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Journal articles on the topic 'Melanesians'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Webb, Michael, and Camellia Bell Webb-Gannon. "Decolonization, popular song and Black-Pacific identity in Melanesia." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 1 (January 2020): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719884053.

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Melanesians were pejoratively labelled the dark-skinned islanders by European explorers in the 1830s, an act that has shaped understandings of the region and its peoples down to the present day. In this brief essay, we attempt to demonstrate that since the new millennium, aided by digital tools and the Internet, young Melanesians have localized Black Atlantic music forms in order to assert agency, no matter how limited, in relation to their experiences of rejection and marginalization within the global system. The musical creation of new identity spaces is briefly considered through three condensed case studies that exemplify core contemporary Melanesian social concerns: (1) Pacific climate change, (2) Melanesian cultural identity in relation to pressures of modernity and globalization and (3) independence for West Papua. Increasingly, we propose, such expressions are becoming a significant factor in the ongoing reshaping in Melanesia of what it means to belong in the world while remaining culturally distinct.

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2

Whiteman, Darrell L. "Human Rights and Missionary Response: The Case of the South Pacific Labor Trade." Missiology: An International Review 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969602400208.

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An infamous period of South Pacific history surrounds the interaction between Europeans and Melanesians in the “recruiting” of about 100,000 Melanesians to work primarily on copra, cotton, and sugar plantations in Fiji, Samoa, New Caledonia, and Queensland, Australia. In many instances the human rights of Melanesians were severely violated. They experienced physical abuse, violence, and even kidnapping in the recruiters' efforts to take them from their island villages to work on plantations. This article documents the important role missionaries played in discovering the violations of Melanesians' human rights, in speaking out against these abuses, and ultimately in bringing an end to this horrible practice.

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3

Blades, Johnny. "Melanesia’s test: The political quandary of West Papua." Pacific Journalism Review 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v20i2.164.

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West Papuans often say that the conflict in their homeland, the self-determination struggle against Indonesian territorial control and the impact of a heavy military presence, are a regional issue. As a people, the West Papuans have historically identified as being Pacific Islanders and particularly as Melanesians. If a regional solution is required to address the political quandary of West Papua, it is informative to adopt a regional lens and explore the way the other Melanesian countries, especially the governments and media, respond to the situation there; also how they engage with Indonesia over West Papua. Events of the last few years within the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) have made it clear that some leverage is being applied on the issue in the geopolitical domain. At the same time, mainstream media coverage of events unfolding in West Papua, as well as the MSG’s response, has been largely missing. However, a true internationalisation of the West Papua issue has arrived and deserves close inspection.

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4

Bellwood, Peter. "On Melanesians and Polynesians." Journal of Pacific History 20, no. 2 (April 1985): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223348508572511.

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5

Behuku, Freodisa Meilisa, Ahmad Guntur Alfianto, and Waifti Amalia. "Self Care of Mental Health Generation Z Of Melanesia Race In Indonesia." Journal of Rural Community Nursing Practice 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.58545/jrcnp.v1i1.92.

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Generation Z is the generation with an average age of 10 to 25 years. This generation is smarter and more active in digitalization than the previous generation. Mental health problems in Generation Z have increased every year. Efforts made by doing mental health self-care. One of the races in Indonesia, mental health problems often occur. The race is the Melanesian Race which is in the eastern part of Indonesia. Cultural factors and warfare have contributed to mental health problems in the region. This research aims to describe mental health self-care for Melanesians in Indonesia. This research design uses a quantitative descriptive research design with a survey approach. The sample used is Generation Z of the Melanesian Race with a total of 169 respondents. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The measuring tool uses the Mindful Self-Care Scale questionnaire. The sampling technique is by distributing it through the Google form, Whatsapp groups, telegrams to social media. The research was conducted from September 2022 to February 2023. The description of the average mental health self-care for Generation Z of the Melanesian Race is mostly physical care (17.56 ± 4.986). while self-care mental health generation Z Race Melanesian (82.13±16.021). Mental health self-care for generation Z Melanesian race prefers physical care. And self-care for the mental health of Generation Z of the Melanesian Race is more towards positive behavior.

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6

Todd, Maya Rani Louise Chandra, Stephen Sikaveke Kodovaru, Georgia Antoniou, and Peter J. Cundy. "Clubfoot deformity in the Solomon Islands: Melanesian versus Polynesian ethnicity, a retrospective cohort study." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.14.190172.

