Journal articles: 'Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History'

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Greene, Molly. "Commerce and the Ottoman Conquest of Kandiye." New Perspectives on Turkey 10 (1994): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600000868.

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The Ottoman-Venetian war for the island of Crete in the middle of the 17th century (1645-1669) was in some ways an anachronistic struggle. The era of imperial struggle in the Mediterranean had come to a close in 1578 when the Portuguese army, assisted by Spain, was defeated at Alcazar in Morocco by the army of the Ottoman protégé, Abd al-Malik. The Ottoman victory was followed by a Spanish-Ottoman truce signed in 1580 which, though it seemed tentative at the time, ushered in a long period of peace in the Mediterranean region. The Spanish acquiesced to Ottoman control of North Africa and turned their attention to their acquisitions in the new world. The Ottomans, for their part, occupied themselves with military conquests in the East and no new campaigns were launched in the Mediterranean.

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Tagliacozzo, Eric. "Trade, Production, and Incorporation. The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600–1900." Itinerario 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004952.

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Historians have approached the Indian Ocean from a variety of vantages in their attempts to explain the modern history of this huge maritime arena. Some scholars have concentrated on predation as a linking theme, charting how piracy connected a broad range of actors for centuries in these dangerous waters. Others have focused on environmental issues, asking how patterns of winds, currents, and weather allowed trade to flourish on such a vast, oceanic scale. These latter historians have appropriated a page out of Braudel, and have grafted his approaches to the Mediterranean to fit local, Indian Ocean realities, such as the role of cyclones and mangrove swamps in both helping and hindering long-distance commerce. Still other scholars have used different tacks, following trails of commodities such as spices or precious metals, or even focusing on far-flung archaeological remains, in an attempt to piece together trans-regional histories from the detritus civilisations left behind. All of these epistemological vectors have shed light on the region as a whole, though through different tools and lenses, and via a variety of techniques of inquiry.

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Budinski, Ivana, Vladimir Jovanovic, Branka Pejic, Jelena Blagojevic, Marija Rajicic, Milan Paunovic, Primoz Presetnik, and Mladen Vujosevic. "Mitochondrial phylogeography of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat on the Balkan Peninsula." Archives of Biological Sciences 71, no. 4 (2019): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs190529059b.

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The Balkan Peninsula is identified as one of the major glacial refugia in Europe during the Pleistocene, and it has served as a genetic source for post-glacial recolonization for many temperate species. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus euryale Blasius 1853, on the Balkan Peninsula. We also analyzed its demographic history and tested the hypothesis that this region was a glacial refugium for this species. We collected 82 samples from 20 localities in the Balkans and Italy and sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop region. Our results revealed low nucleotide but high haplotype diversity, with 20 out of 24 haplotypes reported for the first time. All Balkan and Italian samples belonged to a single genetic clade in the phylogenetic reconstruction, where they clustered together with previously published samples from Turkey, southern France and North Africa. The haplotype network had a star-like pattern that is indicative of recent population expansion. Both mismatch distribution and shallow genetic differentiation also supported the scenario of a sudden demographic expansion. We estimated that expansion within this lineage commenced in the Late Pleistocene. We suggest that the Balkan Peninsula was a glacial refugium for R. euryale.

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Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde. "Ancient History of Technology in West Africa: The Indigenous Glass/Glass Bead Industry and the Society in Early Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 5 (May 2, 2017): 501–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717701915.

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The technology of glassmaking is complex. This complexity has been cited for the exclusion of the development of ancient glass technology from certain regions of the world, especially Africa, South of the Sahara. Thus, much of the existing scholarship on the technology of ancient glass has focused on the Middle East, Mediterranean, and Southeast and South Asia. Although the discourse on indigenous African technology has gained traction in Black studies, the study of ancient glass seems to have been left mainly in the hands of specialists in other disciplines. Drawing from archaeological and historical evidence from Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria, in tandem with the result of compositional analysis, this article examines the first recognized indigenous Sub-Saharan African glass technology dated to early second millennium ad or earlier. The development of the local glass recipe and the making of beads not only ushered in a social, religious, and economic transformation in Yorubaland as well as the other West African societies but also redressed the place of Sub-Saharan African in the historiographical map of ancient global technology and commerce.

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Denker, A., and H. Oniz. "3D MODELING OF THE ARCHAIC AMPHORAS OF IONIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-85-2015.

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Few other regions offer such a rich collection of amphoras than the cities of Ionia. Throughout history amphoras of these cities had been spread all over the Mediterranean. Despite their common characteristics, amphora manufacturing cities of Ionia had their own distinctive styles that can be identified. They differed in details of shape and decoration. Each city produced an authentic type of amphora which served as a trademark of itself and enabled its attribution to where it originated from. That’s why, amphoras provide important insight into commerce of old ages and yield evidence into ancient sailing routes. Owing to this our knowledge of the ancient trade is profoundly enriched. The following is based on the finds of amphoras which originated from the Ionian cities of Chios, Clazomenai, Lesbos, Miletus, and Samos. Starting from city-specific forms which offer interpretative advantages in provenancing, this article surveys the salient features of the regional forms and styles of the those Ionian cities. 3D modeling is utilized with the aim of bringing fresh glimpses of the investigated amphoras by showing how they originally looked. Due to their virtual indestructibility these models offer interpretative advantages by enabling experimental testing of hypotheses upon the finds without risking them. The 3D models in the following sections were reconstructed from numerous fragments of necks, handles, body sherds and bases. They convey in color- unlike the monochrome drawings which we were accustomed to-the texture, decoration, tint and the vitality of the amphoras of Ionia.

