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Journal articles on the topic 'Megafan evolution'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mouchené, Margaux, Peter van der Beek, Sébastien Carretier, and Frédéric Mouthereau. "Autogenic versus allogenic controls on the evolution of a coupled fluvial megafan–mountainous catchment system: numerical modelling and comparison with the Lannemezan megafan system (northern Pyrenees, France)." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-125-2017.

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Abstract. Alluvial megafans are sensitive recorders of landscape evolution, controlled by both autogenic processes and allogenic forcing, and they are influenced by the coupled dynamics of the fan with its mountainous catchment. The Lannemezan megafan in the northern Pyrenean foreland was abandoned by its mountainous feeder stream during the Quaternary and subsequently incised, leaving a flight of alluvial terraces along the stream network. We use numerical models to explore the relative roles of autogenic processes and external forcing in the building, abandonment and incision of a foreland megafan, and we compare the results with the inferred evolution of the Lannemezan megafan. Autogenic processes are sufficient to explain the building of a megafan and the long-term entrenchment of its feeding river on time and space scales that match the Lannemezan setting. Climate, through temporal variations in precipitation rate, may have played a role in the episodic pattern of incision on a shorter timescale. In contrast, base-level changes, tectonic activity in the mountain range or tilting of the foreland through flexural isostatic rebound do not appear to have played a role in the abandonment of the megafan.

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McGlue, Michael M., Renato Lada Guerreiro, Ivan Bergier, Aguinaldo Silva, Fabiano N. Pupim, Victoria Oberc, and Mario L. Assine. "Holocene stratigraphic evolution of saline lakes in Nhecolândia, southern Pantanal wetlands (Brazil)." Quaternary Research 88, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 472–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.57.

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AbstractNhecolândia is a fossil lobe of the Taquari River megafan and a prominent geomorphic subunit of the Pantanal wetlands because of the presence of >10,000 small lakes. We investigated the stratigraphic records of three saline lakes from Nhecolândia to explore their potential as Quaternary hydroclimate archives. Radiocarbon data indicate that accumulation at two lakes was approximately continuous in the late Holocene, and chemostratigraphic variability suggests sensitivity to environmental change with multicentennial resolution. A basal sandy unit and an upper muddy unit comprise the shallow stratigraphy of each lake. A pronounced change in depositional environment from freshwater wetlands to saline lakes at ~3300–3200 cal yr BP best explains the lithofacies transition. Ephemeral freshwater wetlands formed on the abandoned megafan lobe, which was molded by deflation in the arid early Holocene. Wind-scouring of the megafan lobe generated topographically closed depressions with complex marginal sand ridges, which allowed permanent lakes to evolve when rainfall increased in the late Holocene. The lakes became highly saline and alkaline after ~910 cal yr BP, which influences biogeochemistry and aquatic ecology. The results hold implications for understanding the response of the southern Pantanal to climate change, as well as the development of pans in tropical megafan settings.

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3

Martin, Harrison K., and Douglas A. Edmonds. "The push and pull of abandoned channels: how floodplain processes and healing affect avulsion dynamics and alluvial landscape evolution in foreland basins." Earth Surface Dynamics 10, no. 3 (June 8, 2022): 555–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-555-2022.

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Abstract. River avulsions are an important mechanism by which sediment is routed and emplaced in foreland basins. However, because avulsions occur infrequently, we lack observational data that might inform where, when, and why avulsions occur and these issues are instead often investigated by rule-based numerical models. These models have historically simplified or neglected the effects of abandoned channels on avulsion dynamics, even though fluvial megafans in foreland basins are characteristically covered in abandoned channels. Here, we investigate the pervasiveness of abandoned channels on modern fluvial megafan surfaces. Then, we present a physically based cellular model that parameterizes interactions between a single avulsing river and abandoned channels in a foreland basin setting. We investigate how abandoned channels affect avulsion setup, pathfinding, and landscape evolution. We demonstrate and discuss how the processes of abandoned channel inheritance and transient knickpoint propagation post-avulsion serve to shortcut the time necessary to set up successive avulsions. Then, we address the idea that abandoned channels can both repel and attract future pathfinding flows under different conditions. By measuring the distance between the mountain front and each avulsion over long (106 to 107 years) timescales, we show that increasing abandoned channel repulsion serves to push avulsions farther from the mountain front, while increasing attraction pulls avulsions proximally. Abandoned channels do not persist forever, and we test possible channel healing scenarios (deposition-only, erosion-only, and far-field-directed) and show that only the final scenario achieves dynamic equilibrium without completely filling accommodation space. We also observe megafan growth occurring via ∼100 000-year cycles of lobe switching but only in our runs that employ deposition-only or erosion-only healing modes. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future field work and remote sensing efforts to inform our understanding of the role that floodplain topography, including abandoned channels, plays on avulsion dynamics.

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Fontana, Alessandro, Giovanni Monegato, Enrico Zavagno, Stefano Devoto, Ivonne Burla, and Franco Cucchi. "Evolution of an Alpine fluvioglacial system at the LGM decay: The Cormor megafan (NE Italy)." Geomorphology 204 (January 2014): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.034.

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5

Lane, T. I., R. A. Nanson, B. K. Vakarelov, R. B. Ainsworth, and S. E. Dashtgard. "Evolution and architectural styles of a forced-regressive Holocene delta and megafan, Mitchell River, Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 444, no. 1 (July 7, 2016): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp444.9.