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Purpose Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) has a high incidence in the South Pacific, with New Zealand Maori and Polynesian rates of up to seven per 1000 live births, at least five times higher than the Caucasian population. A genetic component is suggested to explain this, however, there is little information regarding the difference of incidence between Polynesian and Melanesian ethnicity in the South Pacific. Our aim was to investigate the effects of ethnicity on the incidence of CTEV in the Solomon Islands, specifically comparing Melanesian and Polynesian ethnicity. Methods Between 2011 and 2017, data was collected in the Solomon Islands from over 40 clinics upon introduction of the Ponseti programme for treatment of CTEV. Records were kept using the validated Global Clubfoot Initiative data form. Ethnicity was documented, including family history. Results In total, 138 children presented during this period, with 215 affected feet reviewed and treated. In all, 74% of children had solely Melanesian parents and 6% Polynesian. Using the general population ethnic breakdown of 95.3% Melanesian and 3.1% Polynesian, the odds of CTEV in children of Melanesian parents were 0.41 times lower compared with the odds in children of Polynesian parents. Conclusion The results indicate that in the Solomon Islands, CTEV in Melanesian children was less than half as likely to occur in Polynesian children. Our findings also support the theories of minimal Polynesian genetic material persisting in the Solomon Islands and a different genetic risk of CTEV between Polynesians and Melanesians. Level of Evidence III

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7

Smith, Michael French, and Marilyn Strathern. "Androgynous Melanesians and Theoretical Dilemmas." Anthropological Quarterly 63, no. 4 (October 1990): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3317317.

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8

Boutilier, James. ": Melanesians and Missionaries . Darrell Whiteman." American Anthropologist 87, no. 4 (December 1985): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1985.87.4.02a00620.

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9

Zahn, L. M. "Denisovan DNA retained in Melanesians." Science 352, no. 6282 (April 7, 2016): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.352.6282.183-c.

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10

Nachman, Steven R. "Discomfiting Laughter: "Schadenfreude" among Melanesians." Journal of Anthropological Research 42, no. 1 (April 1986): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.42.1.3630379.

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11

Kirch, Patrick V. "The Island Melanesians. Matthew Spriggs." Journal of Anthropological Research 54, no. 2 (July 1998): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.54.2.3631753.

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12

Gregory, Chris. "Scott Cook. Understanding Commodity Cultures: Explorations in Economic Anthropology with Case Studies from Mexico. Lanham, Rowman & Littleford Publishers, Inc., 2004, xi, 349 pp." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2005): 892–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505210393.

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Economic anthropology has two ‘sacred' field sites—one in Melanesia, the other in Central America—and the empirical data gathered from these sites has set the theoretical agenda for the sub-discipline. Malinowski conducted seminal fieldwork in both of these areas and the respective subjects of his investigations tells us much about the socio-economic concerns of people in Melanesia and Central America. His classic ethnography on the Kula exchange system of the Milne Bay area of Papua New Guinea, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, established Melanesia as the classic home of gift exchange. The postwar ethnographies have only served to confirm the passion Melanesians have for creating intricate forms of gift exchange: Andrew Strathern's The Rope of Moka, introduced us to the ties that bind the ‘big men' in the Highlands; Michael Young's Fighting with Food: Leadership, Values and Social Control in a Massim Society, challenged us to rethink the social role of food, and so on. These ethnographies, and many others like them, have provided the ethnographic base on which general theories of the gift have risen, Marilyn Strathern's The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia, being the best-known recent synthesis. The product of Malinowski's Central American fieldwork, Malinowski in Mexico: The Economics of a Mexican Market System (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982), which he wrote with J. de la Fuente, has not had the impact of Argonauts, for a number of reasons, including the fact that an English translation of the 1957 Spanish edition took some twenty-five years to appear, and that his research, carried out in 1940, was not pioneering in the same ethnographic and theoretical way that Argonauts was. His Mexican work was part of a long tradition of American scholarship on the peasant-artisan commodity producers of this area. Commodity production and exchange is to the people of Central America what gift exchange is to Melanesians. However, the exchange of commodities in Central America is a not ceremonial ritual, but rather everyday reality that the people must undertake in order to survive. It has been this way for centuries, which is why Central American ethnographers have devoted so much time to describing and analyzing petty commodity reproduction. This is not to say that market exchange is unimportant for the people of Melanesia, but what sets Melanesia apart is that gift exchange has flourished under the impact of capitalism, and it is this question that commentators have tried to describe and explain. What then are the peculiar social conditions found in Central America that account for the specificities of the economy found there? What conceptual frameworks have economic anthropologists developed to come to terms with these facts?