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Vanneste, Tijl. "Between Crown & Commerce – Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 20, no. 1 (February 2013): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.756300.

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Köhler, Stephan, and Carsten Jahnke. "Vom Mittelalter zum Hanseraum." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 136 (January 13, 2021): 13–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2018.171.

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Hanseatic trade with Mediterranean fruits is a topic of recent interest among historians, because it depicts the entanglement between different economic areas. This paper examines the commerce with raisins and trade routes between the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. Sources about the trade with raisins are collected from documentary sources to illustrate the vivid trade between the Hanseatic area and the Mediterranean from the 13th century onwards. This study focuses on the documentary evidence of international marketplaces, like Flanders and England and the Hanseatic cities. Since the trade with raisins was part of bigger trade flows, it allows us to embed Hanseatic trade in the wider picture of European and Mediterranean commodity market networks.

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Marzagalli, Silvia. "Book Review: Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean." International Journal of Maritime History 24, no. 1 (June 2012): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141202400131.

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Zammit, William. "Paper, Commerce, and the Circulation of News: A Case-Study from Early Modern Malta." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 23 (March 24, 2021): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-12041.

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This contribution discusses the vital role of paper in the context of an early modern Mediterranean island-state. From a commerical, but also from a political perspective, the increased amount of seaborne communication not only characterised statehood but indeed made it possible. Paper-based communication was the main channel of formal but also of informal communication, with the latter comprising the exchange of news, rumours, and hearsay between the geographically isolated community and the rest of the Mediterranean and beyond. Such paper transactions comprised manuscript but also increasingly printed genres. The role of these and of other typologies of printed commercial literature went beyond a purely utilitarian one, as very often such forms included decorative iconographical representations asserting either political sovreignity or religious power. Paper-based communication enabled such an island community not simply to receive news but also to be a net distributer of it.

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Chatziioannou, Maria Christina. "Book Review: Anglo-Saxons in the Mediterranean: Commerce, Politics and Ideas (XVII–XX Centuries)." International Journal of Maritime History 19, no. 2 (December 2007): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140701900227.

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Nolde, Lance, and Craig A. Lockard. "Book Review: The East Asian “Mediterranean ”: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration." International Journal of Maritime History 21, no. 2 (December 2009): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140902100217.

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Bintliff, John. "David Abulafia (ed.) The Mediterranean in History." Journal of Greek Archaeology 2 (January 1, 2017): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v2i.632.

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David Abulafia is a very familiar figure in the Medieval history of the Mediterranean, and this popular synthesis of the story of the region since Prehistory takes us up to 2000. Generally the chapters are well-written, especially those parts in his own fluent hand, and being a Thames and Hudson large format book, it is (as usual) spendidly illustrated, especially in colour.

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Jowitt, Claire. "The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication, and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean." Seventeenth Century 35, no. 3 (February 17, 2020): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0268117x.2020.1728983.

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Hadzhipetrova-Lachova, Mariya. "EU Policy Initiatives in the Mediterranean Region." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0020.

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Abstract The article traces the various stages in the development of EU - the Mediterranean region as well as the EU policy initiatives in the Mediterranean region. The very history of the European unification gives hope that by gaining experience in overcoming the difficulties of diverse nature, the Union will be able to “reset” relations with its Mediterranean partners, basing them on new principles and values.

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Gómez-Rivas, Camilo. "Daniel Hershenzon, The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication, and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean." Turkish Historical Review 11, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-01102006.

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Hughes, P. D., J. C. Woodward, and P. L. Gibbard. "Quaternary glacial history of the Mediterranean mountains." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 30, no. 3 (July 2006): 334–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133306pp481ra.

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Glacial and periglacial landforms are widespread in the mountains of the Mediterranean region. The evidence for glacial and periglacial activity has been studied for over 120 years and it is possible to identify three phases of development in this area of research. First, a pioneer phase characterized by initial descriptive observations of glacial landforms; second, a mapping phase whereby the detailed distribution of glacial landforms and sediments have been depicted on geomorphological maps; and, third, an advanced phase characterized by detailed understanding of the geochronology of glacial sequences using radiometric dating alongside detailed sedimentological and stratigraphical analyses. It is only relatively recently that studies of glaciated mountain terrains in the Mediterranean region have reached an advanced phase and it is now clear from radiometric dating programmes that the Mediterranean mountains have been glaciated during multiple glacial cycles. The most extensive phases of glaciation appear to have occurred during the Middle Pleistocene. This represents a major shift from earlier work whereby many glacial sequences were assumed to have formed during the last cold stage. Glacial and periglacial deposits from multiple Quaternary cold stages constitute a valuable palaeoclimatic record. This is especially so in the Mediterranean mountains, since mountain glaciers in this latitudinal zone would have been particularly sensitive to changes in the global climate system.

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Souza, George Bryan. "The East Asian "Mediterranean": Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 52, no. 4 (2009): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002249909x12548095881202.

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Ibañez-Tirado, Diana, and Magnus Marsden. "China's Old and New Central Asian Ties." Current History 117, no. 801 (October 1, 2018): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2018.117.801.283.

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Braga, Juan C., and Davide Bassi. "Neogene history of Sporolithon Heydrich (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean region." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.014.

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Heinsen-Roach, Erica. "Consuls-of-State and the Redemption of Slaves: The Dutch Republic and the Western Mediterranean, 1616–1651." Itinerario 39, no. 1 (April 2015): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115315000133.

