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1
Brown, Gillian K., Frank Udovicic, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Melaleuca, Callistemon and related genera (Myrtaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 4 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00029.
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To resolve the relationships of taxa within the Beaufortia suballiance (Myrtaceae), 72 ingroup taxa were analysed by parsimony methods and nrDNA sequence data from the 5S and ITS-1 ribosomal DNA spacer regions. Although basal nodes in the consensus tree (combined data set) are not supported by bootstrap or jackknife values, a number of clades are well supported, showing that Melaleuca is polyphyletic. Monophyletic groups include: endemic species of Melaleuca from New Caledonia (including species of Callistemon recently transferred to Melaleuca); the tropical Melaleuca leucadendra group; Australian species of Callistemon, which relate to species of Melaleuca predominantly from the South-East; and a group of south-western and eastern Australian melaleucas that relate to a clade of three south-western genera, Eremaea, Conothamnus and Phymatocarpus. Calothamnus, Regeliaand Beaufortiamay also relate to this latter group. Lamarchea is possibly related to northern melaleucas. The results have implications for generic revisions of the large genus Melaleuca. Biogeographic subtree analysis, based only on supported nodes of the taxon cladogram, showed New Caledonia, New Guinea, Eastern Queensland and the Northern Desert unresolved at the base of the area cladogram. The position of some of these areas is likely to be artifactual, but New Caledonia is interpreted as in the correct position. At a higher node, the monsoonal northern areas of Australia (Kimberley, Arnhem and Cape York), Atherton, the Pilbara and Western Desert relate to the southern regions, which form a group. The South-West of Australia is related to Eyre and Adelaide (designated area ‘South’) and Tasmania is related to the South-East and MacPherson–Macleay. The vicariance between northern and southern regions in Australia possibly relates to an early major climatic change (from the Early Tertiary). The biogeographic analysis helped illuminate taxon relationships.
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Craven, Lyn A. "Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) from Australia." Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 19, no. 4 (December 10, 2009): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2007137.
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Morris, Kay, Paul I. Boon, Elisa J. Raulings, and Sean D. White. "Floristic shifts in wetlands: the effects of environmental variables on the interaction between Phragmites australis (Common Reed) and Melaleuca ericifolia (Swamp Paperbark)." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 3 (2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07072.
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Over the past 40–50 years, the woody shrub Melaleuca ericifolia has progressively invaded large areas of Phragmites australis in Dowd Morass, a Ramsar-listed, brackish wetland in south-eastern Australia. To understand the processes underlying this shift we grew Phragmites and Melaleuca alone and together under contrasting sediment organic-matter loadings and salinities. To examine if the capacity of Phragmites to aerate the sediment influenced plant interactions, we also dissipated convective gas flow in some Phragmites plants by perforating their stems. Although Phragmites suppressed the growth of Melaleuca under all conditions, Melaleuca persisted. We did not find Phragmites ramets to be more sensitive to salinity than Melaleuca seedlings. Surprisingly Phragmites did not increase sediment redox and was more sensitive to increased organic-matter loading than Melaleuca. These results do not support the notion that colonisation by Melaleuca was facilitated by a decline in Phragmites at higher salinities or through aeration of the sediments by Phragmites. Seedlings of Melaleuca, however, were easily blown over by wind and it is likely that Phragmites stands shelter Melaleuca during establishment. Although our short-term experiment did not show that Melaleuca was a better competitor, differences in seasonal growth patterns may contribute to a shift in competitive abilities over a longer time scale.
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Franklin, Donald C., Peter S. Brocklehurst, Dominique Lynch, and David M. J. S. Bowman. "Niche differentiation and regeneration in the seasonally flooded Melaleuca forests of northern Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 4 (July 2007): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004130.
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Gallery and floodplain forests in monsoonal northern Australia are mostly sclerophyllous and dominated by five closely related species of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) amongst which niche differentiation is unclear. We present a floristic and environmental analysis of ‘the flooded forest’ using data from 340 plots distributed across 450 000 km2 of the Top End of the Northern Territory. Melaleuca argentea was confined to streams and occurred on sandier substrates, whereas M. cajuputi mostly occurred in the near-coastal lowlands on clay soils. The greater basal area of M. cajuputi suggests an association with productive sites. Melaleuca dealbata, M. viridiflora and M. leucadendra occurred on a wide range of soils. More deeply floodprone sites were occupied by M. argentea and M. leucadendra along streams and by M. leucadendra and M. cajuputi on floodplains and in swamps. A general deficiency but occasional abundance of Melaleuca seedlings suggests that regeneration is episodic. Seedlings were more frequent in recently burnt areas and especially where fires had been severe. We propose that Melaleuca forests occur where disturbance by fire and/or floodwater is too great for rain forest to persist, rendering them the wetland analogue to the eucalypts that dominate well-drained portions of the north Australian environment.
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Sloane, Daniel R., Emilie Ens, Jimmy Wunungmurra, Andrew Falk, Gurrundul Marika, Mungurrapin Maymuru, Gillian Towler, Dave Preece, and the Yirralka Rangers. "Western and Indigenous knowledge converge to explain Melaleuca forest dieback on Aboriginal land in northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 1 (2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18009.
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Involvement of Indigenous people and knowledge in conservation science has become a clear directive in international covenants. Currently, approximately one-third of Australia is owned and managed by Indigenous people, including 84% of the Northern Territory coastline, making Indigenous-led and cross-cultural research highly relevant. Recently, the Yolŋu Senior Knowledge Custodians of the Laynhapuy Indigenous Protected Area in northern Australia expressed concern about the dieback of culturally significant coastal Melaleuca (paperbark) stands. A partnership between Senior Knowledge Custodians and Western scientists was used to develop an ecocultural research framework to investigate the dieback. Semistructured interviews about the likely causes were conducted with Senior Knowledge Custodians of five coastal flood plain sites where dieback occurred. At these sites, comparative ecological assessments of paired dieback and healthy Melaleuca stands were conducted to explore relationships between Melaleuca stand health, salt water intrusion, acid sulfate soils and feral ungulate damage. Melaleuca dieback was observed in three species: nämbarra (M. viridiflora), raŋan (M. cajuputi) and gulun’kulun (M. acacioides). The sociocultural and ecological research approaches similarly suggested that ~70% of Melaleuca spp. dieback was attributed to combinations of salinity and feral ungulate damage. An ecocultural approach heightened understanding of Melaleuca dieback because we detected similarities and differences in likely causal factors.
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Bougoure, Jeremy, Mark Brundrett, Andrew Brown, and Pauline F. Grierson. "Habitat characteristics of the rare underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 6 (2008): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08031.
