Journal articles: 'Megapodes'

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Sinclair, J. Ross. "Temperature regulation in mounds of three sympatric species of megapode (Aves : Megapodiidae) in Papua New Guinea: testing the 'Seymour Model'." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 6 (2001): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01026.

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Most megapode species rake organic material into mounds in which they incubate their eggs. To test predictions of a model proposed for temperature regulation in incubation mounds (the ‘Seymour Model’), I collected data on the physical characteristics of these mounds of the sympatric wattled brush-turkey (Aepypodius arfakianus), brown-collared talegalla (Talegalla jobiensis) and New Guinea megapode (Megapodius decollatus) in Papua New Guinea. Data from mounds supported several predictions of the Seymour Model: (1) there is a critical mass needed for mounds to heat to incubation temperatures, (2) mounds are stable homeotherms, (3) mounds cool after they are abandoned, and (4) mounds with different proportions of organic material differ in size. Data did not support predictions that (1) mound size will change with changes in ambient air temperature, and (2) mounds in high-rainfall areas will be convex to shed water. Mounds of New Guinea megapodes and brown-collared talegallas were similar and differed from those of wattled brush-turkeys in size, composition, temperature profile and location of eggs. These differences were consistent with the Seymour Model. The Seymour Model is robust enough to explain differences in mounds of sympatric megapodes, which differ in their taxonomy, behaviour and ecology.

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Sinclair, J. Ross. "Selection of Incubation Mound Sites by Three Sympatric Megapodes in Papua New Guinea." Condor 104, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.2.395.

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Abstract I report nonrandom selection of sites for incubation mounds and interspecific sharing of mounds by three sympatric megapodes (Wattled Brush-turkey [Aepypodius arfakianus], Brown-collared Talegalla [Talegalla jobiensis] and New Guinea Megapode [Megapodius decollatus]) in the Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area in the eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea. Talegallas used mounds concurrently with New Guinea Megapodes, and renovated brush-turkey mounds after the latter species had finished breeding. New Guinea Megapodes and brush-turkeys did not use the same mounds. Analysis of 18 environmental variables at 80 mound sites and 91 random points showed that (1) mound sites of the three species differed significantly from random points. Mounds were associated with large trees and in less disturbed habitat, characteristics which contribute to the functioning of the mound. (2) Mound sites of the three species differed from each other. Brush-turkey sites were steeper, and had fewer and smaller trees in the mound and more herbs in the surrounding forest than those of the other two species. New Guinea Megapode and talegalla sites were not clearly separated. (3) Some important environmental variables had significant effects of study location and location × species, suggesting that inter- and intraspecific differences in mound sites are dependent on the habitat in which the mounds are located. Given this, caution should be applied to generalizations about widespread species from site-selection studies in a small subset of habitats. I recommended landowners be advised not to locate gardens or cut trees close to mounds, and exclude some areas from logging concessions and mining leases. Selección de Sitios para Montículos de Incubación en Tres Megapódidos Simpátricos de Papua Nueva Guinea Resumen. Se reporta la selección no azarosa de sitios para incubación y como comparten estos sitios tres especies simpátricas de la familia de Megapodiidae (Aepypodius arfakianus, Talegalla jobiensis y Megapodius decollatus) en tres sitios en el área de manejo de vida silvestre Crater Mountain en las tierras altas del este de Papua Nueva Guinea. Individuos de Talegalla usaron los sitios al mismo tiempo que Megapodius, pero utilizaron sitios de Aepypodius después que ésta los abandonara. Un análisis sobre 18 características ambientales de 80 sitios y 91 puntos ubicados al azar indicó que (1) Las características ambientales de los sitios de incubación de las tres especies fueron significativamente diferentes de las registradas en puntos al azar. Los sitios de incubación se concentraron en áreas con árboles grandes y en áreas con menos perturbación que los puntos azarosos, factores que contribuyen a la función del sitio. (2) Las tres especies utilizaron sitios diferentes: Aepypodius utilizó sitios con mayor pendiente, con menos árboles y de menor tamaños, y con mayor cobertura herbacea en el bosque circundante, que las otras dos especies. Los sitios de Megapodius y de Talegalla no se distinguieron claramente uno de otro. (3) Algunas variables ambientales importantes tuvieron efectos significativos de ubicación y de ubicación × especies, lo cual sugiere que las diferencias entre y dentro de cada especies dependieron del hábitat en el cual se encontraban. Dados estos resultados, se recomienda precaución al generalizar los resultados para especies con amplia distribución geográfica basados en áreas pequeñas. Se recomienda no sembrar, ni cortar árboles cerca de los sitios de incubación, y que algunas áreas sean excluídas de las conseciones para actividades forestales y de mineras.

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RADLEY, PAUL M., ROBERT A. DAVIS, RENÉ W. R. J. DEKKER, SHAUN W. MOLLOY, DAVID BLAKE, and ROBERT HEINSOHN. "Vulnerability of megapodes (Megapodiidae, Aves) to climate change and related threats." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892918000152.

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SUMMARYAspects of species life histories may increase their susceptibility to climate change. Owing to their exclusive reliance on environmental sources of heat for incubation, megapodes may be especially vulnerable. We employed a trait-based vulnerability assessment to weigh their exposure to projected climate variables of increasing temperatures, fluctuating rainfall and sea level rise and their biological sensitivity and capacity to adapt. While all 21 species were predicted to experience at least a 2 °C increase in mean annual temperature, 12 to experience a moderate or greater fluctuation in rainfall and 16 to experience rising seas, the most vulnerable megapodes are intrinsically rare and range restricted. Species that employ microbial decomposition for incubation may have an adaptive advantage over those that do not and may be more resilient to climate change. The moderate microclimate necessary for mound incubation, however, may in some areas be threatened by anthropogenic habitat loss exacerbated by warmer and seasonally drier conditions. As with many avian species, little is known about the capacity of megapodes to adapt to a changing climate. We therefore recommend that future research efforts investigate megapode fecundity, gene flow and genetic connectivity at the population level to better determine their adaptive capacity.