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At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch Republic developed a trade empire of global proportions. The Dutch government played a substantial role in building and sustaining merchant enterprises by allowing chartered companies to act on its behalf. In the Mediterranean, however, the authorities relied on a variety of commercial-diplomatic agents to promote commerce. This article argues that Dutch consuls in the western Mediterranean transformed from merchant-consuls into state-representatives and played a crucial role in sustaining diplomatic relations with states in the Maghreb. By comparing the conditions under which consuls liberated captives in Algiers and Morocco during the first half of the seventeenth century, the article examines how consuls continuously had to adjust their mission to the interests of different institutions and individuals. The article concludes that the expansion of Dutch global commerce in the Mediterranean did not evolve according to a standard script but in consuls’ interactions with local conditions and customary practices. The article contributes to the New Diplomatic History that emphasizes how successful diplomatic relations in the early modern world depended on a range of different diplomatic actors who created forms of state diplomacy beyond treaty making and alliances.

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Meouak, Mohamed. "Daniel Hershenzon. The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication, and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean." American Historical Review 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab143.

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Gürkan, Emrah Safa. "The Captive Sea: Slavery, Communication, and Commerce in Early Modern Spain and the Mediterranean, written by Daniel Hershenzon." Journal of Early Modern History 23, no. 5 (October 2, 2019): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342019-17.

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Fusaro, M. "Mediterraneo in armi (secc. XV-XVIII) * Anglo-Saxons in the Mediterranean: Commerce, Politics and Ideas (XVII-XX Centuries)." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 506 (February 1, 2009): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cen371.

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Pelet, Jean-Eric, and Panagiota Papadopoulou. "Colored vs. Black Screens or How Color Can Favor Green e-Commerce." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 3, no. 2 (April 2011): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jesma.2011040102.

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This paper presents the results of an exploratory qualitative study conducted with 26 consumers about their use of computer screen savers. The results show how the use of screen savers remains almost nonexistent. Unknown or taking too long to apply, this feature is not attractive to persons interviewed who do not use it for sustainable development purposes. The paper presents the results of this qualitative study, offering an interpretive analysis of the reasons and factors explaining this type of computer user’s behavior. The paper also discusses the potential of using screensaver functionality in e-commerce websites, particularly in the Mediterranean region. In this direction it looks into how this could be provided by the establishment of two elements - a browser and a website extension, which will be tested in a future online experiment.

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Burke, Edmund. "Pastoralism and the Mediterranean Environment." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 4 (October 15, 2010): 663–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000887.

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The environmental history of the post-1500 Mediterranean (including the Middle East) has the potential to add significantly to our understanding of the history of the region. However, this is only if it is understood as a perspective (and not just a new specialization) that has the power to transform how we view familiar subjects. A ghettoized environmental history takes us nowhere nor do environmental histories that claim to explain everything. Let's take the role of pastoralism as one example of how an environmental perspective can reshape our understanding of the history of the modern Middle East.

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Kinoshita, Sharon. "Medieval Mediterranean Literature." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 2 (March 2009): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.600.

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Always historicize!—Fredric Jameson, The Political UnconsciousEurocentricity is a choice, not a viewpoint imposed by history. There are roads out of antiquity that do not lead to the Renaissance; and although none avoids eventual contact with the modern West's technological domination, the rapidly changing balance of power in our world is forcing even Western scholars to pay more attention to non-Latin perspectives on the past.—Garth Fowden, Empire to CommonwealthThe last decade or so has seen an explosion of interest in “mediterranean studies.” a half century after the original publication of Fernand Braudel's La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II (1949), scholars in a number of disciplines have once again found the Mediterranean a productive category of analysis, as evidenced in a proliferation of conferences, edited volumes, journals, and study centers. This renewal of Mediterranean studies is part of an upsurge of interest in “oceanic studies,” or, alternatively, “the new thalassology” In recent years, as Kären Wigen writes,[h]istorians of science have documented the discovery of longitude and the plumbing of underwater depths; historians of ideas have mapped the conceptual geographies of beaches, oceans, and islands; historians of labor and radical politics have drawn arresting new portraits of maritime workers and pirates; historians of business have tracked maritime commerce; historians of the environment have probed marine and island ecologies; and historians of colonial regimes and anticolonial movements alike have asserted the importance of maritime arenas of interaction. (717)In the field of medieval literature, on the other hand, “Mediterranean studies” has found much less purchase. An MLA database search for the keywords “Mediterranean” and “medieval” or “Middle Ages” yields a total of thirty-two entries, over half of which treat topics in intellectual or art history. Taking that asymmetry as a point of departure, this essay explores the different ways “medieval Mediterranean literature” might be conceived; how it would relate to the study of the medieval Mediterranean in other disciplines; and what linguistic, thematic, and theoretical modifications or challenges it would offer to the field of literature as currently configured.

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Darling, Linda T. "The Mediterranean as a Borderland." Review of Middle East Studies 46, no. 1 (2012): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100002998.

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A useful paradigm for studying Mediterranean and world history is the concept behind a course I teach, “The Mediterranean as a Borderland.” The paradigm of the borderland was generated by policymakers and social scientists studying the American Southwest and developed for the field of history by Oscar Martinez at the University of Arizona. Arizona is in the borderland, the region close to the border between the United States and Mexico where the influence of Mexico can be directly felt. There is of course an equivalent region on the other side in Mexico that is directly influenced by its proximity to the United States. These two regions together comprise the borderland, and they are in many ways more similar to each other than either is to the rest of the nation it belongs to. Unlike the border itself, which divides one country from another, the borderland is the area where the two societies meet and overlap. The Mediterranean Sea is often seen as a border between Christian and Muslim civilizations to the north and south. It can therefore be studied as a borderland, the region where the two overlap. Such a study highlights similarities, influences, and exchanges rather than differences and oppositions; it forms a necessary corrective to today’s emphasis on the “clash of civilizations.” This paper gives a historiography of the borderland paradigm and its application in the Mediterranean, and compares it with the closely related concept of the frontier.