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Rhizanthella gardneri R.S.Rogers is an entirely subterranean mycoheterotrophic orchid known only from two isolated populations within south-western Western Australia (WA). This rare species appears restricted to habitats dominated by species of the Melaleuca uncinata complex. R. gardneri purportedly forms a tripartite relationship with Melaleuca1, via a connecting mycorrhizal fungus, for the purpose of carbohydrate and nutrient acquisition. Here, we quantify key climate, soil and vegetation characteristics of known R. gardneri habitats to provide baseline data for monitoring of known R. gardneri populations, to better understand how R. gardneri interacts with its habitat and to identify possible new sites for R. gardneri introduction. We found that the habitats of the two known R. gardneri populations show considerable differences in soil chemistry, Melaleuca structure and Melaleuca productivity. Multivariate analyses showed that both multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal components analysis (PCA) ordinations of soil chemical characteristics were very similar. Individual sites within populations were relatively similar in all attributes measured, whereas overall northern and southern habitats were distinct from each other. These results suggest that R. gardneri can tolerate a range of conditions and may be more widespread than previously thought, given that there are extensive areas of Melaleuca thickets with similar habitat characteristics across south-western WA. Variability within the habitats of known R. gardneri populations suggests translocation of this species into sites with similar vegetation may be a viable option for the survival of this species.
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Martoni, Francesco, and Mark J. Blacket. "Description of an Australian endemic species of Trioza (Hemiptera: Triozidae) pest of the endemic tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 22, 2021): e0257031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257031.
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Psyllids, also known as jumping plant lice, are phloem feeding Hemiptera that often show a strict species-specific relationship with their host plants. When psyllid-plant associations involve economically important crops, this may lead to the recognition of a psyllid species as an agricultural or horticultural pest. The Australian endemic tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel., has been used for more than a century to extract essential oils and, long before that, as a traditional medicine by Indigenous Australian people. Recently, a triozid species has been found to damage the new growth of tea trees both in Queensland and New South Wales, raising interest around this previously undocumented pest. Furthermore, adults of the same species were also collected from Citrus plantations, leading to potential false-positive records of the exotic pest Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio 1918), the African Citrus psyllid. Here we describe for the first time Trioza melaleucae Martoni sp. nov. providing information on its distribution, host plant associations and phylogenetic relationships to other Trioza species. This work enables both morphological and molecular identification of this new species, allowing it to be recognized and distinguished for the first time from exotic pests as well as other Australian native psyllids. Furthermore, the haplotype network analysis presented here suggests a close relationship between Trioza melaleucae and the other Myrtaceae-feeding Trioza spp. from Australia, New Zealand, and Taiwan.
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Naidu, Bodapati P., Leslie G. Paleg, and Graham P. Jones. "Accumulation of proline analogues and adaptation of Melaleuca species to diverse environments in Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 5 (2000): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99059.
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The genus Melaleuca is native to Australia, with about 250 species spread from favourable to very stressful ecological habitats. We analysed the leaves of 125 Melaleuca species for the accumulation of proline analogues to explore relationships between the ability of the species to accumulate proline analogues and their ability to adapt to various stressful habitats in Australia. Melaleuca species that have evolved the ability to accumulate only L-proline seem to be adapted to non-saline or non-sodic soils in regions of higher rainfall. Species that accumulate N-methyl-L-proline seem to be adapted to saline and/or sodic soils with moderate amount of rainfall. Species that accumulate trans-4-hydroxy-N-methyl-L-proline seem to be adapted to saline and/or sodic soils and occur in areas with considerably lower rainfall, while species that accumulate trans-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-L-proline are widely distributed in Australia, with a particular adaptation to extremely arid (deserts) and saline and/or sodic soils. The species accumulating more than one osmoprotectant seem to have an ecophysiological advantage over plants accumulating only one osmoprotectant.
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Kelley, G., A. P. O'Grady, L. B. Hutley, and D. Eamus. "A comparison of tree water use in two contiguous vegetation communities of the seasonally dry tropics of northern Australia: the importance of site water budget to tree hydraulics." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 7 (2007): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07021.
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Tree water use in two contiguous communities (eucalypt open-forest and Melaleuca paperbark forest) was measured in tropical Australia, over a 2-year period. The aims of the study were to (1) quantify daily and seasonal patterns of water use in each community, (2) compare patterns of water use among the communities and (3) compare relationships among tree size, sapwood area and water use within the two contrasting vegetation communities. Access to deep soil water stores and the effect of run-on from the eucalypt forest resulted in a relatively high pre-dawn water potential throughout the year, particularly for Melaleuca forest. There were no differences in daily rates of water use, expressed on a sapwood area (Q s) basis, between the two eucalypt species examined (Eucalyptus miniata Cunn. Ex Schauer and E. tetrodonta F.Muell) at any time in the eucalypt forest. For both the eucalypt and Melaleuca forests, there was less seasonal variation in water use expressed on a leaf area (Q l) basis than on a Q s basis, and neither year nor season were significant factors in Q l. In the mono-specific Melaleuca forest, Q s was not significantly different between years or seasons. Water use on a Q l basis was similarly not significantly different between years or seasons in the Melaleuca forest. Leaf area index (LAI) of the eucalypt forest was about half of that of the Melaleuca forest throughout the year but sapwood area per hectare was 33% larger in the eucalypt than the Melaleuca forest, despite the basal area of the Melaeuca forest being almost double that of the eucalypt forest. There was no significant difference in stand water use (mm day–1) between eucalypt and Melaleuca forests during 1998; however, in 1999 Melaleuca stand water use was larger than that of the eucalypt forest. Because of the enhanced dry-season availability of water in the Melaleuca forest and its larger LAI, average annual water use of the Melaleuca forest was almost 60% larger than that of the eucalypt forest. Despite differences in Q l, Q s and annual water use between forests, the ratio of LAI to stand water use was similar for all seasons in both forests. The applicability of ‘universal rules’ linking tree water use and tree hydraulics and the importance of ecosystem location on site water budgets and plant adaptations are discussed.
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Tran, Da B., and Paul Dargusch. "Melaleuca forests in Australia have globally significant carbon stocks." Forest Ecology and Management 375 (September 2016): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.028.
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Naidu, B. P. "Production of betaine from Australian Melaleuca spp. for use in agriculture to reduce plant stress." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 9 (2003): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02223.
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Some of the Melaleuca spp., native to Australia, are unique in their ability to withstand environmental stresses. The stress tolerance of these species is attributable to their ability to accumulate large quantities of organic compounds known as osmoprotectants or proline (betaine) analogues. Osmoprotectants can be extracted easily from these plants and used in seed treatment and foliar application to increase the stress tolerance of economic crops. This paper examines the potential of 8 Melaleuca spp. for the production of osmoprotectants. Melaleuca bracteata, which accumulates the proline analogue trans 4-hydroxy-N-methyl proline (MHP), was the most vigorous of all 8 species field tested in New South Wales and Queensland. A simple extraction protocol for commercial use is suggested. By growing M. bracteata, it is possible to achieve an average yield of 493 kg/ha of MHP along with 218 kg/ha of essential oil, with a gross economic return of AU$14505/ha. This return is better than that estimated for M. alternifolia, $3200/ha, which is currently grown for the production of tea tree oil. The cultivation of M. bracteata has the potential of creating a new industry for Australia, in addition to its positive role in the control of dryland salinity.
