtidos os seguintes resultados para espessura 0,146 e 0,169 mm, umidade de 7,94 e 9,84%, cinzas 0,04 e 0,82%, opacidade de 3,089 e 1,147, solubilidade em água de 91,83 e 79,47%, taxa de inchamento de 111,86 e 209,15%, pH de 6,25 e 7,14, biodegradabilidade de 10 e 14 dias, redução do DPPH 74,28 e 81,89%, FRAP 126,68 e 155,49 µMol g Fe+2, fenólicos totais de 3,61 e 15,20 mg EAG 100 g-1 MS, vapor de água de 0,280 e 0,526 PVA g mm h-1 m-2 kPa, bons efeitos de cor, homogeneidade nas analises microscópicas e em 3D para embalagem dupla camada e incorporada com amido de S. elatior. Ambas as embalagens biodegradáveis apresentaram neste estudo, importantes resultados no desenvolvimento de dois produtos a base de resíduos e amido nativo.

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Santos, Gil R. dos, Adalberto C. Café-Filho, Fernando F. Leão, Marcos César, and Luzia E. Fernandes. "Progresso do crestamento gomoso e perdas na cultura da melancia." Horticultura Brasileira 23, no. 2 (June 2005): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362005000200013.

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O progresso do crestamento gomoso e as perdas na cultura da melancia foram estudados em ensaios de campo com inoculação artificial de Didymella bryoniae. Para o estudo do progresso da doença foram utilizadas duas áreas indenes, cada uma com 24 x 32 m, e nenhuma medida de controle foi adotada. Para obtenção das curvas de progresso, quantificou-se a percentagem média de área foliar afetada em uma área de 768 m², aos 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 74, 80 e 87 dias após o plantio (DAP). Ficou demonstrado que a doença progride segundo o modelo exponencial, mesmo sob condições não muito favoráveis, na ausência de chuvas e com baixo nível de inóculo inicial. Os valores máximos de severidade foram observados aos 87 DAP (12,5-13,6% da área foliar doente). No ensaio de perdas, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cinco níveis de doença foram obtidos pela aplicação de doses decrescentes da mistura clorotalonil e tiofanato metílico (g/100 L de água): (a) 0,0 g i.a. (testemunha); (b) clorotalonil 25 g + tiofanato metílico 10 g; (c) clorotalonil 75 g + tiofanato metílico; 30 g; (d) clorotalonil 125 g + tiofanato metílico 50 g; (e) clorotalonil 250 g + tiofanato metílico 100 g. A doença foi avaliada uma única vez, aos 78 DAP por meio de uma escala de notas de 0 a 9, baseada na porcentagem de área foliar doente. A severidade máxima foi observada aos 78 DAP na testemunha (26,5% de área foliar doente). Houve alta (r=-0,96) correlação negativa entre os níveis da doença nas folhas e a produção de frutos, com redução de até 19,2% na produtividade da melancia devido ao crestamento gomoso do caule. O controle químico foi eficiente a partir da dosagem de clorotalonil 125 g + tiofanato metílico 50 g.

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Santos, Gil R., Adalberto C. Café-Filho, and Luciano M. F. Saboya. "Controle químico do crestamento gomoso do caule em melancia." Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, no. 2 (April 2005): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000200009.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de fungicidas e da adubação de cobertura na severidade do crestamento gomoso do caule, em melancia (Citrullus lanatus). Foram conduzidos dois ensaios fatoriais em campo, no Projeto Formoso, Tocantins, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, e parcelas experimentais de 30 x 10 m. Para o ensaio I, os tratamentos (fator a) constaram dos seguintes ingredientes ativos de fungicidas/100 l de água ou ha: (1) mancozeb (MANC)-160,2 ml, (2) tiofanato metílico (TM)-49 g, (3) carbendazim-500 ml, (4) tebuconazole-20 g, (5) difenoconazole (DIFE)-75 ml, (6) tiofanato metílico-40 g + clorotalonil-100 g, (7) oxicloreto de cobre-168 g, (8) trifloxistrobina-87,5 g + propiconazole-87,5 g, (9) mancozeb-80 ml + difenoconazole-37,2 ml e (10) testemunha. No fator b, estudou-se a adubação de cobertura (N-K) nos níveis de 30-20 e 90-60 kg/ha. A severidade da doença nas folhas foi avaliada com uma escala de notas de 0 a 9. Para o ensaio II, repetiram-se os tratamentos do fator a, enquanto o fator b (níveis de adubação), foram: 60-40 e 120-80 kg/ha de N-K. Nos dois ensaios as menores Áreas Abaixo da Curva de Progresso de Doença (AACPD) foram obtidas com MANC + DIFE, TM + clorothalonil, MANC, trifloxistrobina + propiconazole e oxicloreto de cobre. A adubação de cobertura não influenciou a severidade da doença. As produtividades mais altas foram obtidas com TM + clorotalonil, MANC + DIFE e MANC que diferiram estatisticamente do DIFE, testemunha e trifloxistrobina + propiconazole.