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6

Abrahami, Rachel, Pascale Huyghe, Peter van der Beek, Sally Lowick, Julien Carcaillet, and Tapan Chakraborty. "Late Pleistocene - Holocene development of the Tista megafan (West Bengal, India): 10Be cosmogenic and IRSL age constraints." Quaternary Science Reviews 185 (April 2018): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.001.

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7

Rossato, Sandro, Anna Carraro, Giovanni Monegato, Paolo Mozzi, and Fabio Tateo. "Glacial dynamics in pre-Alpine narrow valleys during the Last Glacial Maximum inferred by lowland fluvial records (northeast Italy)." Earth Surface Dynamics 6, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 809–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-809-2018.

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Abstract. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), most of the major glaciated basins of the European Southern Alps had piedmont lobes with large outwash plains; only a few glaciers remained within the valley. Piedmont glaciers have left well-preserved terminal moraines, which allow for investigations to be carried out and inferences to be made regarding their evolution and chronology. Valley glaciers' remnants, on the contrary, are often scantly preserved, and changes can only be detected through correlations with glaciofluvial deposits in downstream alluvial basins. The Brenta glacial system's dynamics in the glacier's terminal tract have been inferred through a wide range of sediment analysis techniques on an alluvial stratigraphic record of the Brenta megafan (northeast Italy), and via the mapping of in-valley glacial/glaciofluvial remnants. Glaciers flowing across narrow gorges could possibly be slowed/blocked by such morphology, and glacial/sediment fluxes may then be diverted to lateral valleys. Moreover, narrow valleys may induce glaciers to bulge and form icefalls at their front, preventing the formation of terminal moraines. The Brenta Glacier was probably slowed/blocked by the narrow Valsugana Gorge downstream of Primolano and was effectively diverted eastwards across a wind gap (Canal La Menor Valley), joining the Cismon/Piave glaciers near Rocca and ending ∼2 km downstream. The Cismon and Piave catchments started to contribute to the Brenta system just after 27 ka cal BP until at least ∼19.5 ka cal BP. After the glaciers collapsed, the Piave River once again flowed into its main valley, whilst the Cismon continued to merge with the Brenta. This investigation shows that glacial catchments may vary significantly over time during a single glaciation in rugged Alpine terrains. Sand petrography and the chemical/mineralogical composition of sediments are powerful proxies for tracing such variations, as they propagate through the glacial and glaciofluvial systems and can be recognized in the alluvial stratigraphic record far downstream from the glacier front.

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8

Anton, Christian, and Oliver Bossdorf. "Evolution Megalab: Die geheimnisvolle Vielfalt der Bänderschnecken." Biologie in unserer Zeit 39, no. 1 (February 2009): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.200990003.

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9

Teng, Shuqing N., Chi Xu, Licheng Teng, and Jens-Christian Svenning. "Long-term effects of cultural filtering on megafauna species distributions across China." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909896116.

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Human activities currently play a dominant role in shaping and eroding Earth’s biodiversity, but the historical dynamics leading to this situation are poorly understood and contentious. Importantly, these dynamics are often studied and discussed without an emphasis on cultural evolution, despite its potential importance for past and present biodiversity dynamics. Here, we investigate whether cultural filtering, defined as the impact of cultural evolution on species presence, has driven the range dynamics of five historically widespread megafauna taxa (Asiatic elephant, rhinoceroses, tiger, Asiatic black bear, and brown bear) across China over the past 2 millennia. Data on megafauna and sociocultural history were compiled from Chinese administrative records. While faunal dynamics in China are often linked to climate change at these time scales, our results reveal cultural filtering as the dominant driver of range contractions in all five taxa. This finding suggests that the millennia-long spread of agricultural land and agricultural intensification, often accompanied by expansion of the Han culture, has been responsible for the extirpation of these megafauna species from much of China. Our results suggest that cultural filtering is important for understanding society’s role in the assembly of contemporary communities from historical regional species pools. Our study provides direct evidence that cultural evolution since ancient times has overshadowed climate change in shaping broadscale megafauna biodiversity patterns, reflecting the strong and increasing importance of sociocultural processes in the biosphere.

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Worthington, Jenny P., Jonathan Silvertown, Laurence Cook, Robert Cameron, Mike Dodd, Richard M. Greenwood, Kevin McConway, and Peter Skelton. "Evolution MegaLab: a case study in citizen science methods." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3, no. 2 (November 3, 2011): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00164.x.

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11

Wallach, Arian D., Erick J. Lundgren, William J. Ripple, and Daniel Ramp. "Invisible megafauna." Conservation Biology 32, no. 4 (April 25, 2018): 962–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13116.

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12

Minnikin, David E., Oona Y.-C. Lee, Houdini HT Wu, Gurdyal S. Besra, and Helen D. Donoghue. "Recognising the broad array of approaches available for the diagnosis of ancient tuberculosis: Comment on ‘Infectious diseases and Neolithic transformations’ (Fuchs et al. 2019 The Holocene 29: 1545–1557)." Holocene 30, no. 5 (January 5, 2020): 781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619895572.

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The characterisation of ancient tuberculosis is not totally dependent on the recovery of intact genomes. Judicious combinations of ancient DNA fragments and specific lipid biomarkers provide unambiguous diagnosis and these protocols are capable of refinement and extension. Currently, there is no direct evidence for exclusive co-evolution of humans and tuberculosis. A developing body of data suggests that the initial evolution of tuberculosis may readily have taken place in a range of Pleistocene megafauna.

