Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Medium Duty Engine / Journal articles

Journal articles on the topic 'Medium Duty Engine'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Medium Duty Engine.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Medium Duty Engine.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Sofianopoulos, Aimilios, Mozhgan Rahimi Boldaji, Benjamin Lawler, Sotirios Mamalis, and John E. Dec. "Effect of engine size, speed, and dilution method on thermal stratification of premixed homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines: A large eddy simulation study." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (January 15, 2019): 1612–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418820735.

Full text

Abstract:

High heat release rates limit the operating range of homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines to low and medium loads. Thermal stratification has been shown to stagger autoignition, lower heat release rates, and extend the operating range of homogeneous charge compression–ignition engines. However, the dependence of naturally occurring thermal stratification on the engine size, speed, and internal residual dilution is not fully understood. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with large eddy simulations and detailed chemical kinetics was developed using CONVERGE. This model was used to simulate two different engines: (1) a light-duty 2.0 GM Ecotec Engine modified for homogeneous charge compression–ignition combustion in one of the cylinders and (2) a medium-duty Cummins B-series engine modified for homogeneous charge compression–ignition combustion in one of the cylinders. For the light-duty engine, five consecutive modeled cycles were compared with experimental data from 300 consecutive cycles using residual gas dilution at 2000 r/min. For the medium-duty engine, five consecutive modeled cycles were compared with experimental data from 100 consecutive cycles using air dilution with intake heating at 1200 r/min. In the light-duty engine, it was found that incomplete mixing between fresh charge and residual gas increased thermal stratification early in the compression stroke for residual dilution compared to air dilution. Residual stratification at the onset of ignition was small and not directly coupled with thermal stratification. Heat losses to the walls were the dominant source of thermal stratification at the onset of ignition. The reduced oxygen concentration due to residual dilution, increased the temperature requirement for autoignition, which increased heat transfer losses and increased the thermal stratification around top dead center. The thermal stratification before ignition reduced when the engine speed increased because of the lower heat transfer losses. The light-duty engine was found to have larger portion of the fuel energy lost to heat transfer than the medium-duty engine, which resulted in larger thermal stratification before ignition.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Wardana, Muhammad Khristamto Aditya, and Ocktaeck Lim. "Review of Improving the NOx Conversion Efficiency in Various Diesel Engines fitted with SCR System Technology." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010067.

Full text

Abstract:

The diesel engine is utilized in most commercial vehicles to carry items from various firms; nevertheless, diesel engines emit massive amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) which are harmful to human health. A typical approach for reducing NOx emissions from diesel engines is the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system; however, several reasons make reducing NOx emissions a challenge: urea particles frequently become solid in the injector and difficult to disseminate across the system; the injector frequently struggles to spray the smaller particles of urea; the larger urea particles from the injector readily cling to the system; it is also difficult to evaporate urea droplets because of the exhaust and wall temperatures (Tw), resulting in an increase in solid deposits in the system, uncontrolled ammonia water solution injection, and NOx emissions problems. The light-duty diesel engine (LDD), medium-duty diesel engine (MDD), heavy-duty diesel engine (HDD), and marine diesel engine use different treatments to optimize NOx conversion efficiency in the SCR system. This review analyzes several studies in the literature which aim to increase NOx conversion in different diesel engine types. The approach and methods demonstrated in this study provide a suitable starting point for future research into reducing NOx emissions from diesel engines, particularly for engines with comparable specifications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Hushim, Mohd Faisal, Zamri Noranai, Daniel Lau Yan How, Zainul Ameerul Ikhsan Zainul Abidin, Mohd Azahari Razali, Azwan Sapit, and Akmal Nizam Mohamed. "Single Parameter Engine Analysis and Performance Optimization of a Medium Duty Gasoline Engine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 824 (July 1, 2020): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/824/1/012003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Long, Jin, Min Tang, Zhaoxia Sun, Yun Liang, and Jian Hu. "Dust Loading Performance of a Novel Submicro-Fiber Composite Filter Medium for Engine." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11102038.

Full text

Abstract:

Airborne dust can cause engine wear and contribute to engine gas emission. This study developed a novel submicro-fiber filter medium to provide protection to engines against dust. The wet-laid submicro-fiber medium was prepared by a dual-layer paper machine, and its dust loading performance was compared with other filter media during laboratory and field tests. During the laboratory tests, the dust holding capacity of the wet-laid submicro-fiber medium was 48% and 10% higher than that of the standard heavy-duty medium and electrospun submicro-fiber medium, respectively. During the field tests, the pressure drop of the wet-laid submicro-fiber filter was 45% lower than that of the standard heavy-duty filter after 10,000 km of operation. It was found that there were two crucial ways to design a better filter medium for protection against dust. Firstly, the surface loading rather than the depth loading was preferred for dust filtration. The submicro-fiber layer kept large amounts of dust particles from penetrating into the depth of filter medium. Secondly, particles were captured preferably by fibers rather than pores. The unique fibrous structure of the wet-laid submicro-fiber medium made more particle deposition take place on fibers via interception and inertial impaction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Hoffmann, Kai, Michael Benz, Marko Weirich, and Hans-Otto Herrmann. "The New Mercedes-Benz Medium Duty Commercial Natural Gas Engine." MTZ worldwide 75, no. 11 (October 2014): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-014-0251-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Latyshev, A. P., R. I. Alibekov, P. V. Klishin, V. V. Shulgin, V. N. Konoplev, and V. D. Sekerin. "Development of new gas engines that meet Euro-5 standards for medium duty trucks based on ZIL V-engine." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 3-5 (October 10, 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67010.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper is devoted to development of new gas engines that meet Euro-5 standards for ecologi- cal safety of transport with the possibility of their use in medium duty trucks for urban transporta- tion, small buses, as well as for urban municipal vehicles with low noise levels. The prototype for development of engines was adopted 8-cylinder petrol engine ZIL-508400 with multiport fuel injec-tion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Gangopadhyay, Anupam, and Peter Meckl. "Modeling and Validation of a Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 3 (May 19, 1998): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1386790.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, a control-oriented model of a medium-duty throttle-body natural gas engine is developed. The natural gas engine uses lean-burn technology without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The dynamic engine model differs from models of gasoline engines by including the natural gas fuel dynamics in the intake manifold. The model is based on a mean value concept and has three state variables: intake manifold pressure, fuel fraction in the intake manifold and the engine rotational speed. The resulting model has been validated in steady-state and transient operation over the usual operating range of the engine between 800 rpm and 2600 rpm with air/fuel ratios ranging between 18.0 and 24.0.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Zheng, Hongpeng, Yulong Lei, and Pengxiang Song. "Designing the main controller of auxiliary braking systems for heavy-duty vehicles in nonemergency braking conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 9 (May 7, 2017): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217706386.

Full text

Abstract:

With the development of the road industry, heavy-duty vehicles now require additional braking power to fulfill their braking requirements. Auxiliary braking systems, which include a hydraulic retarder and an engine brake, can provide additional braking force in nonemergency braking conditions. A water medium retarder is a new type of hydraulic retarder that can convert the kinetic energy of a vehicle into the thermal energy of coolant. This study introduces a novel auxiliary braking system involving a water medium retarder and an engine brake for heavy-duty vehicles. The specific forces of heavy-duty vehicles and the auxiliary braking system are established. The control logic of the novel auxiliary braking system is assigned, and a main controller is designed to dynamically manage the entire braking process. The main controller includes controllers A and B, which handles the engine brake and water medium retarder, respectively. The heavy-duty vehicles dynamic system model is created using MATLAB/Simulink. Upon performance testing, simulation results show that the designed main controller can effectively and rapidly manage the auxiliary braking system, thus satisfying the braking requirements in any nonemergency braking condition. Even when the slope of a road changes, the main controller can extract dynamical forces as well as acceleration parameters and fulfill the braking requirements of vehicles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Young, Alex G., Aaron W. Costall, Daniel Coren, and James W. G. Turner. "The Effect of Crankshaft Phasing and Port Timing Asymmetry on Opposed-Piston Engine Thermal Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206696.

Full text

Abstract:

Opposed-piston, two-stroke engines reveal degrees of freedom that make them excellent candidates for next generation, highly efficient internal combustion engines for hybrid electric vehicles and power systems. This article reports simulation results that explore the influence of key control and geometrical parameters, specifically crankshaft phasing and intake and exhaust port height-to-stroke ratios, in obtaining best thermal efficiency. A model of a 0.75 L, single-cylinder opposed-piston two-stroke engine is exercised to predict fuel consumption as engine speed, load, crankshaft phasing, intake and exhaust port height-to-stroke ratios, and stoichiometry are varied for medium-duty truck and range extender applications. Under stoichiometric operation, optimal crankshaft phasing is seen at 0–5°, lower than reported in the literature. If stoichiometric operation is not mandated, best fuel consumption is achieved at an air-to-fuel equivalence ratio λ = 1.25 and 5–10° crankshaft phase angle, enabling a ~10 g/kWh (~4%) improvement in average brake-specific fuel consumption across medium-duty truck operating points. In range extender form, the engine provides 30 kW output power in accordance with a survey of range extender engines. In this role, there is a clear distinction between low-speed, high-load operation and vice versa. The decision as to which is more appropriate would be based on minimizing total owning and operating cost, itself a trade-off between better thermal efficiency (and thus lower fuel cost) and greater durability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Alimin, Ahmad Jais, Muhammad Yusri Ismail, and Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Predicting the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Medium Duty Engine Retrofitted with Compressed Natural Gas System Using 1-Dimensional Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.702.