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Hasse, Sybille, Marie-Christine Müller, Karin Uta Schallreuter, and Thomas von Woedtke. "Stimulation of melanin synthesis in melanoma cells by cold plasma." Biological Chemistry 400, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2018-0223.

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Abstract Skin color is derived from epidermal melanocytes that contain specialized organelles in which melanin is formed. The formation of melanin is a well-orchestrated process, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in numerous enzymatic conversions, such as the reactions catalyzed by tyrosinase and tyrosine hydroxylase. Currently, there is ample evidence that cold plasma exerts biological effects on cells through the impact of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Modulation of melanin biosynthesis by cold plasma has not yet been investigated. This study investigated melanin biosynthesis of human melanoma cell lines with different endogenous melanin contents (SK-Mel 28, G-361, FM-55-P and MNT-1) in response to cold plasma-derived reactive species. Initially, the distribution of melanosomes, via immunofluorescence, and the influence of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF), as a key transcription factor, was investigated. In our experimental setup, all of the tested cell lines had an elevated melanin content after exposure to cold plasma. These promising results suggest a novel potential application of cold plasma for the regulation of melanogenesis and may be a useful tool for influencing skin color in the future.

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Maciel, Cleber D. G., Jamil Constantin, and Rumy Goto. "Seletividade e eficiência agronômica de herbicidas no controle de capim-colchão na cultura da melancia." Horticultura Brasileira 20, no. 3 (September 2002): 474–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362002000300015.

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Foi avaliada a seletividade e a eficiência agronômica dos herbicidas clethodim e sethoxydim, no controle de Digitaria horizontalis (capim-colchão) na cultura da melancia (cv. Crimson Sweet). O experimento foi conduzido em campo, no município de Floresta, PR, em 1995/96, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram clethodim nas doses de 84; 96 e 108 g i.a./ha adicionado de 1,0 L/ha de óleo mineral (Dytrol), sethoxydim na dose de 230 g i.a./ha adicionado de 1,0 L/ha de óleo mineral (Assist) e testemunhas com e sem capina. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em pós-emergência, quando a melancia apresentava ramas com 1,4 m e a D. horizontalis em estádio de três folhas a três perfilhos e densidade de 240 plantas/m². Para a aplicação dos herbicidas utilizou-se pulverizador costal de pressão mantida por injeção de CO2, equipado com pontas de jato plano XR110.02 e volume de calda de 200 L/ha. As avaliações de seletividade (Escala E.W.R.C.) e controle das plantas daninhas (0 - 100%) foram efetuadas aos 7; 15 e 30 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos. Os resultados indicaram que o herbicida clethodim, a partir de 96 g i.a./ha, controlou eficientemente a D. horizontalis, sendo estatisticamente superior ao herbicida sethoxydim e à testemunha sem capina. Nenhum dos tratamentos químicos causou fitotoxicidade que afetasse o desenvolvimento e a produção da melancia. A D. horizontalis interferiu no desenvolvimento da cultura, causando redução média de 36,0% da produção da melancia.

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Deng, Weidong, Yuwen Tan, Xinyu Wang, Dongmei Xi, Yiduo He, Shuli Yang, Huaming Mao, and Shizheng Gao. "Molecular cloning, sequence characteristics, and polymorphism analyses of the tyrosinase-related protein 2 / DOPAchrome tautomerase gene of black-boned sheep (Ovis aries)." Genome 52, no. 12 (December 2009): 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-078.

