Journal articles: 'Medium density residential'

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Wen, Ting, Yu Liu, Jin Wang, Wuxing Zheng, and Teng Shao. "Correlation Between Density of Residential Areas and Solar Energy Potential in Xining City." E3S Web of Conferences 217 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021702001.

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In urban scale, solar energy utilization potential is closely related to residential density. Taking Xining City as an example, this paper explored how density of urban residential area affects solar energy utilization potential of urban housing. By changing density related design variables , including building layout, density rate, floor-site area ratio and the number of floors, 36 general models of residential areas with low, medium and high density are Abstracted. The results show that solar energy utilization potential of buildings varies greatly with different density related design variables. Comparison of a number of different scenarios reveals how density related variables affect solar energy utilization potential, based on which suggestions for optimization of solar energy potential for urban residential areas in their initial planning and design stages are proposed.

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Edy Indrawan Kusuma, Komang, I. Wayan Kasa, and I. Nyoman Dhana. "STATUS THERMAL COMFORT PADA LINGKUNGAN ATMOSFER PERMUKIMAN DI WILAYAH KECAMATAN DENPASAR BARAT." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2016.v10.i01.p02.

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The effect of residential atmosphere environment generally gives environment stress to the life of the dwellers. One of the environment stress source is the unfulfilment of thermal comfort. The rapid development of residential at Denpasar City cause the variation on building density that are low, medium, high, and very high density classifications. Residential configuration of each classification gives very strong influence to status of urban’s thermal comfort. Purpose of the research is to understand the thermal index profile PET, to identify the status of thermal comfort and to analyze the influence of Tmrt to thermal index PET of residential atmosphere environment at West Denpasar Sub-district area. The research was performed at residential atmosphere environment of West Denpasar Sub-district area by using RayMan model simulation to obtain thermal index profile PET. Sampling technique used the stratified random sampling method with data diversity that is used based on the buildings density. The thermal index profile PET of residential of low density classification is the lowest thermal index profile PET compared to the other three classifications, which are the medium, high, and very high density. One hundred percent of status of thermal comfort of residential atmosphere environment is in hot thermal stress and based on average thermal index PET is on physiological stress level of “Strong heat stress”. Tmrt is the most influential variable to thermal index PET. The concept to increase the status of thermal comfort of residential atmosphere environment at West Denpasar area used the bioclimatic approach. Investigation of status of thermal comfort of residential atmosphere environment at West Denpasar Sub-district area has given the directive of urban planning in improving and revitalized urban spaces.

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Mobolaji, David, Oluwole Daramola, and Oluwaseun Olowoporoku. "RESIDENTS' NARRATIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN METROPOLITAN LAGOS, NIGERIA." Environmental Problems 7, no. 4 (2022): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2022.04.188.

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This study narrates environmental quality of residential areas in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria with a view to evolving policy response for planning and development of livable environment and others with similar characteristics. This narration is in terms of the environmental characteristics of the residential areas, the level of importance that the residents attached to the environmental characteristics and the level of satisfaction that they derived from them. The study made use of data collected from three hundred and twenty-one (321) residents systematically sampled across the three residential density areas (high-density, medium-density and low-density) of Lagos Metropolis. Data analysis was done using cross-tabulations and analysis of variance. Findings revealed that environmental quality in the metropolis was at the low ebb, especially in high and medium density areas. Residents attached high level of importance to environmental characteristics of the study area but derived low level of satisfaction from the environmental characteristics. Based on the study, it was recommended that there is need to put in place a workable legal framework to boost the condition of environment across the residential density areas of the metropolis. Also, through public enlightenments, and awareness, residents should ensure judicious use of the environmental amenities and be environmentally-friendly in their utilization.

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Tomás Cardoso, Rafael, María Amérigo, and Juan Ignacio Aragonés. "Valoración afectiva de ambientes residenciales y funcionales de alta y baja densidad." Anales de Psicología 32, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.3.220941.

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This paper contrasts high and low-density residential and functional environments through an assessment of the pleasure and arousal said environments elicit. The relationships between these affective dimensions and a measure of emotional well-being and personality traits are also explored. Two hundred thirty-eight university students assessed the degree of pleasure and arousal elicited by a series of images depicting high and low-density residential and functional environments. The findings clearly reveal that residential environments produce more pleasurable feelings than functional spaces, regardless of their density. However, as regards arousal, the feelings produced by residential and functional environments vary on depending on their density. It concludes that residential environments are more adaptable environments in terms of emotional well-being.

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Byrne, Joshua, Mark Taylor, Tom Wheeler, and Jessica K. Breadsell. "WGV: Quantifying Mains Water Savings in a Medium Density Infill Residential Development." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 6483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166483.

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The development called the ‘WGV precinct’ is a 2.2 ha medium density residential urban infill development in the Fremantle suburb of White Gum Valley, Western Australia. It was delivered by DevelopmentWA, the State Government development agency. DevelopmentWA and the project’s consultant team designed the WGV precinct to be an exemplar of urban water management in this type of development. Working within commercial constraints, the team established strategies to achieve ambitious reductions in mains water consumption compared to a business-as-usual approach. This paper discusses the process of establishing the precinct’s water related technologies and design features, a valuable case study in demonstrating water innovations in residential developments. Monitoring and transparently reporting on the real-world performance of the project is a key element. A comprehensive metering and data gathering system was put in place, which continues collecting data as the WGV precinct becomes increasingly established. Based on the design water strategies and early stage modelling, a target of 60–70% mains water reduction against the suburban average was set. The measured performance shows that a 65% reduction has been achieved. Barriers and constraints were observed that, if resolved, indicate that more ambitious targets can be considered for future projects. The paper includes discussion of opportunities for further work and compares some basic project qualities and outcomes to two other Australian residential development projects that had reduction in mains water consumption as an explicit objective.

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Olowu, Falilat Yetunde, Emmanuel Babatunde Jaiyeoba, Hafeez Idowu Agbabiaka, and Olawunmi Johnson Daramola. "Spatial analysis of the factors influencing housing quality for renters in a traditional Nigerian city." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 181–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-04-2018-0027.

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Purpose Rental housing is an important form of accommodation; evaluating its quality will improve the quality of designs, standard living of renters, new dimension to policy guiding rental housing and enhance the values of rental houses. This study aims to examine the factors influencing rental housing quality in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select tenants for the study. Residential areas were stratified into three densities: high, medium and low. Out of the 18 residential areas identified, six, eight and four were in the high, medium and low densities, respectively. Five residential areas were selected based on high concentrations of rental housing. The selected areas are Mokuro and Iloro (high density), Ife City and Eleyele (medium density) and Aladanla (low density). Systematic sampling technique was used to select 550 buildings where an adult tenant was selected per building for questionnaire administration. Findings The results of the principal component analysis established that four factors were generated for the high-density, nine factors for the medium-density and five factors for low-density areas as the major factors influencing rental housing quality. The variation in the number of factors generated and the percentage variance explained by the factors could be associated to the peculiarities across the densities in terms of the socioeconomic characteristics and housing characteristics of the renters. Originality/value This study examined the factors influencing housing quality for renters in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It provides information on the three residential densities in terms of the variation in their housing morphology. The study went further to establish the relationship among the three musketeers such as socioeconomic characteristic of renters, housing characteristics and housing quality, under three dimensions environmental, internal building and external Building. Therefore, the contribution of this study strengthens the position that a minimum standard and schedule of upgrade and maintenance should be meted out for landlords to carry out repairs at interval, so as to make the housing unit and environment habitable for tenants.

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Fadera, Williams, and Okedele Olaniyi. "Non-adherence to the residential private open space to building footprint coverage regulations in Lagos state: a research-evidenced need for introspection." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 25, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2022-0008.