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13

Pardoe, Colin. "Riverine, biological and cultural evolution in southeastern Australia." Antiquity 69, no. 265 (1995): 696–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082284.

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The rise of cemeteries, extreme biological diversification, size decrease, increased violence, disappearance of megafauna, exploitation of different resources, evolution of rivers to an expanded system of microenvironments, changes in occupation. How are these features of Australian Aboriginal societies in the great river-systems of the southeast related? From evidence of geomorphology, skeletal biology and other aspects of the archaeological record, a sharp disjunction between two different and relatively stable states is seen: a transforming transition rather than a gradual change.

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14

Gannaway Dalton, C. Evelyn, Katherine A. Giles, Mark G. Rowan, Richard P. Langford, Thomas E. Hearon, and J. Carl Fiduk. "Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural evolution of minibasins and a megaflap formed during passive salt diapirism: The Neoproterozoic Witchelina diapir, Willouran Ranges, South Australia." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 165–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.9.

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ABSTRACT This study documents the growth of a megaflap along the flank of a passive salt diapir as a result of the long-lived interaction between sedimentation and halokinetic deformation. Megaflaps are nearly vertical to overturned, deep minibasin stratal panels that extend multiple kilometers up steep flanks of salt diapirs or equivalent welds. Recent interest has been sparked by well penetrations of unidentified megaflaps that typically result in economic failure, but their formation is also fundamental to understanding the early history of salt basins. This study represents one of the first systematic characterizations of an exposed megaflap with regards to sub-seismic sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and structural details. The Witchelina diapir is an exposed Neoproterozoic primary passive salt diapir in the eastern Willouran Ranges of South Australia. Flanking minibasin strata of the Top Mount Sandstone, Willawalpa Formation, and Witchelina Quartzite, exposed as an oblique cross section, record the early history of passive diapirism in the Willouran Trough, including a halokinetically drape-folded megaflap. Witchelina diapir offers a unique opportunity to investigate sedimentologic responses to the initiation and evolution of passive salt movement. Using field mapping, stratigraphic sections, petrographic analyses, correlation diagrams, and a quantitative restoration, we document depositional facies, thickness trends, and stratal geometries to interpret depositional environments, sequence stratigraphy, and halokinetic evolution of the Witchelina diapir and flanking minibasins. Top Mount, Willawalpa, and Witchelina strata were deposited in barrier-bar-complex to tidal-flat environments, but temporal and spatial variations in sedimentation and stratigraphic patterns were strongly influenced from the earliest stages by the passively rising Witchelina diapir on both regional (basinwide) and local minibasin scales. The salt-margin geometry was depositionally modified by an early erosional sequence boundary that exposed the Witchelina diapir and formed a salt shoulder, above which strata that eventually became the megaflap were subsequently deposited. This shift in the diapir margin and progressive migration of the depocenter began halokinetic rotation of flanking minibasin strata into a megaflap geometry, documenting a new concept in the understanding of deposition and deformation during passive diapirism in salt basins.

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15

Thompson Jobe, Jessica Ann, Katherine A. Giles, Thomas E. Hearon, Mark G. Rowan, Bruce Trudgill, C. Evelyn Gannaway Dalton, and Zane R. Jobe. "Controls on the structural and stratigraphic evolution of the megaflap-bearing Sinbad Valley salt wall, NE Paradox Basin, SW Colorado." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02089.1.

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Abstract The interplay between sedimentation and salt rise around a diapir results in distinct geometries that can be used to determine the structural and stratigraphic history within a basin. Using new geologic mapping, measured stratigraphic sections, and subsurface interpretations of seismic and well logs, we describe circum-diapir stratal geometries and deformation at the Sinbad Valley salt wall in the proximal, northeastern Paradox Basin, southwest Colorado (USA). We interpret these geometries in the context of newly recognized halokinetic features and salt-associated deformation (megaflaps, counterregional faults, intrasalt inclusions), present a revised stratigraphic and salt tectonic history of Sinbad Valley diapir, and compare these proximal features to those at the distal Gypsum Valley diapir and infer local versus regional controls on their formation. The deposition of conglomerates within the Paradox Formation, now preserved as intrasalt inclusions in the center of Sinbad Valley, record early elevation of the Uncompahgre Uplift. Subsequent differential sedimentary loading resulted in initiation of passive diapirism during the late Pennsylvanian through the latest Triassic/Early Jurassic, facilitated by movement on a NE-dipping, listric, counterregional fault that extends for >22 km southeast of the diapir. Exposures of a steeply dipping stratal panel of late Pennsylvanian-aged Honaker Trail Formation along the southwestern flank of Sinbad Valley are interpreted as a megaflap, a preserved remnant of the diapir roof that was folded into a vertical position by drape-folding during passive salt rise. Significant lateral changes in the surface geometry and depositional facies of the megaflap define four structural domains that may result from a combination of radial faulting and varying degrees of folding via limb rotation or limb rotation with minor hinge migration. Using key differences between Sinbad Valley and Gypsum Valley salt walls in regard to the megaflap facies, timing of megaflap formation, and the presence of a Paradox Formation conglomeratic intrasalt inclusion, we conclude that salt wall position (i.e., proximal versus distal) within a basin influences the characteristics of some of these features, whereas the timing of other features (e.g., megaflap formation) appears to be similar throughout the basin suggesting a more regional control.

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Hayakawa, Ericson H., and Dilce F. Rossetti. "Late quaternary dynamics in the Madeira river basin, southern Amazonia (Brazil), as revealed by paleomorphological analysis." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 1 (March 2015): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520130506.