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Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of eumelanin. Black-boned sheep have excessive melanin and eumelanin, resulting in dark (black) muscles and organs. This study was designed to investigate the effects of variants of the TYRP2 gene on black traits and coat colour of black-boned sheep. Melanin traits were measured in three populations of sheep (Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal, and Romney Marsh) and compared in this study. From the TYRP2 cDNA, all 8 exons and their flanking regions were amplified and characterized. Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the exons and their flanking regions. Five exonic polymorphic sites, including two synonymous (c.93T>G and c.1140C>T) and three non-synonymous mutations (c.163C>T (p.R55W), c.605G>A (p.R202H), and c.1141A>G (p.T381A)), were retrieved. PCR-RFLP analysis of c.605G>A showed that the frequencies of allele G in the Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal, and Romney Marsh sheep were 0.632, 0.603, and 0.886, respectively. Sheep with the GG genotype had significantly (P < 0.05) lower tyrosinase activity, alkali-soluble melanin content, and ratio of eumelanin : total melanin than sheep with GA and AA genotypes when measured across all investigated samples but not when samples within each population of sheep were compared. However, there was no association of TYRP2 genotype at a single SNP position with coat colour across populations. Nonetheless, the two breeds with higher overall tyrosinase activity did produce darker and more varied coat colours than the breed with lower tyrosinase activity.

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Wang, Dongmei, Jianjun Zhang, Yunjing Bai, Xigeng Zheng, Mirmohammadali M. Alizamini, Wen Shang, Qingxiong Yang, Ming Li, Yonghui Li, and Nan Sui. "Melanin-concentrating hormone in rat nucleus accumbens or lateral hypothalamus differentially impacts morphine and food seeking behaviors." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 4 (January 7, 2020): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119895521.

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Background: Identifying neural substrates that are differentially affected by drugs of abuse and natural rewards is key to finding a target for an efficacious treatment for substance abuse. Melanin-concentrating hormone is a polypeptide with an inhibitory effect on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Here we test the hypothesis that melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens shell is differentially involved in the regulation of morphine and food-rewarded behaviors. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained with morphine (5.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or food pellets (standard chow, 10–14 g) to induce a conditioned place preference, immediately followed by extinction training. Melanin-concentrating hormone (1.0 µg/side) or saline was infused into the nucleus accumbens shell or lateral hypothalamus before the reinstatement primed by morphine or food, and locomotor activity was simultaneously monitored. As the comparison, melanin-concentrating hormone was also microinjected into the nucleus accumbens shell or lateral hypothalamus before the expression of food or morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Results: Microinfusion of melanin-concentrating hormone into the nucleus accumbens shell (but not into the lateral hypothalamus) prevented the reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference but had no effect on the reinstatement of food conditioned place preference. In contrast, microinfusion of melanin-concentrating hormone into the lateral hypothalamus (but not in the nucleus accumbens shell) inhibited the reinstatement of food conditioned place preference but had no effect on the reinstatement of morphine conditioned place preference. Conclusions: These results suggest a clear double dissociation of melanin-concentrating hormone in morphine/food rewarding behaviors and melanin-concentrating hormone in the nucleus accumbens shell. Melanin-concentrating hormone could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention for morphine abuse without affecting natural rewards.

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BAUMANN, R., R. HÜTTER, and D. A. HOPWOOD. "Genetic Analysis in a Melanin-producing Streptomycete, Streptomyces glaucescens." Microbiology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-81-2-463.

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Summary: Using crossing and analysis procedures similar to those applied to Streptomyces coelicolor a3(2), several auxotrophic and streptomycin-resistant markers were located on a circular linkage map of the melanin-producing Streptomyces glaucescens, strain eth22794. The linkage map of S. glaucescens is similar to that of S. coelicolor ≪g≫a≪/g≫3(2), in the sequence of markers and in the presence of two long silent regions.

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Ozdeslik, Rana N., Lauren E. Olinski, Melissa M. Trieu, Daniel D. Oprian, and Elena Oancea. "Human nonvisual opsin 3 regulates pigmentation of epidermal melanocytes through functional interaction with melanocortin 1 receptor." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (May 16, 2019): 11508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902825116.