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Constantin, Cristian. "Romanian–British Commercial Exchanges at the Lower Danube: The Consular Report of Percy Sanderson on the Year 1883." Hiperboreea 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 103–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.3.2.0103.

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Abstract Researchers consider that the slight increase in commerce through Brăila and Galaţi after 1883 was mainly due to the reorientation of Romanian foreign trade by the dualist monarchy towards other European states. The Danube route-way regained some of its importance, although the port of Galaţi still suffered after the loss of the rich region of Southern Bessarabia and because of the inconvenient manner by which the town was linked to the Romanian railway system. Thus, the paper insists on the quantity and value of commercial exchanges (exports, imports), the grains, the main economic partners and the specific character of Brăila, Galaţi and Sulina in the Romanian economy. This study analyses the results of this fact upon the foreign commerce of the ports, as there are opinions that it had positive consequences for development of commerce and navigation at the Maritime Danube. The text proper is preceded by a short historical comment on the activity of the International Trade in the Lower Danube region.

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Wade, Geoff. "An Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900–1300 CE." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 2 (April 29, 2009): 221–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463409000149.

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One of the most influential ideas in Southeast Asian history in recent decades has been Anthony Reid'sAge of Commercethesis, which sees a commercial boom and the emergence of port cities as hubs of commerce over the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, which in turn spurred political, social and economic changes throughout the region. But how new were the changes described in Reid'sAge of Commerce? This paper argues that the four centuries from circa 900 to 1300 CE can be seen as an ‘Early Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asia. During this period, a number of commercial and financial changes in China, South Asia, the Middle East and within the Southeast Asian region, greatly promoted maritime trade, which induced the emergence of new ports and urban centres, the movement of administrative capitals toward the coast, population expansion, increased maritime links between societies, the expansion of Theravada Buddhism and Islam, increased monetisation, new industries, new forms of consumption and new mercantile organisations. It is thus proposed that the period from 900 to 1300 be considered the Early Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian history.

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Noé, Clothilde. "Towards an Economic History of the Horse in the Mediterranean Area during the Middle Ages: What Perspectives?" Cheiron: The International Journal of Equine and Equestrian History 1, no. 1 (November 2021): 120–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22618/tp.cheiron.20211.1.233006.

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Studying the economic and non-economic exchanges of the horse in the Mediterranean area during the Middle Ages is a recent phenomenon in history. Indeed, while the trade and circulation of many products in the Mediterranean region, notably sugar, for example, have received substantial attention, equids have remained of surprisingly marginal interest. However, many indicators reveal their historical trading patterns as well as other reasons for the exchange of equids throughout the Mediterranean region. Economic, political, military, and diplomatic histories merge to provide precious information which helps to explain the commercialization of this emblematic animal of the Middle Ages. The aim of this paper is to establish an inventory of historical studies about the exchange of horses in the Mediterranean area, and to contextualise the horse as a real object of historical interest within the topics of exchange and movement of commodities.

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Unal, Emel, Derya Ozyoruk, Nurdan Tacyildiz, Ferda Pi̇narli̇, A. Erdogan, S. Hanalioglu, Arzu Erdem, and Meral Beksac. "ANTI-PD-1 Treatment in a Family with Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency Syndrome with Multiple Cancers from Turkey. Is Cancer Immunoprevention with Checkpoint Inhibitors HAS a Role in CASES with Homozygous Mutationis." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 5632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-130102.

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Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome is a rare childhood cancer predisposition syndrome resulting from biallelic germline mutations of MMR genes and it is poorly recognised by clinicians so far. Here we present affected children of 1st degree consanguinous parents diagnosed with CMMRD syndrome due to germline bi-allelic MSH 6 mutations with multiple cancers and mimicking NF 1 in a family from Turkey A 8-yr-old female,referred with brain tumor with follow up Neurofibromatosis 1 and Familial Mediterranean Fever. One of the female siblings had died of aggressive brain tumor at 4yrs of age, one male sibling due to medulloblastoma, followed by diagnosis of a metachronous metastatic colon adenocarcinoma at 15yrs of age. No additional cancers have been reported in the extended family, with the exception of colorectal cancer in the maternal and paternal great uncle diagnosed at age 45 years, paternal grandfather with brain tumor at 70 age of years and maternal aunt with papillary thyroid cancer at age 50 years. Her physical examination was unremarkable other than 8 to 10 cafe-au- lait spots and hipodense macules with irregular borders on her body. Laboratory tests were normal with low IG G2 levels. Cranial MRI revealed a mass in the left cerebellar region, subcortical hyperdens lesions in fronto-parietal area. She underwent near-total resection,histopathology revealed classic desmoplastic medulloblastoma.Postoperative craniospinal MRI showed no residue or metastasis.Craniospinal RT and CT of CCNU, cisplatin,VCR were given. At initial, due to colon adenocarcinoma history in her family, the colonoscopy was performed which did not reveal any polypoid lesions. In addition, because of the family history, the genetic analysis was carried out and disclosed a novel homozygous single base insertion mutation in exon 5 of the MSH 6 gene ( c.3261dupC/ p.Phe1088Leu ).Five cycles of previously mentioned chemotherapy combination and Nivolumab, obtained by pediatric extended use, was commenced at 3 mg/kg/dose in every 2 weeks as new polyps were detected in the following colonoscopy. After 10th dose,9 polyps were removed of tubular adenoma histopathology .She is still on antiPD1 treatment (18.th dose and in remission. Last colonoscopy revealed only one polyp mm in size. The genetic test results of the family: Blood samples were obtained from parents and siblings. One of the siblings was also found to be homozygous. She is 24- months- old age and has multiple cafe-au-lait spots on her body. She is still under follow up with screening tests for development of possible neoplasms. The parents and the other two siblings ( 11 and 6 years old boys) were heterozygous for the mutation. The male sibling who died from medulloblastoma and metastatic colorectal carcinoma genetic test had revealed same homozygous mutation. Conclusions: As the use of immune modulation for cancer prevention rather than therapy has gained considerable attention, we wonder if 24-months-old female sibling with homozygous mutation will be a candidate for cancer immunoprevention with AntiPD1drugs. We think that an international collaboration is required to evaluate guidelines for screening and treatment of malignancies and to explore prevention strategies patients with CMMRD syndrome. Disclosures Beksac: Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Speakers Bureau.