Full text

Abstract:

The rise of crude oil price and the implications of exhaust emissions to the environment from combustion application call for a new reliable alternative fuel. A potential alternative fuel for compression ignition (C.I.) engine is the compressed natural gas (CNG). For C.I. engines to operate using CNG, or to be converted as a retrofitted CNG engine, further modifications are required. Previous works reported loss in brake power (BP) and increase in hydrocarbon (HC) emission for C.I. engine retrofitted with CNG fuelling. Verification of performance characteristics for CNG retrofitted engine through experimental analysis requires high cost and is very time consuming. Thus, a 1-Dimensional simulation software, GT-Power, was introduced in this study to reduce the experimental process and setup. A 4-cylinder medium duty C.I. engine (DE) and CNG retrofitted engine (RE) GT-Power models were used in this simulation work over various operational conditions: low, medium and high load conditions. As compared with DE model, results from RE model showed that RE model achieved an average 4.9% improvement for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and loss in BP by 37.3%. For nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxides (CO2) RE model predicted reduction of 48.1% (engine mode 1-9) and 33.4% (all engine modes), respectively. Moreover, RE produced 72.4% more carbon monoxide (CO) and 90.3% more HC emission.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Alimin, Ahmad Jais, Muhammad Yusri Ismail, and Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Predicting the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Medium Duty Engine Retrofitted with Compressed Natural Gas System Using 1-Dimensional Software." Applied Mechanics and Materials 660 (October 2014): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.468.

Full text

Abstract:

The rise of crude oil price and the implications of exhaust emissions to the environment from combustion application call for a new reliable alternative fuel. A potential alternative fuel for compression ignition (C.I.) engine is the compressed natural gas (CNG). For C.I. engines to operate using CNG, or to be converted as a retrofitted CNG engine, further modifications are required. Previous works reported loss in brake power (BP) and increase in hydrocarbon (HC) emission for C.I. engine retrofitted with CNG fuelling. Verification of performance characteristics for CNG retrofitted engine through experimental analysis requires high cost and is very time consuming. Thus, a 1-Dimensional simulation software, GT-Power, was introduced in this study to reduce the experimental process and setup. A 4-cylinder medium duty C.I. engine (DE) and CNG retrofitted engine (RE) GT-Power models were used in this simulation work over various operational conditions: low, medium and high load conditions. As compared with DE model, results from RE model showed that RE model achieved an average 4.9% improvement for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and loss in BP by 37.3%. For nitrogen oxides (NOX) and carbon dioxides (CO2) RE model predicted reduction of 48.1% (engine mode 1-9) and 33.4% (all engine modes), respectively. Moreover, RE produced 72.4% more carbon monoxide (CO) and 90.3% more HC emission.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

NYERGES, Ádám, and Máté ZÖLDY. "Model development and experimental validation of an exhaust brake supported dual loop exhaust gas recirculation on a medium duty Diesel engine." Mechanics 26, no. 6 (December 7, 2020): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.6.25017.

Full text

Abstract:

Due to the new European emission norms internal combustion engines have to comply stricter rules. The new norms contain new requirements that were not included in previous regulations for example the decreased temperature of the cold start or the real driving emission part. The emission cycles for passenger vehicles are completely news, the stricter emission norms for commercial vehicles will follow them within a few years. Despite the increasing spread of alternative transmission systems in road transport Diesel engines are going to be remain in commercial vehicles in the next decades due to their good torque and fuel consumption performance. The emission of Diesel engines can be kept low by several way: by the modification of combustion processes, or by exhaust gas after treatment. To comply future regulations both of them seems to be necessary. By exhaust gas recirculation systems alternative Diesel combustion processes can be realized which can provide lower nitrogen-oxide emission and in several operation points also lower fuel consumption. Exhaust gas recirculation systems also can support the thermal management of a Diesel engine. To utilize the advantages of the recirculated exhaust gases a complex system is necessary to get a freedom in control possibilities: duel loop exhaust gas recirculated systems supplemented with supporter valves on the intake or on the exhaust side. In this paper a pressure and mass flow rate based control oriented engine model will be presented which contains high and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation systems and both of them are supported by exhaust brakes. The model considers four balance volumes and it has five state variables. The model is validated by an engine dyno measurements on a medium duty Diesel engine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

DUDA, Kamil, Sławomir WIERZBICKI, Maciej MIKULSKI, Łukasz KONIECZNY, Bogusław ŁAZARZ, and Magdalena LETUŃ-ŁĄTKA. "EMISSIONS FROM A MEDIUM-DUTY CRDI ENGINE FUELLED WITH DIESEL-BIODIESEL BLENDS." Transport Problems 16, no. 1 (2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/tp-2021-004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Liukonen, Larry R., and Francis W. Weir. "Asbestos exposure from gaskets during disassembly of a medium duty diesel engine." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 41, no. 2 (March 2005): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2004.10.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Fuchs, Neil, Zdenek Meistrick, Steven Ernest, Gabe Roberts, and Justin Baltrucki. "Development of a High Performance Two-Cycle Engine Brake for Medium and Heavy Duty Diesel Engines." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 6, no. 1 (April 8, 2013): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0586.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Bagwe, Rishikesh Mahesh, Andy Byerly, Euzeli Cipriano dos Santos, and Ben-Miled. "Adaptive Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for a Parallel HEV." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234472.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper proposes an Adaptive Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy (ARBS EMS) for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The aim of the strategy is to facilitate the aftermarket hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. ARBS can be deployed online to optimize fuel consumption without any detailed knowledge of the engine efficiency map of the vehicle or the entire duty cycle. The proposed strategy improves upon the established Preliminary Rule-Based Strategy (PRBS), which has been adopted in commercial vehicles, by dynamically adjusting the regions of operations of the engine and the motor. It prevents the engine from operating in highly inefficient regions while reducing the total equivalent fuel consumption of the vehicle. Using an HEV model developed in Simulink®, both the proposed ARBS and the established PRBS strategies are compared over an extended duty cycle consisting of both urban and highway segments. The results show that ARBS can achieve high MPGe with different thresholds for the boundary between the motor region and the engine region. In contrast, PRBS can achieve high MPGe only if this boundary is carefully established from the engine efficiency map. This difference between the two strategies makes the ARBS particularly suitable for aftermarket hybridization where full knowledge of the engine efficiency map may not be available.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Kurtz, Eric M., and Joshua Styron. "An Assessment of Two Piston Bowl Concepts in a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine." SAE International Journal of Engines 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0423.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Sakai, Tetsuya, Masashi Daimaruya, Jianming Shi, Isao Yamazaki, Masaki Aizu, Kazunori Aizawa, Masao Nagamatsu, et al. "Development of an air spring engine mount system for a medium duty truck." Noise Control Engineering Journal 58, no. 2 (2010): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1.3294862.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Vikovich, Igor, Roman Zinko, Mar'yan Lavrovsky, and Andriy Polyakov. "Experimental studies of adapted medium-duty fire trucks for emergency response." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 12, no. 2 (February 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2020-12-2-25-33.