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13

Brian, Garry, Jacqueline Ramke, Andrew Page, Louise Maher, John Szetu, and Mundi Qalo Qoqonokana. "The association of diabetes and BMI among Melanesian and Indian Fijians aged ≥ 40 years." British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 10 (January 24, 2011): 1539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510005258.

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The present study examines the association of diabetes with BMI (kg/m2) in Asian-Indian and Melanesian Fijian populations sharing a common environment. A population-based survey was used to investigate the risk of diabetes (defined by glycosylated Hb concentration ≥ 6·5 % among participants who denied previous diagnosis of the disease by a medical practitioner) by sex, ethnicity and strata of BMI in a series of age-adjusted logistic regression models. Ethnicity and BMI interactions were compared using WHO and empirically derived BMI cut-off points. Indians had a greater risk (BMI and age adjusted) of undetected diabetes than Melanesians in both males (OR 2·99, 95 % CI 1·73, 5·17; P < 0·001) and females (OR 2·26, 95 % CI 1·56, 3·28; P < 0·001). BMI ≥ 25 to < 30 and ≥ 30 kg/m2 conferred a higher risk of diabetes compared with a BMI ≥ 18·5 to < 25 kg/m2. Risk was higher for males with a BMI ≥ 25 to < 30 kg/m2 (OR 2·35, 95 % CI 1·24, 4·46; P = 0·007) and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (OR 6·08, 95 % CI 3·06, 12·07; P < 0·001) than for females with the same BMI (OR 1·85, 95 % CI 1·11, 3·08; P = 0·027 and OR 2·10, 95 % CI 1·28, 3·44; P = 0·002, respectively). However, the threshold that appeared to differentiate higher risk varied by ethnicity and sex. For Melanesians, BMI thresholds suggested were 25 kg/m2 for males and 32 kg/m2 for females. For Indo-Fijians, these were 24 and 22 kg/m2 for males and females, respectively. Disaggregating by ethnicity and sex, and applying specific evidence-based thresholds, may render BMI a more discriminating tool for assessing the risk of developing diabetes among Fiji adults.

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14

KRUCZEK, ZDZISŁAW Z. "Melanesians and Their Endorsement of Christianity." Journal of Religious History 34, no. 4 (November 15, 2010): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.2010.00907.x.

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15

Paksoy, Nadir, Bernhard Montaville, and SW McCarthy. "Cancer Occurrence in Vanuatu in the South Pacific, 1980-86." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 3, no. 3 (July 1989): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053958900300310.

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A total of 269 pathologically confirmed carcinoma cases (118 male, 151 female) were recorded in the seven year period 1980 to 1986 in Vanuatu, an island nation within the Melanesia region in the South Pacific. Cervical cancer was numerically the most important malignancy in females (25% of all female cancers). In males, liver cancer was the most commonly observed (14.4% of all male cancers). Almost one-half (44.4%) of the available paraffin blocks from liver carcinoma cases (18 cases) demonstrated positivity of HBV antigens in liver tissue. The most interesting feature was the high proportion of thyroid cancers, especially in females. It represented 12.1 percent of all cancers in female and 5.2 percent in male Melanesians in Vanuatu. These percentages were found to be even higher than among Hawaiians for whom the highest incidence rates in the world have been recorded. Since our study was based solely on pathologically diagnosed cases, the findings should be regarded as minimum estimates.

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16

Ewins, Roderick, and Winston Halapua. "Living on the Fringe: Melanesians in Fiji." Pacific Affairs 75, no. 3 (2002): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127338.

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17

McCarthy, Michael. "Mutation may protect some Melanesians from malaria." Lancet 360, no. 9349 (December 2002): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11941-6.

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18

Turner II, Christy G. "Dental Indications of Polynesian Affinity for Prehistoric Rotuma Islanders, South Pacific." Dental Anthropology Journal 18, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v18i2.134.

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Human skeletal reburial, reasonable from a religious and personal point of view, nevertheless diminishes the physical record of human evolution. The present study preserves some information for a small but rare Pacific Basin skeletal assemblage. Prehistoric human tooth-bearing cranial and jaw fragments and loose teeth of probably 19 individuals excavated on Rotuma Island were examined for crown and root morphology. The purpose of the examination was to assess whether these individuals were morphologically more like Melanesians or Polynesians. Rotuma is in the Polynesian culture area north of the Fiji group, which exhibits archaeological and ethnographic evidence of colonists from both Oceanic populations. Polynesians belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language family, so if the Rotuma teeth are similar to Polynesians they should also be more similar to Southeast Asian teeth than to those of linguistically different Melanesians or Australians. Indeed, this seems to be the case, although the small Rotuma sample size reduces confidence somewhat in this finding of Rotuma similarity with Polynesians and Southeast Asians.

