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Journal articles on the topic 'Megafires'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Jones, Benjamin A., and Shana McDermott. "The Local Labor Market Impacts of US Megafires." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 9078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169078.

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As we learn to sustainably coexist with wildfire, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of its multidimensional impacts on society. To this end, we undertake a nationwide study to estimate how megafires (wildfires > 100,000 acres in size) affect US labor market outcomes in communities located within the flame zone. Both year-of-fire and over-time dynamic impacts are studied between 2010−2017. We find that counties located within a megafire flame zone experience significantly lower per capita wage earnings across multiple sources of earnings data for up to two years after megafire event occurrence. We find preliminary evidence that impacts are nonlinear over megafire size. These results highlight a new dimension of megafire impacts and expand the scope of the potential costs of megafires that should be considered in benefit-cost analyses of wildfire control and suppression decisions, especially along sustainability dimensions.

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Evers, Cody, Andrés Holz, Sebastian Busby, and Max Nielsen-Pincus. "Extreme Winds Alter Influence of Fuels and Topography on Megafire Burn Severity in Seasonal Temperate Rainforests under Record Fuel Aridity." Fire 5, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5020041.

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Nearly 0.8 million hectares of land were burned in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) over two weeks under record-breaking fuel aridity and winds during the extraordinary 2020 fire season, representing a rare example of megafires in forests west of the Cascade Mountains. We quantified the relative influence of weather, vegetation, and topography on patterns of high burn severity (>75% tree mortality) among five synchronous megafires in the western Cascade Mountains. Despite the conventional wisdom in climate-limited fire regimes that regional drivers (e.g., extreme aridity, and synoptic winds) overwhelm local controls on vegetation mortality patterns (e.g., vegetation structure and topography), we hypothesized that local controls remain important influences on burn severity patterns in these rugged forested landscapes. To study these influences, we developed remotely sensed fire extent and burn severity maps for two distinct weather periods, thereby isolating the effect of extreme east winds on drivers of burn severity. Our results confirm that wind was the major driver of the 2020 megafires, but also that both vegetation structure and topography significantly affect burn severity patterns even under extreme fuel aridity and winds. Early-seral forests primarily concentrated on private lands, burned more severely than their older and taller counterparts, over the entire megafire event regardless of topography. Meanwhile, mature stands burned severely only under extreme winds and especially on steeper slopes. Although climate change and land-use legacies may prime temperate rainforests to burn more frequently and at higher severities than has been historically observed, our work suggests that future high-severity megafires are only likely to occur during coinciding periods of heat, fuel aridity, and extreme winds.

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3

Mirts, Haley E., John P. McLaughlin, Theodore J. Weller, Angela M. White, Hillary S. Young, and Rahel Sollmann. "Bats in the megafire: assessing species’ site use in a postfire landscape in the Sierra Nevada." Journal of Mammalogy 103, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab129.

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Abstract Large high-severity fires are increasing in frequency in many parts of the world, including the coniferous forests of the Sierra Nevada mountains. These “megafires” alter vegetation and environmental conditions in forests, yet their impacts on native wildlife remain poorly understood. Bats play an important role in forest ecosystems, but their responses to megafires likewise are understudied. We investigated bat responses to the King Fire, a megafire that burned nearly 40,000 ha within the Eldorado National Forest in 2014, half of it at high severity. From June to September 2017, we used remote acoustic recorders to survey bats at 26 sites with varying fire severity (unburned, mixed, and high severity). We analyzed data with Royle–Nichols occupancy models to investigate how bat space use was influenced by megafires, and whether this response was driven by prey availability, fire severity, or fire-altered habitat conditions. We calculated prey species richness, biomass, and abundance, from moths sampled with blacklight surveys. Vegetation covariates included tree density, canopy cover, and shrub density, measured along vegetation transects. To capture general effects of fire, we also included fire severity and the percentage of dead trees as potential covariates on space use. Prey variables were highest in unburned forests, were the most common predictors of, and generally had positive effects on bat space use. Responses to tree density and canopy cover varied by species; the most common vegetation covariate, shrub density, had weak positive effects on bat space use. In spite of the varying prey and vegetation conditions across fire severity categories, most bats showed weak to no response in space use to fire severity and tree mortality. We attribute this to the highly mobile nature of bats, which reduces the impact of potentially negative local conditions.

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4

Mancilla-Ruiz, Diana, Francisco de la Barrera, Sergio González, and Ana Huaico. "The Effects of a Megafire on Ecosystem Services and the Pace of Landscape Recovery." Land 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121388.

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(1) Background: Megafires have affected several regions in the world (e.g., Australia, California), including, in 2017, the central and south-central zones of Chile. These areas represent real laboratories to monitor the impacts on the sustainability of landscapes and their recovery after fires. The present research examines the modification of dynamics and the provision of ecosystem services by a megafire in a Mediterranean landscape in central Chile, combining remote sensing technologies and ecosystem service assessments. (2) Methods: Land cover and spectral indices (NBRI, BAIS-2, NDVI, and EVI) were measured using Sentinel-2 imagery, while the provision of ecosystem services was evaluated using an expert-based matrix. (3) Results: The megafire affected forest plantations, formerly the dominant land cover, as well as other ecosystems, e.g., native forests. After five years, the landscape is dominated by exotic shrublands and grasslands. (4) Conclusions: The megafire caused a loss of 50% of the landscape’s capacity to supply ecosystem services. Given that native forests are the best provider of ecosystem services in this landscape, restoration is a key to recovering landscape sustainability.

