Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Meiji period'

Henry Black was born in Adelaide in 1858, but arrived in Japan in 1864 after his father became editor of the Japan Herald. In the late 1870s, Henry Black addressed meetings of members of the Freedom and People�s Rights Movement. His talks were inspired by nineteenth-century theories of natural rights. That experience led to his becoming a professional storyteller (rakugoka) affiliated with the San�y� school of storytelling (San�yuha). Black�s storytelling (rakugo) in the 1880s and 1890s was an attempt by the San�y�ha to modernise rakugo. By adapting European sensation fiction, Black blended European and Japanese elements to create hybridised landscapes and characters as blueprints for audiences negotiating changes synonymous with modernity during the Meiji period. The narrations also portrayed the negative impacts of change wrought through emulation of nineteenth-century Britain�s Industrial Revolution. His 1894 adaptation of Oliver Twist or his 1885 adaptation of Mary Braddon�s Flower and Weed, for example, were early warnings about the evils of child labour and the exploitation of women in unregulated textile factories. Black�s kabuki performances parallel politically and artistically inspired attempts to reform kabuki by elevating its status as an art suitable for imperial and foreign patronage. The printing of his narrations in stenographic books (sokkibon) ensured that his ideas reached a wide audience. Because he was not an officially hired foreigner (yatoi), and his narrations have not entered the rakugo canon, Black has largely been forgotten. A study of his role as a mediator of modernity during the 1880s and 1890s shows that he was an agent in the transfer to a mass audience of European ideas associated with modernity, frequently ahead of intellectuals and mainstream literature. An examination of Black�s career helps broaden our knowledge of the role of foreigners and rakugo in shaping modern Japan.

Henry Black was born in Adelaide in 1858, but arrived in Japan in 1864 after his father became editor of the Japan Herald. In the late 1870s, Henry Black addressed meetings of members of the Freedom and People�s Rights Movement. His talks were inspired by nineteenth-century theories of natural rights. That experience led to his becoming a professional storyteller (rakugoka) affiliated with the San�y� school of storytelling (San�yuha). Black�s storytelling (rakugo) in the 1880s and 1890s was an attempt by the San�y�ha to modernise rakugo. By adapting European sensation fiction, Black blended European and Japanese elements to create hybridised landscapes and characters as blueprints for audiences negotiating changes synonymous with modernity during the Meiji period. The narrations also portrayed the negative impacts of change wrought through emulation of nineteenth-century Britain�s Industrial Revolution. His 1894 adaptation of Oliver Twist or his 1885 adaptation of Mary Braddon�s Flower and Weed, for example, were early warnings about the evils of child labour and the exploitation of women in unregulated textile factories. Black�s kabuki performances parallel politically and artistically inspired attempts to reform kabuki by elevating its status as an art suitable for imperial and foreign patronage. The printing of his narrations in stenographic books (sokkibon) ensured that his ideas reached a wide audience. Because he was not an officially hired foreigner (yatoi), and his narrations have not entered the rakugo canon, Black has largely been forgotten. A study of his role as a mediator of modernity during the 1880s and 1890s shows that he was an agent in the transfer to a mass audience of European ideas associated with modernity, frequently ahead of intellectuals and mainstream literature. An examination of Black�s career helps broaden our knowledge of the role of foreigners and rakugo in shaping modern Japan.