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Opsins form a family of light-activated, retinal-dependent, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that serve a multitude of visual and nonvisual functions. Opsin 3 (OPN3 or encephalopsin), initially identified in the brain, remains one of the few members of the mammalian opsin family with unknown function and ambiguous light absorption properties. We recently discovered that OPN3 is highly expressed in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs)—the skin cells that produce melanin. The melanin pigment is a critical defense against ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and its production is mediated by the Gαs-coupled melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). The physiological function and light sensitivity of OPN3 in melanocytes are yet to be determined. Here, we show that in HEMs, OPN3 acts as a negative regulator of melanin production by modulating the signaling of MC1R. OPN3 negatively regulates the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response evoked by MC1R via activation of the Gαi subunit of G proteins, thus decreasing cellular melanin levels. In addition to their functional relationship, OPN3 and MC1R colocalize at both the plasma membrane and in intracellular structures, and can form a physical complex. Remarkably, OPN3 can bind retinal, but does not mediate light-induced signaling in melanocytes. Our results identify a function for OPN3 in the regulation of the melanogenic pathway in epidermal melanocytes; we have revealed a light-independent function for the poorly characterized OPN3 and a pathway that greatly expands our understanding of melanocyte and skin physiology.

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De Mello Prado, Renato, Ancélio Ricardo De Oliveira Gondim, and Jonas Pereira de Souza Júnior. "RESPOSTA DA CULTURA DA MELANCIA À APLICAÇÃO DE CALCÁRIO Response of watermelon culture to the application of limestone." Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal 11 (November 15, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/academica.10.s02.ao09.

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A calagem promove neutralização da acidez do solo eaumenta a mineralização da matéria orgânica; consequentemente,há maior disponibilidade de nutrientes e produção de massa seca de plantas de melancia.Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de calcário como material corretivo na fertilidadedo solo, no estado nutricional e na produção de matéria seca de plantas de melancia. Os tratamentos foramconstituídos por cinco doses de calcário (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0 vezes a dose para elevar o V = 70%, além da testemunhasem aplicação).O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatrorepetições.As doses de calcário que foram aplicadas corresponderam a 0,44; 0,88; 1,32 e 1,76 g por vaso de2L, respectivamente, além da testemunha sem aplicação. A unidade experimental foi constituída por doisvasos contendo um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. A aplicação de calcário neutralizou a acidez do solo e incrementouos teores de Ca, Mg, N, K e P na parte aérea das plantas de melancia. A maior produção de matéria secada melancia esteve associada com saturação por bases de 57% e Ca= 19 mmolc dm-3 e teores de Ca e Mg daparte aérea iguais a 21,4 e 5,3 g kg-1, respectivamente.

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Zhou, Mi, Ping Su, Jian Hua Qi, Yong Hu, and Zeng Yu Yao. "Double-Catalyzed Base-Acid Synthesis of Chestnut Shell Pigment Resin Cross-Linked with Formaldehyde." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.663.

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An approach to synthesize melanin-formaldehyde resin has been developed. The pigment extracted from chestnut shells, a bio-waste from food industry, was employed as the melanin. The synthesis implemented by a double-catalyzed process, namely, base-catalysis and then acid catalysis. The process was optimized and its performance was evaluated on the basis of the cation exchange capacity of the obtained resin. The optimum reaction condition was found to be base-catalysis using NaOH at pH 11.2, 70 °C and the formaldehyde (37%, m/v) to melanin ratio of 2.33 mL/g for 4 hours and then acid-catalysis by HCl at pH 1.5 and 80 °C for 4 hours. The resin can be used as an effective and inexpensive sorbent for Cu (II) removal from aqueous solutions.

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Zdybel, Magdalena, and Barbara Pilawa. "Effect of UV irradiation on free radicals in synthetic melanin and melanin biopolymer from Sepia officinalis – EPR examination." Nukleonika 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0085.