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Abstract Residential private open spaces are instrumental to the creation of pleasant residential environments, contributing to the individual character, identity, and appearance of the residential area. Therefore, the problem of inadequate percentage of the residential private open spaces prevents the urban residential environment from attaining city sustainability. This problem is rooted in the non-adherence to building regulation standards especially in cities in Nigeria. In metropolitan Lagos, a study of three selected medium density residential estates reveals a non-adherence to the building regulation for the private open space to building footprint coverage ratios in the residential estates. The research method used in this study is methodological triangulation employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The sampling is based on multistage cluster sampling, and the data collection tools were high resolution satellite imagery, survey (through the administration of questionnaires). The results of the study reveal that in the medium density residential estates, a typical spatial pattern of the residential private open spaces from imagery classification data and ground truth data have ratios that indicate 70% of the Residential lot is for building footprint coverage while 30% is reserved for private open space as opposed to the specification by the Lagos state building regulation which specifies that 60% should be reserved for building footprint coverage and 40% for private open space. In conclusion, it is imperative that there be an introspection and a possible review of the Lagos state building regulation in the face of 21st century realities of the Lagos metropolitan population demands.

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Zhang, Xuefeng, Yupeng Wang, Dian Zhou, Chao Yang, Huibin An, and Teng Teng. "Comparison of Summer Outdoor Thermal Environment Optimization Strategies in Different Residential Districts in Xi’an, China." Buildings 12, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091332.

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Residential districts account for the most common type of urban land coverage. Massive developments with high density have a huge impact on the urban climate. In this study, we explored the thermal environment optimization strategies of residential districts with different development intensities (plot ratios) from the perspective of urban renewal and residential district design in Xi’an, China. We selected residential districts with low, medium, and high plot ratios in Xi’an City for field measurements and environmental simulation according to five proposed optimization strategies. By comparing the air temperature, mean radiant temperature, and physiological equivalent temperature at the pedestrian height, 1.5 m from the ground, we explored the thermal environment optimization texture of each strategy. The results showed that the same strategy introduced different effects in different residential districts. Increasing the road reflectivity had the best effect on residential districts that had a low plot ratio, whereas planting trees was the best effect in districts with medium and high plot ratios. Planting lawns had a better effect in districts with high plot ratios. The findings of this study provide suggestions for the optimization and reconstruction of residential districts and contribute to future residential district development and design.

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Kim, Jae-Ik, Myung-Jin Jun, Chang-Hwan Yeo, Ki-Hyun Kwon, and Jun Yong Hyun. "The Effects of Land Use Zoning and Densification on Changes in Land Surface Temperature in Seoul." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 10, 2019): 7056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247056.

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This study investigated how changes in land surface temperature (LST) during 2004 and 2014 were attributable to zoning-based land use type in Seoul in association with the building coverage ratio (BCR), floor area ratio (FAR), and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We retrieved LSTs and NDVI data from satellite images, Landsat TM 5 for 2004 and Landsat 8 TIRS for 2014 and combined them with parcel-based land use information, which contained data on BCR, FAR, and zoning-based land use type. The descriptive analysis results showed a rise in LST for the low- and medium-density residential land, whereas significant LST decreases were found in high-density residential, semi-residential, and commercial areas over the time period. Statistical results further supported these findings, yielding statistically significant negative coefficient values for all interaction variables between higher-density land use types and a year-based dummy variable. The findings appear to be related to residential densification involving the provision of more high-rise apartment complexes and government efforts to secure more parks and green spaces through urban redevelopment and renewal projects.

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Ogunbodede, Bolawole, Anthony Iweka, and Akinfolarin Jobi. "HUMAN WASTE MANAGEMENT, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS TO RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS IN IKEJA, LAGOS." Kufa Journal of Engineering 13, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/130304.

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Human waste is as important to mankind as life itself. As people feed for survival, the process of digestion leads to the production of human waste. Lagos being a Mega city with a population of more than fifteen million, the human waste generated is significant. How the generated human waste is handled is worthy of assessment. This paper examines the methods through which human wastes are collected and disposed in Ikeja residential quarters. The case study has the three classified residential zones of high density, medium density and low density. Sample frame was based on the number of buildings. Findings reveal that, residents across the density zones rely basically on septic tanks for human waste storage, which leads to a recommendation that septic tanks and soakaways be kept at appropriate distances to boreholes and wells, to prevent water contamination.

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Setiawan, Rulli Pratiwi, Ema Umilia, and Ketut Dewi Martha Erli Handayeni. "The Correlation between Residential Density and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Surabaya City." Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development 1, no. 1 (September 24, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijpd.1.1.29-34.

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Population growth is happening in cities, including Surabaya as the second largest metropolitan region in Indonesia. The population growth has an impact to the residential density, whereas residential is usually the largest part of land use in urban areas. In urabaya, residential use covers more than 60% of the total area. The intensive use of residential area has impacts on the environment. One significant issue is the consumption of energy that produces greenhouse gas emissions. This study is aimed at explaining the relationships between residential density and greenhouse gas emissions in Surabaya City, Indonesia. The residential density will be divided into three categories, i.e. low, medium and high density. The category of density is taken from the Identification Report of Surabaya Spatial Plan. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the electrical energy consumption for the household sector in each residential density. These differences are mainly influenced by variables such as car ownership, ventilation system, the use of electrical power, cooking fuel and the way to use the home appliances. The highest total energy consumption per month exists in high density type. Although the average smallest energy consumption per household exists in medium density, the total energy consumption in medium density is much greater than that in the low density because the number of households in medium density is greater. The final result shows that the correlation between the total production of GHG emissions (CO2) and density has a direct or positive relationship, which means that the greater the density, the higher the production rate of GHG emissions (CO2).<br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" />

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Gbadegesin, Adeniyi Sunday. "Intra-Urban Variations in the Prevalence of Self-Reported Common Mental Disorders in a Traditional City." Urbana - Urban Affairs & Public Policy XXIII, no. 2022 (December 12, 2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47785/urbana.1.2022.2.

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Studies of intra-urban variations of self-reported Common Mental Disorders (CMD) are still emerging in most developing cities. This present study, thus sought to determine if variations exist in the prevalence of self-reported CMDs along the lines of gender and residential densities in a traditional urban city. Using the Neumman’s probability sampling method, 1200 respondents were selected and an adapted SRQ-20 was employed for the study. ANOVA and ArcGIS methods were employed to examine the variations, mapping and identification of the localities of high Self-reported CMD prevalence respectively. The result showed that overall prevalence was 32.5%. Females (35.1%) reported more cases of Self-reported CMD than males (30.1%). The analysis of variance shows a significant variation in Self-reported CMD across the residential densities (F=22.620, p=0.000). This implies that the prevalence of self-reported CMD varies across the residential densities. Post-hoc test result shows that Self-reported CMD varies across the residential densities as the mean score of high residential density area (5.1956) was higher than those of medium (3.9859) and low (3.5766) density areas. CMD is a major public health burden in and there is need for increased public sensitization on its causative factors. The high density localities should also be targeted as areas requiring immediate mental health and social service intervention.

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Mohammed, Jibrin Katun, Aremu Olanrewaju Sulyman, and Abdullahi Alhaji Aliyu. "A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Densification in an Organically Growing Urban Area." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2021-0008.

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Abstract Urban densification has attracted much attention in recent times, particularly in addressing certain urban problems such as urban sprawl and promoting compact development, though problems of unplanned densification are yet to be addressed in the literature. This paper examines space and time dynamics of urban densification, where patterns and changes in the residential densification of Bida urban area in Nigeria are assessed. The study relied on point features representing buildings for the years 2008, 2013, and 2018 digitized using ArcGIS 10.6. The data were analysed using Point Density spatial method to develop the spatiotemporal models which were further reclassified into three categories: low, medium, and high densities, respectively. The paper has found out that residential densities increase along the urban-rural gradient with clear evidence for unplanned urban densification as a result of the organic growth. Therefore, there is the need for planned densification in urban development which can curb the increasing residential density that reduces green and open spaces.

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Sillanpää, Nora, and Harri Koivusalo. "Catchment-scale evaluation of pollution potential of urban snow at two residential catchments in southern Finland." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 10 (October 22, 2013): 2164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.466.