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Ancient drainage systems are being increasingly documented in the Amazon basin and their characterization is crucial for reconstructing fluvial evolution in this area. Fluvial morphologies, including elongate belts, are well preserved along the Madeira River. Digital Elevation Model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission favored the detection of these features even where they are covered by dense rainforest. These paleomorphologies are attributed to the shifting position of past tributaries of the Madeira River through avulsions. These radial paleodrainage networks produced fan-shaped morphologies that resemble distributary megafans. Distinguishing avulsive tributary systems from distributary megafans in the sedimentary record is challenging. Madeira´s paleodrainage reveals the superposition of tributary channels formed by multiple avulsions within a given time period, rather than downstream bifurcation of coexisting channels. Channel avulsion in this Amazonian area during the late Quaternary is related to tectonics due to features as: (i) straight lineaments coincident with fault directions; (ii) northeastward tilting of the terrain with Quaternary strata; and (iii) several drainage anomalies, including frequent orthogonal drainage inflections. These characteristics altogether lead to propose that the radial paleodrainage present at the Madeira River margin results from successive avulsions of tributary channels over time due to tectonics.

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17

Goh, Thary Gazi, and Rosli Hashim. "Trait responses of Peninsular Malaysian dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) to the loss of megafauna dung." Journal of Tropical Ecology 36, no. 1 (October 17, 2019): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000270.

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AbstractThe extinction of megafauna may lead to the trophic collapse of ecosystems that depend on the dung that they produce. Some dung beetle species may undergo phenotypic changes in response to altered resource availability. The pronotal width of dung beetles is a trait that can be used as a proxy measure for the amount of dung provisioned during the larval stage. In this study conducted in Peninsular Malaysia, we compare the intraspecific difference in pronotal widths of dung beetles in forests with and without megafauna. Beetles were collected using burrowing interception traps baited with elephant dung. Six species with a minimum sample size of 55 beetles per species were used. Pronotum widths were compared using Bayesian estimation (BEST). There was no credible difference between intraspecific pronotal widths of four species, but credible differences between the mean parameters of two species, Liatongus femoratus and Oniticellus tessellatus. Both these species belong to genera that have a close association with megafauna, while the other are believed to be generalists. This may indicate that species that depend on megafauna dung as a breeding resource undergo a phenotypic change following the loss of their preferred dung type. Phenotypic changes appear to be a pathway which allows species to survive the initial trophic collapse of an ecosystem.

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18

Gröcke, Darren R. "Distribution of C3 and C4 Plants in the Late Pleistocene of South Australia Recorded by Isotope Biogeochemistry of Collagen in Megafauna." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 3 (1997): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96040.

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Stable carbon-isotope analyses (expressed as a 13C:12C ratio relative to that of a standard: δ13C) on fossilised collagenic material in megafaunal bones can provide information regarding the palaeodiet (e.g. C3 and/or C4 plants) of these animals. Isotope analyses were performed on collagenic material extracted from bones of Sthenurus spp., Diprotodon spp. and Macropus spp. from Cooper Creek, Henschke Cave, Baldina Creek, Dempsey’s Lake and Rocky River in South Australia. The percentage of trees and shrubs estimated from palaeofloral records in south-eastern Australia and the dietary preferences of megafauna were found to be positively correlated. The dietary preferences of megafauna analysed from South Australian localities indicate that megafauna were opportunistic and changed their diet in response to environmental change. This suggests that megafauna diet can not be founded on dental morphology alone. Fossilised collagenic material in vertebrate remains can provide an insight into the broadscale nature of the vegetation. This approach is a good compliment for other palaeoecological data (e.g. sedimentology, spore–pollen, diatoms) by providing evidence for past climates in relation to the proportion of C3 and C4 plants.

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Callot, Jean-Paul, Jean-François Salel, Jean Letouzey, Jean-Marc Daniel, and Jean-Claude Ringenbach. "Three-dimensional evolution of salt-controlled minibasins: Interactions, folding and megaflap development." AAPG Bulletin 100, no. 09 (September 2016): 1419–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/03101614087.

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20

Lundgren, Erick J., Daniel Ramp, William J. Ripple, and Arian D. Wallach. "Introduced megafauna are rewilding the Anthropocene." Ecography 41, no. 6 (September 27, 2017): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03430.

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Rozas-Davila, Angela, Bryan G. Valencia, and Mark B. Bush. "The functional extinction of Andean megafauna." Ecology 97, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 2533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1531.

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22

Zeller, Ulrich, and Thomas Göttert. "Humans, megafauna and landscape structure – Rock engravings from Namibia encourage a comparative approach to central Europe and southern Africa." Vertebrate Zoology 71 (October 12, 2021): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e72811.