Full text

Abstract:

Fire trucks should be maximally adapted to the elimination of emergency situations, in particular, to provide the necessary intensity of supply of extinguishing agents, that is, to be multifunctional. Special requirements are imposed on fire-fighting vehicles: high cross-country ability and speed, the ability to transport one compartment, transport tools and equipment for grabbing, backfilling with soil, filling the edge of the fire with water or chemical solutions, and the like. Scientific research is aimed at developing ways to assess the effectiveness of new models of fire and rescue vehicles for compliance with the requirements of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine, in particular, through comparative analysis with alternative samples, to determine the factors affecting the operation of a fire truck, to develop a method for adapting vehicles for emergency response, to improve their level of operational excellence and operational efficiency. To realize the purpose of the assessment tests, a test procedure was developed and an experimental model of a fire-fighting vehicle for emergency response was created. The obtained relationship between the number of revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine and the value of the dynamic torque in the transmission of the test fire vehicle in the case of a sharp engagement of the clutch in the vehicle starting modes can be represented graphically. It is proposed to compare different variants of fire engine designs to take this characteristic as an efficiency criterion. Experimental studies were carried out: starting a car from a place on a steep rise, followed by an increase in gears; overcoming a roadside ditch with flat walls 0.2–0.6 m deep and at an angle of 45° to its axis; running over with wheels of one side of a fire engine on a curb 140–150 mm high; entering a turn from straight-line movement to the minimum possible turning radius on an asphalt surface in II and III gears at a constant speed of 10-12 km/h. To confirm the validity of the accepted assumptions of the mathematical model, the accuracy of applications and the reliability of the results obtained, the adequacy of mathematical modeling was checked by comparing the test problems of statics and dynamics of the movement of fire trucks for emergency response. A fire truck for liquidation of emergency situations, modeled on the basis of the proposed adaptation method of the base chassis for the needs of extinguishing forest fires and the formation of a container module, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of its use according to the selected criteria by 18%. The use of the longitudinal flexibility of the container modules in comparison with the conventional body mount provides a reduction in fuel consumption when driving a fire truck up to 4%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Pan, Jie, Junfang Ma, Junyin Li, Hongzhe Liu, Jing Wei, Jingjing Xu, Tao Zhu, Hairui Zhang, Wei Li, and Jiaying Pan. "Influence of Intake Port Structure on the Performance of a Spark-Ignited Natural Gas Engine." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 8545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228545.

Full text

Abstract:

Spark-ignited natural gas engines have received increasing attention in the heavy-duty market due to their low cost and reliability advantages. However, there are still some issues with natural gas engines retrofitted from 10 to 15 L diesel engines, which is a valuable medium-term goal for the automotive industry. In this work, the effect of intake port structure on the performance of a spark-ignited heavy-duty natural gas engine was investigated by multidimensional numerical simulations. A newly designed intake port was proposed, with strengthened in-cylinder turbulent kinetic energy and homogeneous air-fuel mixtures. Bench tests show that the proposed intake port has impressive thermal efficiency, cycle variation, and acceptable emissions performance. The effective thermal efficiency improves from 41.0% to 41.4%, and the cycle variation is 36% lower than traditional schemes. However, with the accelerated flame propagation, the in-cylinder temperature and NOx emission of the mixed-flow port increase while the CO emission decreases. In summary, a proper balance of in-cylinder swirl and tumble flow can significantly affect the economy and stability of natural gas engines. The proposed structure solves the inherent problems of slow natural gas flame propagation and harmful cyclic variations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

PIELECHA, Ireneusz. "Numerical investigation of lambda-value prechamber ignition in heavy duty natural gas engine." Combustion Engines 181, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-205.