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Bishop, K. David. "The Megapodes." Emu - Austral Ornithology 98, no. 2 (June 1998): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu98021.

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Leimena, Handy Erwin Pier, Achmad Sjamidi, and Tati Suryati Syamsudin. "UNDERSTANDING LOCAL COMMUNITIES PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE CONSERVATION OF THE ENDEMIC MOLUCCAN MEGAPODE (Eulipoa wallacei) ON HARUKU ISLAND, INDONESIA." Media Konservasi 27, no. 3 (December 21, 2022): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.27.3.91-107.

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Assessment of conservation community perceptions has been an important aspect of wild species research. Harvesting the eggs of Moluccan megapodes has implications for the preservation of bird populations. This study aims to assess the perceptions of local communities living near bird nesting sites regarding the conservation of the endemic Moluccan megapodes (Eulipoa wallacei). The survey was conducted on 200 respondents from the productive age group (aged 15 to 65) using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique with a closed-ended questionnaire. The Likert scale was used to analyze perception data. Research findings indicated that the majority of the community supported the practice of harvesting eggs, even though they were aware that the birds were protected species. Community perceptions of conservation only focused on adult birds and their habitat rather than conserving bird eggs. Therefore, the perceptions of egg conservation must be considered when developing an effective conservation program. It was recommended to design a conservation program to increase local people’s awareness of the importance of Moluccan megapode conservation through sustainable egg harvesting.

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Worthy, Trevor H., and David V. Burley. "Prehistoric avifaunas from the Kingdom of Tonga." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 998–1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz110.

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Abstract Avifaunas derived from Lapita archaeological sites excavated between 2004 and 2014 from four sites in the Vava'u Group and two on Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga are described, revealing birds encountered by the first human arrivals. A total of 741 identifiable bones revealed 24 avian taxa, among which terrestrial birds, especially rails, pigeons and parrots, were the most abundant. At a minimum, eight taxa, or 50% of the original non-passerine land bird diversity in the sample, are globally extinct. These include two megapodes (Megapodius alimentum and a larger unnamed megapode), three pigeons (a large Caloenas sp. indet., Didunculus placopedetes and Ducula shutleri sp. nov.), two rails (Hypotaenidia vavauensis sp. nov. and an unnamed one) and the parrot Eclectus infectus. The rail H. vavauensis was restricted to Vava'u and was flightless, with reduced wings, and larger than Hypotaenidia woodfordi of the Solomons, the largest congener hitherto found in the Pacific. The pigeon Du. shutleri was volant, but was the largest species in its genus and was widespread in the Kingdom. The evolution of Tongan avifaunas is related to varying ages (Pliocene to Pleistocene) of the island groups, where geological youth apparently precluded true giantism in the fauna.

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Shute, Elen, Gavin J. Prideaux, and Trevor H. Worthy. "Taxonomic review of the late Cenozoic megapodes (Galliformes: Megapodiidae) of Australia." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 6 (June 2017): 170233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170233.

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Megapodes are unusual galliform birds that use passive heat sources to incubate their eggs. Evolutionary relationships of extant megapode taxa have become clearer with the advent of molecular analyses, but the systematics of large, extinct forms ( Progura gallinacea , Progura naracoortensis ) from the late Cenozoic of Australia has been a source of confusion. It was recently suggested that the two species of Progura were synonymous, and that this taxon dwarfed into the extant malleefowl Leipoa ocellata in the Late Pleistocene. Here, we review previously described fossils along with newly discovered material from several localities, and present a substantial taxonomic revision. We show that P. gallinacea and P. naracoortensis are generically distinct, describe two new species of megapode from the Thylacoleo Caves of south-central Australia, and a new genus from Curramulka Quarry in southern Australia. We also show that L. ocellata was contemporaneous with larger species. Our phylogenetic analysis places four extinct taxa in a derived clade with the extant Australo-Papuan brush-turkeys Talegalla fuscirostris , L. ocellata , Alectura lathami and Aepypodius bruijnii . Therefore, diversity of brush-turkeys halved during the Quaternary, matching extinction rates of scrubfowl in the Pacific. Unlike extant brush-turkeys, all the extinct taxa appear to have been burrow-nesters.

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8

Dekker, RWRJ, and TG Brom. "Maleo Eggs and the Amount of Yolk in Relation to Different Incubation Strategies in Megapodes." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 1 (1990): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900019.

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Characteristics are presented on eggs of the maleo, Macrocephalon maleo, which are compared with data from other megapodes. Maleo eggs contain an extremely large amount of yolk which, on average, accounts for 61.9% of the egg contents weight, which is much higher than in eggs of the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami (50.1%), and the malleefowl, Leipoa ocellata (52.6%). A higher yolk content leads to an elongation of the egg and a higher relative egg weight. The results suggest that eggs of burrow-nesting megapodes contain more yolk than eggs of mound-building species.

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Argeloo, Marc, and René W. R. J. Dekker. "Exploitation of megapode eggs in indonesia: the role of traditional methods in the conservation of megapodes." Oryx 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300021396.

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Some megapode populations have already become extinct in parts of Indonesia because of the increasing human population, improved infrastructure and the abandonment of traditions governing the collection of megapode eggs for human consumption. In other areas megapode eggs are being collected unsustainably, while in more remote areas traditions, and megapode populations, are still intact. The authors examine the ways that traditional egg-collecting methods could be incorporated successfully into megapode conservation projects.

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10

Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Is Monogamy in the Polynesian Megapode (Megapodius Pritchardii) Related to its High Relative Egg-Weight?" Auk 121, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.2.308.