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This paper deals with reflections that arose after observing prehistoric rock engravings at different locations in Namibia. These observations stimulated comparative considerations with focus on southern Africa and central Europe. Similar to the Aurignacian rock art of European origin, the most common motifs in the Namibian rock engravings are large animals. While in Europe, the species that served as a blueprint for the illustration of Aurignacian rock art have mostly disappeared, the megafauna illustrated on the rock engravings in Namibia can still be found in the immediate vicinity of the rock art. Against this background, we discuss and further develop a comparative regional approach. We reconstruct and evaluate the suitability of African savannas and still-existing megafauna communities as an appropriate reference-frame for natural European grassland systems and extinct associated warm-adapted megafauna (Eemian Interglacial megafauna). Special attention is laid on the unique situation in Africa in the light of a global extinction wave of megafauna following increasing human activity in the Late Quaternary. This leads us to discuss the use of domesticated ungulates as surrogate taxa to fulfill ecosystem functions in Europe as part of concepts termed “rewilding” or “naturalistic grazing”. After critically examining these concepts, we conclude that using domesticated forms as representatives of extinct or locally disappeared species in Europe has its justification to some extent. If, however, the naturally occurring megaherbivore community still exists (Africa), these naturally occurring species should be given priority due to their organismic abilities and limitations adapted to the harsh conditions in their specific environment. Finally, we discuss the application of (transboundary) protected areas as effective instruments to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts. A holistic approach, including nature conservation and preservation of cultural achievements (domesticated forms, grazing systems), appears promising for the effective protection of the natural African savanna ecosystems with their unique fauna elements, as illustrated in rock engravings that inspired us to write this paper.

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ECHEVERRÍA, CARLOS ALEJANDRO, PAULO CESAR PAIVA, and VINÍCIUS COUTO ALVES. "Composition and biomass of shallow benthic megafauna during an annual cycle in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 17, no. 3 (August 17, 2005): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002762.

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Composition and biomass of an Antarctic megafauna community were studied during a discontinuous 12 months cycle (March–December 1999 and December 2000–March 2001) at two stations (12 and 25 m depth) in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. During this period iceberg impacts were monitored in order to analyse their role in structuring the community. Organic matter content of the sediment showed a seasonal cycle for both depths, with lower values during winter and higher in summer. Composition and biomass of the megafauna were comparable to those described in previous surveys for the maritime Antarctica. Interannual or summer/winter changes in the density or biomass of the megafauna community were not significant, although significant differences between depths occurred during the whole survey. The observed community composition can be the considered result of a continuous invasion from a deeper fauna, constrained at shallower waters by the effects of ice and storms.

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Brook, Barry W., and David M. J. S. Bowman. "The uncertain blitzkrieg of Pleistocene megafauna." Journal of Biogeography 31, no. 4 (March 22, 2004): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.01028.x.

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He, Fengzhi, Vanessa Bremerich, Christiane Zarfl, Jonas Geldmann, Simone D. Langhans, Jonathan N. W. David, William Darwall, Klement Tockner, and Sonja C. Jähnig. "Freshwater megafauna diversity: Patterns, status and threats." Diversity and Distributions 24, no. 10 (June 8, 2018): 1395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12780.

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Arzani, Nasser, and Stuart J. Jones. "Upstream controls on evolution of dryland alluvial megafans: Quaternary examples from the Kohrud Mountain Range, central Iran." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 440, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp440.2.

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Beazley, Lindsay I., Ellen L. Kenchington, Francisco Javier Murillo, and María del Mar Sacau. "Deep-sea sponge grounds enhance diversity and abundance of epibenthic megafauna in the Northwest Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 7 (August 16, 2013): 1471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst124.

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AbstractBeazley, L. I., Kenchington E. L., Murillo, F. J., and Sacau, M. 2013. Deep-sea sponge grounds enhance diversity and abundance of epibenthic megafauna in the Northwest Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: . The influence of structure-forming deep-water sponge grounds on the composition, diversity, and abundance of the local epibenthic megafaunal community of the Flemish Pass area, Northwest Atlantic was statistically assessed. These habitats are considered vulnerable marine ecosystems and, therefore, warrant conservation measures to protect them from bottom fishing activities. The epibenthic megafauna were quantified from four photographic transects, three of which were located on the western slope of the Flemish Cap with an overall depth range of 444–940 m, and the fourth in the southern Flemish Pass between 1328 and 1411 m. We observed a diverse megafaunal community dominated by large numbers of ophiuroids and sponges. On the slope of the Flemish Cap, sponge grounds were dominated by axinellid and polymastid sponges, while the deeper sponge ground in the southern Flemish Pass was formed mainly by geodiids and Asconema sp. The presence of structure-forming sponges was associated with a higher biodiversity and abundance of associated megafauna compared with non-sponge habitat. The composition of megafauna significantly differed between sponge grounds and non-sponge grounds and also between different sponge morphologies. Surface chlorophyll a and near-bottom salinity were important environmental determinants in generalized linear models of megafaunal species richness and abundance.

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Germanov, Elitza S., Andrea D. Marshall, Lars Bejder, Maria Cristina Fossi, and Neil R. Loneragan. "Microplastics: No Small Problem for Filter-Feeding Megafauna." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, no. 4 (April 2018): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.01.005.

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Castelblanco-Martínez, D. N., M. P. Blanco-Parra, P. Charruau, B. Prezas, I. Zamora-Vilchis, and C. A. Niño-Torres. "Detecting, counting and following the giants of the sea: a review of monitoring methods for aquatic megavertebrates in the Caribbean." Wildlife Research 46, no. 7 (2019): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19008.