This thesis examines the contribution and influence that American Protestant missionary girls’ schools had on Japanese women’s education during the Meiji period. Between 1868 and 1912, over thirty missionary girls’ schools were established. These schools had the primary aim of introducing Christianity to Japanese female students. However, at the same time, they provided young women with opportunities for schooling outside of their families and played a pioneering role in promoting “Western enlightenment” inside and outside the classrooms. Set against the backdrop of Japan’s modernization efforts, this thesis uses as a case study St. Agnes’ School (Heian Jogakkō), one of the oldest missionary girls’ schools in the Kansai region, to consider how it cultivated new middle-class women through its education. Under the slogan of ryōsai kenbo (good wife, wise mother), the Japanese government introduced primary school education for girls as a part of its initiative to build a modern nation. The government considered the home women’s proper sphere and showed little interest in developing women’s secondary and higher education in the first two decades. Therefore it was private schools including missionary girls’ schools like St. Agnes’ that stepped in and filled the void for secondary education. Furthermore, the school introduced advanced courses such as bungaku bu (Arts Division) and kasei bu (Home Economics Division) in 1895. The aim of bungaku bu was to cultivate women who could engage in work for the public benefit. St. Agnes’ School was established by the Episcopal Church of the United States of America in 1875 in Osaka and later moved to Kyoto in 1895. The thesis explores the academics and practical skills St. Agnes’ taught in its classrooms, chapel, and dormitory. These included English language, Bible classes, science, physical training, and domestic science, including skills such as needlework and the concept of hygiene, which were considered important for American middle-class women. In addition, the school presented regulations on girl students’ decorum, provided a mentoring relationship between missionaries and students, and encouraged girl students to participate in charity and volunteer work such as raising funds for the poor, orphans, and disaster victims. By using historical documents, including the letters of American Episcopal missionaries and students’ letters and essays in from the archives of St. Agnes’ School, the thesis argues that missionary girls’ schools like St. Agnes’ School cultivated new ryōsai kenbo and ultimately new middle-class womanhood. It presents a case study of its two star graduates: Ukita Fuku, a scholarship recipient who later became a teacher at her alma mater; and Izumi Sonoko, who successfully developed American cookie-baking skills into a family business and became one of the most successful businesswomen and philanthropists of her time. Through their missionary school education, they acted as new middle-class women who engaged in “socially sanctioned activities” such as teaching and charity services in the social sphere. The education helped to construct new norms for middle-class women who worked in both domestic and social spheres in modern Japan.
published_or_final_version
Modern Languages and Cultures
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Studies of the Early Meiji Period have until now been mainly articulated around the issue of continuity and discontinuity between the Edo and Meiji eras. Thus Tokyo has become the central locus of production of multiple discourses on Japanese modernity, urbanity and culture.
This work adopts a discontinuist approach by considering each era as two entirely distinct, although related, historical assemblages. For this, I focus my study on the conditions of production of Tokyo as a modern urban space. The entry into modernity is the crossing of a threshold. As Edo is marked by the order of the general equivalent and the law of the sumptury, Tokyo is produced in abstract space. We shift from an essentially heterogeneous space to a homogeneous, fragmented and hierarchized space. Following Henri Lefebvre, I try to analyze the production of modern abstract space as it is associated with a new mode of control of social space through administrative policies, cartography and urbanism.

In 1868, the Meiji government decided to establish a military system that would improve not only the fighting capacity but also the military discipline of Japan's army. On the one hand the Meiji leaders rebuilt Japan's army with inspiration from Western models, initially the French. On the other hand they adopted from Western countries modern military justice system, that helped to shape gradually the Japanese navy and army in the 19th century.;This thesis delves deep into the introduction and evolution of the military justice system in the Meiji era, in an effort to explain how it helped reshape military discipline within the Imperial Japanese Army. Utilizing a range of primary sources, it studies the creation and enforcement of the military justice system from a military history rather than legal history perspective. It is hoped that this thesis reveals the crucial role that the military justice system played in Japan's military modernization during this period. The findings also explain why military discipline of the Imperial Japanese Army began to decline again after the Russo-Japanese War.

Abstract Japanese anime being an important part of modern and contemporary popular visual culture, its aesthetic merits, its roots in Japanese visual arts as well as its rich symbology derived from Japanese folkloristic, literary and religious themes are worth investigating. This research aims to track the visual links between Edo and Meiji period monster art (y??kai-ga) paintings and modern day anime by concentrating on the works of Edo and Meiji period painters and the post-war period animation and manga series Gegegeno Kitaro, created by Mizuki Shigeru. Some of the Japanese origins of anime and manga imagery can be traced back to the early 12th century Ch??j?? Giga animal scrolls, where comic art and narrative pictures first appear. However, more recent sources are found in woodblock prints of the late Edo period. These prints are the forerunners of manga in that dialogues appear with the image, generally no anatomical details are given nor are they in perspective, but often a mood is expressed in a cartoon-like manner. The visual rendering of y??kai (monsters) is a Japanese cultural phenomenon: y??kai paintings originate in the Muromachi period, and take up part of the visual arts of that era. The distinct monster (y??kai) imagery emerging in the late Edo to early Meiji periods is the focus of this research. Investigating the Gegegeno Kitaro series, the study pinpoints the visual roots of the animation characters in the context of y??kai folklore and Edo and Meiji period monster painting traditions. Being a very popular series consisting of numerous episodes broadcast from the 1960s to the present time, by analyzing the changing images related to the representation of monsters in the series the study documents the changes in the perception of monsters in this time period, while it reflects on the importance of Mizuki??s work in keeping visual traditions alive and educating new audiences about folklore by recasting y??kai imagery in modern day settings in an innovative way. Additionally, by analyzing and comparing character, set, costume and mask design, plot and storyline of y??kai-themed films, the study attempts to shed light on the roles the representations of y??kai have been assigned in post-war Japanese cinema.