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Abstract Parental care is regarded as one of the most influential forces acting on the evolution of mating systems. Polynesian Megapodes (Megapodius pritchardii) are burrow nesters and rely on geothermal heat for incubation. Because they provide no parental care, either before or after hatching, they can provide insights into selective forces that have shaped mating systems in the absence of parental care. Our study of their mating system—the first such study of any burrow-nesting megapode—suggests social monogamy. The partners of 10 marked pairs stayed together in the same territory for ≤12 months and were seen with their partner significantly more often than on their own. In 64% of all observations, pair partners foraged <5 m apart, and females fed on food items uncovered by the male. Duets also indicated long-lasting pair bonds. We propose that monogamy in this species is related to the fact that females lay only one large egg at a time (which weighs, on average, 24% of her body weight), in intervals of several days or weeks. Producing eggs year-round, females require a high intake of protein-rich food. They seem to benefit, within the pair bond, from the male-defended feeding territory and from the invertebrates the male uncovers while feeding close by. While being guarded by the male, females can spend more time searching for food and are protected from forced copulations by other males. The monogamous pair bond seems to benefit the male by enhancing his chances of fertilizing his partner's eggs; with an unpredictable laying interval and year-round egg production, males cannot predict when their partner will be fertile and thus benefit from staying with her year-round.

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Jones, Darryl, and Sharon Birks. "Megapodes: Recent ideas on origins, adaptations and reproduction." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, no. 3 (March 1992): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90247-9.

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Wiles, Gary J., and Paul J. Conry. "CHARACTERISTICS OF NEST MOUNDS OF MICRONESIAN MEGAPODES IN PALAU." Journal of Field Ornithology 72, no. 2 (April 2001): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-72.2.267.

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Yuda, Pramana, and Andie Wijaya Saputra. "Eggshell membrane for DNA sexing of the endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)." F1000Research 9 (January 28, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23712.4.

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Background: Noninvasive DNA sampling has been applied across many avian genetic studies for a variety of purposes including conservation and management of endangered birds. However, its application in megapodes is still lacking. The previous genetic studies on megapodes used either blood or fresh tissue. Here we present the first demonstration of the use of eggshell membrane for research on endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). Methods: We used 24 post-hatched eggshell membranes collected from two different sites, Tambun and Tanjung Binerean, in North Sulawesi, 12 samples in each. Two different DNA extraction methods: alkaline lysis method and gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit were applied. To determine the sex of Maleo, we utilized PCR-based DNA sexing using CHD genes, with the primer set 2550F/2718R. Results: We successfully extracted all samples; the mean sample concentration was 267.5 ng/µl (range 47–510.5 ng/µl) and samples were of high purity (A260/280 ratio 1.85±0.03). All samples were used to successfully identified sexes, 9 females and 15 males. Conclusions: Our research clearly illustrates that eggshell membranes can be used for DNA sexing and open the possibility to build noninvasive DNA collections over large spatial scales for population study of endangered birds.

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Yuda, Pramana, and Andie Wijaya Saputra. "Eggshell membrane for DNA sexing of the endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)." F1000Research 9 (June 12, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23712.1.

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Background: Noninvasive DNA sampling has been applied across many avian genetic studies for a variety of purposes including conservation and management of endangered birds. However, its application in megapodes is still lacking. The previous genetic studies on megapodes used either blood or fresh tissue. Here we present the first demonstration of the use of eggshell membrane for research on endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). Methods: We used 24 post-hatched eggshell membranes collected from two different sites, Tambun and Tanjung Binerean, in North Sulawesi, 12 samples in each. Two different DNA extraction methods: alkaline lysis method and gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit were applied. To determine the sex of Maleo, we utilized PCR-based DNA sexing using CHD genes, with the primer set 2550F/2718R. Results: We successfully extracted all samples; the mean sample concentration was 267.5 ng/µl (range 47–510.5 ng/µl) and samples were of high purity (A260/280 ratio 1.85±0.03). All samples were used to successfully identified sexes, 9 females and 15 males. Conclusions: Our research clearly illustrates that eggshell membranes can be used for DNA sexing and open the possibility to build noninvasive DNA collections over large spatial scales for population study of endangered birds.

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Yuda, Pramana, and Andie Wijaya Saputra. "Eggshell membrane for DNA sexing of the endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)." F1000Research 9 (October 2, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23712.2.

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Background: Noninvasive DNA sampling has been applied across many avian genetic studies for a variety of purposes including conservation and management of endangered birds. However, its application in megapodes is still lacking. The previous genetic studies on megapodes used either blood or fresh tissue. Here we present the first demonstration of the use of eggshell membrane for research on endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). Methods: We used 24 post-hatched eggshell membranes collected from two different sites, Tambun and Tanjung Binerean, in North Sulawesi, 12 samples in each. Two different DNA extraction methods: alkaline lysis method and gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit were applied. To determine the sex of Maleo, we utilized PCR-based DNA sexing using CHD genes, with the primer set 2550F/2718R. Results: We successfully extracted all samples; the mean sample concentration was 267.5 ng/µl (range 47–510.5 ng/µl) and samples were of high purity (A260/280 ratio 1.85±0.03). All samples were used to successfully identified sexes, 9 females and 15 males. Conclusions: Our research clearly illustrates that eggshell membranes can be used for DNA sexing and open the possibility to build noninvasive DNA collections over large spatial scales for population study of endangered birds.

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Yuda, Pramana, and Andie Wijaya Saputra. "Eggshell membrane for DNA sexing of the endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)." F1000Research 9 (January 6, 2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23712.3.

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Background: Noninvasive DNA sampling has been applied across many avian genetic studies for a variety of purposes including conservation and management of endangered birds. However, its application in megapodes is still lacking. The previous genetic studies on megapodes used either blood or fresh tissue. Here we present the first demonstration of the use of eggshell membrane for research on endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). Methods: We used 24 post-hatched eggshell membranes collected from two different sites, Tambun and Tanjung Binerean, in North Sulawesi, 12 samples in each. Two different DNA extraction methods: alkaline lysis method and gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit were applied. To determine the sex of Maleo, we utilized PCR-based DNA sexing using CHD genes, with the primer set 2550F/2718R. Results: We successfully extracted all samples; the mean sample concentration was 267.5 ng/µl (range 47–510.5 ng/µl) and samples were of high purity (A260/280 ratio 1.85±0.03). All samples were used to successfully identified sexes, 9 females and 15 males. Conclusions: Our research clearly illustrates that eggshell membranes can be used for DNA sexing and open the possibility to build noninvasive DNA collections over large spatial scales for population study of endangered birds.