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Despite the crucial role of snow in the hydrological cycle in cold climate conditions, monitoring studies of urban snow quality often lack discussions about the relevance of snow in the catchment-scale runoff management. In this study, measurements of snow quality were conducted at two residential catchments in Espoo, Finland, simultaneously with continuous runoff measurements. The results of the snow quality were used to produce catchment-scale estimates of areal snow mass loads (SML). Based on the results, urbanization reduced areal snow water equivalent but increased pollutant accumulation in snow: SMLs in a medium-density residential catchment were two- to four-fold higher in comparison with a low-density residential catchment. The main sources of pollutants were related to vehicular traffic and road maintenance, but also pet excrement increased concentrations to a high level. Ploughed snow can contain 50% of the areal pollutant mass stored in snow despite its small surface area within a catchment.

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Joshua Adegoke, Oluseyi. "Critical factors determining rental value of residential property in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria." Property Management 32, no. 3 (June 10, 2014): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-05-2013-0033.

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Purpose – This paper adds to the emerging knowledge base in the Nigeria and is of relevance to all residential property stakeholders. A number of empirical studies have demonstrated that several factors influence residential property values. However, there is a paucity of empirical research on critical factors influencing rental value of residential property in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to serve to address this gap by examining critical factors influencing rental value of residential property in the three densities area of Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – The study used random sampling to select 624 residential properties out of 3,120 residential properties in the portfolio of 52 Estate Surveying and Valuation firms located within Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Data collected were analysed using a hedonic pricing specification. Findings – The results show that different critical factors influences rental values of different types of building in different residential densities. Number of bathroom (NOB), number of living room (NOL) and existence of burglar alarm (EOBA) were critical to bungalow in the whole area of Ibadan while number of toilet (NOT) was critical to duplex. In low-density area; residential location and EOBA have a significant positive impact on rental value of bungalow while NOT, NOBs (NOR), NOL and EOBA have a significant positive impact on detached house. However, it was NOR and EOBA that were critical in the medium density to bungalow. Practical implications – The study concluded that each of the residential densities is homogenous and, therefore, every residential property stakeholders should recognise the importance of each factor on rental values so that their valuation estimates will be useful and reliable. Originality/value – The study is one of the few attempts at examining factors affecting residential property value. This paper examined critical factors influencing rental value of residential property in the three densities area of Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria.

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Marengo, M. Cecilia. "Collective Housing and Residential Quality—Four Complexes of Low, Medium and High Density in Córdoba, Argentina." OALib 06, no. 06 (2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105477.

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Aina, Y. A., E. M. Adam, and F. Ahmed. "SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN THE IMPACTS OF URBAN LAND USE TYPES ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECTS: THE CASE OF RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W2 (November 15, 2017): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w2-9-2017.

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Urban heat island (UHI) effect is considered to be one of the key indicators of the impacts of urbanization and the climate changes on the environment. Thus, the growing interest in studying the impacts of urbanization on changes in land surface temperature (LST). The literature on LST indicates the need for more studies on the relationship between changes in LST and land use types, especially in the arid environment. This paper examines the spatial and temporal changes in land surface temperature influenced by land use/land cover types in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Multi-temporal Landsat images of the study area, 1985, 1995, 2002 and 2015, were processed to derive land surface temperatures. UHI index was computed for the different land use/land cover types (high-density residential, medium-density residential, low-density residential, industrial, vegetation, and desert) in the study area. The results indicate a trend of rising temperatures in all the land use types in the study area. This is probably due to climate change. The industrial area has the highest temperatures among the land use types. The lowest temperatures are found in the vegetation area as expected. There is a need to implement mitigating measures to reduce the effects of rising temperatures in the study area.

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Moudon, Anne Vernez, Paul M. Hess, Mary Catherine Snyder, and Kiril Stanilov. "Effects of Site Design on Pedestrian Travel in Mixed-Use, Medium-Density Environments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1578, no. 1 (January 1997): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1578-07.

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Whether high or low incidence of pedestrian travel in mixed-use, medium-density environments is due to site design characteristics, and specifically to presence of direct, continuous, and safe pedestrian systems, is examined. Twelve neighborhood centers or sites in the Puget Sound area of Washington were selected by matching gross residential density, median income, automobile ownership, and intensity and type of neighborhood commercial development. Pedestrians and bicyclists were recorded that traveled into the commercial area. A clear break emerges between urban and suburban sites. The average urban pedestrian volume is 37.7 pedestrians per hour per 1,000 residents, which is 3 times higher than the 12.5 pedestrians per hour per 1,000 residents in suburban sites. These results strongly support the hypothesis that, when holding other variables constant, the urban versus suburban difference in route directness and completeness of pedestrian facilities (namely, block size and sidewalk length) affects pedestrian volumes. The research also questions the common belief that people do not walk in the suburbs. Given appropriate land use conditions, pedestrian facility improvement programs in suburban areas can support pedestrian travel and have a significant influence on mode choice.

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Le, Hoa Thanh, and Chau Thi Phuong Nguyen. "Using urban morphology for flood risk in residential areas in Ho Chi Minh city." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.679.

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Urban morphology in urban studies is used to classify and manage the distribution of urban densities. In urban planning, it helps to identify the emerging problems and solve the disorder of urban functions as in the megacity of Ho Chi Minh City. Rapid urbanization has increased the development footprint with disordered densities of building footprint, incomplete infrastructure and urban - peripheral instability. And it, then, caused more flood problems to the city. This study was based on applying fractal geometry, GIS on large-scale maps for identifying residential density based on urban morphology. The land-use map and the building footprints map of 2010 were integrated in fractal geometry to analyze the distribution of urban areas by the large scale of GIS data. This study showed HCMC had problems on irrational development in residential densities areas; and uneven development of population and residential density between the urban areas. At block scale of land-use block, in urban center had highest densities of building footprints and population, then, the medium densities in developing districts and rural-sub-districts. With these densities, there was more flood in high density areas, as in urban center, and less flood in lower density areas, as in sub-urban areas. These problems may cause some limitations to development of social, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure in HCMC. City needs to have flood control and management for development of the city.

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Zhou, Long, Guoqiang Shen, Yao Wu, Robert Brown, Tian Chen, and Chenyu Wang. "Urban Form, Growth, and Accessibility in Space and Time: Anatomy of Land Use at the Parcel-Level in a Small to Medium-Sized American City." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 4572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124572.

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Using the City of Corvallis, Oregon, a small to medium sized American city, as a test-bed, this paper examines the City’s urban growth in relation to urban accessibility. This relationship is explored in an anatomic spatial-temporal fashion, taking account of: the number and size of developed land use parcels over time; urban accessibility from residential to non-residential land use areas; and the statistical relationships between urban form and urban accessibility. This investigation of land use is structured around use-classification and examined within a range of dimensional and demographic measurements over 5-year time periods from 1853 to 2014; concurrently, urban accessibility is measured by the least-cost path distance as calculated through the OD cost matrix analysis in GIS. The results indicate that the city grew spatially at different rates and its urban accessibility experienced both ups and downs over time. The city’s population growth corresponded closely with urban growth and its decreasing population density negatively impacted on the city’s urban accessibility to commerce, industry, and office for most time periods. Significantly, while the urban density increased steadily after 1950s concurrent with an increase in urban sprawl, in contrast to previous studies on the metropolitan condition, the urban density had no evident impact on urban accessibility in Corvallis. Instead, increasing the land-use mix was a more effective and feasible approach to reduce urban travel path distance and enhance accessibility than increasing population density or urban development density. Accordingly, this research provides evidence-based policy recommendations for planning sustainable urban mobility and urban form in small to medium-sized cities.