Architectural tectonics and the relationship of structural expression to ornament has been one of the oldest and most consistent themes in western architectural theory. For instance, the discussions of architectonics can be seen in the foundational literature from the Classical period, is present in Neo-classical architectural styles, in debates associated with modernist architecture, and in the latest digital interpretations of architecture. Tectonics and the idea that architecture ought to draw its aesthetic effects from its structural and material composition has, as a consequence, become a normative aspect of architectural theory and practice. Yet, in many situation cultural and geographical contexts this position does not have such a normative status. This thesis examines the legacy of this theme in architectural theory and practice in the particular cultural and geographical context of Japan and Taiwan. It focuses on the colonial cultural relationship between these countries, and to the West, as well as considering the seismic conditions that govern the culture of building around the Pacific West coast – the Ring of Fire. The argument that I will propose is that although the discussion of tectonics in westernised Japan has been scanty, the attitude and strategies the Japanese adopted for designing architecture and considering the relationship between structures and architectural surfaces can be framed differently. The difference between the traditional Japanese approaches to these questions and conventional Western considerations, is, in part, related to the significance of earthquakes to Japanese culture. The two traditions are not isolated. Japan was famously quick to adopt Western technologies and knowledge in the early twentieth century. In the context of architecture and building, this relationship produced a complex hybrid architectural culture in which the Japanese developed their own construction system and their attitude to the relationship between the structures and architectural surfaces. The thesis examines a further layer to this technological and cultural hybrid by examining the relationship between Japan and its colony Taiwan. The thesis argues that Japan’s relationship to the West, and its adoption and hybridization of architectural culture is evident in a complex way through their own colonial relationship to Taiwan. Through reviewing debates on structure and ornament in architecture in the Far East, the thesis adopts the concept of skeuomorph into this theoretical frame. Locating the concept of skeuomorph in this frame and interpreting the Japanese and Taiwanese cases by this concept allows us to reconsider the normative status of architectonic principles in architectural theory, and contribute to an understanding of colonial architectural history in the East Asia.

In March, 1990, I was hired to teach English in Japan at a small, private academy in Chitose, Hokkaido. The school was called the Academy of Clark's Spirit. My first day at work I was asked by my boss, Sato Masako: "So Mr. Walker, of course you know who Dr. Clark is?" I told Mr. Sato that I was sorry, but that I did not. "You said in your resume that you are a history student? We named this school after him. He's one of the most important people in Hokkaido's history," he said, looking disappointed. Mr. Sato explained that he wanted me to teach with the spirit of Clark in mind and bring to his classrooms what Clark brought to Hokkaido over a hundred years before. I nodded and asked to see my apartment. I began this study of William Smith Clark after my first stay in Hokkaido. It is the product of my interest in modern Japanese history, particularly Japan's relationship with the United States. The first leg of this project was started in Amherst, Massachusetts, where I met with Dr. John Maki. He directed me through the Clark collection at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. I had several interviews with Maki during the week I was in Massachusetts and was given liberal access to the Clark collection under his influence. The second leg of my study was continued in Sapporo, Hokkaido. I met with Dr. Toshiyuki Akizuki at Hokkaido University and was shown through the Clark collection there. I lived in Hokkaido for about two years and have kept notes on the tribute paid to Clark and visible signs of his impact on the northern island. The focus of this study is to look at Clark's contribution to the development of Hokkaido by detailing his work in education, Christianity, and agriculture. By focusing on Clark's particular contribution to Hokkaido a larger historical trend, that is, the importation of foreign ideas in the history of Meiji Japan, is better understood. ~he results of this study conclude that Clark was an important figure in the history of Hokkaido's settlement, and to the development of nineteenth century Japan.,. ,Clark was also an important figure in the history of the relations between Japan and the United states., It is in lasting institutions like Hokkaido University and the Sapporo Independent Christian Church where Clark's impact is best illustrated. These institutions, particularly the university, were the nerve centers for Hokkaido's development, and Clark planted these seeds of enlightenment, under the direction of the Meiji government, in the fertile northern soil. I have gained a better understanding of Clark's stay in Hokkaido because of this project, but doubt that I could even now satisfy Mr. Sato's insistence that I teach with Clark's spirit. I do understand, however, why it was important to Mr. Sato that I try. Clark's phrase "Boys Be Ambitious" still embodies the spirit of many educators in Hokkaido and his success with Japanese students is one of the better examples of international exchange in any country. Clark is cherished by the people of Hokkaido as the spiritual pioneer of their island even though his stay