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AbstractFree radicals in synthetic melanin and melanin fromSepia officinaliswere studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The effect of time of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on free radicals in these melanins was tested. The samples were exposed to UV during 15, 30, and 60 minutes. EPR spectra were measured with microwaves from an X-band (9.3 GHz) in the range of microwave power of 2.2–70 mW. The performed EPR examinations indicate that high concentrations (~1021–1022spin/g) ofo-semiquinone free radicals withgfactors of 2.0039–2.0045 exist in all the tested samples. For nonirradiated samples, free radical concentration was higher in natural melanin than in synthetic melanin. UV irradiation caused the increase of free radical concentrations in synthetic melanin samples and this effect depends on the time of irradiation. The largest free radical formation in the both melanins was obtained for 60 min of UV irradiation. Free radical concentrations after the UV irradiation of melanins during 30 min were lower than during irradiation by 15 min, and probably this effect was the result of recombination of the radiatively formed free radicals. EPR lines of the tested samples broadened with increasing microwave power, so these lines were homogeneously broadened. The two types of melanins differed in the time of spin-lattice relaxation processes. Slower spin-lattice relaxation processes exist in melanin fromSepia officinalisthan in synthetic melanin. UV irradiation did not change the time of spin-lattice relaxation processes in the tested melanins. The performed studies confirmed the usefulness of EPR spectroscopy in cosmetology and medicine.

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Ribeiro, Samia Rayara de Sousa, Jéssica Ferreira Lourenço Leal, Amanda Dos Santos Souza, Junior Borella, Gledson Soares Carvalho, Caio Victor Lopes Pereira, and Camila Ferreira Pinho. "Watermelon sensitivity to residual of pre-emergent herbicide applied in soybean crop." Revista Brasileira de Herbicidas 18, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.7824/rbh.v18i2.669.

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O efeito residual duradouro de alguns herbicidas depende das características do solo e das moléculas, entretanto, a bioatividade do herbicida pode causar danos nas culturas em rotação/sucessão. A maneira mais comum de identificar a presença de herbicidas no solo, é pela implementação de bioensaios que utilizam uma espécie potencialmente sensível às moléculas herbicidas como indicador deste resíduo no solo. O objetivo foi identificar a sensibilidade da melancia como bioindicadora à resíduos de herbicidas pré-emergentes utilizados na cultura da soja. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 3 L, em delineamento por blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 3x4+1, onde o fator A foram os herbicidas diclosulam, [imazapyr + imazapic] e metribuzin, e o fator B as doses dos produtos comerciais [1/8D, 1/4D, 1/2D e D (dose recomendada em bula)] e mais o tratamento controle. Foram semeadas quatro sementes de melancia por vaso, contendo solo argiloso, após a aplicação dos herbicidas. As variáveis analisadas 30 dias após a emergência das plantas foram comprimento de parte aérea (cm), comprimento (cm), volume de raiz (mL), massa seca da parte aérea (g) e massa seca de raiz (g). Verificou-se que a melancia não germinou nos tratamentos com subdoses dos herbicidas diclosulam e metribuzin, e o crescimento reduziu nas subdoses do herbicida [imazapyr + imazapic]. Os resíduos de herbicidas estudados exerceram controle das plantas bioindicadora. Melancia possui sensibilidade aos herbicidas diclosulam, metribuzin e à mistura comercial dos herbicidas [imazapyr + imazapic], possuindo potencial para indicar resíduo destes herbicidas em solo argiloso.

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Jacobsohn, Myra K., D. Michael Byler, and Gert M. Jacobsohn. "Isolation of estradiol-2,3-quinone and its intermediary role in melanin formation." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1073, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(91)90175-g.

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Paula, José A. de A., José F. de Medeiros, Neyton de O. Miranda, Francisco de A. de Oliveira, and Carlos J. G. de S. Lima. "Metodologia para determinação das necessidades nutricionais de melão e melancia." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 15, no. 9 (September 2011): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662011000900006.

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Realizou-se este trabalho visando definir a necessidade nutricional de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio de melão e melancia, em função da produtividade esperada, a partir de dados médios citados na literatura, e validá-los com dados obtidos em experimentos com melão e melancia, realizados no Agropolo Assu/Mossoró. O experimento com melão seguiu o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, no esquema fatorial 3 x 3 + 3, que constou da combinação de três doses de N (N1 = 42, N2 = 84 e N3 = 126 kg ha-1) e de K (K1 = 106, K2 = 212 e K3 = 322 kg ha-1), mais três tratamentos adicionais (N0K0, N0K2 e N2K0), sendo que N0 e K0 não receberam N nem K. O experimento com melancia seguiu o mesmo delineamento experimental, modificando as doses de N (N1 = 45, N2 = 91 e N3 = 136 kg ha-1) e de K (K1 = 78, K2 = 156 e K3 = 234 kg ha-1), havendo dois tratamentos adicionais (N0K2 e N2K0). O modelo que melhor se ajustou, tanto para a melancia como para o melão, seguiu a relação produtividade (kg planta-1) x nutrientes exportados (g planta-1). Os índices de concordância observados entre os valores estimados pelo modelo de absorção total de N e K e valores obtidos experimentalmente, são considerados aceitáveis, tanto para melancia como para melão.