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Beno, Matias, and Henderite L. Ohee. "Pengetahuan Konservasi Tradisional Burung Endemik pada Masyarakat Kampung Soaib di Distrik Kemtuk, Kabupaten Jayapura." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2018): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.567.

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This study was to investigate the endemic birds, local knowledge and the conservation efforts on the bird species. The study was conducted in the period from February 2007 to May 2008. Methods used including observation, interviews, documentation, description and literature review. The results showed that there were 11 spesies of endemic birds occured in Soaib village: Cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus), Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita), two species of Megapodes; (Aypepodius arfakianus) and (Megapodius freycinet), Papuan Hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus), Victoria Crowned-pigeon (Goura victoria), Palm Cockatoo (Prombosciger atterimus), Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), Papuan crow (Cracticus cassicus) Bird of Paradise (Paradiseae sp). Local people determined the forest in three different types; primary forest, buffer zone between primary and secondary forest and secondary forest. Primary forest was being the habitat for 11 endemic birds. These birds were hunted by local people for meat consumption and cultural purposes excepted the Papuan hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus) and Papuan crow (Cracticus cassicus). Bird of Paradise (Paradiseae sp), and yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) were captured to be sold in the market. This was happened because of lack information and education about the role of the birds in forest ecosystem. Key words: Traditional conservation, endemic birds, Soaib village, Jayapura

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Juvenile dispersal and habitat selectivity in the megapode Alectura lathami (Australian brush-turkey)." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01053.

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Dispersal and habitat selectivity of young precocial birds is usually determined by parents, as these lead their chicks after hatching. Megapode chicks receive no parental care and little is known about factors determining their dispersal and habitat selectivity. Here, we present such results for the Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami). Chicks were radio-tracked in two small remnant rainforest patches (Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park and Aplin Forest) from their second day of life and for up to 30 days. At Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park, the median dispersal distance was significantly affected by age, as it decreased from approximately 100 m on each of the first five days to around 50 m per day thereafter. At Aplin Forest, age had no significant effect on dispersal. The difference between the two sites can be explained by incorporating habitat selectivity. Chicks preferred to stay in thickets and avoided the more open rainforest, as evident from time selectivity indices calculated for both habitats. At Aplin Forest, 31% of the area was covered by thickets, such as lantana (Lantana camara) and raspberry (Rubus ssp.), whereas at Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park this proportion was only 6%. Management plans for endangered megapodes should consider the role of thickets in the chicks' dispersal behaviour, and thus in population spread, recolonisation and gene flow.

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Cardenas Gomez, Karla, Alea Rose, Karen Susanne Gibb, and Keith A. Christian. "Microbial communities associated with mounds of the Orange-footed scrubfowl Megapodius reinwardt." PeerJ 10 (July 25, 2022): e13600. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13600.

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Megapodius reinwardt, the orange-footed scrubfowl, belongs to a small family of birds that inhabits the Indo-Australian region. Megapodes are unique in incubating their eggs in mounds using heat from microbial decomposition of organic materials and solar radiation. Little is known about the microorganisms involved in the decomposition of organic matter in mounds. To determine the source of microbes in the mounds, we used 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbial communities of mound soil, adjacent soil and scrubfowl faeces. We found that the microbial communities of scrubfowl faeces were substantially different from those of the mounds and surrounding soils, suggesting that scrubfowls probably do not use their faeces to inoculate their mounds although a few microbial sequence variants were present in both faeces and mound samples. Further, the mound microbial community structure was significantly different to the adjacent soils. For example, mounds had a high relative abundance of sequence variants belonging to Thermomonosporaceae, a thermophilic soil bacteria family able to degrade cellulose from plant residues. It is not clear whether members of Thermomonosporaceae disproportionately contribute to the generation of heat in the mound, or whether they simply thrive in the warm mound environment created by the metabolic activity of the mound microbial community. The lack of clarity in the literature between designations of heat-producing (thermogenic) and heat-thriving (thermophilic) microbes poses a challenge to understanding the role of specific bacteria and fungi in incubation.

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Hechenleitner, E. Martín, Gerald Grellet-Tinner, and Lucas E. Fiorelli. "What do giant titanosaur dinosaurs and modern Australasian megapodes have in common?" PeerJ 3 (October 20, 2015): e1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1341.

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Titanosauria is a globally distributed clade of sometimes extremely large Mesozoic herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs. On the basis of current evidence these giant dinosaurs seem to have reproduced in specific and localized nesting sites. However, no investigations have been performed to understand the possible ecological and geological biases that acted for the selection of these nesting sites worldwide. In this study, observations were performed on the best-known Cretaceous nesting sites around the world. Our observations strongly suggest their eggs were incubated with environmental sources of heat, in burial conditions. Taking into account the clutch composition and geometry, the nature and properties of the sediments, the eggshells’ structures and conductance, it would appear that titanosaurs adopted nesting behaviors comparable to the modern Australasian megapodes, using burrow-nesting in diverse media and mound-building strategies.

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Göth, Ann, and Heather Proctor. "Pecking preferences in hatchlings of the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami (Megapodiidae): the role of food type and colour." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (2002): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01046.