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5

Azócar de la Cruz, Gabriela Azócar de la, Gabriela Alfaro, Claudia Alonso, Rubén Calvo, and Paz Orellana. "Modeling the Ignition Risk: Analysis before and after Megafire on Maule Region, Chile." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 9353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189353.

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Wildland fires are a phenomenon of broad interest due to their relationship with climate change. The impacts of climate change are related to a greater frequency and intensity of wildland fires. In this context, megafires have become a phenomenon of particular concern. In this study, we develop a model of ignition risk. We use factors such as human activity, geographic, topographic, and land cover variables to develop a bagged decision tree model. The study area corresponds to the Maule region in Chile, a large zone with a Mediterranean climate. This area was affected by a megafire in 2017. After generating the model, we compared three interface zones, analyzing the scar and the occurrences of ignition during and after the megafire. For the construction of georeferenced data, we used the geographic information system QGIS. The results show a model with high fit goodness that can be replicated in other areas. Fewer ignitions are observed after the megafire, a high recovery of urban infrastructure, and a slow recovery of forest plantations. It is feasible to interpret that the lower number of ignitions observed in the 2019–2020 season is a consequence of the megafire scar. It is crucial to remember that the risk of ignition will increase as forest crops recover. Wildland fire management requires integrating this information into decision-making processes if we consider that the impacts of climate change persist in the area.

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6

Crandall, Trevor, Erin Jones, Mitchell Greenhalgh, Rebecca J. Frei, Natasha Griffin, Emilee Severe, Jordan Maxwell, et al. "Megafire affects stream sediment flux and dissolved organic matter reactivity, but land use dominates nutrient dynamics in semiarid watersheds." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e0257733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257733.

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Climate change is causing larger wildfires and more extreme precipitation events in many regions. As these ecological disturbances increasingly coincide, they alter lateral fluxes of sediment, organic matter, and nutrients. Here, we report the stream chemistry response of watersheds in a semiarid region of Utah (USA) that were affected by a megafire followed by an extreme precipitation event in October 2018. We analyzed daily to hourly water samples at 10 stream locations from before the storm event until three weeks after its conclusion for suspended sediment, solute and nutrient concentrations, water isotopes, and dissolved organic matter concentration, optical properties, and reactivity. The megafire caused a ~2,000-fold increase in sediment flux and a ~6,000-fold increase in particulate carbon and nitrogen flux over the course of the storm. Unexpectedly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was 2.1-fold higher in burned watersheds, despite the decreased organic matter from the fire. DOC from burned watersheds was 1.3-fold more biodegradable and 2.0-fold more photodegradable than in unburned watersheds based on 28-day dark and light incubations. Regardless of burn status, nutrient concentrations were higher in watersheds with greater urban and agricultural land use. Likewise, human land use had a greater effect than megafire on apparent hydrological residence time, with rapid stormwater signals in urban and agricultural areas but a gradual stormwater pulse in areas without direct human influence. These findings highlight how megafires and intense rainfall increase short-term particulate flux and alter organic matter concentration and characteristics. However, in contrast with previous research, which has largely focused on burned-unburned comparisons in pristine watersheds, we found that direct human influence exerted a primary control on nutrient status. Reducing anthropogenic nutrient sources could therefore increase socioecological resilience of surface water networks to changing wildfire regimes.

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7

Wintle, Brendan A., Sarah Legge, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "After the Megafires: What Next for Australian Wildlife?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 35, no. 9 (September 2020): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.009.

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8

Jones, Gavin M., RJ Gutiérrez, Douglas J. Tempel, Sheila A. Whitmore, William J. Berigan, and M. Zachariah Peery. "Megafires: an emerging threat to old-forest species." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 14, no. 6 (August 2016): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.1298.

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9

Baker, Andrew M., Stephane Batista, Melinda J. Laidlaw, Lynn M. Baker, Ian C. Gynther, Harry B. Hines, and Diana O. Fisher. "Endangered Australian marsupial species survive recent drought and megafires." Oryx 55, no. 6 (November 2021): 812–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605321001149.

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10

Fidelis, Alessandra, Swanni Alvarado, Ana Barradas, and Vânia Pivello. "The Year 2017: Megafires and Management in the Cerrado." Fire 1, no. 3 (December 5, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire1030049.

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The year 2017 was a megafire year, when huge areas burned on different continents. In Brazil, a great extension of the Cerrado burned, raising once more the discussion about the “zero-fire” policy. Indeed, most protected areas of the Cerrado adopted a policy of fire exclusion and prevention, leading to periodic megafire events. Last year, 78% of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park burned at the end of the dry season, attracting media attention. Furthermore, 85% of the Reserva Natural Serra do Tombador burned as a result of a large accumulation of fuel caused by the zero-fire policy. In 2014, some protected areas started to implement the Integrate Fire Management (IFM) strategy. During 2017, in contrast to other protected areas, the Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins experienced no megafire events, suggesting that a few years of IFM implementation led to changes in its fire regime. Therefore, we intended here to compare the total burned area and number of fire scars between the protected areas where IFM was implemented and those where fire exclusion is the adopted policy. The use of fire as a management tool aimed at wildfire prevention and biodiversity preservation should be reconsidered by local managers and environmental authorities for most Cerrado protected areas, especially those where open savanna physiognomies prevail. Changing the paradigm is a hard task, but last year’s events showed the zero-fire policy would bring more damage than benefits to Cerrado protected areas.

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11

Guerova, G., and N. Jones. "2003 megafires in Australia: impact on tropospheric ozone and aerosols." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2009): 3007–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-3007-2009.