Full text

Abstract:

Turbulent Jet Ignition systems are mainly dedicated to the combustion of lean mixtures of natural gas in heavy duty engines. The use of such a system in combination with lean mixtures leads to an increase in its overall efficiency. The article presents simulation analyzes of the impact of the excess air coefficient occurring in prechamber on the combustion process: combustion indicators and emission indicators. Tests on a single-cylinder engine with a displacement of about 4 dm3 at medium mixture (IMEP = 1.0 MPa) were carried out using the AVL Fire software. It was found that the incineration of global lean mixtures (lambda = 2) is effective when initiating this process (in the prechamber) with a charge of a stoichiometric composition. A strong relationship was found between the thermodynamic indicators in both prechamber and main chamber and the excess air coefficient initiating combustion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Bermúdez, Vicente, Antonio García, David Villalta, and Lian Soto. "Assessment on the consequences of injection strategies on combustion process and particle size distributions in Euro VI medium-duty diesel engine." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 683–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419865652.

Full text

Abstract:

Although there are already several works where the influence of injection parameters on exhaust emissions, and specifically on particulate matter emissions, in diesel engines has been evaluated, the diversity in the results that can be found in the literature indicates the need to carry out new experiments that can provide more information about the influence of these parameters on modern diesel engines. This study intends to be placed within this scientific framework, hence a parametric study was carried out based on the independent modification of the main injection timing and the injection pressure with respect to the nominal conditions of a new Euro VI direct injection diesel engine. Four steady-state operation points of the engine map were chosen: 25% load and 950 r/min, 50% load and 1500 r/min, 75% load and 2000 r/min and 100% load and 2200 r/min, where in each of these operation points, the variations of the injection parameters in the study on the combustion process and its consequent impact on the particle size distribution, including an analysis of the geometric mean diameter values, were evaluated. The results showed that the different injection strategies adopted, despite not significantly affecting the engine efficiency, did cause a significant impact on particle number emissions. At the low load operation, the size distribution showed a bimodal structure, and as the main injection timing was delayed and the injection pressure was decreased, the nucleation-mode particle concentration decreased, while the accumulation-mode particle concentration increased. In addition, at medium load, the nucleation-mode particle emission decreased considerably while the accumulation-mode particle emission increased, and this increase was much greater with the main injection timing delay and the injection pressure reduction. Similar behavior was observed at high load, but with a much more prominent pattern.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Di Battista, Davide, Fabio Fatigati, Marco Di Bartolomeo, Diego Vittorini, and Roberto Cipollone. "Thermal Management Opportunity on Lubricant Oil to Reduce Fuel Consumption and Emissions of a Light-Duty Diesel Engine." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 07023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131207023.

Full text

Abstract:

The high viscosity of the lubricant oil in internal combustion engines at cold starts is responsible for poor friction reduction and inadequate thermal stabilization of metallic masses and represents a major bottleneck in the efforts to reduce specific fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Consequently, the possibility of integrating techniques for proper thermal management of the lubricant oil on internal combustion engines is of utmost importance to both homologation and daily on-road operation. Main options for reducing the warm-up time for the engine lubricant are the upgrade of the engine cooling and lubricating circuits, dedicated heating, different flow management of the oil/coolant heat exchanger, a renewed design of the oil sump or a thermal storage section to increase the oil temperature in the early phases of the warm up. The paper presents a new opportunity, using a hot storage medium to heat up the oil in the early phase of a driving cycle. A certain quantity of hot water, so, is stored in a tank, which can be used to warm up the lubricating oil when the engine is started up. The heating of this service water can be done by using exhaust gas heat, which is always wasted in the atmosphere. The activity is realized on an IVECO 3.0 L light-duty diesel engine, during a transient cycle (NEDC) on a dynamometric test bench. The benefits in terms of both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions reduction. The characterization of the backpressure associated with an eventual additional heat exchangers and the more complex layout of the oil circuit is assessed, as well as the transient effects produced by the faster oil warm-up and oil-coolant interaction on the engine thermal stabilization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Mustafa Ali, Mohamed, and Sabir Mohamed Salih. "Factors Affecting Performance of Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 388 (August 2013): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.388.217.

Full text

Abstract:

Compression Ignition Diesel Engine use Diesel as conventional fuel. This has proven to be the most economical source of prime mover in medium and heavy duty loads for both stationary and mobile applications. Performance enhancements have been implemented to optimize fuel consumption and increase thermal efficiency as well as lowering exhaust emissions on these engines. Recently dual fueling of Diesel engines has been found one of the means to achieve these goals. Different types of fuels are tried to displace some of the diesel fuel consumption. This study is made to identify the most favorable conditions for dual fuel mode of operation using Diesel as main fuel and Gasoline as a combustion improver. A single cylinder naturally aspirated air cooled 0.4 liter direct injection diesel engine is used. Diesel is injected by the normal fuel injection system, while Gasoline is carbureted with air using a simple single jet carburetor mounted at the air intake. The engine has been operated at constant speed of 3000 rpm and the load was varied. Different Gasoline to air mixture strengths investigated, and diesel injection timing is also varied. The optimum setting of the engine has been defined which increased the thermal efficiency, reduced the NOx % and HC%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Jennings, M. J., and F. R. Jeske. "Analysis of the Injection Process in Direct Injected Natural Gas Engines: Part I—Study of Unconfined and In-Cylinder Plume Behavior." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906888.