Depuis l’inauguration de relations diplomatiques avec les pays étrangers entre 1854 et 1858, le Japon cherche à rattraper son retard, cumulé pendant toute la période fermeture de l’archipel, dans divers domaines, par rapport aux pays occidentaux et, pour atteindre cet objectif, les Japonais n’hésitent pas à avoir recours aux experts étrangers qui ont pour mission de transmettre leurs connaissances et d’aider à la modernisation du Japon. La France est un de ces pays contributeurs, et la collaboration franco-japonaise est fortement marquée dans le domaine militaire sous la forme de l’envoi au Japon de missions militaires entre 1867 et 1889. L’envoi de ces missions françaises s’inscrit dans l’histoire de la coopération entre les deux pays. Elles ont pour objectif d’instruire des officiers et soldats japonais suivant la méthode française et d’établir l’ensemble des systèmes permettant de gérer une armée moderne sur le modèle français. La présence des militaires français sur le sol japonais doit être également considérée comme un des éléments clefs de la diplomatie française dans un Japon qui, au cours des années 1860, est fragilisé par la passation de pouvoir du shôgun à l’empereur et une guerre civile opposant les troupes des deux camps, et dont les nouveaux dirigeants cherchent, après la restauration de Meiji, à établir un Etat capable de rivaliser avec les puissances occidentales. Ainsi, les missions militaires françaises marquent non seulement l’étroitesse des relations entre ces deux pays, mais aussi l’aspiration de la France, à travers sa politique extrême-orientale, à être reconnue comme puissance globale
After Japan established diplomatic relations with foreign countries between 1854 and 1858, it tried to make progress in various areas following its isolationist period in an attempt to catch up to Western nations. To reach this goal, the Japanese encouraged visits from foreign experts who came to share their knowledge and to contribute to the modernization of the country in the second half of the 19th century. France was one of these international partners, and French-Japanese collaboration was strong in terms of military efforts through several French military missions to Japan between 1867 and 1889. The history of the cooperation between the two states often mentions these missions because French military instructors aimed to educate Japanese officers and soldiers following the French method, and the French officers founded a whole system that allowed Japan to manage its army based on the French model. Furthermore, the French military’s presence in Japan was a key element of French diplomacy in Japan in the 1860s, made possible by the transfer of power from the shogun to the emperor after the Meiji Restoration, whereby political leaders wanted to Westernize Japan. French military missions during this era not only represented the close relationship between the two countries, but also France’s goal of becoming a great global power

La tesi riguarda l' arrivo del Protestantesimo americano in Giappone alla fine del periodo Edo, e il suo radicamento durante il periodo Meiji. Si concentra in particolare sull' influenza che tale religione ebbe nella nascita delle attività di welfare durante il periodo Meiji.

L'elaborato segue l'evoluzione del porto di Yokohama dal 1859 ai primi anni dell'epoca Meiji (1869-1912) attraverso lo sviluppo di stampe ukiyoe aventi come soggetto gli stranieri arrivati dopo l'apertura del porto e la cui denominazione è "Yokohamae"

This thesis investigates the different aspects that participate in the relationship between identity and visual culture in Japanese society, where the visual elements are certainly the main features of media and social communication. More specifically, I focused attention on the artistic representations of Mt. Fuji such as painting, poster, postcard, ukiyo-e print, photography, from Heian to Meiji period. Throughout sociological and art historical approaches this work sheds light also on how Mt. Fuji has been perceived by Japanese through centuries and which role the visual representations of the sacred mountain have been playing in the social context.

L'elaborato si propone di delineare la formazione del movimento pittorialista nella fotografia giapponese: nel primo capitolo verranno analizzati, oltre ai primi rapporti e scambi tra fotografia e pittura, i cambiamenti avvenuti nello stile e nell'espressione artistica della pittura yōga e nihonga nel periodo Meiji. Nel secondo e terzo capitolo verranno affrontati rispettivamente gli esordi della fotografia artistica nel periodo Meiji e il suo graduale affermarsi come movimento pittorialista nel periodo storico successivo, specialmente grazie allo pseudo accademismo nato in seno all'esposizione del Tōkyō shashin kenkyūkai e di altri gruppi dislocati a Nagoya e nel Kansai. In particolare verrà presentata l'opera di Fukuhara Shinzō e dei suoi collaboratori all'interno dell'associazione da lui fondata, Shashin geijutsusha, che si pose esattamente a cavallo tra il pittorialismo e la fotografia modernista di periodo Shōwa.