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Ramos, Anamaria RP, Rita de Cássia S. Dias, and Carlos Alberto Aragão. "Densidades de plantio na produtividade e qualidade de frutos de melancia." Horticultura Brasileira 27, no. 4 (December 2009): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362009000400026.

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O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Semi-Árido em Petrolina-PE, de setembro a dezembro de 2007, para avaliar o desempenho agronômico e a qualidade dos frutos de melancia cultivadas sob diferentes densidades de plantio. Foram avaliados três espaçamentos combinados com seis cultivares de melancia, sendo duas diplóides de polpa amarela (BRS Soleil e BRS Kuarah), duas triplóides (Híbrido Triplóide CPATSA e Extasy Seedless) e duas cultivares comerciais, também diploídes e de fruto pequeno (Smile e Sugar Baby). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com esquema fatorial em três repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de três espaçamentos (2,0 x 0,3 m; 2,0 x 0,4 m e 2,0 x 0,5 m) e seis cultivares de melancia. Foram realizadas duas colheitas, para o Hibrido Triplóide CPATSA e Extasy Seedless, aos 68 DAP (dias após o plantio) e 82 DAP. O primeiro e o segundo "corte", respectivamente, para as outras cultivares aconteceram aos 63 DAP e 77 DAP. Avaliaram-se a massa fresca da parte aérea (g), massa média de frutos (g), produção comercial e refugo (g,; diâmetro do fruto (cm), comprimento do fruto (cm), espessura de casca (cm), teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT e firmeza da polpa. As análises de variância foram realizadas usando-se o teste F e as médias comparadas através do teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. De modo geral, os espaçamentos não afetaram a qualidade dos frutos, de modo que o aumento da densidade de plantas permitiu a obtenção de maior produtividade.

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Belemets, N., T. Falalyeyeva, T. Beregova, L. Ostapchenko, N. Kobyliak, O. Kuryk, and O. Sulaieva. "Morphogenesis of pancreas under the conditions of glutamate-induced obesity: mechanisms of correction effect of melanin." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 76, no. 2 (2018): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2018.76.56-61.

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The aim of work was to study the morphogenesis of pancreas in rats with glutamate-induced obesity and to evaluate the effects of melanin under these conditions. We included 45 newborn Wistarmale rats, divided into 3 groups of 15 animals each.1 group – newborns rats of intact group were administered with saline subcutaneously (s.c.) in the volume of 8 µl/g at 2–10th postnatal days. 2group – newborns rats of MSG-group received a solution of MSG (4,0 mg/g of body weight) s.c. at 2–10th postnatal days. 3 group – rats received aqueous solution of melanin in dose 1 mg/kg at volume 2,5 ml/kg per os (p.o.). Melanin was obtained from yeast-like fungi Nadsoniellanigra X1 strain from Ukrainian Antarctic station. Melanin administration was started at the age of 4 weeks just after wean and continued for 3 months intermittently alternating two- week course of introduction with two-week course of break. Within 4 months after birth, rats had a normal diet. Pancreas tissue was fixed in 10 % formalin, dehydrated and imbedded in paraffin wax. Paraffin sections of 5μm were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. As low-grade inflammation is one of the leading mechanisms of pancreas lesion in obesity, the proinflammatory activation of pancreas cells was analyzed by immunohistochemical assessment of CD68 cells, NF-kB and TNF-α expression. The injection of glutamate sodium causes the development of obesity with an increase in the amount of visceral fat, an increase in the number of proinflammatory macrophages in it and an increase in the expression of NF-kB and TNFα. In the pancreas, there is a hyperplasia of the insular apparatus, associated with macrophage infiltration and an increase in the expression of COX-2. The introduction of melanin prevented the morphogenesis of the pancreas in animals from glutamate-induced obesity, leveling the activation of proinflammatory signaling paths.