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Pratiwi, Sri Bening, Triyatno Triyatno, and Fitriana Syahar. "KLASIFIKASI KUALITAS PERMUKIMAN MENGGUNAKAN CITRA QUICKBIRD DI KECAMATAN MANDIANGIN KOTO SELAYAN KOTA BUKITTINGGI." JURNAL GEOGRAFI 7, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/geografi/vol7-iss1/436.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this research are (1) describe the quality parameters of settlement, (2) analyze the distribution of quality of settlements, (3) test the accuracy of interpretation Quickbird. Methods used for the quality of settlements is scoring and overlay. Accuracy of interpretation used confusion matrix method. Based on research result show that (1) the quality parameter of the settlements is the density of the settlements has a medium quality of 120 Ha, the pattern of the building layout has a bad quality of 182 Ha, tree protective settlement has a bad quality of 233 Ha, the road width has bad quality the extent of 207 Ha, the condition of residential road has good quality which is 204 Ha, and the residential location variable has medium quality which is 91 Ha. (2) the distribution of settlement quality in the subdistric Mandiangin Koto Selayan for the medium quality of settlements are having an area of 125 Ha, the quality of bad settlements has an area of 118 Ha. The medium quality of the settlements is the most in the village Kubu Gulai Bancah while the bad quality is the most in the village Campago Guguak Bulek. (3) test image accuracy using confution matrix produce accuracy of image that is 94,73%.

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Pekkan, E., M. Tun, Y. Guney, and S. Mutlu. "Integrated seismic risk analysis using simple weighting method: the case of residential Eskişehir, Turkey." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 2, 2015): 1123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1123-2015.

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Abstract. A large part of the residential areas in Turkey are at risk from earthquakes. The main factors that threaten residential areas during an earthquake are poor quality building stock and soil problems. Liquefaction, loss of bearing capacity, amplification, slope failure, and landslide hazards must be taken into account for residential areas that are close to fault zones and covered with younger sediments. Analyzing these hazards separately and then combining the analyses would ensure a more realistic risk evaluation according to population density than analyzing several risks based on a single parameter. In this study, an integrated seismic risk analysis of central Eskişehir was performed based on two earthquake related parameters, liquefaction and amplification. The analysis used a simple weighting method. Other earthquake-related problems such as loss of bearing capacity, landslides, and slope failures are not significant for Eskişehir because of the geological and the topographical conditions of the region. According to the integrated seismic risk analysis of the Eskişehir residential area, the populated area is found to be generally at medium to high risk during a potential earthquake.

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Czaplicka, Marianna, Justyna Klyta, Bogusław Komosiński, Tomasz Konieczny, and Katarzyna Janoszka. "Comparison of Carbonaceous Compounds Emission from the Co-Combustion of Coal and Waste in Boilers Used in Residential Heating in Poland, Central Europe." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 5326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175326.

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In this study, the effect of the addition of waste on the emissions from coal co-combustion was investigated. Coal was co-combusted with different additions of medium-density fiberboard and polyethylene terephthalate plastic (10 and 50%), in a low-power boiler (18 W). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, alkylphenols, phthalates, and biomass burning markers emissions were determined. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometry detector, was used to analyze these compounds in particulate matter and gas phase, after extraction and derivatization. The emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the highest among all the compounds determined. The total emission of these compounds was 215.1 mg/kg for coal, and 637.7 and 948.3 mg/kg for a 10 and 50% additive of polyethylene terephthalate plastic, respectively. For the 10 and 50% additive of medium-density fiberboard, the total emission was 474.2 and 464.0 mg/kg, respectively. The 50% addition of PET also had the highest emissions of phenols (638.5 mg/kg), alkylphenols (246.5 mg/kg), and phthalates (18.1 mg/kg), except for biomass burning markers, where the emissions were the highest for the 50% addition of medium-density fiberboard (541.3 mg/kg). In our opinion, the obtained results are insufficient for the identification of source apportionment from household heating.

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Liu, Jialin, Fangyan Cheng, Yi Zhu, Qun Zhang, Qing Song, and Xinhong Cui. "Urban Land-Use Type Influences Summertime Water Quality in Small- and Medium-Sized Urban Rivers: A Case Study in Shanghai, China." Land 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040511.

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(1) Background: Small- and medium-sized rivers in urban areas are unique environments that serve as blue-green corridors for urban residents. The relationship between land-use types and water quality in these rivers provides important information for effectively addressing urban river restoration and pollution management. However, not much attention has been paid on these small- and medium-sized rivers, especially in large urban agglomerations with dense river networks. (2) Methods: This study undertook a field investigation on 130 sampling small- and medium-sized rivers during the late summer and applied data-driven water quality index and landscape analysis techniques to evaluate the direct impacts of riparian land-use types on the summertime water quality in Shanghai’s small- and medium-sized rivers. Riparian land-use types were derived from OpenStreetMap (OSM) datasets, including industrial, commercial, residential, and green spaces. (3) Results: Residential and green space are located closer to these sampled rivers than industrial and commercial land types, suggesting a tentative link between anthropogenic activities and water quality. Further analysis concluded that urban resident settlements, characterized by specific land-use types, DMSP-OLS nighttime lights, OSM road density, and OSM river density, strongly affected the water quality at the sub-catchment scale. We further determined the critical radii for impacts of land use types on urban rivers. Industrial types may influence water quality within a maximum radius of 5 km, followed by green space (4 km), residential areas (3 km), and commercial developments (2 km). These mathematically and statistically computed radii provide updated visions for river health assessment. For a specific land-use type, the assessed water quality index will be biased by using an assessment area with a radius higher or lower than the above-estimated radii. The study also quantified the spatial extent and transmission efficiency of non-point source pollution in a super built-up area of central Shanghai. We observed that contaminants transported by river pathways can reach a larger area than those transported by roads. (4) Conclusions: The high-quality environments in small- and medium-sized rivers are tightly linked to riparian landscape patterns. It is therefore urgent to control domestic pollutions as part of the restoration of megacity’s urban rivers and grapple with the complex challenges of risks to water supply. This study elaborates the importance of integrating land-use planning and water-quality management to maintain the functions and services of small- and medium-sized urban rivers.

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Rahman, Mohammad Lutfur, Tessa Pocock, Antoni Moore, and Sandra Mandic. "Active Transport to School and School Neighbourhood Built Environment across Urbanisation Settings in Otago, New Zealand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 9013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239013.

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The school neighbourhood built environment (BE) can facilitate active transport to school (ATS) in adolescents. Most previous studies examining ATS were conducted in large urban centres and focused on BE of home neighbourhoods. This study examined correlations between school-level ATS rates among adolescents, objectively measured school neighbourhood BE features, and adolescents’ perceptions of the school route across different urbanisation settings. Adolescents (n = 1260; 15.2 ± 1.4 years; 43.6% male) were recruited from 23 high schools located in large, medium, and small urban areas, and rural settings in Otago, New Zealand. Adolescents completed an online survey. School neighbourhood BE features were analysed using Geographic Information Systems. School neighbourhood intersection density, residential density and walkability index were higher in large urban areas compared to other urbanisation settings. School-level ATS rates (mean 38.1%; range: 27.8%–43.9%) were negatively correlated with school neighbourhood intersection density (r = −0.58), residential density (r = −0.60), and walkability index (r = −0.64; all p < 0.01). School-level ATS rates were also negatively associated with adolescents’ perceived safety concerns for walking (r = −0.76) and cycling (r = −0.78) to school, high traffic volume (r = −0.82), and presence of dangerous intersections (r = −0.75; all p < 0.01). Future initiatives to encourage ATS should focus on school neighbourhood BE features and minimise adolescents’ traffic safety related concerns.

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Delmas, A., and E. Arquis. "Early Initiation of Natural Convection in an Open Porous Layer Due to the Presence of Solid Conductive Inclusions." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822637.

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The effects of solid conductive blocks on the initiation of convection in a porous medium are reported in this paper. A two-dimensional convective code was used to determine the temperature field, the structure of the motion, and the global heat transfer through a composite medium consisting of permeable and impermeable areas. Influence of the size of impermeable regions on convection as well as the effect of the distance between these solid blocks was studied in terms of Nusselt number and maximum of the stream function. The predicted heat transfer in this type of composite medium, obtained with the code, was compared with experimental results where the porous medium is a low-density insulating material in which some wood joists are included. This configuration corresponds to the layer of insulation on the floor of a residential attic.