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Barlow, BA. "Regelia punicea (N.Byrnes) Barlow, comb.nov. (Myrtaceae) from the Northern Territory: Phytogeographic implications." Brunonia 9, no. 1 (1986): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bru9860089.
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On the basis of habit, habitat and floral characters, Melaleuca punicea N. Byrnes from Arnhem Land is more satisfactorily placed in the genus Regelia, which otherwise is confined to the south-west of Western Australia. This disjunct occurrence of a relatively unspecialized member of its group of genera indicates that it is relictual, and that the origin of the group may not have been in the south-west of Western Australia.
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Rowell, Marcus V., Gregory J. Jordan, and Richard W. Barnes. "An in situ, Late Pleistocene Melaleuca fossil forest at Coal Head, western Tasmania, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 2 (2001): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00049.
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Stumps of more than 365 tree and shrubs are preserved in growth position on the shores of Macquarie Harbour, western Tasmania. The most likely age is Last Interglacial or early Last Glacial. The in situ forest was almost monospecific Melaleuca (probably M. ericifolia) swamp forest, with one very large Nothofagus cunninghamii, occasional Acacia, interspersed with tussocks of Gahnia grandis. The Melaleuca stumps showed a more or less continuous size distribution, and tree rings suggested an age range from a few years to approximately 100 years or more. Similar vegetation occurs now in parts of lowland western and northern Tasmania, particularly in poorly drained, undisturbed, coastal sites. The composition of the in situ fossil forest differed markedly from previously recorded macrofossil and fossil palynomorph floras, suggesting that both of the latter included significant allochthonous components.
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Southwell, I., M. Russell, R. L. Smith, J. J. Brophy, and J. Day. "MELALEUCA TERETIFOLIA, A NOVEL AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANT FROM AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 677 (February 2005): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.677.10.
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Bolton, Keith G. E., and Margaret Greenway. "A feasibility study of Melaleuca trees for use in constructed wetlands in subtropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0209.
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Three tree species from the genus Melaleuca are being examined for use in constructed wetlands in subtropical SE Queensland, Australia. Growth responses of Melaleuca to secondary treated effluent (100% - approximately 5mgPL−1 and 8mgNL−1), half strength (50%), P enriched (+P) and N enriched (+N) secondary treated effluents were monitored in a 2 year pot trial. A growth index was derived from measurements of height, girth diameter, branch number and new leaf number. Highest rates of growth were achieved in the +N and 100% treatments, and lowest rates in the +P and 50% treatments. Seasonal growth trends were evident. Continuously waterlogged trees had slightly higher growth rates than those subjected to aeration cycles, demonstrating their suitability to wetland environments. An aerated network through the bark extending to the roots may provide a mechanism of root aeration. Biomass and nutrient partitioning were measured in an experimental constructed Melaleuca wetlands receiving pure effluent. Biomass nutrient accumulation rates were comparable to studies of other macrophytes. M. alternifolia stored approximately three times more N and P than M. quinquenervia. However, M. quinquenervia had higher rates of litter fall induced by severe insect damage, increasing the rate of transfer of nutrients to the long term sediment sink. P concentrations in the senescent leaves were highly responsive to external concentrations, and may be used as an indicator of P loading rates in constructed wetlands. Since senescent leaves provide a major pathway of biomass nutrients into the sediment sink, this provides a self regulating P storage mechanism.
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Davies, Kerrie A., and Robin M. Giblin-Davis. "The biology and associations of Fergusobia (Nematoda) from the Melaleuca leucadendra-complex in eastern Australia." Invertebrate Systematics 18, no. 3 (2004): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is02034.
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Nematodes of the genus Fergusobia Currie (Tylenchida : Neotylenchidae) and flies of the genus Fergusonina Malloch (Diptera : Fergusoninidae) together form the only known mutualistic association between insects and nematodes that induces galls in young meristematic tissues in Myrtaceae. Six new species of Fergusobia are described (F. quinquenerviae, sp. nov., F. cajuputiae, sp. nov., F. dealbatae, sp. nov., F. leucadendrae, sp. nov., F.�nervosae, sp. nov., and F. viridiflorae, sp. nov.) and partial descriptions are presented for a further two species. Together, these taxa form a putative monophyletic group, apparently restricted to species of Melaleuca in the broad-leaved M. leucadendra-complex, from coastal Queensland and north-east New South Wales, Australia. Each species of nematode has a mutualistic association with a particular species of Fergusonina fly and (with one exception) each association is apparently restricted to one particular species of Melaleuca.
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Adame, M. F., R. Reef, V. N. L. Wong, S. R. Balcombe, M. P. Turschwell, E. Kavehei, D. C. Rodríguez, J. J. Kelleway, P. Masque, and M. Ronan. "Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration of Melaleuca Floodplain Wetlands in Tropical Australia." Ecosystems 23, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00414-5.
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Brophy, Joseph J., and Erich V. Lassak. "Steam volatile leaf oils of some melaleuca species from western Australia." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730070107.
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Pole, MS, and DM J. S. Bowman. "Tertiary plant fossils from Australia's 'Top End'." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960113.
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An assemblage of Tertiary plant fossils is described from Melville Island, Northern Territory, which is in the far north of Australia and currently experiences a monsoonal climate. The leaves examined included probable Cupressaceae, Proteaceae (Grevillea, and forms comparable with the Madagascan genus Dilobia) and Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). They indicate a non-rainforest community which probably had seasonal rainfall.
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Pearce, Ceridwen A., and Kevin D. Hyde. "Phyllachora from Australia. Observations on P. pseudostromatica, P. melaleucae and a new species, P. shivasii from the host Melaleuca." Mycological Research 99, no. 10 (October 1995): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80288-8.
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Craven, L. A., and B. J. Lepschi. "Enumeration of the species and infraspecific taxa of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) occurring in Australia and Tasmania." Australian Systematic Botany 12, no. 6 (1999): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98019.