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Abstract. 2003 was a record year for wildfires worldwide. Severe forest fires killed four people, displaced 20 500 others and burnt 260 000 ha in South-East Australia in January 2003. The uncontrolled fires ignited in early January 2003 as a result of a prolonged El Niño drought in South-East Australia. Severe weather conditions resulted in a fast spread of the fires and poor air quality in a region where 70% of the population of Australia lives. We use state-of-art global chemistry and transport model GEOS-Chem in conjunction with ground- and space-based observations to study the ozone (O3) and aerosol enhancement due to fires. Firstly, the monthly mean surface O3 and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in January 2003 are compared to January 2004 and, secondly, from sensitivity model simulations, four episodes are isolated and an attempt is made to quantify the contribution of the fires to air quality in south and South-East Australia. In January 2003 the observed monthly mean afternoon surface O3 in Victoria (VIC) and South Australia (SA) reached 27.5 ppb, which is 6.5 ppb (i.e. 30%) higher than in 2004. The simulated O3 is 29.5 ppb, which is 10 ppb higher than in 2004. While the model tends to overestimate the observed peak O3, it exhibits very good skill in reproducing the O3 temporal variability in January 2003 with a correlation of 0.83. In VIC, the air quality 4-h ozone (O3) standard exceedences are reported on 17, 24 and 25 January. On 12, 17, 24–25 and 29 January 2003, the observed O3 peaks above 40 ppb and the simulated fire contribution is higher than 10 ppb. During these 4 episodes, the range of observed O3 enhancement due to fires is 20–35 ppb, which is a factor of 3 to 5 higher than the monthly mean. The simulated fire O3 enhancement is in the range 15–50 ppb with a factor of 1.5 to 5 higher than the monthly mean. During two episodes, a well-formed surface wind channel stretches across the Tasman Sea facilitating the long range transport to New Zealand contributing to a 10% increase of surface O3. During the four episodes in January 2003, the observed AOD was up to a factor of five higher that the monthly mean AOD. The simulated and observed AODs agree on the spatial structure. Despite the model tendency to underestimate the AOD, it proves a useful tool in reconstructing the mostly patchy observations.

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12

Walker, Xanthe J., Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Steven G. Cumming, Nicola J. Day, Scott J. Goetz, Jill F. Johnstone, Edward A. G. Schuur, Merritt R. Turetsky, and Michelle C. Mack. "Cross-scale controls on carbon emissions from boreal forest megafires." Global Change Biology 24, no. 9 (May 16, 2018): 4251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14287.

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13

Harmon, Mark E., Chad T. Hanson, and Dominick A. DellaSala. "Combustion of Aboveground Wood from Live Trees in Megafires, CA, USA." Forests 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030391.

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Biomass combustion is a major biogeochemical process, but uncertain in magnitude. We examined multiple levels of organization (twigs, branches, trees, stands, and landscapes) in large, severe forest fires to see how combustion rates for live aboveground woody parts varied with tree species, size, and fire severity in Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and mixed conifer-dominated forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. In high severity fire patches, most combustion loss was from branches < 2 cm diameter; in low to moderate severity patches, most was from bole charring. Combustion rates decreased as fire severity declined and with increasing tree size. Pinus species had little branch combustion, leading them to have ≈50% the combustion rate of other taxa. Combustion rates could be 100% for small branch segments and up to 57% for small tree aboveground woody biomass in high severity fire patches. However, combustion rates are very low overall at the stand (0.1%–3.2%) and landscape level (0.6%–1.8%), because large trees with low combustion rates comprise the majority of biomass, and high severity fire patches are less than half of the area burned. Our findings of low live wood combustion rates have important implications for policies related to wildfire emissions and forest management.

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14

de la Barrera, Francisco, Francisco Barraza, Philomène Favier, Vannia Ruiz, and Jorge Quense. "Megafires in Chile 2017: Monitoring multiscale environmental impacts of burned ecosystems." Science of The Total Environment 637-638 (October 2018): 1526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.119.

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15

Robbins. "Oregon and Climate Change: The Age of Megafires in the American West." Oregon Historical Quarterly 122, no. 3 (2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.122.3.0250.

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16

Robbins, William G. "Oregon and Climate Change: The Age of Megafires in the American West." Oregon Historical Quarterly 122, no. 3 (2021): 250–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2021.0042.

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17

Silvestro, Roberto, Luigi Saulino, Carla Cavallo, Emilia Allevato, Stefania Pindozzi, Elena Cervelli, Paola Conti, Stefano Mazzoleni, and Antonio Saracino. "The Footprint of Wildfires on Mediterranean Forest Ecosystem Services in Vesuvius National Park." Fire 4, no. 4 (December 14, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040095.

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Wildfires are one of the most important natural disturbances in vegetation biomes. In recent decades, both the number and severity of fires have significantly increased in Mediterranean forests, frequently resulting in catastrophic events. In this scenario, we aimed to explore the flow of ecosystem services and their related economic value that was disrupted by human-induced megafires in the Mediterranean forest of Vesuvius National Park in the summer of 2017. We adopted an innovative approach by merging two methodologies: an ecological approach to evaluate the status of the forest ecosystem after the wildfires and an economics methodology to estimate the monetary value of the interruption to ecosystem services. Losses related to the following six services were estimated: woody biomass, soil erosion control, habitat maintenance, pollination, carbon stock, and ecotourism. In 2017, 3350 ha of forest (88% of the total forested area of Vesuvius National Park) burnt over a period of 49 days. The total estimated monetary loss amounted to €14.363 M, 56.9% of which comprised of provisioning ecosystem services, while 34.7% encompassed maintenance and regulation services, and 8.5% were so-called cultural services. Suppression costs accounted for 16% of the total estimated economic loss of ecosystem services. Our results provide useful insights for decision-makers when allocating financial resources, suggesting that they should invest in fire prevention rather than fire suppression and post-fire restoration. This explicit valuation of the footprint of the wildfires, although not exhaustive, can also lead to greater awareness among the public regarding the benefits conferred by Mediterranean forest ecosystems. This is the first study to economically evaluate the interruption of ecosystem services after megafires in the Mediterranean basin.