In questa tesi verranno studiate le correnti di pensiero che influenzarono l’educazione, dalla struttura al curriculum studiorum, in epoca Meiji. Si analizzeranno, attraverso gli scritti e i documenti più significativi, i diversi pensatori che con le loro teorie ebbero maggiore impatto nella creazione di un’ideologia base per la formazione di uno Stato moderno. Nel primo capitolo, dopo una breve panoramica sull’educazione in periodo Tokugawa verranno presi in esame i sostenitori della ricerca della modernità sull’esempio delle potenze Occidentali; verrà approfondita, in particolare, la figura di Fukuzawa Yukichi, educatore che con le sue idee rivoluzionò l’educazione nel primo periodo Meiji. Nel secondo capitolo, dopo una breve analisi del Confucianesimo nel periodo Tokugawa, verranno presi come oggetto di studio la critica Confuciana alla diffusione delle idee Occidentali nella società, e i suoi ideologi. Nel terzo capitolo, verrà approfondita la figura di Mori Arinori, politico che cambiò completamente il volto dell’educazione giapponese. Nel quarto capitolo, verrà analizzata la corrente kokutai e il Rescritto Imperiale sull’Educazione, documento fondamentale fino alla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale per la formazione dei “sudditi giapponesi”. Nel quinto capitolo, infine, verranno prese in esame quelle religioni, quali Buddhismo e Cristianesimo, che occuparono un loro spazio a parte nel discorso ideologico-educativo del tempo.

碩士
淡江大學
日本研究所碩士在職專班
91
The “Samurai”, a warrior of Japan since old times observe the samurai moral, it’s called “Bushido”. This samurai moral is not a law either not a rule. It’s just a tradition or some scholar writings. But Samurai observes the moral, never offend. On the Meiji Period, the government abolishes feudal domains and establishes prefectures. As the class system is abolished, Bushido look likes disappeared. But Meiji government uses Bushido to educate new Meiji army, training they has such Samurai moral. As the conscription system, not belong the Samurai peoples, such as farmers, workers, merchants; they must take training to learn the Bushido. When the army retires, as they go home for work and the Bushido moral spread the country. The people became a patriot and pledge the Emperor loyalty. On the Meiji, Taisho, Showa period, this loyalty brought many army dead. On the Meiji period, the government trained army to pledge Emperor loyalty. The army became look upon death as going home. Such kind Samurai moral originate in self-sacrifice from “Hagakure”. Not from “Shido” on Edo period. Since army self-sacrifice for the country are because of moral education from Meiji government.

碩士
淡江大學
日本研究所
90
Title of Thesis: Total Pages: 190 Confucianism and Moral Education in Meiji Period in Japan Name of Institute: Graduate institute of Japanese Studies, Tamkang University Graduate Date: Jun. 2002 Degree Conferred: Master Degree of Art Name of student: Man-Li Hsu Advisor: Dr. Charng-Huei Liou （許曼莉） （劉長輝） Abstract: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan announced the end of the Isolation Policy, which had lasted more than two hundred years. At that time, aiming at becoming a wealthy country with strong military power, the government not only adopted the western political system but also absorbed the western culture and religion, which gave rise to the western civilization in Japan. Although the Japanese had devoted themselves to learn from the West, they still regarded the Confucianism as the mainstream in their national moral education. The purpose of the present study was to discuss why the Meiji government executed the Confucianism rather than the Japanese traditional spirit and to investigate the value of the Confucianism over the western culture. To accomplish the goal of this research, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between the Japanese moral education and the Confucianism. In the introduction, the motivation, purpose and framework of this research were addressed. The first chapter described the Confucianism and the Japanese traditional spirit in the modern times. The status of the Confucianism was disclosed as well. The second chapter revealed the issues of the Japanese moral education policies. The third chapter investigated the relationship between the moral education and the Confucianism in terms of “Children Education Rescript” and “Soldier Rescript.” The fourth chapter introduced the history, contents and the characteristics of the “Educational Rescript.” Then, the relationship between the rescript and the Confucianism was explored. Finally, the impacts of the rescript on the national moral education were discussed. The present study intended to illustrate the significance of the Confucianism on the Japanese moral education in the modern times.

碩士
國立交通大學
經營管理研究所
95
The county of Japan implemented a nationwide process of modernization after the Tokugawa Shogun lost the ruling of government to the Emperor Meiji. During this seventy-year period of radical reform, Japan modernized into a strong industrial nation. This occurred while the sovereign state was exposed to new technologies and cultural influences from the dominant western powers of the day. This thesis presents a macro analysis framework for the organizational transformation during the Japanese Meiji Restoration period. The concepts used to model changes from the target period of Japan’s opening to the world include conventional organization change theories, such as: Lewin’s Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze, and Kotter’s Eight Steps. Complex change system theories are also used for modelling this change progress, which include: Bifurcation and Cusp Catastrophe. This thesis puts the point forward that complex change system theories can be used to gain some insight of possible outcomes of a specified event. This can be achieved by recognizing, analyzing and influencing the self-organizing process at certain stages of implementation.