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Abstract The Caribbean is a mega-diverse and bio-geographically important region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands, and surrounding coastlines. Among the billions of aquatic species inhabiting this region, the mega-vertebrates stand out for their social, economic and ecologic relevance. However, the Caribbean has been threatened by climate change, poverty, pollution, environmental degradation and intense growth of the tourism industry, affecting megafauna species directly and indirectly. Population monitoring plays a critical role in an informed conservation process and helps guide management decisions at several scales. The aim of the present review was to critically examine the methods employed for monitoring marine megafauna in the Caribbean, so as to create a framework for future monitoring efforts. In total, 235 documents describing protocols for the monitoring of sirenians, cetaceans, elasmobranchs, sea turtles and crocodilians in the Caribbean region, were reviewed. The methods included community-based monitoring (interviews, citizen science and fisheries monitoring), aerial surveys (by manned and unmanned aerial vehicles), boat-based surveys (including manta tow, and side-scan sonars), land-based surveys, acoustic monitoring, underwater surveys, baited remote underwater video, mark–recapture, photo-identification and telemetry. Monitoring efforts invested on aquatic megafauna in the Caribbean have been highly different, with some species and/or groups being prioritised over others. The present critical review provides a country-based overview of the current and emerging methods for monitoring marine megafauna and a critical evaluation of their known advantages, disadvantages and biases.

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Cameron, Robert A. D., and Laurence M. Cook. "Habitat and the shell polymorphism of Cepaea nemoralis (L.): interrogating the Evolution Megalab database." Journal of Molluscan Studies 78, no. 2 (January 4, 2012): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyr052.

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Cameron, Robert A. D. "The poor relation? Polymorphism in Cepaea hortensis (O. F. Müller) and the Evolution Megalab." Journal of Molluscan Studies 79, no. 2 (March 4, 2013): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyt001.

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Hendrickson, Sher L., Robert Bleiweiss, Juan Carlos Matheus, Lilly Silva de Matheus, Norberto Luis Jácome, and Eduardo Pavez. "Low Genetic Variability in the Geographically Widespread Andean Condor." Condor 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.1.1.

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Abstract We characterized DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region and 12S ribosomal subunit for a sample of Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) representing populations distributed throughout the species' extensive geographic range (Colombia to central Argentina and Chile). Domains II and III of the control region along with part of the 12S gene were sequenced from 38 individuals (956 base pairs in 30 individuals and 430–824 base pairs for an additional 8 individuals sampled from museum specimens), and Domain I was sequenced from five of these birds (400 base pairs). We identified a total of five haplotypes based on four variable sites distributed over Domains II and III of the control region and the 12S gene. An additional variable site was identified in Domain I. All changes were transitions and no more than three sites differed between any two individuals. Variation in the control region of condors was lower than for most other birds analyzed for these loci. Although low genetic variability is often associated with endangered megafauna, the condor example is notable because the species still maintains a substantial geographic range. Thus, low genetic variability may occur even in megafauna whose ranges have not been severely reduced over recent centuries. Our results therefore suggest that genetic data from geographically widespread megafauna provide important baseline data for assessing the relationship between genetic variability and its causes in other endangered species. Baja Variabilidad Genética en Poblaciones de Vultur gryphus con Amplia Distribución Geográfica Resumen. Caracterizamos la variación de la secuencia de ADN en la región de control mitocondrial y la subunidad ribosomal 12S en una muestra de Vultur gryphus representativa de poblaciones distribuidas a lo largo del extenso rango geográfico de la especie (Colombia, hasta el centro de Argentina y Chile). Los dominios II y III de la región de control, junto con parte del gen 12S, fueron secuenciados en 38 individuos (956 pares de base en 30 individuos y 430–824 pares de base para una muestra adicional de 8 especímenes de museo), y el dominio I fue secuenciado en 5 de estas aves (400 pares de base). Identificamos un total de cinco haplotipos basados en cuatro sitios variables en los dominios II y III de la región de control y el gen 12S. Un sitio variable adicional fue identificado en el dominio I. Todos los cambios fueron transiciones y entre dos individuos cualesquiera no variaron más de 3 sitios. La variación en la región de control de los cóndores fue más baja que para la mayoría de las aves analizadas para estos mismos loci. Aunque la baja variabilidad genética es a menudo asociada con megafauna en peligro de extinción, el ejemplo del cóndor es notable porque la especie aún mantiene un rango geográfico substancial. Así, la baja variabilidad genética se puede dar incluso en la megafauna cuya dispersión no haya sido sujeta a severas reducciones en los ultimos siglos. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados sugieren que los datos genéticos de rapaces con amplia distribución geográfica y de otra megafauna proveen de importante información de base para evaluar la relación existente entre la variabilidad genética y sus causas en otra megafauna en peligro.

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Meyer, K. S., M. Bergmann, and T. Soltwedel. "Interannual variation in the epibenthic megafauna at the shallowest station of the HAUSGARTEN observatory (79° N, 6° E)." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 13, 2012): 18039–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-18039-2012.

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Abstract. Epibenthic megafauna play an important role in the deep-sea environment and contribute significantly to benthic biomass, but their population dynamics are still understudied. We used a towed deep-sea camera system to assess the population densities of epibenthic megafauna in 2002, 2007 and 2012 at the shallowest station (HG I, ~ 1300 m) of the deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN, in the eastern Fram Strait. Our results indicate that the overall density of megafauna was significantly lower in 2007 than in 2002, but was significantly higher in 2012, resulting in overall greater megafaunal density in 2012. Different species showed different patterns in population density, but the relative proportions of predator/scavengers and suspension-feeding individuals were both higher in 2012. Variations in megafaunal densities and proportions are likely due to variation in food input to the sea floor, which decreased slightly in the years preceding 2007 and was greatly elevated in the years preceding 2012. Both average evenness and diversity increased over the time period studied, which indicates that HG I may be food-limited and subject to bottom-up control. The varying dynamics of different species may have been caused by differential capacities of populations to respond to increased food input through either recruitment or migration.