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18

Childers, Michael W. "Fire Management in the American West: Forest Politics and the Rise of Megafires." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 42, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306113484702k.

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19

Bramwell, L. "Fire Management in the American West: Forest Politics and the Rise of Megafires." Environmental History 17, no. 4 (August 24, 2012): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/ems085.

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20

Nóbrega Spínola, Jackeline, Maria Jociléia Soares da Silva, Jose Risonei Assis da Silva, Jos Barlow, and Joice Ferreira. "A shared perspective on managing Amazonian sustainable‐use reserves in an era of megafires." Journal of Applied Ecology 57, no. 11 (September 2020): 2132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13690.

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21

Gallagher, Rachael V., Stuart Allen, Berin D. E. Mackenzie, Colin J. Yates, Carl R. Gosper, David A. Keith, Cory Merow, et al. "High fire frequency and the impact of the 2019–2020 megafires on Australian plant diversity." Diversity and Distributions 27, no. 7 (March 19, 2021): 1166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13265.

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22

Varga, Kevin, Charles Jones, Anna Trugman, Leila M. V. Carvalho, Neal McLoughlin, Daisuke Seto, Callum Thompson, and Kristofer Daum. "Megafires in a Warming World: What Wildfire Risk Factors Led to California’s Largest Recorded Wildfire." Fire 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5010016.

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Massive wildfires and extreme fire behavior are becoming more frequent across the western United States, creating a need to better understand how megafire behavior will evolve in our warming world. Here, the fire spread model Prometheus is used to simulate the initial explosive growth of the 2020 August Complex, which occurred in northern California (CA) mixed conifer forests. High temperatures, low relative humidity, and daytime southerly winds were all highly correlated with extreme rates of modeled spread. Fine fuels reached very dry levels, which accelerated simulation growth and heightened fire heat release (HR). Model sensitivity tests indicate that fire growth and HR are most sensitive to aridity and fuel moisture content. Despite the impressive early observed growth of the fire, shifting the simulation ignition to a very dry September 2020 heatwave predicted a >50% increase in growth and HR, as well as increased nighttime fire activity. Detailed model analyses of how extreme fire behavior develops can help fire personnel prepare for problematic ignitions.

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23

Brock, Emily K. "Book Review: Fire management in the American west: Forest politics and the rise of megafires." Organization & Environment 25, no. 1 (March 2012): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026612444439.

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24

Alexander, Thomas G. "Fire Management in the American West: Forest Politics and The Rise of Megafires by Mark Hudson." Oregon Historical Quarterly 113, no. 4 (2012): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2012.0008.

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25

Stavros, E. Natasha, Zachary Tane, Van R. Kane, Sander Veraverbeke, Robert J. McGaughey, James A. Lutz, Carlos Ramirez, and David Schimel. "Unprecedented remote sensing data over King and Rim megafires in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California." Ecology 97, no. 11 (November 2016): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1577.

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26

Dufour, Gaëlle, Maxim Eremenko, Guillaume Siour, Pasquale Sellitto, Juan Cuesta, Agnès Perrin, and Matthias Beekmann. "24 h Evolution of an Exceptional HONO Plume Emitted by the Record-Breaking 2019/2020 Australian Wildfire Tracked from Space." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091485.

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Megafires occurred in Australia during the 2019/2020 bushfire season, leading to enhanced concentrations of many tropospheric pollutants. Here, we report on a fire plume with unusually high and persistent nitrous acid (HONO) levels that we could track during one day at free tropospheric levels over the Tasman Sea on 4 January 2020 using IASI and CrIS satellite observations. HONO concentrations up to about 25 ppb were retrieved during nighttime. Persistent HONO concentrations (>10 ppb) were still observed at sunrise, likely due to large aerosol concentrations within the plume, preventing HONO photodissociation. In addition, comparison with carbon monoxide (CO) measurements suggest a secondary production during the plume transport. Model simulations confirm that the plume is transported in the lower free troposphere with concentrations as high as 30 ppb at about 4 km. However, many uncertainties and unknowns remain in the plume aerosol load and in the chemical processes which may explain the model inability to reproduce elevated HONO concentrations at sunrise.

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27

Johnston, Scott G., and Damien T. Maher. "Drought, megafires and flood - climate extreme impacts on catchment-scale river water quality on Australia's east coast." Water Research 218 (June 2022): 118510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118510.

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28

Johnston, Scott G., and Damien T. Maher. "Drought, megafires and flood - climate extreme impacts on catchment-scale river water quality on Australia's east coast." Water Research 218 (June 2022): 118510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118510.

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VAN DER WAL, CARA, SHANE T. AHYONG, NATHAN LO, SIMON Y. W. HO, and ROBERT B. MCCORMACK. "Redescription of Euastacus clydensis Riek, 1969 (Crustacea: Parastacidae), a valid species of spiny crayfish from southern New South Wales, Australia." Zootaxa 5222, no. 3 (December 20, 2022): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5222.3.6.