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Chicks of megapodes, including the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami, live independently, without parents to show them where and what to eat. This paper represents the first investigation of how megapode chicks find and identify food. The specific questions addressed are: whether naive brush-turkey hatchlings are able to differentiate between food and objects that do not give a nutritional reward; whether they possess a preference for certain types of food; and which factors are most likely to trigger feeding in hatchlings. The three questions were approached by pairwise choice tests of two types. In Type 1, chicks were offered mealworm larvae, fruit cubes, seeds and non-nutritious objects (pebbles); in Type 2, chicks were offered beads of four different colours (red, green, blue and yellow). The median peck rate at pebbles was always significantly lower than that at mealworms, fruit or seeds. Mealworms received significantly more pecks than seeds or pebbles. Chicks showed no clear preference for any colour. All chicks also directed some pecks at ‘other items’ that appeared to display a strong contrast against the background of the box they were kept in, either in colour (e.g. dark knotholes in light brown wood) or in shape (three-dimensional, such as claws and faeces). Hatchlings seem to direct their initial pecks at objects that have certain characteristics in common, such as contrast, movement (for live prey) and reflective surfaces (for fruit or seeds). Preference for these rather general characteristics may be adaptive considering that chicks can hatch in various habitats and different months of the year, making the types of food available at hatching unpredictable.

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Chick survival in the megapode Alectura lathami (Australian brush-turkey)." Wildlife Research 29, no. 5 (2002): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01054.

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Megapode chicks live independently from the time of hatching and are thus ideal subjects for investigations into how the lack of parental care can affect chick survival. Here, we present such results for chicks of the Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami), radio-tracked in two smallremnant rainforest patches (Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park and Aplin Forest) from their second day of life. Mortality was 88–100% during the first three weeks after hatching. It did not differ between two breeding seasons at Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park, as evident from comparisons of average survival time (in days) and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates. Survival differed, though, between the two sites in the same breeding season: the average survival time was significantly higher at Aplin Forest (8 days compared with 3�days) and the Kaplan–Meier survival estimates decreased less sharply. Predation by cats and birds of prey exerted the greatest influence on survival, but the proportion of deaths caused by these two predators was approximately the same at both sites. The main factor affecting survival was obviously the availability of thickets, which were more abundant at Aplin Forest. The survival rates of chicks released in thickets was significantly higher than of those released in the rainforest, presumably because they were better protected from predators. For chicks living in thickets the likelihood of being killed was lower than expected, but it was higher for those remaining in rainforest. On the basis of these results, we propose that management plans for endangered megapodes should include the identification and protection of large protective thicket habitats for enhancing overall chick survival, apart from controlling introduced predators such as feral cats.

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Sinclair, J. Ross. "SELECTION OF INCUBATION MOUND SITES BY THREE SYMPATRIC MEGAPODES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA." Condor 104, no. 2 (2002): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0395:soimsb]2.0.co;2.

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Harris, Rebecca B., Sharon M. Birks, and Adam D. Leaché. "Incubator birds: biogeographical origins and evolution of underground nesting in megapodes (Galliformes: Megapodiidae)." Journal of Biogeography 41, no. 11 (June 3, 2014): 2045–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12357.

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Pratt, H. Douglas. "The Megapodes: Megapodiidae Darryl N. Jones René W. R. J. Dekker Cees S. Roselaar." Auk 115, no. 1 (January 1998): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089144.

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Birks, Sharon M., and Scott V. Edwards. "A phylogeny of the megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23, no. 3 (June 2002): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00002-7.

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Worthy, T. H. "The fossil megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) of Fiji with descriptions of a new genus and two new species." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 30, no. 4 (December 2000): 337–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2000.9517627.

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Foster, Tanya. "Update on the Vanuatu Megapode Megapodius layardi on Ambrym, Vanuatu." Bird Conservation International 9, no. 1 (March 1999): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927090000335x.

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SummaryA group of villagers in Vanuatu are concerned that continuing development pressures are contributing to the over-exploitation of eggs of the Vanuatu Megapode Megapodius layardi. The Vanuatu Megapode or “namalau” as it is known locally, is endemic to the country and classified as Vulnerable. Repeating a previous survey carried out in 1995, the Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative mapped and classified the burrows at three communal nesting grounds on north-west Ambrym in November 1996. The number of active and probably active burrows on the beach was low compared with 1995, whereas it was higher on both the raised promontories. The beach nesting site had recently been affected by a cyclone, and storm waves had inundated the area with the highest concentration of burrows. There is concern over the high percentage of megapode burrows checked by villagers at Buwoma, as well as the localized impact visitors could be having. Discussions with villagers raised useful points to be included in the proposed protection plan, particularly the support for a protected area.

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Seymour, Roger S. "The Megapodes: Megapodiidae. Bird Families of the World.Darryl N. Jones , Rene W. R. J. Dekker, Cees S. Roselaar." Quarterly Review of Biology 72, no. 1 (March 1997): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/419703.

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Bowen, Jennifer. "Notes on the Vanuatu Megapode Megapodius layardi on Ambrym, Vanuatu." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 4 (December 1996): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001842.