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Burke, Edmund. "Wanted: A Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean." Review of Middle East Studies 46, no. 1 (2012): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100002986.

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There is something seriously flawed about models of social change that posit the dominant role of in-built civilizational motors. While “the rise of the West” makes great ideology, it is poor history. Like Jared Diamond, I believe that we need to situate the fate of nations in a long-term ecohistorical context. Unlike Diamond, I believe that the ways (and the sequences) in which things happened mattered deeply to what came next. The Mediterranean is a particularly useful case in this light. No longer a center of progress after the sixteenth century, the decline of the Mediterranean is usually ascribed to its inherent cultural deficiencies. While the specific cultural infirmity varies with the historian (amoral familism, patron/clientalism, and religion are some of the favorites) its civilizationalist presuppositions are clear. In this respect the search for “what went wrong” typifies national histories across the region and prefigures the fate of the Third World.

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Hall, Kenneth. "Local and International Trade and Traders in The Straits of Melaka Region: 600-1500." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, no. 2 (2004): 213–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520041262305.

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AbstractThis article notes that the recent mainstream scholarship on the pre-1500 Indian Ocean trade by non-Southeast Asia specialists has limited itself to Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Chinese evidence—and that these scholars' exclusion of Southeast Asian documentation has led to erroneous statements and conclusions. Based on selected examples of the omitted Southeast Asia evidence, this study highlights the changes taking place in the maritime trade network from the eleventh through the fifteenth centuries, and the increasing complexity of the Asian trade system. It demonstrates that scholars need to reconsider their characterizations of Asian trade "centers" ("emporia"), and that by the fifteenth century an Asia trade "center" is a convenient and commonly agreed upon marketplace that is networked with and shared by merchant sojourners who are based in other significant regional "centers." It also contends that assertions that there was a late fourteenth- through fifteenth-century Asian trade decline are incorrect, and that Asian commerce was robust when the Portuguese appeared on the scene at the beginning of the sixteenth century—and seized Melaka in their failed attempt to dominate the Asia maritime trade network. Cet article relève que le courant principal récent de la recherche sur le commerce dans l'Océan indien avant le XVe siècle par des non-spécialistes du Sud-Est asiatique a concentré ses études sur l'Asie moyenne orientale, méridionale et la Chine; en ignorant la documentation provenant de l'Asie du Sud-Est, ces chercheurs ont été conduits à avancer des conclusions erronées. Fondée sur des exemples choisis dans cette dernière région, cette étude met en évidence les changements intervenus dans le réseau du commerce maritime entre le XIe et XVe siècles et la complexité accrue du système commercial asiatique. Elle souligne également que les chercheurs doivent reconsidérer les caractéristiques qu'ils accordent aux "centres" ("emporia") de commerce asiatique et qu'au XVe siècle un "centre" est une place commerciale pratique intégrée dans un réseau partagé par des négociants installés dans d'autres "centres" notoires de la région. Elle s'élève en fin contre les affirmations avançant que le commerce était en déclin à la fin du XIVe et au XVe siècle; au contraire, il était encore fl orissant quand les Portugais apparaissent dans la région au début du XVIe siècle et s'emparent de Malacca dans leur tentative avortée de dominer le commerce maritime asiatique.

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Reid, Anthony. "GLOBAL AND LOCAL IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORY." International Journal of Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (January 2004): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591404000038.

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This article revisits the same author's Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce (1988–93) through the lens of a pattern of alternating globalization and localization in Southeast Asian History. It highlights the effects of the intense globalization of the “age of commerce” (centuries) on Southeast Asian performance traditions, notably the state theatre of the great entrepôts. Reid considers the critiques of his emphasis on a seventeenth-century crisis in the region in the decade since publication, and defends most of his original position against Victor Lieberman and Andre Gunder Frank in particular. He pursues the theme forward in time, to note another period of significant trade expansion and globalization in roughly 1780–1840; the following high-colonial period which paradoxically had more of a localizing effect on most Southeast Asian populations, and the nationalist reaction which (again paradoxically) marked extreme globalization in some respects between the 1930s and the 1960s.

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Chikharev, Ivan Alexandrovich. "Russia in Greater Mediterranean: New Pacific Eurasian Transition." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-441-458.