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The Giant Sydney Crayfish (Euastacus spinifer (Heller, 1865)) was thought to have a wide range in New South Wales, Australia, spanning some 600 km north–south. A recent extensive molecular phylogenetic and population genomic analysis of E. spinifer across its geographical range revealed strong population structure corresponding to several major geographically correlated clades, the southernmost clade being the most genetically divergent and clearly a separate species. This southern clade corresponds to the junior synonym E. clydensis Riek, 1969 and is sister to the clade comprising the remaining populations of E. spinifer and Euastacus vesper. We formally remove E. clydensis from the synonymy of E. spinifer, increasing the recognised number of species of Euastacus to 54. Euastacus clydensis is redescribed based on type and other material, and is distinguished from E. spinifer by differences in abdominal spination and the form of the antennal scaphocerite. Euastacus clydensis has a restricted southern New South Wales range in the Shoalhaven and Jervis Bay–Clyde River catchments, from Moss Vale south to the vicinity of Clyde Mountain; much of the known range of E. clydensis was burnt in the 2019–2020 eastern Australian megafires.

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30

Ryan, Robert G., Jeremy D. Silver, and Robyn Schofield. "Air quality and health impact of 2019–20 Black Summer megafires and COVID-19 lockdown in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia." Environmental Pollution 274 (April 2021): 116498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116498.

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31

Torkkola, Janne J., Alienor L. M. Chauvenet, Harry Hines, and Paul M. Oliver. "Distributional modelling, megafires and data gaps highlight probable underestimation of climate change risk for two lizards from Australia’s montane rainforests." Austral Ecology 47, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.13123.

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32

Jalaludin, Bin, and Geoffrey G. Morgan. "What does climate change have to do with bushfires?" Australian Health Review 45, no. 1 (2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ahv45n1_ed3.

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A warming climate is increasing the duration of fire seasons and the risk of more extensive and intense bushfires. The Black Summer bushfires that occurred in Australia from September 2019 to early February 2020 were unprecedented in their scale and intensity. The fires led to loss of lives and homes, and widespread destruction of flora, fauna and ecosystems. Dense smoke from these catastrophic fires blanketed major cities and towns for weeks. A Commonwealth Royal Commission and two state inquiries provided recommendations for reducing the risk of future bushfires and for better disaster management processes to support the preparedness, relief, response and recovery to such megafires. While strategies to reduce the risk of bushfires and the damage to our biota and ecosystems are necessary and important, there is also an urgent need for mitigation strategies to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases. If we are to minimise the planetary effects of a warming climate, we need to limit global warming to well below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels and to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050. This requires transformative thinking and action by our political leaders that builds on the Australian public and industry’s willingness to play their part.

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33

Oliveira, Marta, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Maria Carmo Pereira, and Simone Morais. "Environmental Particulate Matter Levels during 2017 Large Forest Fires and Megafires in the Center Region of Portugal: A Public Health Concern?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031032.

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This work characterizes the dimension and the exceptionality of 2017 large- and mega-fires that occurred in the center region of Portugal through the assessment of their impact on the ambient levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), retrieved from local monitoring stations, and the associated public health risks. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were increased during the occurrence of large fires and megafires, with daily concentrations exceeding the European/national guidelines in 7–14 and 1–12 days of 2017 (up to 704 µg/m3 for PM10 and 46 µg/m3 for PM2.5), respectively. PM10 concentrations were correlated with total burned area (0.500 < r < 0.949; p > 0.05) and with monthly total burned area/distance2 (0.500 < r < 0.667; p > 0.05). The forest fires of 2017 took the life of 112 citizens. A total of 474 cases of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases and 3524 cases of asthma incidence symptoms per 100,000 individuals at risk were assessed due to exposure to 2017 forest fires. Real-time and in situ PM methodologies should be combined with protection action plans to reduce public health risks. Portuguese rural stations should monitor other health-relevant pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds) released from wildfires to allow performing more robust and comprehensive measurements that will allow a better assessment of the potential health risks for the exposed populations.

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Miller, Andrew M. "Hudson M., 2011. Fire Management in the American West: Forest Politics and the Rise of Megafires. Boulder: University Press of Colorado." International Journal of the Commons 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2012): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/ijc.345.

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Kiser, Barbara. "The deep past of megafires, big data’s Achilles heel and behind the scenes of the March for Science: Books in brief." Nature 556, no. 7700 (April 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-04160-x.

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Roos, Christopher I., and Christopher H. Guiterman. "Dating the origins of persistent oak shrubfields in northern New Mexico using soil charcoal and dendrochronology." Holocene 31, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211003255.

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Megafires in dry conifer forests of the Southwest US are driving transitions to alternative vegetative states, including extensive shrubfields dominated by Gambel oak ( Quercus gambelii). Recent tree-ring research on oak shrubfields that predate the 20th century suggests that these are not a seral stage of conifer succession but are enduring stable states that can persist for centuries. Here we combine soil charcoal radiocarbon dating with tree-ring evidence to refine the fire origin dates for three oak shrubfields (<300 ha) in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico and test three hypotheses that shrubfields were established by tree-killing fires caused by (1) megadrought; (2) forest infilling associated with decadal-scale climate influences on fire spread; or (3) anthropogenic interruptions of fire spread. Integrated tree-ring and radiocarbon evidence indicate that one shrubfield established in 1664 CE, another in 1522 CE, and the third long predated the oldest tree-ring evidence, establishing sometime prior to 1500 CE. Although megadrought alone was insufficient to drive the transitions to shrub-dominated states, a combination of drought and anthropogenic impacts on fire spread may account for the origins of all three shrub patches. Our study shows that these shrubfields can persist >500 years, meaning modern forest-shrub conversion of patches as large as >10,000 ha will likely persist for centuries.