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19

Douglas, Ngaire. "Melanesians as Observers, Entrepreneurs and Administrators of Tourism." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 6, no. 1 (May 5, 1997): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j073v06n01_07.

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20

Movsesian, A. A. "Variations in the anatomical structure of the pterion among populations from various global regions." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 2(65) (June 15, 2024): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2024-65-2-12.

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Anatomical variations in the structure of the pterion were examined in various craniological series represent-ing modern populations from Australia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, North Asia, America, and Europe, encom-passing 2035 adult crania. The comparison of populations based on the frequency of nonmetric traits revealed significant diversity across regions. Notably, the sphenoparietal connection is most frequent in European and South Asian populations, as well as among Native Americans, while it is least common among African groups. The frontotemporal connection predominates among Australian Aborigines and Melanesians and is also common in African populations but is almost non-existent in Europeans. The X-shaped pterion is most frequently observed in the Eskimos of Chukotka and the Chukchi, as well as among Somali and Tanzanian populations. A high fre-quency of epipteric bones is particularly characteristic of Southern Indians, Burmese, Australians, and Melane-sians. Pairwise comparisons of populations were conducted using Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD). To visualize the data from individual regions, the method of Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) was applied to the matrices of biological distances. The MDS plot for the North Asian region revealed distinct clusters of the Arctic, Baikal, Cen-tral Asian, and Ural groups, aligning with G.F. Debetz's classification based on morphological similarities among populations. In the MDS plot for the South and Southeast Asian, American, and African populations, Australians and Melanesians formed a separate cluster; Pueblo Indians were closely aligned with Peruvians, South Indians with Burmese, Malays merged with Papuans, and African populations were positioned relatively close to each other. In Europe, Caucasian groups formed a distinct cluster. On the combined graph, the populations were clearly divided by regions. The results obtained indicate that the spatial arrangement of populations on the graphs approximately mir-rors their genetic connections and shared origins. This suggests that nonmetric variations in the pterion area are more likely determined by genetic rather than ecological factors and can be considered taxonomically valuable traits at the regional level. Investigating the structure of the pterion in an evolutionary context may shed light on broader questions concerning the evolution of the skull and the mechanisms influencing its formation.

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21

Izquierdo Martín, Antonio Javier. "Martians, Melanesians, Mormons and 'Murcianos'. Notes on Anthropogalactic History." Athenea Digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social, no. 19 (November 5, 2010): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.746.

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Izquierdo Martín, Antonio Javier. "Martians, Melanesians, Mormons and 'Murcianos'. Notes on Anthropogalactic History." Athenea Digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social, no. 19 (November 5, 2010): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v0n19.746.

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23

Mosko, Mark S. "Other messages, other missions; or, Sahlins among the Melanesians." Oceania 63, no. 2 (December 1992): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1992.tb02407.x.

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24

Crook, MA, L. Goldsmith, P. Ameerally, P. Lumb, N. Singh, J. Miell, and D. Russell-Jones. "Serum Sialic Acid, a Possible Cardiovascular Risk Factor is Not Increased in Fijian Melanesians with Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Impaired Fasting Glucose." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 39, no. 6 (November 2002): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456320203900611.

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Background Serum total sialic acid (TSA) has been shown to be a strong cardiovascular risk factor with increased concentrations being associated with increased mortality. Serum TSA is also elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes including those with micro- and macrovascular complications. We wished, therefore, to test the hypothesis that serum TSA may be abnormal in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), in Fijian Melanesians. Method Twenty-one subjects with IGT (17 women and four men) were recruited along with 20 subjects with IFG (14 women and six men) and 22 normal subjects (12 women and 10 men). Serum TSA was 2·18 ± 0·027 mmol/L, 2·19 ±0·033mmol/L and 2·24 ±0·042 mmol/L in the three groups, respectively, which was not statistically different. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were, however, higher in the IGT group compared with the IFG and normal groups ( P< 0·04). Conclusion Serum TSA is not elevated in Fijian Melanesians with IGT and IFG although it is reported to be elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus in other populations. Further research is needed to establish why serum TSA is a potent independent cardiovascular risk factor and is elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus in some populations.

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Rzepczyk, C. M., R. Ramasamy, P. C. Ho, D. A. Mutch, K. L. Anderson, R. G. Duggleby, T. J. Doran, B. J. Murray, D. O. Irving, and G. C. Woodrow. "Identification of T epitopes within a potential Plasmodium falciparum vaccine antigen. A study of human lymphocyte responses to repeat and nonrepeat regions of Pf155/RESA." Journal of Immunology 141, no. 9 (November 1, 1988): 3197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.9.3197.