Full text

Abstract:

A study of natural gas (NG) direct injection (DI) processes has been performed using multidimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis. The purpose was to improve the understanding of mixing in DI NG engines. Calculations of injection into a constant-volume chamber were performed to document unconfined plume behavior. A full three-dimensional calculation of injection into a medium heavy-duty diesel engine cylinder was also performed to study plume behavior in engine geometries. The structure of the NG plume is characterized by a core of unmixed fuel confined to the near-field of the jet. This core contains the bulk of the unmixed fuel and is mixed by the turbulence generated by the jet shear layer. The NG plume development in the engine is dominated by combustion chamber surface interactions. A Coanda effect causes plume attachment to the cylinder head, which has a detrimental impact on mixing. Unconfined plume calculations with different nozzle hole sizes demonstrate that smaller nozzle holes are more effective at mixing the fuel and air.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Rueter, Dirk. "2-Stroke Scavenging in Conventional and Minimally-Modified 4-Stroke Engines for Heavy Duty Applications at Low to Medium Speeds." Inventions 4, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions4030044.

Full text

Abstract:

The transformation of a standard 4-stroke cylinder head into a torque-improved and gradually more efficient 2-stroke design is discussed. The concept with an effective loop scavenging via an extended inlet valve holds promise for engines at low- to medium-rotational speeds for typical designs of conventional 4-stroke cylinder heads. Calculations, flow simulations, and visualizations of experimental flows in relevant geometries and time scales indicate feasibility, followed by a small engine demonstration. Based on presumably long-forgotten and outdated patents, and the central topic of this contribution, an additional jockey rides on the inlet valve’s disk (facing away from the combustion chamber) and reshapes the in-cylinder flow into a reverted tumble. A quick gas exchange with a well-suppressed shortcut into the open exhaust is approached. For overall mechanical efficiency, the required charge pressure for scavenging is of paramount importance due to the short scavenging time and the intake’s reduced cross-section. Herein, still acceptable charging pressures are reported for scavenging periods equivalent to low or medium rotational speeds, as characteristic for heavy-duty applications. Using widely available components (charger, direct injection, variable camshaft angles) an increased engine efficiency is suggested due to the 2-stroke’s downsizing effect (relatively less internal friction as well as the promise of more torque and a decreased size).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Ishida, A. "The development of the ECOS-DDF natural gas engine for medium-duty trucks: exhaust emission reduction against base diesel engine." JSAE Review 22, no. 2 (April 2001): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(01)00089-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Karra, Prashanth, and Song-Charng Kong. "Diesel Emission Characteristics Using High Injection Pressure with Converging Nozzles in a Medium-Duty Engine." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2008): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1085.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Singh, Suraj Bhan, Atul Dhar, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Technical feasibility study of butanol–gasoline blends for powering medium-duty transportation spark ignition engine." Renewable Energy 76 (April 2015): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.095.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Wei, MingShan, JinLi Fang, ChaoChen Ma, and Syed Noman Danish. "Waste heat recovery from heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust gases by medium temperature ORC system." Science China Technological Sciences 54, no. 10 (August 19, 2011): 2746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4547-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Benajes, J., S. Molina, K. De Rudder, and T. Rente. "Influence of injection rate shaping on combustion and emissions for a medium duty diesel engine." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 20, no. 9 (September 2006): 1436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02915967.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Cross, Eben S., Alexander G. Sappok, Victor W. Wong, and Jesse H. Kroll. "Load-Dependent Emission Factors and Chemical Characteristics of IVOCs from a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 22 (October 28, 2015): 13483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03954.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Namukasa, Juliet, Sheila Namagembe, and Faridah Nakayima. "Fuel Efficiency Vehicle Adoption and Carbon Emissions in a Country Context." International Journal of Global Sustainability 4, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijgs.v4i1.16227.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper aimed at establishing the relationship between age, engine capacity, fuel type and fuel efficiency and carbon emissions. The relationship was obtained using panel data on newly imported registered vehicle stock obtained from Uganda Revenue Authority. This involved collecting data on imported vehicle inventory into Uganda for the period from 2013 to 2017 which was later analysed using the stata software. The findings indicated a positive relationship between a vehicles age, engine capacity, vehicle category (Light Duty Vehicles, Medium Duty Vehicles and Heavy Duty Vehicles) and fuel efficiency and carbon emissions. A comparison with the global fuel efficiency targets indicated that more fuel was being consumed in Uganda compared to non-OECD countries. A reduction in fuel consumption and emissions was observed in petrol vehicles while diesel vehicles had increased carbon emissions and fuel consumptions due to an increase in engine capacities. The findings imply that government should develop policy options that promote vehicle fuel efficiency, transport system operators may undergo training in fuel efficiency issues that will result in an attitudinal change while academicians need to carry out more research comparing the effect of transport systems operators ages, level education and income on carbon emissions and fuel efficiency. The majority of research on fuel efficiency and carbon emissions uses survey data rather than panel data. Further, previous research is focused on vehicles that are already on the road rather than focusing on the effect of age, engine capacity, fuel type on fuel efficiency and carbon emissions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Liao, Y. Gene, and Allen M. Quail. "A Strategic Investigation for Fuel Economy Improvement of Medium-Duty Tactical Truck: Preliminary Simulation and Experimental Results." ISRN Mechanical Engineering 2011 (June 15, 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/159323.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper reports the planning efforts and preliminary results of increasing fuel economy in the current fleet of medium-duty tactical truck. A strategic plan was developed through investigation of current and future technology offerings from original equipment manufacturers and after market suppliers. Research efforts consisted of an initial phase where a broad range of integration candidates were collected and a secondary phase where in-depth analysis was conducted to target those to be considered for inclusion in the strategic plan. The strategic plan lays out the integrated technologies in the near term including auxiliary electrification of engine cooling fan and hydrogen injection. For the mid-term time frame, the plan involves implementing an engine stop/start system and electrifying other auxiliaries. The final step in the plan is the development and implementation of a full hybrid population. The preliminary results include simulation of the electric cooling fan and mild hybrid powertrain, and experimental test of hydrogen injection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Ismail, Muhammad Yusri, Ahmad Jais Alimin, and Shahrul Azmir Osman. "Mono-Gas Fuelled Engine Performance and Emissions Simulation Using GT-Power." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.125.