碩士
東海大學
中國文學系
105
In Meiji Period of Japan, the writing of“The history of Chinese literature” became a trend. Japanese scholars in this period started to re-examine“The history of Chinese literature” in the perspective of western literature and expanded the definition of “literature” during the construction process. These influenced Chinese scholars to write“The history of Chinese literature” in the future. The article chooses“The history of Chinese literature” as research topic. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the article is divided into 4 chapters, discussing background and content of“The history of Chinese literature” in Meiji Period hierarchically. The three main points of the article are as follow: First, by investigating Meiji Period’s time background, which honored western literature, I tried to find out how Meiji Period caused the revival of sinology through relying on regulations, education system, official and civil advocacy. Moreover, this period began to concern and make research on“The history of Chinese literature.” Second, I select Rinpuu Sasakawa（1870-1949）and Teikichi Kojou（1866-1949）these two history of literature’s authors as my research topic. I focused on their live, writings and circle of acquaintances. In order to inquire into how these writers, who had different background, wrote out extremely contrasting“The history of Chinese literature.” Third, to figure out the common characteristics of the Meiji Period that reflected in their works, I compared two Chinese literature and made comparison and contract of two different china literature. Moreover, I surveyed the issues they had concerned, the style they had chosen, and time range of the setting. History of Chinese literature in Meiji Period established the style of history of literature, and they are critical results which expand the definition of literature. The purpose of this article is to clarify all kinds of phenomena that appeared in early writings of history of literature.

General Katsura Tarö was a key figure in the development of Japan’s first national army, acted as colonial governor-general in Taiwan, developed what is now Takushoku University as a school for Japanese overseas administrators and businessmen, and, as prime minister for most of the period 1901-1913, took his country to alliance with Britain, war with Russia, and finally annexation of Korea. He was a political general who made the transition to full statesman. Ironically, however, on the point of introducing his own political party, he was crippled by the public’s intolerance of continuing military intrusion in Japanese politics. This thesis borrows Katsura’s life in order to investigate the relationship between Japan’s army, society, and empire in a period of extremely rapid change. The focus is on Japan’s overseas expansion, viewed a a kind of "social imperialism"; that is, that the creation of a conscript army was intended to regiment the people and prevent disorder, and that the employment of this army in overseas expansion was further designed to maintain domestic economic progress and divert outwards potentially disruptive social tensions. It is argued, however, that the inherent weaknesses of imperialism, involving expanded military force to defend overseas interests, heated competition between the army and navy for limited budgetary resources, and rising international discord, ultimately exacerbated the domestic pressures such expansion was intended to assuage, and that Katsura was unusual among army leaders in sufficiently perceiving this concertina relationship to adopt a revised approach to foreign policy. He came to emphasise economic development of overseas possessions over and above the military factor, and adopted a British-style business attitude towards imperialism. This is evident in his establishment of the Oriental Development Company in Korea, his willingness to consider joint American-Japanese development in Manchuria, his frequent rejection of inflationary army expansion after 1905, and his assumption of the office of finance minister in his own second cabinet (1908-1911). This study examines Japan’s military and foreign policies in the Meiji period, giving particular attention to China, Korea and Taiwan. It investigates the position of the army within Meiji society, and the changing relationship between the army and nascent political parties after the introduction of constitutional government in 1890. It also charts the rivalry between the Japanese army and navy, and within the army itself. It suggests, in conclusion, that Katsura Tarö was something of the "adaptable general" posited, but not realised, by Clausewitz, a general capable of balancing military and political requirements. However, this balance was ultimately impossible given the extraordinary stresses, nationally and internationally, of the late imperial age, and a viable policy of "economics first" had to wait on Japan’s utter military defeat in 1945.