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The relevance of the issues raised in the article is related to the active return of Russia to the Mediterranean region, as well as the international political transformations taking place in it. The purpose of the article is to identify the historical foundations, current state and strategic prospects of Russias presence and international influence in the Greater Mediterranean region. The article is based on the methodology of critical geopolitics, historical and comparative approaches, which critically analyze the geopolitical structures of the region, built in the interests of various regional and extra-regional political forces. The historical material of the ancient, medieval, new and modern periods in the history of the macro-region is used, including the poorly studied times of the Mongol presence on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Scientific works on the history, geography and international relations in the region, written in the 18th - 19th centuries, as well as modern scientific information on the trends of technological, infrastructural and political development of the Mediterranean region are introduced into scientific circulation. An important element of the article is the thesis about the special role of Russia in the Pacific-European (Eurasian) transit. From the authors point of view, it includes not only the full implementation of Russias transport and logistics potential in the macro-region, but also the transfer of modern technologies, as well as the promotion of the formation of sustainable political regimes. As a result, a conclusion is made about the deep historical foundations of Russias presence and influence in the region, its strategic prospects are justified, and the main directions of our countrys international activities in the Mediterranean region are highlighted. An important conclusion of the article is the thesis about the need for a multilateral balanced approach to solving macro-regional problems.

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Forster, Robert, and Jean-Pierre Hirsch. "Les Deux Reves Du Commerce: Entreprise et Institution Dans la Region Lilloise (1780-1860)." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24, no. 2 (1993): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205379.

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ROZEN, Minna. "Contest and Rivalry in Mediterranean Maritime Commerce in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century." Revue des Études Juives 147, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 309–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.147.3.2012877.

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Groom, Nick. "Catachthonic Romanticism: Buried History, Deep Ruins." Romanticism 24, no. 2 (July 2018): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2018.0366.

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This article considers Romanticism in terms of racial migration and history, seventeenth-century political theory, Whig cultural identity, legitimacy, and commerce. By examining uses of race, heritage, and region I will explain how antiquarian historical theories are incorporated into developing notions of cultural identity. In particular, this approach adds a temporal dimension to the spatialities of archipelagic thinking: historicizing archipelagic understanding to develop a catachthonic approach that analyses the historicity of historiographical theories of nationality and identity, effectively through a doubled, or subterranean, history.

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Cooney, Jerry W. "Oceanic Commerce and Platine Merchants, 1796-1806: The Challenge of War." Americas 45, no. 4 (April 1989): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007310.

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The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 by Charles III of Spain and his Edict of Free Commerce two years later brought unprecedented commercial prosperity to the port cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Unlimited trade was now allowed between this region of South America and Spain. Exports—mainly silver from Alto Perú and pastoral products from the pampas—flowed in ever greater volume to the Iberian Peninsula. In return, merchants of the estuary received from Spanish commercial houses European manufactures and luxury items. This trade which spanned the South Atlantic depended upon a complex web of credit and merchant associations between the Old World and the New, and also upon the unobstructed traffic of Spain's merchant marine. In the 1780s and early 1790s with the Empire at peace Platine commerce contributed to both government revenues and the growth of a dynamic immigrant merchant community recently arrived from northern Spain. By 1794 the booming trade of the new viceroyalty justified the creation of the Real Consulado de Buenos Aires, essentially an official merchants guild to regulate the business affairs of this region.

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Sans, F. X., H. Garcia-Serrano, and I. Afán. "Life-history traits of alien and native senecio species in the Mediterranean region." Acta Oecologica 26, no. 3 (December 2004): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2004.04.001.

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Cano-Maqueda, Jara, Salvador Talavera, Montserrat Arista, and Pilar Catalán. "Speciation and biogeographical history of theCampanula lusitanicacomplex (Campanulaceae) in the Western Mediterranean region." TAXON 57, no. 4 (November 2008): 1252–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.574016.

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Reddy, William M., and Jean-Pierre Hirsch. "Les Deux Reves du Commerce: Enterprise et Institution dans la Region Lilloise, 1780-1860." American Historical Review 99, no. 2 (April 1994): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167375.

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Galofré-Vilà, Gregori, José-Miguel Martínez-Carrión, and Javier Puche. "Height and Climate in Mediterranean Spain, 1850–1949." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 2 (August 2018): 247–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01268.

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Analysis of anthropometric evidence about conscripts born in the region of València (Mediterranean Spain) between 1850 and 1949, in conjunction with high-resolution gridded climatic data and GIS analysis, finds that modern agriculture within a warm climate was conducive not only to regional economic development but also to improvements in health, as signified by increased height. The most benefits accrued to those living in irrigated rural areas. Results show a strong influence of summer and autumn weather on growth, overlapping with the production of food. In irrigated areas, warm temperatures mattered much more than rainfall, whereas in nonirrigated areas, rainfall was crucial for the development of well-being.

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Avşar, Dilehan, and Gökhan Avşar. "Determine The Problems Of Women Entrepreneurs And The Research Of The Effects Of These Problems On Women's Initiatives: A Case Study Of The Eastern Mediterranean Region." Academic Perspective Procedia 4, no. 1 (October 16, 2021): 225–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.04.01.49.