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Elkhazindar, Ayat, Sahar N. Kharrufa, and Mohammad S. Arar. "The Effect of Urban Form on the Heat Island Phenomenon and Human Thermal Comfort: A Comparative Study of UAE Residential Sites." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 5471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155471.

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The Urban Heat Island (UHI) has a detrimental impact on human thermal comfort and the health of city dwellers through raising average temperatures. Urban geometry is one of the factors that affect the intensity of the UHI phenomena. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and compare traditional vs. modern urban forms with respect to temperature and thermal comfort in the United Arab Emirates. Three of each were chosen based on their densities and form. Traditional buildings in the UAE differ from others in the Middle East in that they are primarily single-story, while in the surrounding countries of the region, such as Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, they are mainly two stories. The UAE climate also has its distinct characteristics. Each configuration was investigated using the ENVI-met urban microclimate simulation software. The comparisons were made for three seasons: summer, winter, and spring. Each configuration was evaluated through four parameters: building shape, street geometry, orientation, and urban density. The results revealed that the low-density traditional urban form exhibited the lowest air temperature in August because it has a low sky view factor (SVF), high height-to-width ratio, and less density. The highest ambient temperature was observed in the sites with low-medium density, lowest height/width ratio, and maximum SVF. The high-density modern urban form displayed lower air temperatures in the summer season than the low and low-medium-density modern urban sites due to the building form, high height-to-width ratio, low SVF, and wind corridors. The traditional compact urban form in Al Fahidi, which has the highest urban density of the six configurations, achieved the best thermal comfort levels in the summer due to the sizable height-to-width ratio and lowest SVF.

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Taha, Ahmed Nameer, and Kadhim Faris Dhumad. "The Optimal Heights of Multi Families High Density Urban Housing (Case Study: Al-Ayadi Residential Complex in Baghdad)." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 4 (January 3, 2021): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2020.27.4.004.

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This research dealt with the optimum heights of multi-family urban housing in the city of Baghdad. The research problem was represented by the lack of clarity of the relationship between housing density and the high-density multi-family housing heights, which led to some negative effects on the environmental, social, and physical levels. The aim of the research is to find suitable heights limits for multi-family housing buildings, to recommend their adoption within the framework of planning and design determinants and standards. For the purpose of solving the research problem and achieving its goals, a hypothesis has been developed stating that: The optimum height of the dense multi-family residential building is achieved in light of a balanced outcome of the impact factors produced by the density. By adopting the analytical descriptive approach, the research began by analyzing the type of multi-family housing, then studying the relationship between housing density as an independent variable, and height as a dependent variable. Then study the height in light of the effects produced by density, I mean the economic, social, environmental, and physical influences. From that, it was possible to extract indicators in the form (relative weights) to determine the optimization of heights, within the range specified by the densities. The practical study involved the application of the obtained indicators to determine the optimum heights of the residential buildings of the Al-Ayadi residential complex in the city of Baghdad. The results of the application showed that the economic influencer supports the high heights, and the social influencer supports the medium heights, while the environmental and physical influence support the lower ones. In total, the optimal rate of height in the complex, according to the study, is determined by a height of (5-8 floors), while the actual height reached (10) floors

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Drapper, Darren, and Andy Hornbuckle. "Removal of Nutrients, Sediment, and Heavy Metals by a Stormwater Treatment Train; a Medium-Density Residential Case Study in Southeast Queensland." Water 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2018): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101307.

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Urban stormwater runoff from a medium-density residential development in southeast Queensland has been monitored in the field since November 2013. A treatment train installed on the site includes rainwater tanks collecting roofwater, 200-micron mesh baskets installed in grated gully pits, and two 850-mm-high media filtration cartridges installed in an underground 4-m3 vault. The site has been monitored over a 4.5-year period. Removal efficiencies were observed at this site for the regulated pollutants; the corresponding values for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) for the pit baskets were 61%, 28%, and 45%, respectively. The cartridge filters removed 78% of TSS, 59% of TP, 42% of TN, 40% of total copper, and 51% of total zinc. As the measured influent TSS and TP concentrations to the cartridge filters were low when compared to industry guidelines, the U.S. field dataset was truncated to anticipated guideline levels, confirming results at 90% for TSS and 76% for TP. The total gross pollutant generation rate from the medium-density residential catchment was observed to be 0.24 m3/Ha/year, with a corresponding air-dried mass of 142.5 kg/Ha/year. Less than 2% of the gross pollutant mass was anthropogenic. This paper concludes that the treatment train, and in particular the media filter, provides good removal of total copper and total zinc as well as TSS, TP, and TN from urban stormwater runoff, with higher inlet concentrations producing better performance. Field test data from 58 months of operation and standard maintenance suggests that breakthrough of TSS and TP has not occurred yet.

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Hanberry, Brice. "Reclassifying the Wildland–Urban Interface Using Fire Occurrences for the United States." Land 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9070225.

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The wildland–urban interface (WUI) occurs at the intersection of houses and undeveloped wildlands, where fire is a safety concern for communities, motivating investment in planning, protection, and risk mitigation. Because there is no operational definition of WUI based on where fires in fact have occurred, I used fire occurrences to objectively establish a definition of WUI, while examining spatiotemporal changes, for the conterminous United States. I applied four classifiers, but focused on C5.0, which produced equivalent sensitivity (0.87 to 0.91 at prevalence = 0.67) and generated a ruleset that indicated housing density was the preferable basis for definitions. Fire occurrences overall were predicted for housing densities <100 houses/km2 with potentially low (≥10%) thresholds for percent vegetation cover, varying by housing densities and models. A generalized guideline according to classifications is continued use of existing definitions for wildlands of <6.17 houses/km2 and a low-density intermix class of 6.17 to 50 houses/km2. Departing from other definitions, the medium-density class encompasses 50 to 100 houses/km2 and the high-density class is 100 to 200 houses/km2. Interface, or suburban, communities are 200 to 400 houses/km2. Implications of refining the definition include a larger critical area classified as greater fire risk (low and medium-density WUI below 100 houses/km2) at 855,000 km2 during 2010, and; therefore, incorporation of more communities and homeowners into a high-risk status. The low-density class had greatest risk of fire exposure, but the medium-density class contained a greater concentration of houses. Classification of the wildland–urban interface or intermix based on realized fire occurrences provides an objective foundation for identifying residential densities at risk of fire exposure, which permits disclosure of risk, prioritization of resources to communities and homeowners with greater wildfire exposure, development of strategies for communities to coexist with fire, and responses to reduce vulnerability.

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Molina-García, Javier, Xavier García-Massó, Isaac Estevan, and Ana Queralt. "Built Environment, Psychosocial Factors and Active Commuting to School in Adolescents: Clustering a Self-Organizing Map Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010083.

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Although the built environment and certain psychosocial factors are related to adolescents’ active commuting to and from school (ACS), their interrelationships have not been explored in depth. This study describes these interrelationships and behavioral profiles via a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis. The sample comprised 465 adolescents from the IPEN (International Physical Activity and the Environment Network) Adolescent study in Valencia, Spain. ACS, barriers to ACS, physical self-efficacy, social support and sociodemographics were measured by questionnaire. Street-network distance to school, net residential density and street intersection density were calculated from the Geographic Information System. The clustering of the SOM outcomes resulted in eight areas or clusters. The clusters which correspond to the lowest and highest ACS levels were then explored in depth. The lowest ACS levels presented interactions between the less supportive built environments (i.e., low levels of residential density and street connectivity in the neighborhood and greater distances to school) and unfavorable psychosocial variables (i.e., low values of physical self-efficacy and medium social support for ACS) and good access to private motorized transport at home. The adolescents with the lowest ACS values exhibited high ACS environment/safety and planning/psychosocial barrier values. Future interventions should be designed to encourage ACS and change multiple levels of influence, such as individual, psychosocial and environmental factors.

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Li, Kun, Tingting Xia, and Wenya Li. "Evaluation of Subjective Feelings of Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Residential Areas: A Case Study of Wuhan." Buildings 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090389.