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SummaryThe Vanuatu Megapode Megapodius layardi is endemic to Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides). On the volcanic island of Ambrym it exhibited three different incubation strategies. It incubated its eggs (1) in burrows between decaying roots of trees; (2) in burrows at large communal nesting grounds in volcanically heated soils; and (3) in burrows on sun-exposed beaches. No mounds were found. In a study by the Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative (VPAI) nesting grounds were mapped to monitor the population. Three communal nesting grounds were surveyed. Two were on promontories and one on a beach. The burrows were classified into three categories: active, probably active and old. The density of active burrows per hectare of the three sites was 82.4 for Promontory A, 43.5 for Promontory B and 10.5 for Buwoma Beach. Additional information of this poorly known species was collected from villagers in the north-west and west of the island. They have noticed a decrease in the numbers of birds and have expressed concern about the future of the species.Le Mègapode de Vanuatu, Mègapodius layardi, est uniquement originaire de Vanuatu, (dit 'Nouvelles Hebrides' autrefois). Sur l'île volcanique d'Ambrym, il fait preuve de trois stratégies d'incubation différentes. II couve ses oeufs premièrement dans des terriers situés entre les racines pourries des arbres, duexièmement dans des terriers situés dans des grands terrains communaux de nids, et troisièmement dans des terriers situés sur des plages exposées au soleil. Aucan monticule n'est évident. Lors d'une étude par l'lnitiative des Terrains Protégés de Vanuatu (Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative, VPAI), les terrains de nids furent plannifiés afin d'étudier la population. Trois terrains communaux de nids furent enquêtés. Les terriers furent classifiés en trois catégories; actifs, probablement actifs, et anciens. La densité des terriers actifs par hectare des trois terrains étaient de 82.4 pour le Cap A, 43.5 pour le Cap B, et de 10.5 pour la plage de Buwoma. Des données additionelles pur cet espèce peu connu furent rassemblées des villageois dand le nord ouest et l'ouest de Iîle. Ils ont constaté une diminuation des nombres d'oiseaux et ils ont exprimé leurs soucis vis-à-vis le future de l'espèce.Wan pijin, nem blong hem Namalau, Megapodius layardi, i stap long Vanuatu nomo (bifo, New Hebrides i nem blong Vanuatu). Long Ambrym, wan aelan wetem volkeno, Namalau i yusum trifala defren fasin long makem nes blong hem so heg blong hem i stap gud nomo; 1) ol i putum heg blong hem nekis rus bio tri wea ol rus i rotin 2) ol i putum heg blong hem wetem plenti narafala Namalau heg long graon wea volkeno i mekem groan i hot, 3) ol i putum heg blong hem insead sanbij wea san i makem i hot. Long Ambrym ol man i no fanem ples wea Namalau putum heg blong hem insaed wanples wea i gat plenti lif mo tri antap graon. Vanuatu Protected Areas Initiative (VPAI) i mekem wan stadi long ples wea ol Namalau i putum heg mo ol i mekem wan map. VPAI i lukum long trifala ples wea Namalau i putum heg. Tufala ples i stap long graon wea i go aot long solwota mo namba tri ples i stap long wan sanbij. I gat trifala defren grup blong ples wea ol i putum heg; niufala, klosap niufala mo olfala. Namba blong nuifala ples wea Namalau i putum heg insaed long wan hectare i 82.4 long pies A, 43.5 long ples B mo 10.5 long Buwoma sanbij. I no gat plenti save blong Namalau mo VPAI toktok plenti wetem ol man blong vilej long notwes mo wes Ambrym. Ol man is e namba blong Namalau i go daon bigwan mo ol i wari long fiuja long Namalau.

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Status of the Polynesian Megapode Megapodius pritchardii on Niuafo'ou (Tonga)." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002975.

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SummaryFrom October 1991 to January 1993, the Polynesian Megapode or Malau Megapodius pritchardii on the island Niuafo'ou, Kingdom of Tonga, was studied as part of a conservation project. The reproductive population was estimated at 188–235 pairs. Owing to an apparent lack of juveniles, the total population is not expected to be much larger. Compared to previous assessments this estimate gives evidence for a serious decline, but the methodologies used in all estimates differ considerably. However, a decline is also indicated by the fact that two of the 11 communal nesting grounds have been abandoned since 1979, while no new sites have been reported. Additionally, the Malau has disappeared from the vicinity of villages during the last 15 years. On a cat-free and undisturbed islet in the crater lake the density of Malaus is 1.29 pairs per ha. In other areas, where access for humans, dogs and cats was easy, the density of the Malau was only 0.16 pairs per ha. The main reason for the decline isover-harvesting of eggs by the local people. Habitat destruction or degradation are not responsible, and rats and domestic pigs seem to have no negative influence.

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BAKER, GILLIAN C., and RENÉ W. R. J. DEKKER. "Lunar synchrony in the reproduction of the Moluccan Megapode Megapodius wallacei." Ibis 142, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2000.tb04434.x.

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Sankaran, R. "The distribution, status and conservation of the nicobar megapode Megapodius nicobariensis." Biological Conservation 72, no. 1 (1995): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)00056-v.

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Sivakumar, K. "Impact of the 2004 tsunami on the Vulnerable Nicobar megapode Megapodius nicobariensis." Oryx 44, no. 01 (December 11, 2009): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605309990810.

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Göth, Ann, and Christopher S. Evans. "Egg size predicts motor performance and postnatal weight gain of Australian Brush-turkey (Alectura lathami) hatchlings." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-070.

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Birds usually influence offspring survival through the amount of parental care they provide. Megapodes have evolved a different life history. Eggs are incubated by external heat sources, and chicks dig themselves out of their underground nest and live independently of their parents. Egg size is one of the few means by which females can influence chick survival. We found that in the Australian Brush-turkey, Alectura lathami Gray, 1831, eggs and hatchlings varied considerably in size, with a ratio of 1.62 between the largest and the smallest egg. Egg size was positively correlated with hatchling body mass and tarsus length. It also significantly predicted the chicks' motor performance: chicks from larger eggs dug their way out of their underground nest faster and were more active when kept in a resting box and monitored by motion detection software. The main advantage of reaching the surface more quickly is likely that such chicks will have more time to find suitable food, refuge, and a tree for roosting at night while still feeding on their internal yolk reserves. Egg size also interacted significantly with body mass during the first 10 months of life. A size advantage at hatching thus seems to have an immediate effect on motor performance and a longer term effect on the ability to gain mass.

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McGowan, P., R. W. R. J. Dekker, S. Dowell, and P. Garson. "The making of conservation Action Plans for the Galliformes." Bird Conservation International 8, no. 2 (June 1998): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003245.

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SummaryMegapodes: an action plan for their conservation 1995–1999) was published in 1995 by the Species Survival Commission of IUCN – The World Conservation Union. It is the twenty-eighth publication in its Action Plan series and the first for any group of birds. Action Plans published under the auspices of the Species Survival Commission are perceived as a means of making information on the status, threats and action required to safeguard species available to conservation planners and others in a position to take action. They are compiled by the appropriate taxon Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission and their production and implementation is central to the Commission's activities. As well as the megapodes, Action Plans have recently been compiled for the partridges, quails, francolins, snowcocks and guineafowl, and for the pheasants. Stimulating interest in the conservation of these three groups of birds is the responsibility of three Specialist Groups which operate under the joint parentage of the World Pheasant Association, BirdLife International and the Species Survival Commission. The World Pheasant Association is the umbrella organization for five Galliformes Specialist Groups and was the driving force behind the production of these Action Plans, providing the means for the Specialist Groups to compile the information. This paper outlines the scope of these Action Plans and explains how they were compiled in the hope that this may assist the production of Action Plans for other bird groups.