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Lüthi, Samuel, Gabriela Aznar-Siguan, Christopher Fairless, and David N. Bresch. "Globally consistent assessment of economic impacts of wildfires in CLIMADA v2.2." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 7175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7175-2021.

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Abstract. In light of the dramatic increase in economic impacts due to wildfires over recent years, the need for globally consistent impact modelling of wildfire damages is ever increasing. Insurance companies, individual households, humanitarian organizations, governmental authorities, and investors and portfolio owners are increasingly required to account for climate-related physical risks. In response to these societal challenges, we present an extension to the open-source and open-access risk modelling platform CLIMADA (CLImate ADAptation) for modelling economic impacts of wildfires in a globally consistent and spatially explicit approach. All input data are free, public and globally available, ensuring applicability in data-scarce regions of the Global South. The model was calibrated at resolutions of 1, 4 and 10 km using information on past wildfire damage reported by the disaster database EM-DAT. Despite the large remaining uncertainties, the model yields sound damage estimates with a model performance well in line with the results of other natural catastrophe impact models, such as for tropical cyclones. To complement the global perspective of this study, we conducted two case studies on the recent megafires in Chile (2017) and Australia (2020). The model is made available online as part of a Python package, ready for application in practical contexts such as disaster risk assessment, near-real-time impact estimates or physical climate risk disclosure.

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Madani, G., C. Turbill, A. Lloyd, L. Gonsalves, T. Brassil, and B. Law. "How do we sleep while our beds are burning? Impacts of the 2019–20 mega-fires on a rainforest dependent species – the Golden-tipped Bat Phoniscus papuensis." Australian Zoologist 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2022.031.

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ABSTRACT The Australian summer of 2019/20 was impacted by megafires of a magnitude and severity never previously recorded. Whilst low severity fire has positive benefits for increased insectivorous bat activity and diversity, little information is available on the impact on rainforest specialised clutter dependant species such as the Golden-tipped Bat Phoniscus papuensis. Our aims were to assess the effects of fire on occupancy of habitat across the geographic range of P. papuensis in NSW, to determine the smaller scale effects of fire on use of diurnal roosts in rainforest through radio tracking and to trial the use of artificial structures to temporarily increase roost availability in burnt habitat. We observed that widespread fire encroaching on rainforest has a negative association with occupancy by P. papuensis, with this metric ~78% lower than in unburnt forest. In burnt areas, P. papuensis preferentially used unburnt refugia for their roosting sites in suspended bird nests and the loss of these habitat structures likely contributes to the disappearance of P. papuensis from the landscape. Artificial roosts were not used in the short-term (< 2 years post fire) and do not appear to be a feasible management tool. With the increasing frequency and extent of wildfires the most important factor for P. papuensis to persist in the landscape into the future is the protection of its habitat through ensuring sensitive management of large tracts of connected rainforest to help buffer against the encroachment of future mega-fires.

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Sidiropoulos, Lavrentis, D. Philip Whitfield, Christos Astaras, Dimitris Vasilakis, Haralambos Alivizatos, and Vassiliki Kati. "Pronounced Seasonal Diet Diversity Expansion of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Northern Greece during the Non-Breeding Season: The Role of Tortoises." Diversity 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020135.

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Golden Eagles are resident in Greece and known to feed mainly on tortoises when breeding. However, information on alternative prey is scarce, especially during the tortoise brumation, that roughly coincides with the eagles’ non-breeding season. We analyzed 827 prey items collected from 12 territories over five territory years and 84 records of eagles hunting or feeding behavior. Tortoises dominated the breeding season diet (71% of prey categories on average) and over half of all hunting/feeding observations. While no spatial structure was evident, habitat variables such as forest canopy cover were important associates in golden eagle diet seasonally. A significant seasonal pattern emerged in diet diversity, using a subset of six territories with at least 10 samples per season. Eagles shifted from a narrow, reptile- based breeding season diet dominated by tortoises to a broader non-breeding season diet, that included more carrion, mammals and birds. Breeding season specialization on ectothermic prey is a trait usually associated with migratory raptors in the Western Palearctic. The observed dietary diversity expansion accompanied by residency in the absence of ectothermic prey, highlights the adaptability of the golden eagle, a generalist predator. Tortoise populations in Greece are of conservation concern and land use changes as well as climate change, such as development and land abandonment may increase the prevalence of catastrophic megafires, exacerbating the threats to the golden eagle’s main prey when breeding. We discuss this and other diet related conservation implications for the species in northern Greece.

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Morici, Kat E., and John D. Bailey. "Long-Term Effects of Fuel Reduction Treatments on Surface Fuel Loading in the Blue Mountains of Oregon." Forests 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101306.