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The genus Melaleuca currently is the subject of taxonomic revision. In this paper, the 219 Australian and Tasmanian species of Melaleuca sens. Austral. auctt. that are considered to represent Melaleuca are listed together with their infraspecific taxa, taxonomic and nomenclatural synonyms are given, and new names resulting from changes in taxonomic rank and/or the recognition of new taxa are validated. Identification keys are also provided. Of the new names, 48, 3 and 2 result from the recognition of new species, new subspecies and new varieties, respectively, 7 from new combinations and 1 from the provision of a new name. An invalidly published name is validated. The epithet and authority of new taxa are: amydra Craven, apodocephala subsp. calcicola Barlow ex Craven, barlowii Craven, beardii Craven, boeophylla Craven, borealis Craven, brophyiCraven, caeca Craven, calyptroides Craven, campanae Craven, carrii Craven, clavifolia Craven, condylosa Craven, croxfordiae Craven, delta Craven, eulobata Craven, eurystoma Barlow ex Craven, fabri Craven, glena Craven, grieveana Craven, halophila Craven, hnatiukii Craven, hollidayi Craven, huttensis Craven, idana Craven, johnsonii Craven, keigheryi Craven, laetifica Craven, lara Craven, leuropoma Craven, linguiformis Craven, longistaminea subsp. spectabilis Barlow ex Craven, orbicularis Craven, papillosa Turcz. ex Craven, pentagona var. raggedensis Craven, phoidophylla Barlow ex Craven, plumea Craven, podiocarpa Barlow ex Craven, procera Craven, ryeae Craven, sapientes Craven, similis Craven, societatis Craven, stereophloia Craven, stramentosa Craven, thapsina Craven, tinkeri Craven, tuberculata var. macrophylla Craven, venusta Craven, villosisepala Craven, viminea subsp. demissa Quinn ex Craven, wonganensis Craven, zonalis Craven; of new combinations: dempta (Barlow) Craven, eximia (K.J.Cowley) Craven, longistaminea (F.Muell.) Barlow ex Craven, monantha (Barlow) Craven, penicula (K.J.Cowley) Craven, tuberculata var. arenaria (C.A.Gardner) Craven, virgata (Benth.) Craven; of the new name: systena Craven; and of the validated name: nematophylla F.Muell. ex Craven.
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Broadhurst, Linda, Margaret Byrne, Lyn Craven, and Brendan Lepschi. "Genetic congruence with new species boundaries in the Melaleuca uncinata complex (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04073.
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Uninformed management decisions have the potential to create significant problems for conservation programs. In the south-western corner of Australia where conservation initiatives are directed towards restoring large tracts of land degraded by broadscale clearing and increasing levels of dryland salinity, Melaleuca uncinata R.Br. (Myrtaceae) is a species complex of considerable interest for restoration. Although M. uncinata is morphologically uniform across most of southern mainland Australia, there is considerable variation in south-western Australia and a recent morphological evaluation has recognised 11 species. Phylogenetic patterns among populations of seven of these species were examined with nuclear RFLP loci to determine whether morphological and phylogenetic boundaries were congruent before the implementation of any broadscale revegetation programs. The phylogenetic analysis was congruent with the morphological assessment, and populations of different species, including those co-occurring at the same site, clustered according to their correct morphological assignment. Some genetic structuring associated with habitat preference was also evident within two of the species. The taxonomic resolution and knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships among the seven species will facilitate their further assessment for issues relevant to revegetation, such as provenance and local adaptation. It will also enable selection of appropriate germplasm in revegetation programs to maximise the genetic adaptation in restoration and minimise negative impact of plantings on remnant vegetation.
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Prior, L. D., D. Eamus, and D. M. J. S. Bowman. "Tree growth rates in north Australian savanna habitats: seasonal patterns and correlations with leaf attributes." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03119.
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We demonstrate a significant relationship between leaf attributes and growth rates of mature trees under natural conditions in northern Australia, a pattern that has not been widely reported before in the literature. Increase in diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured every 3 months for 2 years for 21 tree species from four habitats near Darwin: Eucalyptus open forest, mixed eucalypt woodland, Melaleuca swamp and dry monsoon rainforest. Assimilation rates and foliar chlorophyll, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were positively correlated with growth rate and negatively correlated with leaf mass per area. For most species, increases in DBH were confined to the wet-season (summer) period between November and May. Average annual increases in DBH were larger in the dry monsoon rainforest (0.87 cm) and the Melaleuca swamp (0.65 cm) than in the woodland (0.20 cm) and the open forest (0.16 cm), and were larger in non-Myrtaceous species (0.53 cm) than in Myrtaceous species (0.25 cm). These results are discussed in relation to the frequent fire regime prevailing over much of northern Australia which causes the marked contrast between the small pockets of fire-tender closed monsoon rainforest and large expanses of fire-tolerant savanna.
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Fensham, Roderick. "Rumphius and." Historical Records of Australian Science 33, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr21009.
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In 1743, Georg Rumphius described a tree from the island of Seram in Herbarium Amboinense as Arbor Versicolor (now known as Eucalyptus deglupta Blume). Thus, the first European name for a species in the iconic Australian genus of Eucalyptus was coined decades before the British collected specimens in Australia, and before it was given its current name by a French botanist in 1789. The English translation of Rumphius’ description (see Supplementary Material) also includes vernacular names for Eucalyptus deglupta—some of many names applied to this species as it occurs from New Britain to Mindanao in the Philippines. While neither Rumphius’ name nor vernacular names for E. deglupta are recognised in current Western botanical nomenclature, the naming of Eucalyptus and other genera now recognised as Acacia, Casuarina and Melaleuca confirm the role of the eminent naturalist Rumphius in the history of Australian botany.
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Robinson, Randall W., Elizabeth A. James, and Paul I. Boon. "Population structure in the clonal, woody wetland plant Melaleuca ericifolia (Myrtaceae): an analysis using historical aerial photographs and molecular techniques." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 1 (2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11292.
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Analyses of historical aerial photographs from 1957 to 2003 were combined with two molecular techniques to examine population structure of the swamp paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., Myrtaceae) in Dowd Morass, a large, brackish-water wetland of the Gippsland Lakes, Australia. Molecular markers (microsatellites and inter-simple sequence repeats) demonstrated that the large, dome-shaped stands of M. ericifolia evident in the field were individual genets and that adjacent genets did not intermingle. The development of 18 individual stands visible in aerial photographs from 1964 to 2003, but absent from 1957 images, allowed us to calculate that stands expanded at (individual) mean rates of 25–77 m2 year–1 over the period 1964–2003. Rates of lateral expansion, however, varied significantly between 1964 and 2003; the mean rates were highest in 1978–1982 and 1982–1991 (75 ± 7 and 73 ± 9 m2 year–1, respectively) and significantly lower in 1991–2003 (45 ± 3 m2 year–1). A slowing of lateral expansion rate may indicate stand senescence, although competition and space limitations as clones abut each other may also be relevant processes. Clonality has several important implications for the conservation and rehabilitation of Melaleuca-dominated wetlands in south-eastern Australia, including the ability of plants to maintain themselves under adverse hydrological and salinity regimes.
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Craven, Lyn A., Brendan J. Lepschi, Linda Broadhurst, and Margaret Byrne. "Taxonomic revision of the broombush complex in Western Australia (Myrtaceae, Melaleuca uncinata s.l.)." Australian Systematic Botany 17, no. 3 (2004): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04001.