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Kang, Min Hye, Gwi Yeong Jang, Yun-Jeong Ji, Jeong Hoon Lee, Su Ji Choi, Tae Kyung Hyun, and Hyung Don Kim. "Antioxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Activities of Heat-Treated Licorice (Wongam, Glycyrrhiza glabra × G. uralensis) Extract." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 43, no. 2 (September 18, 2021): 1171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb43020083.

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Melanin is a brown or black pigment that protects skin from ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, overproduction of melanin is associated with lentigines, melasma, freckles and skin cancer. Licorice has shown antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities and is used as a natural treatment for skin whitening. We aimed to confirm the potential of Wongam, a new cultivar of licorice developed by the Rural Development Administration (RDA), as a whitening agent in cosmetics. In addition, we verified the effect of heat treatment on the bioactivity of licorice by comparing antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities of licorice extract before and after heating (130 °C). The heat-treated licorice extract (WH-130) showed higher radical-scavenging activities in the ABTS+ (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays. In addition, WH-130 inhibited melanogenesis more effectively due to downregulation of tyrosinase in B16F10 melanoma cells than non-heated licorice extract. Moreover, heat treatment increased total phenolic content. In particular, isoliquiritigenin, an antioxidant and anti-melanogenic compound of licorice, was produced by heat treatment. In conclusion, WH-130, with increased levels of bioactive phenolics such as isoliquiritigenin, has potential for development into a novel skin whitening material with applications in cosmetics.

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Hussain, Nazimul. "Conjunctival Pigmentation at the Sclerotomy Site following 23 G Vitrectomy with Silicone Oil Injection." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2022 (November 29, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4978924.

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54-year-old gentleman undergoing 23 Gauge vitrectomy with silicone oil injection developing conjunctival pigmentation at one of the entry sites of trocar and cannula 1 week postoperative. The conjunctival tissue was biopsied at the time of silicone oil removal and correlated histopathological. Biopsy of the conjunctival tissue showed intracellular and stromal melanin pigments. This report highlights conjunctival pigmentation in suture less entry site and silicone oil as intraocular tamponade than earlier published reports of with or without intraocular gas tamponade.

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Medeiros, Erika Valente de, Ernildo César da Silva Serafim, Leilson Costa Granjeiro, José Espínola Sobrinho, Maria Zuleide de Negreiros, and Rui Sales Júnior. "Influência do agrotêxtil sobre a densidade populacional de Monosporascus cannonballus em solo cultivado com melancia (Citrullus lanatus)." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 32, no. 3 (June 2008): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542008000300014.

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O fungo Monosporascus cannonballus é um importante patógeno radicular que ocasiona a síndrome denominada colapso em cucurbitáceas. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se, avaliar os efeitos da cobertura de planta com agrotêxtil branco de 15 g m-2, sobre a densidade populacional de M. cannonballus, em solo cultivado com melancia [Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsu & Nakai]. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por utilização ou não do agrotêxtil e as subparcelas pelas épocas de coleta de solo (0, 12, 24, 36, 48 dias após o transplantio). As variáveis analisadas foram densidade de ascósporos, temperatura do solo e do ar. Não houve influência da utilização da cobertura de agrotêxtil perante a densidade de ascósporos de M. cannonballus, no solo cultivado com melancia, mesmo que tenha proporcionado redução nas temperaturas médias do ar e do solo, sendo uma alternativa eficaz de manejo, na produção da melancia Mickylee.

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Souza, Marcelo Eduardo Alves Olinda de, Milena da Rocha Gomes, Nailton de Macedo Albuquerque Junior, Vitória Maria Souza Candeias, Débora Andrade Lima, Silvana Belém de Oliveira Vilar, and Ana Beatriz Martins da Silva. "Influência de diferentes técnicas de extração sobre a capacidade antioxidante do da casca de melancia desidratada." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 13 (October 15, 2021): e323101321333. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i13.21333.