This dissertation attempts a concomitant reexamination of two interrelated phenomena. Its primary undertaking is an analysis of mid-to-late nineteenth century gesaku commercial fiction production and its structural transformations during the first decades of the Meiji period, together with the imbrications of its narratological and rhetorical conventions with the language of reportage writing on the page of the Meiji newspaper. In conjunction with, and in order better to situate, the foregoing, its secondary task is to question the literary-historical emplotment of this period and its authors in the later 1920s, at the moment when Meiji literary history first emerges as an analytical object after the institutionalization of literature and journalism as discrete categories of discursive production. To such ends, this dissertation focuses on Kanagaki Robun (1829-1894), whose diverse career coincides what has come to be considered the transitional moment – and thereby recalcitrant to historiographical analysis not altogether fraught with ambivalence – intervening between the latter decades of the Tokugawa period and the ultimate establishment of Literature (bungaku) as an ideologically self-sufficient category of social value and discursive praxis by the first decades of the twentieth century. His survival in the annals of this later literary history proffers an occasion to reconsider the mechanisms involved in the arbitration of social, literary, and aesthetic value. Chapter I begins with a brief sketch of Robun’s early biography and career before the Restoration, through which we hope to delineate some sense of the social and literary-productive context undergirding his activity, specifically, and, more generally, the attitudes towards authorship, adaptation, and narration constituting the prevailing ethos of the time; here, we take a survey of several of Robun’s earlier works, written before his assumption of the “Kanagaki” penname and his first major success with Kokkei Fuji mōde (Ridiculous Pilgrimage to Mount Fuji, 1860-1), many of which are erotic parodies of well-known kabuki or Chinese vernacular narratives, and analyze the manner in which the author constructs his enunciative position therein, before momentarily considering how Robun, at this juncture in his career, was perceived by his peers. Then in conclusion, we anticipate both Robun’s later career, its ambivalent emplotment in literary history and the fraught evaluation of the early Meiji period in toto through a later retrospective on the part of literary critic Tsubouchi Shōyō as he looks back on the literary ecosystem of the early Meiji period and the ethical conflict, latent in his argument, between the ideological dominance of modern rubrics of literary value and incommensurate pleasures of reading as lived experience. Chapters II and III take as their focus Robun’s work in the comic hizakurige-mono genre pioneered by Jippensha Ikku’s Tōkaidōchū hizakurige (Along the Eastern Sea Road by Shank’s Mare, 1802-22), first with his success with Fuji mōde and subsequently, Seiyōdōchū hizakurige (Along the Western Sea Route by Shank’s Mare, 1872-4), a heavily intertextual updating of Ikku’s classic. Chapter II approaches Robun’s contributions to the genre through formal and narratological analysis, considering how the shift in topos, from domestic travel on foot, as in Ikku, to transpacific nautical travel via steamship, precipitates modulations in narrative structure, and weighs the ramifications of these intrageneric transformations. Chapter III shifts its focus to the intergeneric and intertextual, with attention to the modular configuration of its primary intertext in Ikku’s Tōkaidōchū hizakurige and the paratextual apparatus of hanrei, or the prefatory guidelines explicating a given text’s contents, provenance of sources, and editorial policies followed, etc. inherited from non-fictional and academic writing, and how these operate in Ikku and Robun as a space for conceptualizing social knowledge and the figure of the author. Chapters IV and V address the latter portion of Robun’s career, after the Meiji government’s promulgation of the Three Articles on Education and its efforts to conscript gesaku authors like Robun to assist in the education of the new subjects of the Meiji state. Here, we examine the simultaneous devaluation of and dependence upon popular fiction in Robun’s Bunmei kaika-inflected writing, before his relocation to the emergent newspaper industry, at which point we consider the sort of narrative and rhetoric prevalent in reportage writing in the 1870s and its phenotypical affinity with gesaku stylistics. Chapter IV concerns itself with a discussion of the political and economic factors precipitating Robun’s move away from gesaku production and his subsequent literary activity informed by his new role as a government official employed by Kanagawa Prefecture, before his move to the Yokohama mainichi shinbun (Yokohama Daily News). Chapter V then turns to the space of newspaper narrative and the emergence of tsuzuki-mono or serialized narrative, and how their early status as neither consummately fiction nor non-fiction adumbrates aspects of the epistemological economy of readerly desire and social knowledge, aspects subsequently concealed by the later ascendance of bungaku and the shōsetsu as the dominant lens through which socially valued discursive production comes to be apprehended, and the concomitant institutionalization of Journalism as Literature’s reciprocal in the early twentieth century. In the epilogue, we attempt to locate more precisely the coeval emergence of these ostensibly distinct and antagonistic categories in public discourse in the early 1900s, and the concomitant adjudication of the sociocultural value of early Meiji gesaku production and its affiliated figures, anticipating in turn the more rigorous synthesis of a systematized Meiji literary history in the years immediately following the 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake.