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Abstract PBMC from Melanesians who had high antibody reactivities to fusion proteins encompassing the 3' and the 5' repeat regions of the ring infected E surface antigen (Pf155/RESA), were tested for their ability to respond to synthetic and recombinant peptides representing regions of Pf155/RESA. The aim was to identify T cell epitopes within the Ag. Most of the synthetic peptides from the nonrepeat regions of Pf155/RESA were selected for study on the basis of their tendency to form amphipathic alpha-helices. Peptides representing immunodominant B cell epitopes were also tested. Three-quarters of the Melanesian donors responded to the recombinant peptides (Ag 1505 and Ag 632-100) and to the 8 x 4 mer, a synthetic peptide representative of the 3' repeat region. Whereas all the remaining eight peptides tested elicited a response in at least one donor, three peptides (M40, M42, and BTA3) representing sequences in the nonrepeat regions showed greatest promise as potentially useful T epitopes. Responses in control donors were also observed to most of the peptides but the percentage of responders was lower. T cell bulk lines specific to Ag 1505 and Ag 632-100 were established. All donors were HLA tissue typed, but no obvious correlations between responsiveness and HLA type were observed. Our results suggest that there are T cell epitopes within and outside the repeat regions of Pf155/RESA.

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Munro, D. "The Labor Trade in Melanesians to Queensland: An Historiography Essay." Journal of Social History 28, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/28.3.609.

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27

Hurles, Matthew E., Jayne Nicholson, Elena Bosch, Colin Renfrew, Bryan C. Sykes, and Mark A. Jobling. "Y Chromosomal Evidence for the Origins of Oceanic-Speaking Peoples." Genetics 160, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.1.289.

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Abstract A number of alternative hypotheses seek to explain the origins of the three groups of Pacific populations—Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians—who speak languages belonging to the Oceanic subfamily of Austronesian languages. To test these various hypotheses at the genetic level, we assayed diversity within the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome, which contains within it a relatively simple record of the human past and represents the most informative haplotypic system in the human genome. High-resolution haplotypes combining binary, microsatellite, and minisatellite markers were generated for 390 Y chromosomes from 17 Austronesian-speaking populations in southeast Asia and the Pacific. Nineteen paternal lineages were defined and a Bayesian analysis of coalescent simulations was performed upon the microsatellite diversity within lineages to provide a temporal aspect to their geographical distribution. The ages and distributions of these lineages provide little support for the dominant archeo-linguistic model of the origins of Oceanic populations that suggests that these peoples represent the Eastern fringe of an agriculturally driven expansion initiated in southeast China and Taiwan. Rather, most Micronesian and Polynesian Y chromosomes appear to originate from different source populations within Melanesia and Eastern Indonesia. The Polynesian outlier, Kapingamarangi, is demonstrated to be an admixed Micronesian/Polynesian population. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a geographical rather than linguistic classification of Oceanic populations best accounts for their extant Y chromosomal diversity.

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Santos, Ricardo Ventura, and Bronwen Douglas. "‘Polynesians’ in the Brazilian hinterland? Sociohistorical perspectives on skulls, genomics, identity, and nationhood." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119891044.

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In 1876, Brazilian physical anthropologists De Lacerda and Peixoto published findings of detailed anatomical and osteometric investigation of the new human skull collection of Rio de Janeiro’s Museu Nacional. They argued not only that the Indigenous ‘Botocudo’ in Brazil might be autochthonous to the New World, but also that they shared analogic proximity to other geographically very distant human groups – the New Caledonians and Australians – equally attributed limited cranial capacity and resultant inferior intellect. Described by Blumenbach and Morton, ‘Botocudo’ skulls were highly valued scientific specimens in 19th-century physical anthropology. A recent genomic study has again related ‘the Botocudo’ to Indigenous populations from the other side of the world by identifying ‘Polynesian ancestry’ in two of 14 Botocudo skulls held at the Museu Nacional. This article places the production of scientific knowledge in multidisciplinary, multiregional historical perspectives. We contextualize modern narratives in the biological sciences relating ‘Botocudo’ skulls and other cranial material from lowland South America to Polynesia, Melanesia, and Australia. With disturbing irony, such studies often unthinkingly reinscribe essentialized historic racial categories such as ‘the Botocudos’, ‘the Polynesians’, and ‘the Australo-Melanesians’. We conclude that the fertile alliance of intersecting sciences that is revolutionizing understandings of deep human pasts must be informed by sensitivity to the deep histories of terms, classification schemes, and the disciplines themselves.