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Fire exclusion and a lengthening fire season has resulted in an era of megafires. Fuel reduction treatments in forested ecosystems are designed to guard against future extreme wildfire behavior. Treatments create a heterogenous landscape and facilitate ecosystem function and resilience in fire-adapted forests of the western United States. Despite widespread recognition that repeated fuel treatments are needed to maintain desired stand characteristics over time, few field studies have evaluated treatment longevity. The Blue Mountains Fire and Fire Surrogate site in northeastern Oregon presented an opportunity to investigate woody fuel loading 15–17 years after four treatments: mechanical thin, prescribed burn, both thin and burn, and no treatment control. The principal findings were: (1) fine fuel load 15 years post-burn remained slightly below pre-treatment values; (2) rotten coarse fuel load was reduced post-burn, but sound coarse fuel was not altered by any active treatment; and (3) total woody fuel load 15–17 years post-treatment was similar to pre-treatment values. Understanding surface fuel loading is essential for predicting fire behavior. Overall, the effects of fuel reduction treatments on woody surface fuels were transitory in dry mixed conifer forests. Frequent maintenance treatments are recommended to protect values at risk in areas with high fire hazards. Quantifying the persistence of changes in forest conditions aids in the planning and analysis of future fuel treatments, along with scheduling maintenance of existing treated areas.

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Legge, Sarah, John C. Z. Woinarski, Ben C. Scheele, Stephen T. Garnett, Mark Lintermans, Dale G. Nimmo, Nick S. Whiterod, et al. "Rapid assessment of the biodiversity impacts of the 2019–2020 Australian megafires to guide urgent management intervention and recovery and lessons for other regions." Diversity and Distributions 28, no. 3 (October 21, 2021): 571–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13428.

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Ward, Michelle, James E. M. Watson, Aaron Greenville, Golo Maurer, Stephanie Todd, William Geary, and Ayesha Tulloch. "Consequences of the Australian 2019/20 wildfires for sites important for biodiversity and other world heritage values." Australian Zoologist 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2022.034.

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ABSTRACT The 2019/20 wildfire season was devastating for Australia’s biodiversity and unprecedented in its extent and severity, yet the consequences for sites important for biodiversity and other world heritage values remain unknown. Here, we summarise the 2019/20 wildfire impacts on key sites set aside for, or identified as being important for, biodiversity, with specific reference to nationally designated protected areas, World Heritage Listings, and Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs). We also explore patterns between burn extent or severity, and underlying landscape characteristics. Over seven months, approximately 10 million hectares (ha) of native vegetation burned. Of these burned landscapes, ~3.2 million ha (41%) were within the Australian protected area estate (n = 815 and impacted >0.1% of each protected area). Six Australian World Heritage Listings were impacted by the 2019/20 wildfires, with the largest impact being in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (680,000 ha or 67% was affected by the fires). The 2019/20 fires impacted over 2 million ha across 69 KBAs. Of these, 18 KBAs had >15% of their area burned. Critically, for the management of intact and recovering forests, we show that the degree of forest integrity and ecosystem intactness affected fire severity: more degraded forests and ecosystems experienced higher severity burns in the protected area estate and KBAs. Recovery for many of these places will require targeted effort and resources to help reduce the likelihood of future megafires, as well as increased resilience in the face of other catastrophic environmental events.

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Smith, G. Bradley, Jody M. Tucker, and Jonathan N. Pauli. "Habitat and drought influence the diet of an unexpected mycophagist: fishers in the Sierra Nevada, California." Journal of Mammalogy 103, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab167.

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Abstract Climate change is creating hotter, drier, and more extreme weather. Weather anomalies such as extended drought along the Pacific Coast of North America are redefining ecosystems. In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, an isolated, distinct and federally endangered population of fishers (Pekania pennanti) currently faces multiple threats. Severe drought, tree mortality, and megafires are reshaping the landscape in the southern Sierra with largely unknown effects on fisher ecology and conservation. Using hair collected during long-term population monitoring, we analyzed stable isotopes to quantify the diets of fishers before and after drought, and explored how habitat quality mediated the effect of drought on fisher diet. For the core population of fishers which occupy the northern and western portions of this region, their isotopic niche declined both in drought and in lower-quality habitats. Regardless of drought or habitat conditions, the summer diet of fishers here was dominated by fungi (47%), while little vertebrate mass (14%) was consumed. However, drought and habitat did influence consumption of plants and insects; fishers consumed more insects and less plants in drought conditions and in poorer habitat. In contrast, at the perennially dry, high-altitude Kern Plateau at the southeastern extent of their range, fishers predominantly consumed vertebrates (59%). Fishers show great plasticity in their diet, but the means and capacity for this flexibility is poorly understood. Retaining atypical diet items, notably fungi, and a diversity of forage in the Sierra Nevada could help to buffer the negative fitness costs from rapid environmental change for this endangered species.

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Coen, Janice L., E. Natasha Stavros, and Josephine A. Fites-Kaufman. "Deconstructing the King megafire." Ecological Applications 28, no. 6 (June 29, 2018): 1565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1752.

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Campbell, Teresa, Kakada Pin, Peng Ngor, and Zeb Hogan. "Conserving Mekong Megafishes: Current Status and Critical Threats in Cambodia." Water 12, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061820.

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Megafishes are important to people and ecosystems worldwide. These fishes attain a maximum body weight of ≥30 kg. Global population declines highlight the need for more information about megafishes’ conservation status to inform management and conservation. The northern Cambodian Mekong River and its major tributaries are considered one of the last refugia for Mekong megafishes. We collected data on population abundance and body size trends for eight megafishes in this region to better understand their conservation statuses. Data were collected in June 2018 using a local ecological knowledge survey of 96 fishers in 12 villages. Fishers reported that, over 20 years, most megafishes changed from common to uncommon, rare, or locally extirpated. The most common and rarest species had mean last capture dates of 4.5 and 95 months before the survey, respectively. All species had declined greatly in body size. Maximum body weights reported by fishers ranged from 11–88% of their recorded maxima. Fishers identified 10 threats to megafishes, seven of which were types of illegal fishing. Electrofishing was the most prevalent. Results confirm that Mekong megafishes are severely endangered. Species Conservation Strategies should be developed and must address pervasive illegal fishing activities, alongside habitat degradation and blocked migrations, to recover declining populations.