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The number of women entrepreneurs who start a new business or own a business has been increasing rapidly in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the problems faced by women entrepreneurs registered in the associations and chambers of business in the Eastern Mediterranean Region during their entrepreneurship and to examine the effects of these problems on women entrepreneurs. The main purpose of this study is to define the role of female labor force in the new sectoral structure in the changing labor market. In addition, it is aimed to identify the existing entrepreneurship activities, to examine the barriers to entrepreneurship and to propose solutions to the problems identified in line with the findings. The role of women entrepreneurs in the labor market is examined. Evaluating these factors, which are thought to affect the business life of women entrepreneurs, to develop suggestions that can contribute to their development and empowerment. Within the scope of this study, women entrepreneurs in the Eastern Mediterranean Region were investigated. In the preliminary study, women entrepreneurs registered as women entrepreneurs were identified by contacting the Chamber of Commerce, Chamber of Industry, Organized Industrial Zone and Commodity Exchange, and the research was conducted through face-to-face questionnaires with the entrepreneurs who accepted the interview in Eastern Mediterranean Region. At the end of the study, the most common problems faced by women engaged in entrepreneurship activity were; low level of education, insufficient financial support and lack of information. In developing countries such as Turkey, especially in terms of the effects of women's entrepreneurship development should not be ignored.

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GALLETTI, Sara. "Stereotomy and the Mediterranean: Notes Toward an Architectural History." Mediterranea. International Journal on the Transfer of Knowledge, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/mijtk.v0i2.6716.

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Stereotomy, the art of cutting stones into particular shapes for the construction of vaulted structures, is an ancient art that has been practiced over a wide chronological and geographical span, from Hellenistic Greece to contemporary Apulia and across the Mediterranean Basin. Yet the history of ancient and medieval stereotomy is little understood, and nineteenth- century theories about the art’s Syrian origins, its introduction into Europe via France and the crusaders, and the intrinsic Frenchness of medieval stereotomy are still largely accepted. In this essay, I question these theories with the help of a work-in-progress database and database-driven maps that consolidate evidence of stereotomic practice from the third century BCE through the eleventh century CE and across the Mediterranean region. I argue that the history of stereotomy is far more complex than what historians have assumed so far and that, for the most part, it has yet to be written.

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Faleye, Olukayode A. "Plague and trade in Lagos, 1924–1931." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 2 (May 2018): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418765723.

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The literature on the Third Plague Pandemic in West Africa focuses on urbanisation and disease processes in colonial Senegal, Ghana, and Nigeria. Consequently, there is a dearth of historical study of the relational complexities between public health interventions and maritime trade during the outbreak in the region. It is with this in mind that this article examines the historical effects of plague control on internal commerce and international maritime trade in Lagos from 1924 to 1931. The study is based on the historical analysis of colonial administrative, sanitary and medical records as well as newspaper reports. It concludes that the nature of colonial public health intervention was determined by economic policy preferences that impacted distinctively on internal commerce and international maritime trade in Lagos.

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Beridze, Berika, Łukasz Walas, Grzegorz Iszkuło, Anna Jasińska, Piotr Kosiński, Katarzyna Sękiewicz, Dominik Tomaszewski, and Monika Dering. "Demographic history and range modelling of the East Mediterranean Abies cilicica." Plant and Fungal Systematics 66, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35535/pfsyst-2021-0011.

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The Mediterranean Basin is one of the 36 global hotspots of biodiversity and it is rich in endemic tree species. The complex geological history of the region throughout the Neogene and Quaternary periods that were marked with several palaeoclimatic transformations was a major factor triggering the genetic divergence of lineages in tree species in the region. The ongoing global climate change is the main factor threatening Mediterranean biodiversity. The risk of population decline related to aridization is the highest in the case of endemics, especially for cold-adapted conifers, such as Abies cilicica. The Cilician fir grows in the East Mediterranean mountains that constitute a local centre of endemism within the region. The species range is fragmented and small-size populations prevail. Previous studies have suggested that the last glacial cycle led to a significant reduction in the species range and might have initiated genetic divergence. As a result, two lineages are currently recognized at the subspecies level, A. cilicica subsp. isaurica (Turkey) and A. cilicica subsp. cilicica (Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon). The predictions about the impact of future climate changes in the East Mediterranean suggest a profound reduction of precipitation and overall warming that may put the remnant populations of A. cilicica at a risk of decline. Here, we used the Bayesian approach to investigate the demographic history of endemic A. cilicica. Specifically, we estimated the probable time of the intraspecies divergence to verify previous assumptions about the species’ evolutionary history. Additionally, niche modelling was used to outline the potential range of changes in the past and to indicate glacial refugia in where the species persisted climate crisis. This approach was also used to explore the possible influence of the future climate changes on the distribution of A. cilicica in the region. Our results demonstrate that the divergence between the Lebanese and the Turkish populations that occurred ~220 ka years BP coincided with the Riss glaciation. According to palaeoecological data, in the East Mediterranean, that glacial period caused a severe reduction in the populations of woody species due to the aridity of the climate. At that time, the Lebanese-Syrian part of the range was likely disconnected from the main range. The second split was induced by the last glacial cycle ~60 ka years BP and led to the separation of the Central Taurus and East Taurus population and, consequently, to the formation of the two subspecies. Niche modelling for the last glacial maximum has allowed us to locate the probable refugia for A. cilicica in the western Anatolia and Syria-Lebanon area. A projection of the future possible distribution of the species indicates a serious reduction of the range during this century.

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Khabbach, Abdelmajid, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Soumaya Bourgou, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Fatima Lamchouri, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar, et al. "Electronic commerce of the endemic plants of northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast-Rif) and Tunisia over the internet." Botanical Sciences 100, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2850.