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A melancia é reconhecida, principalmente, pela sua elevada capacidade antioxidante natural na sua polpa e na casca, embora esta última seja descartada na sua maioria, ela possui nutrientes relevantes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o aproveitamento da casca da melancia triturada para a obtenção de extratos com atividade antioxidante por meio do emprego de técnicas de extração como o sistema Soxhlet, maceração e extração assistida por ultrassom, utilizando solventes orgânicos de diferentes polaridades. Os extratos foram avaliados pelo rendimento do processo de extração, onde, em todas as análises, o solvente de melhor desempenho foi o etanol. Para o teor de fenólicos totais (TFT), destacou-se a técnica de extração por maceração com 3487,75 mg/g, na determinação da atividade antioxidante (AA), utilizando os radicais ABTS e DPPH. O potencial antioxidante pelo método de extração por maceração foi de 45,16% e no Soxhlet foi 40,7% de inibição. Com isso, pode-se concluir que a casca de melancia é uma matéria-prima de significativo potencial antioxidante.

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Anggraini, Dwi Rita, Lita Feriyawati, Mega Sari Sitorus, Siti Syarifah, and Milahayati Daulay. "Expression of Melanocortin-1 Receptor and Serum Melanin in Canities at Young Male students." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (March 16, 2022): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7773.

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BACKGROUND: Molecular genetics suggest that hair pigmentation is related to the melanocortin-1 receptor gene. It is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is activated by a number of peptides to stimulate melanogenesis. Melanocortin-1 receptor gene mutation tends to produce functional variability in premature hair graying (PHG) or canities. AIM: Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine melanocortin-1 receptor expression and asses serum melanin in college students canities at Universitas Sumatera Utara. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional design. We recruited 80 subjects equally divided into normal (control) and premature hair graying groups. The sample included males, aged 25 years who had gray hair and had no history of pigmentary disorders of the skin. Expression of melanocortin-1 receptor was detected with conventional PCR and serum melanin was measured with Elisa using Elisa kit melanin for human. RESULTS: The results showed that the Mean ± SD graying age was 20.28 ± 1.99 years with an age range of 19–24 years and the average age in the control group was 21.25 ± 2.02 years with an age range of 18–24 years. Melanocortin-1 receptor gene expression was shown in the control and PHG groups. Serum melanin levels were decreased significantly (p = 0.0001) in the gray-haired group was 9.27 ± 1.62 μg/dl and the control group was 10.72 ± 1.78 μg/dl. CONCLUSION: Melanocortin-1 receptor gene plays a role in hair graying at young age and there serum melanin levels were low significantly.

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O. Matsunaga, Terry, Victor J. Hruby, Michal Lebl, Ana Maria de L. Castrucci, and Mac E. Hadley. "Synthesis and bioactivity studies of two isosteric acyclic analogues of melanin concentrating hormone." Life Sciences 51, no. 9 (January 1992): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(92)90241-g.

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Pereira, Jorge Augusto Leão, Lienne Silveira de Moraes, Chubert Bernardo Castro de Sena, José Luiz Martins do Nascimento, Ana Paula D. Rodrigues, Silvia Helena Marques da Silva, and Edilene O. Silva. "Inhibition of Melanization by Kojic Acid Promotes Cell Wall Disruption of the Human Pathogenic Fungus Fonsecaea sp." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080925.

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Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic human subcutaneous mycosis caused by various aetiologic agents. CBM does not have an established treatment but may be managed using antifungal agents, surgical removal of the lesions, or cryotherapy. Kojic acid (KA), a known tyrosinase inhibitor with a variety of biological actions, including fungistatic action against the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, mediated by inhibiting melanin production, seems to be an alternative to improve the treatment of CBM. The aim of the present study was to analyze the action of KA against the pathogenic fungus Fonsecaea sp., an aetiological agent of CBM. The fungal culture was incubated with KA, and the amount of melanin was assessed, followed by cytochemical detection. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Culture analysis revealed that 100 g/mL KA significantly decreased the melanization of the fungus and the exocytosis of melanin into the culture supernatant. Additionally, KA induced less growth of biofilm formation and intense disruption of the cell wall, and decreased the number of melanin-containing vesicles in the culture supernatant. Finally, KA inhibited fungal filamentation in culture and the subsequent phagocytosis process. Thus, KA may be a promising substance to help in the treatment of CBM.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Melania G'

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