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The Western Australian members of the broombush complex, Melaleuca uncinata R.Br., are revised. Eleven species of the complex are recognised, of which seven are newly described: M. atroviridis Craven & Lepschi, M.�exuvia Craven & Lepschi, M.�interioris Craven & Lepschi, M.�osullivanii Craven & Lepschi, M.�scalena Craven & Lepschi, M.�vinnula Craven & Lepschi, M.�zeteticorum Craven & Lepschi. An identification key is provided, and the Western Australian distribution of each species is mapped. The occurrence of hybridisation between members of the complex is reported. The broombush species with which the Western Australian underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri Rogers (Orchidaceae), is associated are discussed.
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Bhatti, S. "A new Monophlebine genus (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Margarodidae : Monophlebinae) on Melaleuca L. in Australia." Invertebrate Systematics 3, no. 5 (1989): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9890495.
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A new genus, Melaleucococcus, is erected in the tribe Monophlebulini to contain four new species from Australia: M. phacelopilus, M. notoporosus, M. hirtipectus and M. nodosus. All of the species feed on Melaleuca L. (Myrtaceae). The adult female of all four species and the first three nymphal instars of the male and all instars of the female of M. phacelopilus are described. Sexual dimorphism and behavioural differences are noted in the third instar of M. phacelopilus and M. nodosus, and other aspects of the biology of these two species are described. A key to the genera of the tribe Monophlebulini is presented.
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Barlow, BA, and KJ Cowley. "Contributions to a revision of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 4–6." Australian Systematic Botany 1, no. 2 (1988): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9880095.
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4. The Melaleuca cuticularis species group is revised and found to comprise 13 species, of which M. bromelioides, M. haplantha, M. sciotostyla, M. subalaris, M, teuthidoides and M. torquata are described as new. A new species, M. lecanantha, is described to accommodate that known by the illegitimate name M. conferta Bentham. Subspecies recognised include M. halmaturorum subsp. cymbifolia, based on M. cymbifolia Benth., and M. pauperifora subspp. fastigiata and mutica and M. calycina subsp. dempta which are described as new. 5. The M. lanceolata species group is revised and found to comprise five species, of which M. strobophylla and M. xerophila are described as new. Four subspecies are recognised in M. lanceolata Otto, including subspp. occidentalis, planifolia and thaeroides, all described as new. 6. The occurrence of M. quadrifaria F.Muell. in South Australia is confirmed from recent collections.
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Page, K. L., and R. C. Dalal. "Contribution of natural and drained wetland systems to carbon stocks, CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes: an Australian perspective." Soil Research 49, no. 5 (2011): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11024.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) flux from wetland systems, both in their natural state and following drainage, has not been well accounted for in the carbon accounting process. We review GHG production from both natural and drained wetlands, and estimate the likely GHG emissions from these systems in Australia. Only a small number of studies have quantified GHG emissions from undisturbed Australian wetland environments. Consequently, in order to estimate GHG flux for Australia, it was necessary to collate data collected overseas from similar climatic zones. Using this approach, it appears that undisturbed, vegetated wetlands in Australia are likely to be net GHG sinks, with the greatest rates of sequestration occurring in mangrove ecosystems (–2669 g CO2-e/m2.year) where biomass production is high but CH4 emissions are limited by salinity. The uncertainty surrounding these values is high, however, due to (a) the low number of measurements from Australia, (b) the low number of measurements for CO2 flux, and (c) the low number of studies where all GHGs have been measured concurrently. It was estimated that the drainage of melaleuca and mangrove forest wetlands in Australia would turn them from carbon sinks into carbon sources, and that in the first 50 years since drainage, this has increased global warming potential by 1149 Tg CO2-e or 23 Tg CO2-e/year. This is significant given that GHG emissions due to land-use change in 2007 totalled 77.1 Tg CO2-e. However, data surrounding the area of wetlands drained, carbon stocks in drained wetlands, and the effect of drainage on CH4 and N2O flux are limited, making the uncertainty surrounding these estimates high. Further study is clearly required if Australia wishes to accurately incorporate wetland systems into national carbon and greenhouse gas accounting budgets.
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Pegg, G. S., D. J. Lee, and A. J. Carnegie. "Predicting impact of Austropuccinia psidii on populations of broad leaved Melaleuca species in Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 47, no. 4 (July 2018): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0574-8.
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Woodside, D. P., and G. H. Pyke. "A Comparison of Bats and Birds as Pollinators of Banksia integrifolia in Northern New South Wales, Australia." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95009.
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We captured Queensland Blossom Bats (Syconycteris australis) feeding at the flowers of Banksia integrifolia during the night and several honeyeater species feeding at the same flowers during the day. Nearby were flowering Melaleuca quinquenervia and various forested areas including littoral rainforest. Honeyeaters appear to be more frequent visitors to the Banksia flowers than Blossom Bats but less effective at transporting pollen. When they are feeding at Banksia flowers both birds and bats carry pollen on the parts of their bodies that contact successive inflorescences. Hence, both honeyeaters and bats are likely to be pollinators of B. integrifolia in our study area. However, the flowers produce nectar and dehisce pollen primarily at night, suggesting that Blossom Bats are more important than honeyeaters as pollinators of this plant. Banksia pollen was the most common item in the diet of the Blossom Bats during our study and the bats were able to digest the contents of this pollen. Interestingly, the diet of these animals also included relatively small amounts of Melaleuca pollen, fruit and arthropods. The spatial and temporal patterns of capture of the Blossom Bats suggested that Blossom Bats prefer to forage at Banksia flowers that are near to the forested areas and that adult bats may influence where and when younger bats feed. Banksia integrifolia appears to produce nectar mostly during the night and/or early morning in two different locations, one coastal and one on the tablelands, but shows different daily patterns of pollen anthesis in these locations.
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Bowman, DMJS, and L. Mcdonough. "Feral Pig (Sus Scrofa) Rooting in a Monsoon Forest-Wetland Transition, Northern Australia." Wildlife Research 18, no. 6 (1991): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910761.
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A grid of 447 cells (each 50x50 m) was set up in a wet monsoon rain forest on a gradual slope above the Adelaide River floodplain in the Australian Northern Territory. Surveys of pig (Sus scrofa) rooting were carried out at approximately 3-month intervals from November 1988 to September 1989. The pigs had only limited effects on the forest in both the wet and dry seasons. The seasonally flooded swamp communities (Melaleuca forest and sedgeland) were primarily exploited in the dry season; dryland communities ([Eucalyptus] and Lophostemon forests) were exploited during the wet season. Rainfall during the previous wet season may have influenced the pattern of rooting in the dryland forests. Rooting and ground cover were weakly positively related in 3 out of the 4 surveys.
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Sun, Xi, Jie Li, Donald Cameron, and Gregory Moore. "On the Use of Sap Flow Measurements to Assess the Water Requirements of Three Australian Native Tree Species." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010052.