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Background: Internet trade popularize the ornamental interest of plants but can also threaten species’ wild populations, if this activity is performed in uncontrolled and unauthorised ways. Questions: What endemic plants of Morocco and Tunisia are traded over the Internet by whom and at what prices? Studied species: 94 endemic plants of northern Morocco and 83 of Tunisia. Study site and dates: Tunisia and northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast and Rif region); internet survey between September 2018 and December 2019. Methods: To understand the extent of this new form of trade, We recorded the type of plant material sold over the Internet for the studied taxa, their prices and suppliers using online platforms. Results: Four northern Moroccan taxa (4.25 % of the total local endemics) were found as marketed by 18 nurseries in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, while no marketing activity was detected for Tunisian endemic plants. The nurseries involved offer for sale and distribution living individuals of Abies marocana at €12.00-259.50, Rhodanthemum hosmariense at €0.35-19.5, Salvia interrupta subsp. paui at €6.23-8.90, and bulbs of Acis tangitana at €1.05-3.95. Although these taxa are classified as endangered, they are traded worldwide without permit of the Moroccan authorities. The source and origin of the plant material are not clearly indicated, and only some nurseries report that their marketed material comes from own cultivated stocks. Conclusions: The implementation of protection laws/regulations and the monitoring of nurseries’ websites are recommended to control the illegal trade of wild plant material.

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Khabbach, Abdelmajid, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Soumaya Bourgou, Wided Megdiche-Ksouri, Fatima Lamchouri, Zeineb Ghrabi-Gammar, et al. "Electronic commerce of the endemic plants of northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast-Rif) and Tunisia over the internet." Botanical Sciences 100, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2850.

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Background: Internet trade popularize the ornamental interest of plants but can also threaten species’ wild populations, if this activity is performed in uncontrolled and unauthorised ways. Questions: What endemic plants of Morocco and Tunisia are traded over the Internet by whom and at what prices? Studied species: 94 endemic plants of northern Morocco and 83 of Tunisia. Study site and dates: Tunisia and northern Morocco (Mediterranean coast and Rif region); internet survey between September 2018 and December 2019. Methods: To understand the extent of this new form of trade, We recorded the type of plant material sold over the Internet for the studied taxa, their prices and suppliers using online platforms. Results: Four northern Moroccan taxa (4.25 % of the total local endemics) were found as marketed by 18 nurseries in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, while no marketing activity was detected for Tunisian endemic plants. The nurseries involved offer for sale and distribution living individuals of Abies marocana at €12.00-259.50, Rhodanthemum hosmariense at €0.35-19.5, Salvia interrupta subsp. paui at €6.23-8.90, and bulbs of Acis tangitana at €1.05-3.95. Although these taxa are classified as endangered, they are traded worldwide without permit of the Moroccan authorities. The source and origin of the plant material are not clearly indicated, and only some nurseries report that their marketed material comes from own cultivated stocks. Conclusions: The implementation of protection laws/regulations and the monitoring of nurseries’ websites are recommended to control the illegal trade of wild plant material.

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Wood, Barry G. M. "Rethinking post-Hercynian basin development: Eastern Mediterranean Region." GeoArabia 20, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 175–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia2003175.

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ABSTRACT The geological community has broadly accepted that the region of NE Africa and NW Arabia deformed under tension during the post-Hercynian disintegration of northern Gondwana. Further, it has also generally accepted that sedimentation occurred within extensional half-grabens that formed along the length of what was then the southern margin of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Consensus is that Alpine age compression then forced inversion of these half-grabens to form the well-known Syrian Arc structures that stretch from the Western Desert of Egypt to NE Syria. As new data has become available (Enclosures I and II), there are indications that an alternative mechanism, founded in continuous compression rather than extension then compression, better explains the tectonics and sedimentary history of the region since the late Palaeozoic. Data from Syria, Jordan, the Levant and Egypt demonstrate that distinct post-Hercynian Orogeny, Tethyan and Alpine sequences (basins) lie on a final, deeply eroded and folded Hercynian Unconformity, and that this surface refolded post-Hercynian time to form the confining walls of a single trough extending from NE Syria to the Western Desert of Egypt. Prior to the deposition of the first Tethyan basin in the late Carboniferous, the Hercynian Unconformity surface deformed to establish a plate-scale arch, the Levant Arch, that extended from NE Syria and southern Turkey, over 1,500 km southwest to the three corners region of Egypt, Sudan and Libya. This arch refolded in the late Palaeozoic to form the early Levant Trough composed of the Palmyride Trough, its extension under the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant, through the Sinai and into western Egypt. Contrary to the now established idea that the southern margin of the Carboniferous–Permian Tethyan Ocean was a “passive margin”, the trough and internally constrained basins, slowly narrowed and deepened under continuous compression from the southeast from at least the late Palaeozoic to the Present. Each internal, distinct basin sequence is well defined by long periods of slow, low-energy, laterally persistent, sedimentation, separated from underlying and overlying basin sequences by almost equally long periods of erosion or non-deposition, coincident with increased regional structuring and volcanism. Each new basin, following a cessation of this regional structural activity, found itself nested within its predecessor, with the older basin lying slightly counter-clockwise to the younger. It is proposed that counter-clockwise, regional (and basin) rotation was facilitated by newly documented NW-oriented cross-shears, with inter-basin periods of erosion or non-deposition due to whole-basin (regional) uplift, forced by trough narrowing. Tectonic-scale geologic features, such as cross-basin and regional shears, trough margin uplift and northwest migration, laterally extensive, sheet-like sedimentation, sediment feathering onto unfaulted margins, regional erosion related to whole-basin uplift and massive flank gravity sliding with resultant down-slope buckle folding, taken together, attest to compression as the driving agent. Whole-basin and regional, counter-clockwise rotation through time, suggests a constant direction of compression. Understanding the correlation of sedimentary fill to local and regional structural events brings new insight to the deformation of the northern regions of Gondwana during the closure of Tethyan oceans. This model may also apply on a larger scale of whole-plate deformation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History'

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