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Rudi, Rudi, and Yaman Suryaman. "The Rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State." Istinbath | Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 15, no. 2 (January 21, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.36667/istinbath.v15i2.28.

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This article seeks to examine the position and rights of non-Muslim citizens in an Islamic country. The study results found that non-Muslims are seen as citizens by an Islamic state, even though they are not natives of that country. Islamic justice and the principle of equality in Islam require that Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, Melanesians, Turks, or Arabs be treated the same as other citizens in their own country. He is entitled to enjoy the same privileges as a citizen regardless of religious affiliation.

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Kabir, Nahid. "Mackay Revisited: The Case of Javanese-Australian Muslims, 1880–1999." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600305.

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The development of Queensland's sugar industry in the nineteenth century led to an influx of non-European laborers, such as Melanesians, Cingalese and Javanese. Years later, under the Immigration Restriction Act, 1901, many Asian people were expelled from Australia, but some Javanese remained in Mackay. This paper examines the Javanese settlement pattern during the colonial, “White Australia,” and multicultural periods in terms of race, ethnicity, culture and religion. These accounts were derived largely from interviews with Australia-born second, third and fourth generation Muslims of Javanese origin in Mackay.

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Valencia-Forrester, Faith, Bridget Backhaus, and Heather Stewart. "In her own words: Melanesian women in media." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1104.

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Representation of women in media has been a noted gender equity issue globally for decades. Given the increasing encroachments into press freedom in Melanesia, female journalists and media workers face serious challenges. With this in mind, the Melanesian Media Freedom Forum (MMFF) hosted a special session focusing specifically on the issues affecting women in the media in Melanesia. This article focuses on the discussions of female Melanesian journalists and the unique challenges they face in terms of representation in the media workforce, having their voices heard in the media, and the threats to their personal safety.

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Djami, Erlin Novita Idje. "MEGALITIK GUNUNG SROBU DALAM KONTEKS BUDAYA MELANESIA." AMERTA 38, no. 2 (December 8, 2020): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v38i2.129-144.

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Abstract. Megalithic Of Gunung Srobu In Melanesian Cultural Context. Megalithic is one of the cultural elements that is discovered worldwide, and it is often used as evidence for cultural hyperdiffusion theory. Such a cultural element is also present in the Melanesian region. However, there is still debate among scholars as to where it comes from and when it was introduced to this area. In this context, the recently excavated megalithic site in Gunung Srobu in Youtefa Bay, Jayapura, Papua may shed light on this matter. This paper is intended to describe the megalithic findings of Gunung Srobu and then compare them with other megalithic findings in several sites in the Melanesian region. The comparative study aims to find out the similarities and differences between Gunung Srobu megalithic and the other Melanesian megalithic as well as to know the position of Gunung Srobu in the Melanesian regional. The method used includes surveys, excavations, and literature studies. The result shows that Gunung Srobu is a very complex megalithic site in the region with very varied shapes and types. The date from around the 4th Century AD put Gunung Srobu as the oldest megalithic site in the region which is likely to occupy a central position in the megalithic distribution in the Melanesian Region. Abstrak. Megalitik merupakan salah satu unsur budaya yang ditemukan sangat luas di dunia dan sering menjadi bukti bagi teori hiperdifusi. Unsur budaya megalitik juga ditemukan di kawasan Melanesia. Namun, banyak ahli masih memperdebatkan asal-usul dan waktu persebarannya. Dalam konteks ini, temuan megalitik yang baru-baru ini ditemukan dalam penggalian di situs Gunung Srobu, Teluk Youtefa, Papua, mungkin dapat menjelaskan masalah ini. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk mendeskripsikan temuan megalitik di Gunung Srobu dan membandingkannya dengan temuan megalitik di beberapa situs lainnya di kawasan Melanesia. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan unsur megalitik antara yang ada di Gunung Srobu dan di situs Melanesia lainnya, serta mengetahui kedudukan megalitik Gunung Srobu di kawasan Melanesia. Metode yang digunakan mencakup survei, ekskavasi, dan studi pustaka. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Gunung Srobu merupakan situs megalitik yang sangat kompleks di kawasan itu dengan bentuk dan jenis yang sangat bervariasi. Pertanggalan yang berasal dari sekitar abad ke-4 M menempatkannya sebagai megalitik tertua yang kemungkinan menempati posisi sentral dalam persebaran megalitik di kawasan Melanesia.