This thesis deals with the beginnings of the Japanese nationalism. It examines the role of the Sino- Japanese war of 1894-1895 in these beginnings in relation to other national consciousness forming factors. Govermental activities, such as education system and army reforms, and the effort to stress the emperor as a symbol of the Japanese people, and also activities of the intelectual strata, who influenced the society mainly through journalism, were especially prominent among them. It stresses the importance of the period media (newspapers, illustrated magazines, woodcut prints) and early modern theatre to the spread of the national consciousness among masses. It also shows how the way the war was conveyed in the media influenced the view the Japanese had of themselves and of the neighbouring countries. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

中國歷史上屢有異邦人士親身踏訪禹域，其中不乏有心之人將見聞感受付諸紙筆，撰文紀行。考慮到此類材料的政治意涵與文類屬性，本文採用「中國行紀」的概念指稱明治時代日本人結合親身踏訪禹域體驗撰寫的紀行文字。本文討論之日本明治（1868-1912）在時段上與中國晚清大致相當。不到五十年裏，兩國都經歷了翻天覆地但又截然相反的變動。也就是說，在日本不斷進步、日趨興盛的同時，中國卻世風日下，走向衰頹。一百多年前日本漢學者的中國行紀從異域鄰人的角度爲今人理解與進入晚清提供了嶄新的研究視角。
有關明治漢文中國行紀的先行研究側重於中日政治關係的歷史描繪，對兩國知識人士之間文化交流與知識轉型方面的價值則有待繼續討論。本文將集中討論被視為明治三大漢文中國行紀的竹添進一郎《棧雲峽雨日記》、岡千仞《觀光紀游》與山本憲《燕山楚水紀遊》。它們分別代表了明治前期、中期與後期日本人對中國的旅行書寫，顯示出日本漢文中國行紀逐漸走向盡頭的趨勢。上述三書不僅影響到許多同代及其後大正、昭和時期的中國行紀，而且行紀文體的親歷性與權威性也使其對於近代日本人中國認識的轉變與形塑起到潛移默化的作用。三位作者都是受到過傳統舊式教育的漢學者，通過寫作傳達出親歷中國後想像與現實的落差，又以文學家的筆調記錄了晚清社會政治與士民生活的方方面面，在近代中日文化交流與知識轉型上扮演了重要角色。筆者將以漢文筆談為切入點，討論近代中日知識人士圍繞文化交流、知識轉型、文士往來與書籍酬贈等重要議題展開的交際與互動。本文期望通過勾稽相關文獻史料，回歸晚清歷史語境，藉助異域之眼反躬自省。
In Chinese history, there were always overseas people travelling to China, including Japanese sinologists, many of whom had recorded their impressions of China by composing travelogues. Considering the political implication and the genre application of this kind of materials, this research adopts the term "travelogues about China" to generalize all these records. The time period to be discussed in this research project is the whole Meiji era, namely, from 1868 to 1912, less than half a century, corresponding roughly to the late Qing period. These two countries had undergone tremendous but reversed revolutions during this period. That is to say, when Japan made progress everyday, China, on the other hand, was in an apparent state of decline. Travelogues about China 150 years ago provide people nowadays with a new research angle to comprehend and enter the late Qing history from Japanese sinologists’ perspectives.
Previous research about on Japanese travelogues about China in Chinese during the Meiji Period focused on historical descriptions of Sino-Japanese political relationships, however, the value of cultural exchange and transformation of knowledge between literary elites from both of these two countries remain to be discussed. This research plans to focus on Takezoe Shin’ichirō’s San’un Kyōu Nikki (A Diary of Clouds Hanging between the Mountains and Rain in the Ravines), Oka Senjin’s Kanko Kiyū (Travel Reports for Sightseeing) and Yamamoto Ken’s Enzan Sosui Kiyū (Travel Reports for the Mountains of North China and the Rivers of South China), which were regarded as the three most representative Japanese travelogues about China in Chinese. Respectively, they represented Japanese travel writing about China in the early, the middle and the late Meiji period and indicated that the ending of the traditional Japanese travelogues about China in Chinese was approaching. In addition, they also had a profound impact on the following Japanese travel literature about China. The genre of travelogue also exercised an invisible and formative influence on Japanese views of China in the modern era. All of these three sinologists were educated in the old style and had deep backgrounds of traditional Chinese learning. Through writing, they expressed the distance between imagination and reality after experiencing China for themselves, and various recorded aspects of the late Qing’s social politics and civil life. They played an important role in modern Sino-Japanese cultural exchange and transformation of knowledge. It will also discuss modern Sino-Japanese literati cultural and book exchange, transformation of knowledge and other issues centered on the practice of conversations by writing Chinese. This research hopes to return to the late Qing and reflect on China through its neighbors’ perspectives.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Parallel title from added title page.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 291-339).
Abstracts also in English.