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Meyer, K. S., M. Bergmann, and T. Soltwedel. "Interannual variation in the epibenthic megafauna at the shallowest station of the HAUSGARTEN observatory (79° N, 6° E)." Biogeosciences 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2013): 3479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3479-2013.

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Abstract. Epibenthic megafauna play an important role in the deep-sea environment and contribute significantly to benthic biomass, but their population dynamics are still understudied. We used a towed deep-sea camera system to assess the population densities of epibenthic megafauna in 2002, 2007, and 2012 at the shallowest station (HG I, ∼1300 m) of the deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN, in the eastern Fram Strait. Our results indicate that the overall density of megafauna was significantly lower in 2007 than in 2002, but was significantly higher in 2012, resulting in overall greater megafaunal density in 2012. Different species showed different patterns in population density, but the relative proportions of predator/scavengers and suspension-feeding individuals were both higher in 2012. Variations in megafaunal densities and proportions are likely due to variation in food input to the sea floor, which decreased slightly in the years preceding 2007 and was greatly elevated in the years preceding 2012. Both average evenness and diversity increased over the time period studied, which indicates that HG I may be food-limited and subject to bottom-up control. The community of HG I may be unique in its response to elevated food input, which resulted in higher evenness and diversity in 2012.

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Hubbe, A., M. Hubbe, and W. Neves. "Early Holocene survival of megafauna in South America." Journal of Biogeography 34, no. 9 (September 2007): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01744.x.

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Ong, Xin Rui, Eleanor M. Slade, and Matthew L. M. Lim. "Dung beetle‐megafauna trophic networks in Singapore’s fragmented forests." Biotropica 52, no. 5 (August 11, 2020): 818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12840.

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CLARK, BRADY. "Scavenging, the stag hunt, and the evolution of language." Journal of Linguistics 47, no. 2 (May 10, 2011): 447–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226711000041.

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This article evaluates Derek Bickerton's 2009 theory of language evolution. Bickerton argues that language was the result of a need to recruit individuals to help in the scavenging of carcasses of megafauna. The signals used for recruitment at the earliest stage of language evolution were iconic and could be used to refer to objects outside the sensory range of the receiver(s). Bickerton's scenario is an example of what is described in game theory as a stag hunt. We can, by recasting Bickerton's scenario as a stag hunt, identify criteria that any account of the transition to language must satisfy. There are several hurdles we would need to jump over to demonstrate that Bickerton's model is valid. First, not much is known about early hominin scavenging. While the available evidence is compatible with Bickerton's scenario, it is compatible with other scenarios as well. Second, Bickerton argues that, at the initial stage of language evolution, signals were grounded in salient aspects of the environment. The empirical support for natural salience as a determinant of the communication systems used at the earliest stages of language evolution is mixed at best; communication systems can arise spontaneously in the absence of natural salience. Third, maintaining communication systems is nontrivial because of the incentive to deceive.

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Kingma, M., and G. T. Jensma. "Literair Kwartier. De radio as spegel en megafoan fan ’e Fryske literatuer tusken 1945 en 1975." Us Wurk 71, no. 1-2 (July 20, 2022): 22–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/uw.71.22-50.

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This contribution entails an extensive analysis of the Northern Dutch literary radio program Literair Kwartier (Literary Quarter). After Dutch national radio had already broadcasted literary programs from the early 1940s onward, the three Northern Dutch provinces (Fryslân, Groningen and Drenthe) were to follow as soon as they acquired a regional broadcasting station of their own in 1945, called RON or RONO. The emphasis on culture characterizing policy-making in postwar Dutch politics in general proved favorable to literature. In a great many book reviews and talks on literature Literair Kwartier acquainted literary critics and writers from the region to the broader listening audience. Since the program largely discussed Frisian literature, it makes for a remarkable insight into the issues, reception and evolution of this minority literature in the decades shortly after the Second World War. Yet, not in the least through the inclusion of book reviews of renowned national and international authors, Literair Kwartier also guided its listeners towards a proper high-brow literary taste. Literair Kwartier, the authors conclude, can best be seen not only as complementary to the written criticism of the period but also as an amplifier of the literary taste in the region in general.

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de Fátima Rossetti, Dilce, Peter Mann de Toledo, Heloı́sa Maria Moraes-Santos, and Antônio Emı́dio de Araújo Santos. "Reconstructing habitats in central Amazonia using megafauna, sedimentology, radiocarbon, and isotope analyses." Quaternary Research 61, no. 3 (May 2004): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.010.

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A paleomegafauna site from central Amazonia with exceptional preservation of mastodons and ground sloths allows for the first time a precise age control based on 14C analysis, which, together with sedimentological and δ13C isotope data, provided the basis to discuss habitat evolution within the context of climate change during the past 15,000 yr. The fossil-bearing deposits, trapped within a depression in the Paleozoic basement, record three episodes of sedimentation formed on floodplains, with an intermediate unit recording a catastrophic deposition through debris flows, probably favored during fast floodings. The integrated approach presented herein supports a change in humidity in central Amazonia through the past 15,000 yr, with a shift from drier to arboreal savanna at 11,340 (±50) 14C yr B.P. and then to a dense forest like we see today at 4620 (±60) 14C yr B.P.

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Janzen, Daniel H. "Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, no. 2 (May 1985): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000195.