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GRELLET-TINNER, G., S. LINDSAY, and M. B. THOMPSON. "The biomechanical, chemical and physiological adaptations of the eggs of two Australian megapodes to their nesting strategies and their implications for extinct titanosaur dinosaurs." Journal of Microscopy 267, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12572.

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "IS MONOGAMY IN THE POLYNESIAN MEGAPODE (MEGAPODIUS PRITCHARDII) RELATED TO ITS HIGH RELATIVE EGG-WEIGHT?" Auk 121, no. 2 (2004): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0308:imitpm]2.0.co;2.

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Sinclair, J. Ross, Tim G. O'Brien, and Margaret F. Kinnaird. "The selection of incubation sites by the Philippine Megapode, Megapodius cumingii, in North Sulawesi, Indonesia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 102, no. 2 (June 2002): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00078.

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Pattimahu, D. V., and A. Kastanya. "Collaborative and sustainable management strategy of the Wallacea Key biodiversity area (KBA) in Kasa Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 883, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/883/1/012077.

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Abstract Kasa island, with an area of 52.80 Ha, was declared a KBA in the Wallacea region with the staut of wildlife sanctuary and Ocean Tourist Reserve because of its particular biodiversity and its service to the environment. This research aimed to determine the social, biophysical potential and the threats to the region, as well as to explore a collaborative management. The methods used included survey, spatial analysis of the vegetation and Focus Discussion Groups (FDG). The results showed a variety index level of 1.37%. The dominant tree species were belo hitam, salamuli daun besar and kayu besi pantai. The belo hitam species had the highest INP. The wildlife sanctuary is the habitat of the Gosong Maluku bird (Eulipoa and Megapodis), an endemic species called Gosong Maluku (Euliopa wallacei). Other species include Gosong Kelam (megapodius freycinet). The coastline with its white sand and natural ocean is a tourist attraction with development potential. The strategy which needs to be developed is by using strengths to take advantage of opportunities so they can overcome weaknesses and threats. the strategies developed are as follows: Collaborative Management; Strengthening The Capacity of Local Community and Formulation of regional policy regarding Kasa Island management

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Notes on breeding and conservation of birds on Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 2 (1999): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990103.

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Niuafo'ou lies very isolated in the Pacific, is well forested and not densely populated by humans. These facts as well as the lack of larger rat species make it a refuge for birds rare elsewhere in the region. This paper covers all 17 breeding species and gives breeding data for 14 of them, collected from October 1991 to December 1992. Ten species had a well-defined breeding season of 2?7 months somewhere between September and April, which often differed from other adjacent islands: Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus Iherminieri, Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa, Banded Rail Rallus phillippensis, Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis, Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio, Barn Owl Tyto alba, Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Polynesian Starling Aplonis tabuensis nesiotes, and Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus. The Blue-crowned Lorikeet Vini australis nested in October, November and July. It did not only breed in tree hollows, but also inside a rotten log on the ground. Other observations suggest that it visits ground holes as well, either for nesting or resting. A breeding colony of Audubon's Shearwater is the first one confirmed for Tonga. Four species nested in the wet and dry season: White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus, Pacific Reef-heron Egretta sacra, Pacific Pigeon Ducula pacifica and Polynesian Megapode Megapodius pritchardii. Since September to March is the main breeding season for birds on Niuafo'ou, it is proposed that hunting and egg collecting, both important parts of the local tradition, are restricted to the other months of the year. In case of the endangered Polynesian Megapode we suggest a restriction of egg collecting and propose a translocation programme to another island. Additionally, we suggest that the islets in the crater lake become protected as they are free of feral cats, and some birds occur in higher densities there. Niuafo'ou also deserves attention as resting place for six vagrant and migrant species; large numbers of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus pacificus are hunted when they visit between October and June.

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AMIDON, FRED, RICHARD J. CAMP, ANN P. MARSHALL, THANE K. PRATT, LAURA WILLIAMS, PAUL RADLEY, and JUSTINE B. CRUZ. "Terrestrial bird population trends on Aguiguan (Goat Island), Mariana Islands." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 4 (April 2, 2014): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000021.

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SummaryThe island of Aguiguan is part of the Mariana archipelago and currently supports populations of four endemic species, including one endemic genus, Cleptornis. Bird population trends since 1982 were recently assessed on the neighbouring islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota indicating declines in some native species. Point-transect surveys were conducted in 2008 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to assess population densities and trends on Aguiguan. Densities for six of the nine native birds—White-throated Ground-dove Gallicolumba xanthonura, Collared Kingfisher Todiramphus chloris, Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons, Golden White-eye Cleptornis marchei, Bridled White-eye Zosterops conspicillatus and Micronesian Starling Aplonis opaca—and the non-native bird—Island Collared-dove Streptopelia bitorquata—were significantly greater in 2008 than in 1982. No differences in densities were detected among the surveys for Mariana Fruit-dove Ptilinopus roseicapilla, and Micronesian Myzomela Myzomela rubratra. Three federally and locally listed endangered birds—Nightingale Reed-warbler Acrocephalus luscinius, Mariana Swiftlet Collocalia bartschi, and Micronesian Megapode Megapodius laperous)—were either not detected during the point-transect counts, the surveys were not appropriate for the species, or the numbers of birds detected were too small to estimate densities. The factors behind the increasing trends for some species are unknown but may be related to increased forest cover on the island since 1982. With declining trends for some native species on neighbouring islands, the increasing and stable trends on Aguiguan is good news for forest bird populations in the region, as Aguiguan populations can help support conservation efforts on other islands in the archipelago.

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Guasch, José Luis, Ancor Suárez-Alemán, and Lourdes Trujillo. "Megaports’ concessions." Case Studies on Transport Policy 4, no. 2 (June 2016): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2015.02.003.