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Outdoor thermal comfort in urban residential areas is closely related to the daily lives of their residents. Nine residential communities in Wuhan, a typical city in central China, were selected as the research object. A questionnaire survey, meteorological parameter measurements, and data analyses were used to investigate the influences of factors such as the characteristics of the spatial environments and the types of outdoor activities undertaken by the residents on the levels of comfort. This investigation was expected to provide a reference for improving these levels. The results show that the level of satisfaction of those in areas with building heights of more than 15 stories reached 51%. Wind speeds were higher in medium-density areas while comfort was the highest in residential areas with densities between 22% and 30%. High-quality areas, which benefitted mainly from higher sensations of wind speed, had the highest levels of comfort but the strongest sensations of heat. A positive correlation exists between green areas and comfort. Where the green coverage rate exceeded 70.0%, temperature satisfaction increased to 33.3–66.7%. Areas with impervious paving are negatively correlated to temperature sensations. Areas of 400–625 m2 had levels of temperature satisfaction lower than 21.5%.

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Chen, Long, Antoni B. Moore, and Sandra Mandic. "Using Exploratory Spatial Analysis to Understand the Patterns of Adolescents’ Active Transport to School and Contributory Factors." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080495.

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Active transport to school (ATS) is a convenient way for adolescents to reach their recommended daily physical activity levels. Most previous ATS research examined the factors that promote or hinder ATS, but this research has been of a global (i.e., non-spatial), statistical nature. Geographical Information Science (GIS) is widely applied in analysing human activities, focusing on local spatial phenomena, such as distribution, autocorrelation, and co-association. This study, therefore, applied exploratory spatial analysis methods to ATS and its factors. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) was used to derive maps of transport mode and ATS factor distribution patterns. The results of KDE were compared to and verified by Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) outputs. The data used in this study was collected from 12 high schools, including 425 adolescents who lived within walkable distance and used ATS or MTS in Dunedin New Zealand. This study identified clusters and spatial autocorrelation, confirming that the adolescents living in the south of the city, who were female, attended girls-only schools, lived in more deprived neighbourhoods, and lived in neighbourhoods with higher intersection density and residential density used more ATS. On the other hand, adolescents who were male, attended boys-only schools, lived in less deprived neighbourhoods, had more vehicles at home, and lived in neighbourhoods with medium level intersection density and residential density used more ATS in the northwest of the city as well as some part of the city centre and southeast of the city. The co-association between spatial patterns of the ATS factors and the ATS usages that this study detected adds to the evidence for autocorrelation underpinning ATS users across the study area.

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Koohsari, Mohammad Javad, Rachel Cole, Koichiro Oka, Ai Shibata, Akitomo Yasunaga, Tomoya Hanibuchi, Neville Owen, and Takemi Sugiyama. "Associations of built environment attributes with bicycle use for transport." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808319845006.

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An increasing number of studies have examined neighbourhood built environment attributes associated with cycling. Some of them suggest non-linear relationships between built environment attributes and cycling. This study examined the strength and shape of associations of cycling for transport with objectively measured built environment attributes. Data were from 9146 Australian adults who took part in the 2009 South-East Queensland Travel Survey. Participants (aged 18–64 years) completed a 24-hour travel survey, in which they reported modes of travel. Residential density, Walk Score and a Space Syntax measure of street integration were calculated at a neighbourhood level using geographic information systems. Multilevel logistic regression analyses examined associations of bicycle use with each built environment attribute, which was modelled continuously and categorically. All continuous measures of the built environment attributes were associated with bicycle use. Each one-decile increment in residential density, Walk Score, and street integration was associated with 13%, 16%, and 10% higher odds of bicycle use, respectively. However, the associations appeared to be non-linear, with significant odds ratios observed only for the higher categories of each built environment attribute relative to the middle category. This study found that adults living in high-density neighbourhoods with more destinations nearby and well-connected streets were more likely to cycle for transport. However, medium-level density, access to destinations and street connectivity may not be enough to facilitate bicycle use. Further studies are needed to investigate urban design threshold values above which cycling can be promoted.

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Newton, Peter, Stephen Glackin, Jennifer Witheridge, and Lisa Garner. "Beyond small lot subdivision: towards municipality-initiated and resident-supported precinct scale medium density residential infill regeneration in greyfield suburbs." Urban Policy and Research 38, no. 4 (September 27, 2020): 338–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2020.1815186.

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Dimitrova, Reneta, Ventsislav Danchovski, Evgenia Egova, Evgeni Vladimirov, Ashish Sharma, Orlin Gueorguiev, and Danko Ivanov. "Modeling the Impact of Urbanization on Local Meteorological Conditions in Sofia." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070366.

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Increasing urbanization impacts the local meteorology and the quality of life for residents. Urban surface characteristics and anthropogenic heat stress lead to urban heat island effects, changes in local circulations, precipitation alteration, and amendment of the local fluxes. These modifications have a direct effect on the life and health of residents. In this study, we assessed the impact of urbanization in Sofia (Bulgaria) using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 500 m resolution for the summer period of 2016. We utilized the CORINE (coordination of information on the environment) 2012 land cover database to represent the urban areas in four detailed land cover types, i.e., high-intensity residential areas, low-intensity residential areas, medium/industrial areas, and developed open spaces. We performed two experiments; in the first, we substituted an urban area with the most representative rural land cover to delineate the current impact of urbanization, while in the second, we replaced the existing built-up area (all four categories) with a hypothetical scenario of high-density residential land cover showing aggressive urban development. These experiments addressed the impact of land use changes as well as the extreme effects of ongoing high-density construction on the local meteorological conditions. The results showed that urban temperatures can increase by 5 °C and that moisture can decrease by 2 g/kg in the central part of Sofia in comparison to surrounding rural areas. The results also showed that building higher and dense urban areas can significantly increase heat flux and add additional stress to the environment.

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Rojas Quezada, Carolina, and Felipe Jorquera. "Urban Fabrics to Eco-Friendly Blue–Green for Urban Wetland Development." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413745.

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In an urbanized world, the sustainability of cities will depend on their form and urban structure. In this sense, fabrics that are compact, dense, green, and suitable for non-motorized transport methods are more environmentally efficient. For the purpose of contributing new tools to the design, urban planning, and sustainability of nature in residential areas, this study characterizes the urban fabrics of six urban wetlands in the Latin American city of Concepción (Chile), which is known for its blue–green spaces. In a wetland city, we model urban patterns through spatial relationship using a statistical regression model (OLS—ordinary least squares) with the urban variables of density, distance, population, housing, highways, green areas, and building permits. Concepción shows predominantly low- to medium-density fabrics, and it is not integrated with the urban wetlands. In fact, it was observed that the residential areas do not take advantage of the blue–green spaces and that the urban fabrics do not favor proximity, with a transportation network that promotes the use of cars, leading to the wetlands being inaccessible and fragmented. However, as they are still surrounded by open spaces with abundant vegetation, there are highly feasible opportunities for the future development of blue–green infrastructure.

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KEARNS, ADE, NICK BAILEY, MARIA GANNON, MARK LIVINGSTON, and ALASTAIR LEYLAND. "‘All in it Together’? Social Cohesion in a Divided Society: Attitudes to Income Inequality and Redistribution in a Residential Context." Journal of Social Policy 43, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 453–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279414000063.

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AbstractThis paper asks whether where someone lives bears any association with their attitudes to inequality and income redistribution, focusing on the relative contribution of neighbourhood income, density and ethnic composition. People on higher incomes showed higher support for redistribution when living in more deprived neighbourhoods. People with lower levels of altruism had higher levels of support for redistribution in neighbourhoods of higher density. People living in more ethnically mixed neighbourhoods had higher levels of support for redistribution on average, but this support declined for Whites with low levels of altruism as the deprivation of the neighbourhood increased. Current trends which sustain or extend income and wealth inequalities, reflected in patterns of residence, may undermine social cohesion in the medium- to long-term. This may be offset to some extent by trends of rising residential ethnic diversity.

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Mayungbo, Olusegun, and Retta Akingbade. "Residential Neighbourhoods, Perceived Social Support and Subjective Wellbeing." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 17 (June 30, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n17p152.