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Bennett, Judith A. "Malaria, Medicine, and Melanesians: Contested Hybrid Spaces in World War II." Health and History 8, no. 1 (2006): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hah.2006.0017.

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Bennett, Judith A. "Malaria, Medicine, and Melanesians: Contested Hybrid Spaces in World War II." Health and History 8, no. 1 (2006): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40111528.

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Lindstrom, Lamont. "Shooting Melanesians: Martin Johnson and Edward Salisbury in the Southwest Pacific." Visual Anthropology 29, no. 4-5 (July 22, 2016): 360–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949468.2016.1191929.

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Henningham, Stephen. "Some Australian official views of New Caledonia’s Melanesians, 1941 to 1953." Journal de la société des océanistes, no. 141 (December 15, 2015): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jso.7367.

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Lum, J. Koji, Lynn B. Jorde, and Wulf Schiefenhovel. "Affinities among Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians: A Neutral, Biparental Genetic Perspective." Human Biology 74, no. 3 (2002): 413–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hub.2002.0031.

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Waisfisz, Q. "Journal Club: Gerbich Negativity in Melanesians through Negative Selection by Malaria." Public Health Genomics 6, no. 2 (2003): 75A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073335.

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Douglas, Bronwen. "Encounters with the Enemy? Academic Readings of Missionary Narratives on Melanesians." Comparative Studies in Society and History 43, no. 1 (January 2001): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417501003577.

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Lindeberg, Staffan, Peter Nilsson-Ehle, and Bengt Vessby. "Lipoprotein composition and serum cholesterol ester fatty acids in nonwesternized melanesians." Lipids 31, no. 2 (February 1996): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02522614.

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BEAVER, R. A., A. V. PETROV, and W. SITTICHAYA. "A new genus of ambrosia beetle from Melanesia (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini)." Zootaxa 4949, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4949.1.9.

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A new genus of xyleborine ambrosia beetle, Melanesicus Beaver & Petrov gen. n., with type species Xyleborus partitus Browne (1974) is described from the Melanesian region. The following new combinations are proposed: M. caledoniae (Beaver & Liu, 2016) comb. n., M. deformatus (Browne, 1974) comb. n., M. granulosus (Schedl, 1975) comb. n., all from Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864. Melanesicus tishechkini Petrov sp. n. is described from Vanuatu, and Melanesicus nukuruanus sp. n. Beaver from Fiji. The taxonomy, distribution and biology of the species included are briefly reviewed.

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Peyon, Ibrahim. "Kargoisme dan Messianik Politik Etik Ero-Amerika." CENDERAWASIH: Jurnal Antropologi Papua 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jap.v2i1.1955.

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Cargoism is a belief in prosperity, happiness and eternal life brought by certain figures. Cargoism was constructed by western anthropologists and missionaries who had lived and worked in Melanesia. The western anthropologists and missionaries observed various social and cultural movements in Melanesia, which could then be conceptualized and theorized in social theory under the name of the Cargoism Movement. This view of Corgoism does not exist in Melanesian culture, but it is a western view related with their mobilization of cargo economic and materially in western society. Cargoism and messianic were shaped by Western anthropologists and European missionaries for the benefit of their colonialism and Christianization. In Melanesia there is no cargoism and messianic as Western anthropologists and missionaries write. Social and political movements labeled as cargoism or messianic are nationalist movements to expel colonialism and fight for the sovereignty of the Melanesian peoples

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Blades, Johnny. "Internationalisation of the 'hidden' West Papua issue: A regional media matter for Melanesia and the Pacific." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 24, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v24i2.399.

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Auckland University of Technology’s Pacific Media Centre marked its tenth anniversary with a seminar discussing two of the wider region’s most critical media freedom crises. The ‘Journalism Under Duress’ in Asia-Pacific seminar in November 2017 examined media freedom and human rights in the Philippines and Indonesia’s Papua region, otherwise known as West Papua. In the discussion about West Papua, the PMC seminar heard that access to the Indonesian region for foreign journalists, while still restricted, remains critical for helping Papuan voices to be heard. The plight of West Papua is of major concern among Pacific people, especially Melanesians, and it is becoming a growing geopolitical and media issue.

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Gajdusek, D. Carleton. "Kuru and its contribution to medicine." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1510 (November 27, 2008): 3697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0070.