Full text

Abstract:

The scarcity of oil resources and the rise of crude oil price had driven the whole world to seek for an alternative fuel for automotive industry. One of the prospective alternative fuels for compression ignition (C.I.) engine is compressed natural gas (CNG). In order to operate CNG in a C.I. engine as mono-gas engine (RE), several modifications are required. The modifications that involves are compression ratio, fuel injection type, addition of spark plug and fuel itself. So as to reduce the time in preparing the experimental test bed and high cost analytical study a 1-dimensional simulation software GT-Power was introduce. The GT-Power simulation model for a 4 cylinder medium duty C.I. engine (DE) and RE has been built to study the effects of conversion process to the performance and emissions of the engine at various operational conditions: low, medium and high load conditions. As compared with DE model, results from RE model showed loss in brake power (BP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 37.3% and 19% respectively. Meanwhile, for brake specific air consumption (BSAC) RE predicted to undergo an average of 19412.6 g/kW-h and increment in volumetric efficiency by percentage of difference 22%. In other side, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) RE engine model predicted reduction of 48.1% (engine mode 1-9) and increased in hydrocarbons (HC) by 90.3.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Jennings, M. J., and F. R. Jeske. "Analysis of the Injection Process in Direct Injected Natural Gas Engines: Part II—Effects of Injector and Combustion Chamber Design." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906889.

Full text

Abstract:

A study of natural gas (NG) direct injection (DI) processes in engines has been performed using multidimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis. The purpose was to investigate the effects of key engine design parameters on the mixing in DI NG engines. Full three-dimensional calculations of injection into a medium heavy-duty diesel engine cylinder were performed. Perturbations on a baseline engine configuration were considered. In spite of single plume axisymmetric injection calculations that show mixing improves as nozzle hole size is reduced: plume merging caused by having too many nozzle holes has a severe negative impact on mixing; and increasing the number of injector holes strengthens plume deflection toward the cylinder head, which also adversely affects mixing. The optimal number of holes for a quiescent engine was found to be that which produces the largest number of separate NG plumes. Increasing the nozzle angle to reduce plume deflection can adversely affect mixing due to reduced jet radial penetration. Increasing the injector tip height is an effective approach to eliminating plume deflection and improving mixing. Extremely high-velocity squish flows, with penetration to the center of the piston bowl, are necessary to have a significant impact on mixing. Possible improvements in mixing can be realized by relieving the center of the piston bowl in typical “Mexican hat” bowl designs. CFD analysis can effectively be used to optimize combustion chamber geometry by fitting the geometry to computed plume shapes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Kusaka, J., M. Sueoka, K. Takada, Y. Ohga, T. Nagasaki, and Y. Daisho. "A basic study on a urea-selective catalytic reduction system for a medium-duty diesel engine." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x7310.

Full text

Abstract:

NOx conversion performance of a urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system comprising V2O5/TiO2 catalyst under steady state operating conditions of an 8-litre, common-rail turbo direct injection (TDI) diesel engine was investigated. It was shown that the urea-SCR system achieves 70–90 per cent NOx conversion under medium and high load conditions at 1440 r/min and that NOx conversion is low under low load conditions because of the low catalyst temperatures and the NO/NO2 ratio being higher than unity. It was also shown that NOx conversion exceeds 90 per cent when the catalyst temperature is higher than 530 K. To investigate the details of the chemistry and thermofluid dynamics within the urea-SCR system, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code that incorporates detailed surface chemistry was developed based on the modified subroutines of CHEMKIN-II. The spatial variations of chemical species including NO and NH3 in a thin catalyst channel was calculated using the model. The calculated result of NO conversion showed relatively good agreement with experimental results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Knight, B. M., J. A. Bittle, and T. J. Jacobs. "The role of system responses on biodiesel nitric oxide emissions in a medium-duty diesel engine." International Journal of Engine Research 12, no. 4 (August 2011): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411399215.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Sinha, Shailendra, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Rice bran oil methyl ester fuelled medium-duty transportation engine: long-term durability and combustion investigations." International Journal of Vehicle Design 50, no. 1/2/3/4 (2009): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2009.025010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Senecal, P. K., D. T. Montgomery, and R. D. Reitz. "A methodology for engine design using multi-dimensional modelling and genetic algorithms with validation through experiments." International Journal of Engine Research 1, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087001545155.