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Research on subjective wellbeing has mainly focused on personality and demographic variables. The influence of residential neighbourhoods are usually not considered. This study, investigates the influence of types of neighbourhoods and perceived social support on life satisfaction among residents in Ibadan metropolis. Using a 2-way factorial design and multistage sampling technique, five of the eleven Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the metropolis were purposively selected for the study. Ten enumeration areas were selected from each LGA using simple random technique. The number of participants in the selected enumeration areas were determined using enumeration area maps. Two hundred and twenty house-owners and renters each were then selected from the low, medium and high density areas of the LGAs using systematic technique, making a total of 1,100 participants. The selected household heads were sampled. A structured questionnaire focusing on socio-demographic profile, life satisfaction scale (r=0.74) and a multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (r=0.87) was administered to the participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance at 0.05 level of significance. Three hypotheses were tested. The results reveal that social support did not have significant main influence on life satisfaction (F (1,237) =.04; p>.05) while neighbourhood types significantly influenced life satisfaction (F (1,237) = 10.79; p<.05). There were significant interaction effects of neighbourhood and social support on life satisfaction (F(1,237) = 4.15). The findings suggest that the places we live are important for improvement of our life satisfaction.

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Сидорова, А. Э., and A. E. Sidorova. "The Model of Structurization of Urban Ecosystems as the Process of Self-Organization in Active Media." Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics 12, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/2017.12.186.

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A model of spatiotemporal self-organization of urban ecosystems as a superposition of conjugate active media, that takes into account inhomogeneities of anthropogenic and natural factors is proposed. This type of ecosystems is characterized by a high rate of population growth and density due to the concentration of residential, industrial, commercial and other facilities, as well as means of communication. These conditions violate the dynamic equilibrium of energy, substance and information flows, reduce the “buffer capacity” of natural subsystems, increase the nonlinearity, and, as a consequence, instability of system processes. The model is based on the modified by the authors Fitz-Hugh-Nagumo equations, taking into account the inhomogeneities of the anthropogenic (activator) and natural (inhibitor) factors. The validity of the application of this type of equations is determined by the relative simplicity of the system analysis of two equations of the "activator-inhibitor" type. The conditions for the formation of an excitable/unexcitable state of the active medium and the initial burst of an autowave depending on the population density and the kinetic parameters of the system (activator and inhibitor), as well as the criteria for the formation of transition zones between cities, are obtained (based on calculations made from aerial photography). The obtained value of the dimensionless model population density in the region of the transition layer (the barrier on the path of the autowave front) and on the outskirts of residential arrays made it possible to reveal the proportionality coefficient between the parameters of the model problem and the corresponding values in a real urban environment. The dimensionless model is confirmed by data on population density and population density and Moscow map data from 1946 to 2014. The model makes it possible to identify threshold values of control parameters and to consider the basic principles of development of autowave processes forming the structures of urban ecosystems.

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Kharisma, Erlana Citra Putri, Galing Yudana, and Winny Astuti. "PENGARUH FAKTOR PREFERENSI BERMUKIM MASYARAKAT DALAM MEMILIH HUNIAN PERUMAHAN TERHADAP KONDISI FISIK LINGKUNGAN DI PINGGIRAN SELATAN KOTA SURAKARTA." Arsitektura 15, no. 1 (July 14, 2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/arst.v15i1.11646.

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Abstract: Limited land for housing in Surakarta eventually make the society chosen an alternative to living in residential housing on the southern fringe of Surakarta.The problems in this research is how influence of factors society living preference when choosing a residential housing to the physical condition of the environment on the southern fringe of Surakarta. The purpose of research is to find the influence of factors society living preference when choosing a residential housing to the physical condition of the environment on the southern fringe of Surakarta. The used research method was quantitative with deductive approach. The analysis technique used is descriptive eksplanatif analysis. Overall the conclusion of this research is factors society living preference when choosing a residential housing give high influence to physical condition of the environment on the southern fringe of Surakarta. When viewed its influence to each of these aspect physical condition of the environment, factors society living preference when choosing a residential housing give high level of influence on the residential density condition, give high level of influence on the facilities condition, give high level of influence on the infrastructure condition and give medium level of influence on the accessibility condition. Keyword: Housing, Living preference, Physical condition of the environment

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Kurniawati, Selma, and Anastasia Dewi Titisari. "Rekomendasi Pemanfaatan Marmer Daerah Besole, Kecamatan Besuki, Kabupaten Tulungagung, Provinsi Jawa Timur Berdasarkan Karakteristiknya." Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.35963.

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Besole area, Tulungagung regency, East Java province is an area with measured marble resource potential of 15 million tons. This study aims to determine marble recommendations based on their characteristics. Marble characteristic has brownish white-brown description of megascopis, non-foliated structure, based on fracture density measurement using inventory method, marble has medium density, based on petrographic analysis, marble has crystal size ≤ 0.5 - 2 mm, having texture of metamorphism process resistance ie crystalloblastic and relict, texture of mineral form that is granoblastic, texture of metamorphic rock is decussate and saccharoidal. The composition of marble consists of calcite, dolomite and hematite. Based on analysis of geochemical test using method of ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy), marble has the main oxide content dominated by CaO 54.6% - 56%, based on the analysis of engineering test yields the average value of compressive strength test of 781,713 kg / cm², wear resistance value 0.0399 mm / min and water absorption value 0.704%. The recommended use of marble based on solid density is utilized as a residential floor with a size of ≤10-40 cm, based on its geochemistry used as paper industry, textile dye, pesticide production, sugar screening and cement production, and based on its technique is used as floor with live load> 250 kg / cm², inner and outer construction stone, and light - medium construction foundation

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Younis, Muzahim Saeed, and Saifaldeen Maadh Mustafa. "Land Cover Classification Using Remote Sensing in Amadiyah Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 910, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012125.

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Abstract This study was conducted on the vegetative and non-vegetative land cover spread in the Amadiya District of Dohuk Governorate, northern Iraq, located between longitudes (43 ° 25'24.309 "- 43 ° 11'6.839") to the east and latitudes (37 ° 12'36.359 "- 37 7'25.484") north. They rely on a spatial indication of accuracy (10 m) and are reduced to (5 m) from Sentinel -2. Using unsupervised classifications, to form a general perception of the items in the studied area. As the number of varieties and the number of spectral bands used were determined, then the Supervised Classification to classify the spatial indication at the site to determine the plant and non-plant ground targets. These two classifications resulted, using the (Arc GIS) program, we obtained 12 types when classifying the space declaration for the Amadiyah district. We noticed that the area occupied by the terrestrial targets of the site are (water, medium-density forests (sloping lands), medium-density forests (flatlands), low-density forests (sloping lands), low-density forests (flatlands), limestone rocky areas, dense forests. (Sloping lands), limestone and paved roads, barren lands, residential areas, pastures, dense forests (flatlands) and their areas respectively are (283.9 - 408.6 - 556.2 - 829.2 - 983.6 - 1022.8 - 1066.4 - 1138.8 - 1148.5 - 1172.2 - 1218.4. - 1272.4) km2. The classification accuracy of the spatial indication was estimated based on the error matrix and the Kappa test. From there we found that the accuracy was (84.6%) for the error matrix and (83.34%) for the Kappa test, and this indicates that the classification accuracy is very good It is acceptable and can be relied upon and recommended for classification.

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Chakraborty, Jayajit, and Pratyusha Basu. "Linking Industrial Hazards and Social Inequalities: Environmental Injustice in Gujarat, India." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010042.

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Industrial development in India has rarely been studied through the perspective of environmental justice (EJ) such that the association between industrial development and significant economic and social inequalities remains to be examined. Our article addresses this gap by focusing on Gujarat in western India, a leading industrial state that exemplifies the designation of India as an “emerging economy.” We link the geographic concentration of industrial facilities classified as major accident hazard (MAH) units, further subdivided by size (large or medium/small) and ownership (public or private), to the socio-demographic composition of the population at the subdistrict (taluka) level. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are used to analyze statistical associations between MAH unit density and explanatory variables related to the economic and social status of the residential population at the subdistrict level. Our results indicate a significant relationship between presence of socially disadvantaged populations (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) and density of all types of MAH units, except those associated with the public sector. Higher urbanization and lower home ownership are also found to be strong predictors of MAH unit density. Overall, our article represents an important step towards understanding the complexities of environmental inequalities stemming from Gujarat’s industrial economy.