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46

Wright, Richard W. "Megafirms: Strategies for Canada's Multinationals." Journal of International Business Studies 18, no. 1 (March 1987): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.1987.11.

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Yang, Xingchuan, Chuanfeng Zhao, Yikun Yang, Xing Yan, and Hao Fan. "Statistical aerosol properties associated with fire events from 2002 to 2019 and a case analysis in 2019 over Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 3833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3833-2021.

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Abstract. Wildfires are an important contributor to atmospheric aerosols in Australia and could significantly affect the regional and even global climate. This study investigates the impact of fire events on aerosol properties along with the long-range transport of biomass-burning aerosol over Australia using multi-year measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) at 10 sites over Australia, a satellite dataset derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), reanalysis data from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2), and back-trajectories from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The fire count, fire radiative power (FRP), and aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed distinct and consistent interannual variations, with high values during September–February (biomass-burning period, BB period) and low values during March–August (non-biomass-burning period, non-BB period) every year. Strong correlation (0.62) was found between FRP and AOD over Australia. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between AOD and fire count was much higher (0.63–0.85) during October–January than other months (−0.08 to 0.47). Characteristics of Australian aerosols showed pronounced differences between the BB period and non-BB period. AOD values significantly increased and fine-mode aerosol dominated during the BB period, especially in northern and southeastern Australia. Carbonaceous aerosol was the main contributor to total aerosols during the BB period, especially in September–December when carbonaceous aerosol contributed the most (30.08 %–42.91 %). Aerosol size distributions showed a bimodal character, with both fine and coarse aerosol particles generally increasing during the BB period. The megafires during the BB period of 2019/2020 further demonstrated the significant impact of wildfires on aerosol properties, such as the extreme increase in AOD for most of southeastern Australia, the dominance of fine particle aerosols, and the significant increase in carbonaceous and dust aerosols in southeastern and central Australia, respectively. Moreover, smoke was found to be the dominant aerosol type detected at heights from 2.5 to 12 km in southeastern Australia in December 2019 and at heights from roughly 6.2 to 12 km in January 2020. In contrast, dust was detected more frequently at heights from 2 to 5 km in November 2019 and January and February 2020. A case study emphasized that the transport of biomass-burning aerosols from wildfire plumes in eastern and southern Australia significantly impacted the aerosol loading, aerosol particle size, and aerosol type of central Australia.

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Elvidge, Christopher D., Mikhail Zhizhin, Feng Chi Hsu, Tamara Sparks, and Tilottama Ghosh. "Subpixel Analysis of Primary and Secondary Infrared Emitters with Nighttime VIIRS Data." Fire 4, no. 4 (November 7, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040083.

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Biomass burning is a coupled exothermic/endothermic system that transfers carbon in several forms to the atmosphere, ultimately leaving mineral ash. The exothermic phases include flaming and smoldering, which produce the heat that drives the endothermic processes. The endothermic components include pre-heating and pyrolysis, which produce the fuel consumed by flaming and smoldering. These components can be broadly distinguished from each other based on temperature. For several years, we have researched the subpixel analysis of two temperature phases present in fire pixels detected in nighttime VIIRS data. Here, we present the flaming subtractive method, with which we have successfully derived temperatures and source areas for two infrared (IR) emitters and a cooler background. This is developed as an add-on to the existing VIIRS nightfire algorithm version 3 (VNF v.3) which uses Planck curve fitting to calculate temperatures and source areas for a single IR emitter and background. The flaming subtractive method works with data collected in four spectral ranges: near-infrared (NIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR). With sunlight eliminated, the NIR and SWIR radiances can be fully attributed to the primary IR emitter. The analysis begins with Planck curve modeling for the primary emitter based on the NIR and SWIR radiances, yielding temperature, source area and primary emitter radiances in all spectral bands. The primary emitter radiances are subtracted from each spectral band and then the residual radiance is analyzed for a secondary IR emitter and the background. Spurious results are obtained in pixels lacking a discernable secondary emitter. These misfit pixels revert back to the single IR emitter analysis of VNF v.3. In tests run for two California megafires, we found that the primary emitters straddle the temperature ranges for flaming and smoldering, the exothermic portions of biomass burning, which are apparently commingled on the ground. The secondary emitter temperatures span 350–750 K, corresponding to pre-heating and slow pyrolysis. The natural gas flare test case had few numbers of successful secondary emitter retrievals and a wide range of secondary emitter temperatures. The flaming subtractive analysis is the key addition to VNF version 4, which will commence production later in 2021. In 2022, we will seek validation of the VNF v.4 from nighttime Landsat and other data sources.

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Germino, Matthew J., David M. Barnard, Bill E. Davidson, Robert S. Arkle, David S. Pilliod, Matthew R. Fisk, and Cara Applestein. "Thresholds and hotspots for shrub restoration following a heterogeneous megafire." Landscape Ecology 33, no. 7 (June 14, 2018): 1177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0662-8.

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Xu, Wenru, Hong S. He, Jacob S. Fraser, Todd J. Hawbaker, Paul D. Henne, Shengwu Duan, and Zhiliang Zhu. "Spatially explicit reconstruction of post-megafire forest recovery through landscape modeling." Environmental Modelling & Software 134 (December 2020): 104884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104884.

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