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The measurement of sap movement in xylem sapwood tissue using heat pulse velocity sap flow instruments has been commonly used to estimate plant transpiration. In this study, sap flow sensors (SFM1) based on the heat ratio method (HRM) were used to assess the sap flow performance of three different tree species located in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia over a 12-month period. A soil moisture budget profile featuring potential evapotranspiration and precipitation was developed to indicate soil moisture balance while the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum was examined at the study site using data obtained from different monitoring instruments. The comparison of sap flow volume for the three species clearly showed that the water demand of Corymbia maculata was the highest when compared to Melaleuca styphelioides and Lophostemon confertus and the daily sap flow volume on the north side of the tree on average was 63% greater than that of the south side. By analysing the optimal temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) for transpiration for all sampled trees, it was concluded that the Melaleuca styphelioides could better cope with hotter and drier weather conditions.
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NURDJANNAH, NANAN. "PENGARUH KEPADATAN TERNA DAN LAMA PENYULINGAN TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN KARAKTERISTIK MINYAK Melaleuca bracteata." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 7, no. 4 (July 15, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v7n4.2001.124-127.
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<p><strong>The influence of material bulk density and duration of distillation on the yi eld and characteristic of Melaleuca bracteata oil</strong></p><p>Melaleuca bracteata belongs to Myrtaceae family which is grown wildly in Australia and Quensland. The oil is produced from Ihe leaves and (wigs by distillation and is used in fragrances industry. The oil content of leaves and twigs range between 0.4 to 1.0% with metil eugenol as the major component (70-80%). Because of its high metil eugenol content M. bracteata oil can be used to control fruil flies The experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of material bulk density in the distillation vessel and duration of distillation on the yield and charac¬ teristic of the oil produced. Material used was (he leaves and twigs of M bracteata from the experimental garden of the Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops. Manoko, Lembang (1200 in above the sea level). The experiment at 1993 was designed as completely randomized design, arranged factorially with three replications. The result showed that the optimum distillation condition was 1 56 g/l material bulk density in the vessel and 3 hours distillation. Such distillation condition produced 1.09 % oil yield with (he characteristics as follow speciic gravity I 0263, refractive index 1 5296, optical rotation -3.3°, solubility in 70% cthanol 1 : 1, methyl eugenol content 86.1%, acid number 0.56, ester number 15.4 and ester number after acetylation 39.3. Referring to Australia oil, the Indonesian M bracteata oil has higher value of esther number both before and after acetylation.</p>
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Doran, J. C., G. R. Baker, E. R. Williams, and I. A. Southwell. "Genetic gains in oil yields after nine years of breeding Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05205.
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A breeding program to enhance the economics of producing essential oil (Australian tea tree oil) from Melaleuca alternifolia plantations in eastern Australia by improving oil yields and oil quality commenced in 1993. This paper reports the results of the first (2003) and second harvests (2004) of a yield trial established by the program in 2002. The trial compares the performance of three grades of seed (clonal seed orchard, first generation seedling seed orchard and selected provenance) released to the industry by the breeding program against an unimproved seedlot (industry standard). Industry standard is representative of seed available to growers in 2001 from alternative sources within the industry. Progeny from the clonal seed orchard had the highest oil yield, giving an estimated average improvement in yield over industry standard of 83%. This was followed by selected provenance and first generation seedling seed orchard with 55% and 43% improvement, respectively. These yield improvements were accompanied by desirable changes in oil quality traits among breeding program seedlots which gave lower 1,8-cineole and higher terpinen-4-ol levels than industry standard. Economic analyses have demonstrated that, with current prices less than $20 per kg of oil, older plantations need to be replanted with new germplasm that will yield 90% more oil per hectare than plantings based on unselected seed if they are to deliver a 10% rate of return on investment. Gains of this magnitude are possible through the use of the breeding program’s clonal seed orchard seedlot. If the price drops further, then even greater yield gains will be necessary for farms to remain profitable. These gains will be delivered by the breeding program in the coming years through the release of seed from a second generation seedling seed orchard and fully tested clones suitable for mass propagation.
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Salter, Jacqueline, Kay Morris, and Paul I. Boon. "Does salinity reduce the tolerance of two contrasting wetland plants, the submerged monocot Vallisneria australis and the woody shrub Melaleuca ericifolia, to wetting and drying?" Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07147.
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Adverse hydrological regimes and secondary salinisation are ubiquitous stressors to wetland plants in south-eastern Australia. To test whether salinity stress interacts with hydrological stress to affect the growth and survival of aquatic plants, we examined the responses of Melaleuca ericifolia Smith, a shrub favouring drained sites, and the obligately submerged monocot Vallisneria australis (S.W.L. Jacobs & D.H. Les) to different hydrological regimes under freshwater and saline conditions. Under freshwater conditions both species recovered from water regimes that were considered prima facie unsuitable to their growth form: M. ericifolia from 5 and 10 weeks of submersion, and V. australis from a simulated water-level drawdown and exposure to air. Salinity, however, markedly compromised the survival of M. ericifolia after it was re-exposed following submersion. Salinity not only reduced the recovery of V. australis after its release from a period of drying that desiccated aboveground organs, but prohibited recovery when the soil dried out. We conclude that M. ericifolia and V. australis can tolerate short periods of submergence and drying, respectively, under freshwater conditions, but that salinity compromises the ability of both taxa to recover from water regimes that, based on the plant’s growth form, would be considered unsuitable for long-term survival and growth.
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Bellairs, SM, and DT Bell. "Temperature Effects on the Seed-Germination of 10 Kwongan Species From Eneabba, Western-Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 5 (1990): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900451.
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The germination responses of 10 species (Acacia blakelyi, A. pulchella, Allocasuarina humilis, Beaufortia elegans, Conostylis neocymosa, Eucalyptus tetragona, Kennedia prostrata, Leptospermum spinescens, Melaleuca acerosa and Xanthorrhoea drummondii) to constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 35� C were studied. These Western Australian perennial species had optimum germination percentages between 15 and 20�C, except Eucalyptus tetragona which had an optimum at 25�C and Leptospermum spinescens which had an optimum at 10�C. Seeds were transferred from high and low temperatures to 15�C to determine whether high or low temperatures induced dormancy. Low temperatures tended not to affect subsequent germination but high temperature decreased subsequent germination for some species. Wetting and drying stimulated the germination of Acacia blakelyi, A. pulchella and Kennedia prostrata seeds.
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Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. "Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, no. 1 (January 2006): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.19.1.50-62.2006.
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SUMMARY Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.
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Cicció, José F., and Carlos Chaverri. "Chemical composition of essential oils of the tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) cultivated in Costa Rica." UNED Research Journal 13, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v13i1.3327.