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Jiang, Yupei, and Honghu Sun. "Exploring the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Leisure Walking Based on the Demand of Behavior." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084105.

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Leisure walking has been an important topic in space-time behavior and public health research. However, prior studies pay little attention to the integration and the characterization of diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking. This study constructs a theoretical framework of leisure walking behavior demands from three different dimensions and levels of activity participation, space-time opportunity, and health benefit. On this basis, through a face-to-face survey in Nanjing, China (N = 1168, 2017–2018 data), this study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics of leisure walking demands, as well as the impact of the built environment and individual factors on it. The results show that residents have a high demand for participation and health benefits of leisure walking. The residential neighborhood provides more space opportunities for leisure walking, but there is a certain constraint on the choice of walking time. Residential neighborhood with medium or large parks is more likely to satisfy residents’ demands for engaging in leisure walking and obtaining high health benefits, while neighborhood with a high density of walking paths tends to limit the satisfaction of demands for space opportunity and health benefit. For residents aged 36 and above, married, or retired, their diverse demands for leisure walking are more likely to be fulfilled, while those with high education, medium-high individual income, general and above health status, or children (<18 years) are less likely to be fulfilled. These finding that can have important implications for the healthy neighborhood by fully considering diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking behavior.

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Ojewale, Oluwole Samuel. "Intraurban Analysis of Domestic Solid Waste Disposal Methods in a Sub-Sahara African City." Journal of Waste Management 2014 (December 18, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/193469.

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The study examined the influence of socioeconomic attributes of residents on domestic solid waste disposal methods in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Primary data for the study were obtained through questionnaire administered on residents in Eti-Osa, Ikeja, and Mushin Local Government Areas (LGAs) representing the low, medium, and high densities, respectively, into which the sixteen LGAs in Lagos metropolis were stratified. One out of every four wards in each LGA was selected for survey. From a total of 15,275 residential buildings in the ten wards, one out of every forty buildings (2.5%) was selected using systematic random sampling where a household head was sampled. Information obtained includes the residential characteristics and the disposal methods. Enquiries into the socioeconomic attributes of the residents showed that 59.9% were high income earners and 76.6% had attained tertiary school education. This study concluded that six disposal methods were common in the study area. Furthermore, through multinomial logistic regression, the influence of socioeconomic characteristics of residents (density, income, age of respondents, educational status, and length of stay) on domestic solid waste disposal methods varied significantly in Lagos metropolis. The study established that most of the solid waste disposal methods utilized by residents in Lagos metropolis were not environment-friendly.

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Tsuchiya, Miho, Masahiro Hosaka, Tomohisa Moriguchi, Shaojuan Zhang, Masayuki Suda, Hiromi Yokota-Hashimoto, Kazuo Shinozuka, and Toshiyuki Takeuchi. "Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway Intermediates and Inhibitors Regulate Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Secretory Granule Formation in Pancreatic β-Cells." Endocrinology 151, no. 10 (August 4, 2010): 4705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0623.

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Cholesterol is reportedly abundant in the endocrine secretory granule (SG) membrane. In this study, we examined the involvement of cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates and inhibitors in insulin secretion and SG formation mechanisms. There are two routes for the supply of cholesterol to the cells: one via de novo biosynthesis and the other via low-density lipoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis. We found that insulin secretion and content are diminished by β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A inhibitor lovastatin but not by lipoprotein depletion from the culture medium in MIN6 β-cells. Cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates mevalonate, squalene, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and the former two increased insulin content. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion-enhancing effect of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was also confirmed in perifusion with rat islets. Morphologically, mevalonate and squalene increased the population of SGs without affecting their size. In contrast, lovastatin increased the SG size with reduction of insulin-accumulating dense cores, leading to a decrease in insulin content. Furthermore, insulin was secreted in a constitutive manner, indicating disruption of regulated insulin secretion. Because secretogranin III, a cholesterol-binding SG-residential granin-family protein, coincides with SG localization based on the cholesterol composition, secretogranin III may be associated with insulin-accumulating mechanisms. Although the SG membrane exhibits a high cholesterol composition, we could not find detergent-resistant membrane regions using a lipid raft-residential protein flotillin and a fluorescent cholesterol-Si-pyrene probe as markers on a sucrose-density gradient fractionation. We suggest that the high cholesterol composition of SG membrane with 40–50 mol% is crucial for insulin secretion and SG formation functions.

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Motomura, Monica Cristina Nishikawa, Larissa Casaril da Fontoura, and Milena Kanashiro. "Understanding walkable areas: applicability and analysis of a walkability index in a Brazilian city." Ambiente Construído 18, no. 4 (October 2018): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212018000400313.

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Abstract Considering the growing of chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide, many studies have pointed out the role of the built environment as a support for walking. These studies are being applied in metropolitan and county regions or in specific areas of larger citiesof developed countries. Nevertheless, there is noevidences of the application of the walkability index in an entire Brazilian city. The main objective of this study is to understand walkable areas in a Brazilian medium sized city such as Cambé - PR, based on the walkability variables defined by Frank et al. (2010). The index systematizes four built environment variables: net residential density, retail floor area ratio, intersection density and land use mix. The results show that higher walkability areas are located in downtown and in three areas in the outskirts of Cambé, which were formerly designed to attend social housing projects. The transformations of land use mix and the urban layout characteristics of these areas improved the walkability level. This paper contributes to enlighten the characteristics of walkable areas and highlights a different outcome when considering a city of a developing country such as Brazil.

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Hopkins, Ben, and John R. Argue. "The New Brompton Estate Stormwater Management Trial: First Results." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0678.

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Runoff from the roofs of 15 houses in a medium-density residential development in suburban Adelaide, capital city of South Australia, is being collected and temporarily stored in a gravel-filled stormwater retention trench installed in a centrally located reserve. The site is underlain by an upper level Quaternary aquifer, ambient salinity 2000 mg/l, which receives stormwater supplied from the trench via a bore during large winter storm events. Water pumped from the aquifer in summer shows a quality suitable for open space irrigation. Observations made during the second half of 1992 have highlighted aspects of the design which require modification in order to improve the performance of the retention/recharge/retrieval system. Data collected between August and October have indicated that the volume of stormwater stored in the aquifer on an annual basis will be sufficient to meet the irrigation needs of the reserve.

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Woldesemayat, Eyasu Markos, and Paolo Vincenzo Genovese. "Urban Green Space Composition and Configuration in Functional Land Use Areas in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Their Relationship with Urban Form." Land 10, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010085.

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This study aimed to assess the compositions and configurations of the urban green spaces (UGS) in urban functional land use areas in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The UGS data were extracted from Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) imagery and examined along with ancillary data. The results showed that the high-density mixed residence, medium-density mixed residence, and low-density mixed residence areas contained 16.7%, 8.7%, and 42.6% of the UGS, respectively, and together occupied 67.5% of the total UGS in the study area. Manufacturing and storage, social services, transport, administration, municipal function, and commercial areas contained 11.6%, 8.2%, 6.6%, 3.3%, 1.3%, and 1% of the UGS, respectively, together account for only 32% of the total UGS, indicating that two-third of the UGS were found in residential areas. Further, the results showed that 86.2% of individual UGS measured less than 3000 m2, while 13.8% were greater than 3000 m2, demonstrating a high level of fragmentation. The results also showed that there were strong correlations among landscape metrics, while the relationship between urban form and landscape metrics was moderate. Finally, more studies need to be conducted on the spatial pattern characteristics of UGS using very high-resolution (VHR) images. Additionally, future urban planning, design, and management need to be guided by an understanding of the composition and configuration of the UGS.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medium density residential'

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