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Vinichenko, Mikhail V., Marina V. Vinogradova, Galina Yu Nikiporets Takigawa, Sergey A. Makushkin, and Arseny A. Maksimov. "Megapolis Residents’ Readiness to Participate in Megaprojects Under the Conditions of the Digitalization of the Economy and the Use of Artificial Intelligence." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 2926–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2329.

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The goal of the article is to determine and evaluate the readiness of megapolis residents to participate in megaprojects in the context of the digitalization of the economy and the use of artificial intelligence. The main empirical methods are a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, and a focus group conducted using distance instruments due to the pandemic-related restrictions. The study demonstrates that the readiness of megapolis residents to take part in megaprojects under the conditions of the digitalization of the economy and the use of artificial intelligence is ambiguous. Obtaining the necessary human resources is often critical for the organizers of megaprojects. For the first time, the authors identify the main factors of the attractiveness of participating in megaprojects for megapolis residents: the opportunity to get the experience of working in a large project, interest in communicating with different people, and the opportunities to make a career and get a good salary. The important factors also include satisfaction from participating in a grandiose megaproject and becoming a pioneer in a big business. The factors of negligible importance are the opportunities to implement one’s professional skills and communicate in a foreign language in a foreign company, having access to information, and avoiding deployment in the army. The main advantage of the study is the systemic approach to evaluating the readiness of megapolis residents to participate in megaprojects, as well as the identification of the trends of the fragmentary and temporary readiness of megapolis residents for participation in megaprojects and the striving of young megapolis citizens to obtain new professional skills and abilities in megaprojects. Labor activity of megapolis residents in megaprojects is found to be contingent on their age, The obtained results can be used to improve the state personnel policy and the system for the formation of personnel potential in a megaproject.

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Iwabuchi, Reiji. "The EDO megapolis." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (1999): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.4.6.

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Roshchektaev, S. A., and A. N. Pogrebenko. "Institutional Tools of Innovative Modernization of Russian Megapolis Financial Market." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(26) (October 28, 2012): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-5-26-155-162.

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The article is devoted to the justification of a new group of institutional instruments of innovative modernization of the financial market of the modern Russian megapolis – integrated network of development institutions. It is shown that these institutions are focused on the integration of the economic space of the megapolis and the rational structuring of the financial market.

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Tolstykh, Tatyana, Leyla Gamidullaeva, Nadezhda Shmeleva, Sergey Gromov, and Alexander Ermolenko. "Megapolis as a Symbiosis of Socio-Economic Ecosystems: The Role of Collaboration." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 3 (July 19, 2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030126.

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In recent years, smart and ecological urbanism and transformations into the new models of city making have become a global mainstream. These are models of the smart city, the eco-city, and the eco-megacity. The article proposes a conceptual approach to the formation of the eco-megacity as a qualitatively new phenomenon in the post-industrial economy. The prerequisites for the transformation of a megapolis into an eco-megacity have been analyzed. The key characteristics of the new phenomenon have been revealed. The role of collaboration as the main factor in increasing the efficiency of interaction processes between ecosystem actors and between ecosystems themselves has been presented. The relationship of the formed ecosystem approaches and the groups of actors during implementation of an institutional project in the megapolis have been determined. It allows for the transformation of a megapolis into an eco-megacity. The ant colony optimization algorithm for studying the symbiosis of socio-economic ecosystems in the megapolis has been proposed. The authors have attempted to contribute to the development of theoretical and methodological aspects of the emerging eco-megacity concept as a new phenomenon of the modern economy.

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Elbakidze, G. M., A. G. Medentsev, and A. G. Elbakidze. "INFLUENCE OF PRODIGIOZAN-DEPENDENT COMUTON ON THE RESISTANCE OF LIVER MITOCHONDRIA AGAINST DAMAGE BY PROTONOFOR." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 69, no. 1-2 (August 20, 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v69.i1-2.946.

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An effector of tissue stress of hepatocytes, prodigiozan-dependent comuton (PDC), provokes deenergiezation of liver mitochondria, preloaded by Ca2+ ions. In this case a decrease of membrane potential (MP) and Ca2+ efflux by cyclosporine A sensitive mechanism of megapore is observed. If megapore is blocked by cyclosporin A, protonofor FCCP provoked decrease of MP and Ca2+ efflux by cyclosporin A-insensitive mechanism. It is shown that PDC increases resistance of mitochondria to mentioned protonofor action by inhibition of both these effects. An inhibitory action of PDC is realized by K+ and NADH-dependent mechanism. The effector of hepatocyte tissue stress, prodigiozan-dependent comuton (PDC), evokes deenergizing liver mitochondria preloaded with Ca2+, both membrane potential (MP) decrease and Ca2+ release in according to cyclosporine A- sensitive mechanism of megapore being observed. If megapore is blocked by cyclosporin A, protonophore FCCP reduces of MP and Ca2+ release in according to cyclosporin A-insensitive mechanism. PDC is shown to increase the resistance of mitochondria against protonophore action mentioned above by means of inhibition of both these effects. Inhibitory action of PDC is realized due to both K+ and NADH-dependent mechanism. protective effect takes place only in intact mitochondria of these cells providig (on condition that) its megapore mechanism is not activated. Moreover, the results obttained are evidence of PDC can function as protector due to intensification of energy generation in damaged.

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Stone, Tim. "Megapode Mounds and Archaeology in Northern Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 91, no. 4 (November 1991): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9910255.

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Motyavin, Michael. "The Cultural Security of Moscow Megapolis." nauka.me, no. 3 (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s241328880000049-7.

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This article focuses on the theme of cultural security of Moscow megapolis. In the modern conditions of globalization society is exposed to various challenges and threats. It constantly evolves and changes in the terms of permament transformations. Megapolis cities such as Moscow become epicentres of the birth of dangers in the spiritual culture sphere, they are the most exposed to cultural and anti-cultural influences from the outside, to the latest cultural movements, which are often alien to the traditional national cultural values.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Megapodes'

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