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Introduction: Melaleuca is a Myrtaceous genus of flowering plants of about 290 species, distributed throughout Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and New Caledonia. Objective: To identify the chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves, twigs and fruits of M. quinquenervia cultivated as ornamental in Costa Rica. Methods: The essential oils were obtained through the steam distillation process in a Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oils was done by GC-FID and GC-MS, using the retention indices on a DB-5 type capillary column in addition to mass spectral fragmentation patterns. Results: The essential oils consisted mainly of terpenoids (88,2-96,6%). A total of 88 compounds were identified, accounting for 93.1-97.0% of the total amount of the oils. The major constituents from the leaf oil were 1,8-cineole (31,5%), viridiflorol (21,7%), and α-pinene (17,9%). The fruit essential oil consisted mainly of viridiflorol (42,1%), α-pinene (15,0%), limonene (6,4%), α-humulene (4,7%), β-caryophyllene (3,9%), and 1,8-cineole (3,4%). The major components of twigs oil were viridiflorol (66,0%), and 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (4,0%). Conclusion: The plants introduced in Costa Rica belong to chemotype II whose oils contain as major constituents 1,8-cineole and viridiflorol, and it suggest that the original plants were brought from southern Queensland or northern New South Wales (Australia) or from New Caledonia.
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C. Z. Woinarski, John, Greg Connors, and Don C. Franklin. "Thinking honeyeater: nectar maps for the Northern Territory, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 1 (2000): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000061.
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We create monthly maps of nectar availability for the 1.4 x 106 km2 jurisdiction of the Northern Territory, Australia. These are based on a combination of vegetation mapping and a series of indices of plant species specific nectar scoring. The maps reveal complex spatial and temporal variation in nectar availability, but most notably a greater nectar resource in the monsoon-influenced north than in the arid south, and a peak in nectar availability in the dry season. The latter is associated with the extensive tropical eucalypt forests (especially those co-dominated by Eucalyptus miniata and E. tetrodonta). In contrast, wet season nectar availability in these forests is limited, but riparian and swampland forests, typically dominated by Melaleuca species, provide rich but spatially restricted nectar resources. The extensive and rich nectar resources available in eucalypt forests in the dry season supplement the diets of many species which are not primarily nectarivorous. This resource helps shape the singularity of northern Australian eucalypt forests relative to other extensive forests elsewhere in the world. Nectarivores remain in the system through a combination of movements across a number of scales, habitat shifting, and diet shifting. The latter is aided by the peaking of invertebrate and fruit resources at the times of minimum nectar production; a shuffling in resource availability brought about by the extreme climatic seasonality.
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Orchard, Kim A., Lucas A. Cernusak, and Lindsay B. Hutley. "Photosynthesis and water-use efficiency of seedlings from northern Australian monsoon forest, savanna and swamp habitats grown in a common garden." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 11 (2010): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09306.
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Islands of monsoon rainforest and Melaleuca swamp punctuate vast tracts of savanna in monsoonal northern Australia. Seedlings of species from each of these habitat associations were grown in a common garden. Monsoon forest species had higher specific leaf area, lower photosynthetic capacity and lower photosynthetic light compensation points, and required lower irradiance to achieve 50% of light-saturated photosynthesis compared with savanna or swamp species. These traits probably contribute towards greater shade tolerance beneath dense monsoon-forest canopies, whereas savanna and swamp canopies are relatively open. Swamp species, especially two Melaleuca species, had high stomatal conductance and small CO2 drawdown during photosynthesis, and more negative leaf δ13C, compared with monsoon forest and savanna species. Higher stomatal conductance increases carbon uptake during photosynthesis and a high transpiration rate would increase transport of nutrients to absorbing surfaces in the root by mass flow. Thus, a strategy of high transpiration and low water-use efficiency appears to be favoured in swamp species compared with monsoon-forest and savanna species. Instantaneous measurements of the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations (ci/ca) explained 81% of variation in leaf δ13C across 44 species sampled in this and other studies, suggesting that leaf δ13C generally provides a robust proxy for comparisons of ci/ca, even when applied across species.
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Fukuda, Yusuke, Peter Whitehead, and Guy Boggs. "Corrigendum to: Broad-scale environmental influences on the abundance of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Australia." Wildlife Research 35, no. 2 (2008): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06110_co.
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Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) populations have recovered strongly across northern Australia over the 30 years since the species was protected from hunting. However, monitoring studies show large geographical variations in abundance across the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia. The Northern Territory has considerably higher densities, raising questions about constraints on recovery in the other states. We examined broad-scale environmental influences on population abundance by modelling the species.environment relationships across northern Australia. The hypothesis-based models showed strong support for the linkage to (1) the ratio of total area of favourable wetland vegetation types (Melaleuca, grass and sedge to total catchment area, (2) a measure of rainfall seasonality, namely the ratio of total precipitation in the coldest quarter to total precipitation in the warmest quarter of a year, and (3) the mean temperature in the coldest quarter of a year. On the other hand, we were unable to show any clear negative association with landscape modification, as indicated by the extent of high-impact land uses or human population density in catchments. We conclude that geographical variations in crocodile density are mostly attributable to differences in habitat quality rather than the management regimes adopted in the respective jurisdictions.
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Robinson, Randall W., Paul I. Boon, Nina Sawtell, Elizabeth A. James, and Robert Cross. "Effects of environmental conditions on the production of hypocotyl hairs in seedlings of Melaleuca ericifolia (swamp paperbark)." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 7 (2008): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06186.
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The production of hypocotyl hairs in the early stages of seedling development can strongly influence the success with which plants recruit sexually in harsh environments. Although wetlands are one type of environment in which seedlings might be expected to develop hypocotyl hairs, there have been few studies of these structures in the woody aquatic plants. We investigated the production of hypocotyl hairs in Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., a small wetland tree widely distributed across swampy coastal areas of south-eastern Australia, in relation to water availability, salinity, temperature and light regime. Hypocotyl hairs were ~20 mm long × 30 μm wide; in contrast, root hairs were generally less than 5 mm long and 15 μm wide. Hypocotyl hairs were produced only under a narrow range of environmental conditions—low salinity, low water availability, moderate temperature, and darkness—and seedlings that failed to produce hypocotyl hairs did not survive. Since the conditions under which hypocotyl hairs were produced were at least as, and possibly even more, restricted than those required for successful germination of seeds, it is likely that the successful sexual recruitment of M. ericifolia would be rare and episodic under conditions existing in most coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia.
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Neldner, Victor J., Rodrick W. Rogers, and Paul I. Forster. "The lichen flora of tropical Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 5 (2018): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17246.