Full text

Abstract:

A methodology for internal combustion engine design has been formulated which incorporates multidimensional modelling and experiments to optimize and simulate direct injection diesel engine combustion and emissions formation. The computer code KIVA-GA performs full-cycle engine simulations within the framework of a genetic algorithm (GA) global optimization code. The methodology is applied to optimize a heavy-duty diesel truck engine. The study simultaneously investigated the effects of six engine input parameters on emissions and performance for a high-speed medium-load operating point. The start of injection (SOI), injection pressure, amount of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), boost pressure and split injection rate shape were optimized. The convergence of the GA optimization process is demonstrated and the results were compared to those of the experimental optimization study employing a response surface method (RSM), which uses statistically designed experiments to determine an optimum design. In addition, the parameters of the computationally predicted optimum were run experimentally and good agreement was obtained. The potential for ultra-low emissions levels was assessed through additional computational GA runs that included higher maximum EGR levels (up to 50 per cent). The predicted optimum results in significantly lower soot and NOx emissions together with improved fuel consumption compared to the baseline design. The present results indicate that an efficient design methodology has been developed for optimization of internal combustion engines, one that allows simultaneous optimization of a large number of parameters.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Sinha, Shailendra, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Experimental Investigations of the Tribological Properties of Lubricating Oil from Biodiesel Fuelled Medium Duty Transportation CIDI Engine." SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2008): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1385.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Regner, Gerhard, Randy E. Herold, Michael H. Wahl, Eric Dion, Fabien Redon, David Johnson, Brian J. Callahan, and Shauna McIntyre. "The Achates Power Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke Engine: Performance and Emissions Results in a Medium-Duty Application." SAE International Journal of Engines 4, no. 3 (September 13, 2011): 2726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2221.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Bittle, Joshua A., Bryan M. Knight, and Timothy J. Jacobs. "The Impact of Biodiesel on Injection Timing and Pulsewidth in a Common-Rail Medium-Duty Diesel Engine." SAE International Journal of Engines 2, no. 2 (November 2, 2009): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2782.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Benajes, Jesús, José V. Pastor, Antonio García, and Vicente Boronat. "A RCCI operational limits assessment in a medium duty compression ignition engine using an adapted compression ratio." Energy Conversion and Management 126 (October 2016): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.023.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Koch, Thomas, Uwe Gartner, and Gerhard Konig. "Influence and potential of flexible injection rate shaping for medium and heavy duty diesel engine combustion processes." International Journal of Vehicle Design 41, no. 1/2/3/4 (2006): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvd.2006.009665.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Benajes, Jesus, Antonio Garcia, Javier Monsalve-Serrano, and Vicente Boronat. "Particulates Size Distribution of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) on a Medium-Duty Engine Fueled with Diesel and Gasoline at Different Engine Speeds." SAE International Journal of Engines 10, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 2382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-24-0085.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

DUDA, Kamil, Sławomir WIERZBICKI, and Maciej MIKULSKI. "An experimental analysis of performance and exhaust emissions of a CRDI diesel engine operating on mixtures containing mineral and renewable components." Combustion Engines 179, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-404.

Full text

Abstract:

The manuscript presents a comparative analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine equipped with a Common Rail injection system. The engine is fueled with diesel-biodiesel mixtures containing 25% and 50% share (by volume) of renewable components. Conventional diesel is used as a reference. Turkey lard and rapeseed oil are used as raw materials and subjected to the single-stage transesterification process to obtain methyl esters. The experiments are performed on a medium-duty, turbocharged, inter-cooled, Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine. This study concentrates on one engine speed of 1500 rpm, typical for gen-set applications, and mid-load range from 100 Nm to 200 Nm. The scope of measurements covers the analysis of exhaust gasses concentration and engine efficiency parameters. In addition, the in-cylinder pressure measurements are performed in order to provide insight into the differences in combustion characteristics between examined fuel mixtures. The study reveals that the addition of the renewable component to fuel mixture positively affects a number of examined performance parameters as well as decreases the concentration of the examined toxic exhaust components, in the majority of cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Ozmen, Mehmet Ilter, Abdurrahim Yilmaz, Cemal Baykara, and Osman Azmi Ozsoysal. "Modelling Fuel Consumption and NOₓ Emission of a Medium Duty Truck Diesel Engine With Comparative Time-Series Methods." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 81202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3082030.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Zhao, Xumin, Ruilin Liu, Hu Wang, Zunqing Zheng, and Mingfa Yao. "Effects of charge motion on knocking combustion under boosted high load condition of a medium-duty gasoline engine." Fuel 326 (October 2022): 125040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125040.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Lu, Yingying, Chao Fan, Yize Liu, and Yiqiang Pei. "Effects of speed extension on PCCI combustion and emissions in a heavy-duty diesel engine at medium load." Fuel 313 (April 2022): 123048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.123048.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!