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ABSTRACTIn the semi-deciduous forests of Santa Rosa National Park in the Pacific coastal lowlands of northwestern Costa Rica, the large and fast-growing tree Spondias mombin(Anacardiaceae) experiences greater than 95% post-dispersal seed predation by a bruchid beetle (Amblycerus spondiae) on its nuts that have been dispersed to any part of pristine or secondary successional forest. Nuts dispersed (by white-tailed deer) to abandoned pastures immediately adjacent to the forest suffer less than 20% post-dispersal seed predation but seedlings are killed by frequent grass fires. S. mombin displays significant recruitment of saplings and young trees only on forest edges free of fire for long intervals. The very high percent seed predation in the forest and the failure of many nuts to ever be dispersed away from the parent tree is attributed directly and indirectly to the absence of a herbivorous (frugivorous) megafauna that would have been part of the habitat of S. mombin through most of its evolutionary history. These large animals would have consumed large numbers of S. mombin fruits and thereby dispersed the nuts in such a manner as to have both led to more escape from bruchids and an overall reduction in the bruchid population density. By their defecation patterns, these mammals would also have defecated more nuts in sites of high quality for S. mombin sapling survival than is the case at present. In contemporary habitats, S. mombin is culturally deprived in that it can no longer interact with the habitats, animals and densities of animals whose selective pressures were a major force in the evolution of the tree's traits.

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Berti, Emilio, and Jens‐Christian Svenning. "Megafauna extinctions have reduced biotic connectivity worldwide." Global Ecology and Biogeography 29, no. 12 (September 14, 2020): 2131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.13182.

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42

Gillespie, Richard, Barry Brook, and Alexander Baynes. "Short overlap of humans and megafauna in Pleistocene Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31 (2006): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510608619580.

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GILLESPIE, RICHARD, BARRY W. BROOK, and ALEXANDER BAYNES. "Short overlap of humans and megafauna in Pleistocene Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 30, sup1 (January 2006): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510609506861.

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Lawson, Christopher L., Lewis G. Halsey, Graeme C. Hays, Christine L. Dudgeon, Nicholas L. Payne, Michael B. Bennett, Craig R. White, and Anthony J. Richardson. "Powering Ocean Giants: The Energetics of Shark and Ray Megafauna." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34, no. 11 (November 2019): 1009–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.001.

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Gordon, Jonathan. "Charismatic megafauna wallowing in a sea of uncertainty." Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, no. 2 (March 2001): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00154-5.x.

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Louys, Julien, Darren Curnoe, and Haowen Tong. "Characteristics of Pleistocene megafauna extinctions in Southeast Asia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.011.

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David, Bruno, Lee J. Arnold, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Joanna Fresløv, Chris Urwin, Fiona Petchey, Matthew C. McDowell, et al. "Late survival of megafauna refuted for Cloggs Cave, SE Australia: Implications for the Australian Late Pleistocene megafauna extinction debate." Quaternary Science Reviews 253 (February 2021): 106781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106781.

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48

Rybakova (Goroslavskaya), E., S. Galkin, M. Bergmann, T. Soltwedel, and A. Gebruk. "Density and distribution of megafauna at the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (the Barents Sea) based on image analysis." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2012): 17475–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-17475-2012.

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Abstract. During a survey of the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (HMMV), located on the Bear Island Fan in the southwest Barents Sea at ~ 1250 m water depth, different habitats inside the volcano caldera and outside it were photographed using a towed camera platform, an Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS). Three transects were performed across the caldera and one outside, in the background area, each transect was ~ 2 km in length. We compared the density, taxa richness and diversity of non-symbiotrophic megafauna in areas inside the volcano caldera with different bacterial mat and pogonophoran tubeworm cover. Significant variations in megafaunal composition, density and distribution were found between considered areas. Total megafaunal density was highest in areas of dense pogonophoran populations (mean 52.9 ind. m−2) followed by areas of plain light-coloured sediment that were devoid of bacterial mats and tubeworms (mean 37.7 ind. m−2). The lowest densities were recorded in areas of dense bacterial mats (mean ≤ 1.4 ind. m−2). Five taxa contributed to most of the observed variation: the ophiuroid Ophiocten gracilis, lysianassid amphipods, the pycnogonid Nymphon macronix, the caprellid Metacaprella horrida and the fish Lycodes squamiventer. In agreement with previous studies, three zones within the HMMV caldera were distinguished, based on different habitats and megafaunal composition: "bacterial mats", "pogonophoran fields" and "plain light-coloured sediments". The zones were arranged almost concentrically around the central part of the caldera that was devoid of visible megafauna. The total number of taxa showed little variation inside (24 spp.) and outside the caldera (26 spp.). The density, diversity and composition of megafauna varied substantially between plain light-coloured sediment areas inside the caldera and the HMMV background. Megafaunal density was lower in the background (mean 25.3 ind. m−2) compared to areas of plain light-coloured sediments inside the caldera.

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Trach, V. "The First Record of the Family Parantennulidae (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Ukraine with Redescription of Female of Parantennulus Scolopendrarum." Vestnik Zoologii 45, no. 5 (January 1, 2011): e-29-e-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-011-0029-y.

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The First Record of the Family Parantennulidae (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Ukraine with Redescription of Female of Parantennulus Scolopendrarum Mites of the family Parantennulidae are recorded from Ukraine for the first time. A female of Parantennulus scolopendrarum (Berlese, 1886) from the megarian banded centipede Scolopendra cingulata (Latreille, 1829) is redesribed.

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Gillespie, Richard, Aaron B. Camens, Trevor H. Worthy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Craig Reid, Fiona Bertuch, Vladimir Levchenko, and Alan Cooper. "Man and megafauna in Tasmania: closing the gap." Quaternary Science Reviews 37 (March 2012): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.01.013.

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