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The first account of the lichen flora of the Cape York Peninsula bioregion is provided with 423 lichen taxa from 47 families and 127 genera recorded. The tropical savannas of Cape York Peninsula, which experience annual or biennial ground fires, are generally a harsh environment for lichen establishment and growth. The majority of eucalypts and Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. trees that dominate much of Cape York Peninsula vegetation regularly shed their bark and do not generally provide a suitable habitat for lichen establishment and persistence. However, even in these savanna habitats, some tree species provide suitable fire-safe substrates for lichens. The rainforest, riparian and coastal vegetation lichen flora is much more diverse, primarily because of the lack of fire but also because of more mesic conditions and persistent thin bark types. Most of the lichens (413 lichen species) survive on a number of bark types, while there are 51 species on rock substrates (10 exclusively on rocks). The diverse lichen flora is dominated by pantropical species, many of which are shared with New Guinea, Thailand and the Northern Territory. However, eleven lichen species are only known from Cape York Peninsula.
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Shepherd, Mervyn, Rachel Wood, Camilla Bloomfield, and Carolyn Raymond. "Ecotypic responses to flood and drought in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia)." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 8 (2015): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14311.
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Plantation-grown Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) is the principal source of tea tree oil in Australia. Upland and coastal ecotypes of tea tree were grown in a common environment to test responses in root, shoot and developmental attributes to four hydrological conditions. Consistent with its wetland origins, tea tree exhibited morphological adaptations for flood tolerance, with both ecotypes possessing a similar maximal capacity for adventitious roots and aerenchyma. Despite adaptation to flood, growth was reduced under prolonged flood relative to a well-watered control, and to a similar degree in both ecotypes. Coastal plants responded more rapidly to flood, suggesting that upland plants may delay costly morphological modifications until flooding is more protracted. Mild water deficit (drought) had a greater impact on growth and development than flooding, and upon coastal than upland plants. Relatively lower impact of drought on biomass and branch whorl number in upland plants was probably due to a constitutively higher root : shoot biomass ratio buffering against retarded development and growth. This study was the first step in identifying genetically controlled abiotic stress tolerances that may be useful for further domestication of tea tree. The potential to improve drought tolerance appeared most promising; however, further work will require consideration of appropriate breeding strategies given the low-resource-adapted population origins of tolerance alleles, and it should be prefaced by a clear definition of the target deployment environment and include testing of yield variables of economic value in target environments.
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WARCUP, J. H. "RHIZANTHELLA GARDNERI (ORCHIDACEAE), ITS RHIZOCTONIA ENDOPHYTE AND CLOSE ASSOCIATION WITH MELALEUCA UNCINATA (MYRTACEAE) IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." New Phytologist 99, no. 2 (February 1985): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03656.x.
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Ens, E. J., S. Bentley-Toon, F. Campion, S. Campion, J. Kelly, and G. Towler. "Rapid appraisal links feral buffalo with kunkod (Melaleuca spp.) decline in freshwater billabongs of tropical northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 9 (2017): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16267.
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Freshwater wetlands have great ecological, social, cultural and economic importance and are considered some of the most threatened ecosystems globally, especially in the tropics. In the tropics of northern Australia, much land is owned by Aboriginal people, thus requiring community-based approaches to monitoring and decision making. Herein we present a collaborative community-based rapid appraisal of an observed decline in a culturally and ecologically important tree genus of the freshwater wetlands in northern Australia, locally known as kunkod (Melaleuca spp., Myrtaceae) by Bininj (local Aboriginal people). We conducted collaborative research with the local Aboriginal Djelk Rangers incorporating local and scientific knowledge and preferred research methods. The decline in kunkod was more common in the water zone than in the mud and dry zones of freshwater billabongs in the Djelk Indigenous Protected Area. Kunkod decline and poor regeneration were significantly correlated with high water electrical conductivity, turbidity and ammonium. Feral buffalo activity was also positively correlated with these parameters, suggesting an indirect effect of buffalo on kunkod population health (large and small trees) through reduced water quality rather than direct rubbing on the trees, as was initially expected. Ongoing monitoring will allow assessment of potential recovery of kunkod following planned feral buffalo control.
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Nicol, Jason M., and George G. Ganf. "Water regimes, seedling recruitment and establishment in three wetland plant species." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 4 (2000): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99147.
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The regeneration niche of three wetland species that co-occur at Bool Lagoon, South Australia, was investigated under nine hydrologic conditions. Typha domingensis grown from seed had the broadest niche requirements; seeds germinated and seedlings were established in all 9 hydrologic regimes, and asexual reproduction occurred in 5 of the 9 regimes. Whether asexual reproduction occurred was dependent upon an interaction between the rate of leaf elongation, the rate of drawdown and whether the leaf was able to broach the water surface. The buoyant nature of seeds and seedlings ofTriglochin procerum allowed it to avoid unfavourable regeneration niches. Melaleuca halmaturorum had a narrow regeneration niche that was confined to wet mud flats. The results are consistent with the changes in the floristic composition of the lagoon.
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Fukuda, Yusuke, Peter Whitehead, and Guy Boggs. "Broad-scale environmental influences on the abundance of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Australia." Wildlife Research 34, no. 3 (2007): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06110.
Full textAbstract:
Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) populations have recovered strongly across northern Australia over the 30 years since the species was protected from hunting. However, monitoring studies show large geographical variations in abundance across the Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia. The Northern Territory has considerably higher densities, raising questions about constraints on recovery in the other states. We examined broad-scale environmental influences on population abundance by modelling the species–environment relationships across northern Australia. The hypothesis-based models showed strong support for the linkage to (1) the ratio of total area of favourable wetland vegetation types (Melaleuca, grass and sedge) to total catchment area, (2) a measure of rainfall seasonality, namely the ratio of total precipitation in the coldest quarter to total precipitation in the warmest quarter of a year, and (3) the mean temperature in the coldest quarter of a year. On the other hand, we were unable to show any clear negative association with landscape modification, as indicated by the extent of high-impact land uses or human population density in catchments. We conclude that geographical variations in crocodile density are mostly attributable to differences in habitat quality rather than the management regimes adopted in the respective jurisdictions.
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Riley, TV. "Topical antimicrobial therapy with tea tree oil: fact or fantasy." British Journal of Infection Control 3, no. 5 (October 2002): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175717740200300503.
Full textAbstract:
T his paper reviews briefly the evidence that tea tree oil may be suitable as a topical antimicrobial agent. Tea tree oil is the essential oil extracted by steam distillation from the Australian native tree Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a long history of use in Australia, and has emerged as a possible topical antimicrobial because of antimicrobial resistance to conventional agents. The history, production and chemistry of tea tree oil are described. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil has now been reported in numerous papers, and there is good evidence for antibacterial, antifungal and, to a lesser extent, antiviral activity. What is lacking is sufficient numbers of clinical trials to verify this efficacy in vivo. Tea tree oil is only safe to use as a topical agent and although skin sensitivity has been a concern, the evidence for this is not strong. However, long-term usage studies are still required. Based on the published data, tea tree oil may prove to be a very useful topical antimicrobial and there is a role for infection control practitioners in the validation of its use in clinical practice.