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The solution of kuru led us to the solution of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and to the elucidation, in humans and other species, of previously unknown mechanisms of infection. These require very close three-dimensional matching, which determines infectious nucleant or prion activity. Evidence for nucleation processes is found widely in the organic and inorganic worlds and in the interactions between them: in the formation of amyloid fibrils; in the biochemistry of silicon; in cave formations deep in the Earth; and in outer space. Kuru in its location in Papua New Guinea has also led to an understanding of the cultural achievements of the Palaeo-Melanesians, with deep roots in human history.

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Schapper, Antoinette, and Lourens de Vries. "Comparatives in Melanesia: Concentric circles of convergence." Linguistic Typology 22, no. 3 (October 25, 2018): 437–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0015.

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Abstract Using a sample of 116 languages, this article investigates the typology of comparative constructions and their distribution in Melanesia, one of the world’s least-understood linguistic areas. We present a rigorous definition of a comparative construction as a “comparative concept”, thereby excluding many constructions which have been considered functionally comparatives in Melanesia. Conjoined comparatives are shown to dominate at the core of the area on the island of New Guinea, while (monoclausal) exceed comparatives are found in the maritime regions around New Guinea. Outside of Melanesia adpositional and other comparative constructions including particle comparatives are most frequent in Austronesian languages. The unity of the conjoined comparative type in the core Melanesian area illustrates that, while morpho-syntactic profiles of Melanesian languages are heterogenous, significant convergence in the “ways of saying things” can be found across the region. Additionally, we find no cases of clause chaining constructions being used for encoding comparatives, even in canonical clause chaining languages of central New Guinea. Our findings thus offer no support for Stassen’s claim of a correlation between temporal chaining type and comparative construction type. Instead we suggest that an areal preference for mini-clauses may explain the dominance of the conjoined comparative in Melanesia.

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Michelangeli, Pawape, Sinha, Ongugu, Linge, Sengupta B, Tait, and Colman. "Clinical features and pathogenesis of thyrotoxicosis in adult Melanesians in Papua New Guinea." Clinical Endocrinology 52, no. 3 (March 2000): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00906.x.

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Bhatia, Kuldeep K., Francis L. Black, Thomas A. Smith, Madhuri L. Prasad, and George N. Koki. "Class I HLA antigens in two long-separated populations: Melanesians and South Amerinds." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97, no. 3 (July 1995): 291–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330970304.

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Lea, David. "Civil society and media: The relevance in Fiji, Tonga and PNG." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v7i1.711.

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PNG's Melanesian societies with Polyneasian societies like Tonga and Samoa, which evolved the familiar authoritarian feudal structures, which are always in tension with democratic institutions. In melanesia, those who gain political ascendancy and power must struggle for it.

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Hsieh, PingHsun, Mitchell R. Vollger, Vy Dang, David Porubsky, Carl Baker, Stuart Cantsilieris, Kendra Hoekzema, et al. "Adaptive archaic introgression of copy number variants and the discovery of previously unknown human genes." Science 366, no. 6463 (October 17, 2019): eaax2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2083.

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Copy number variants (CNVs) are subject to stronger selective pressure than single-nucleotide variants, but their roles in archaic introgression and adaptation have not been systematically investigated. We show that stratified CNVs are significantly associated with signatures of positive selection in Melanesians and provide evidence for adaptive introgression of large CNVs at chromosomes 16p11.2 and 8p21.3 from Denisovans and Neanderthals, respectively. Using long-read sequence data, we reconstruct the structure and complex evolutionary history of these polymorphisms and show that both encode positively selected genes absent from most human populations. Our results collectively suggest that large CNVs originating in archaic hominins and introgressed into modern humans have played an important role in local population adaptation and represent an insufficiently studied source of large-scale genetic variation.

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Hill, AV, DK Bowden, DF O'Shaughnessy, DJ Weatherall, and JB Clegg. "Beta thalassemia in Melanesia: association with malaria and characterization of a common variant (IVS-1 nt 5 G----C)." Blood 72, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.1.9.9.

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Abstract Data on the distribution of beta thalassemia among over 6,000 Melanesians reveals a major difference in the carrier rates between populations in the malarious coastal regions of New Guinea and those living in the historically malaria-free Highlands. The island of Maewo in Vanuatu has a particularly high incidence of beta + thalassemia associated with a single restriction enzyme haplotype. Direct cloning into a plasmid vector and sequence analysis demonstrate that the mutation is a G to C transversion at position 5 of intron 1 of the beta- globin gene. Oligonucleotide probe surveys indicate that this variant accounted for all cases of beta thalassemia studied from Maewo. It is also common in coastal Papua New Guinea where haplotype and oligonucleotide probe data suggest that the molecular basis of beta thalassmia is more heterogeneous.

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