Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History'
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Anastasi, Maxine. "Small-island interactions : pottery from Roman Malta." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7cc36bfa-93e1-4fc5-b524-0ec72d80acf8.
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This thesis is an investigation of Roman pottery from the Maltese islands from the 1st century BC to the mid-4th century AD, and how pottery can help assess Malta's economic role in the wider central Mediterranean region. The archipelago's locally produced vessels, its range of ceramic exports, and the quantification of the types of amphorae, fine, and cooking wares the islands imported, were studied and the data were used to compare with the pottery available from the small islands of Pantelleria, Lampedusa and the Kerkennah isles. The aim is to revisit the theme of the economic role of the Maltese islands and other similar-sized islands in the region by moving away from the tradition of unilateral and monographic narratives, which more often than not, omit the wealth of information that can be garnered from pottery. In the first instance, a detailed study of three complete and new ceramic assemblages, including amphorae, fine, cooking and coarse wares, was undertaken. The opportunity to quantify identifiable imports and compare them with local products - the first of its kind for fine, cooking and coarse wares - provided valuable proxy data for comparing Malta with neighbouring islands and centres, and demonstrated what proportion of ceramic vessels were locally supplied, and how these changed over time. These data were also fed into a series of network analyses, which plotted the common pottery links shared between small-island and mainland sites in the region. The analyses were interpreted in conjunction with a critique of existing pottery quantification methods, and the potential acceptance for utilising all known pottery data irrespective of the quality and quantity of the published data available. Most importantly, the import trends obtained from this study were incorporated into the existing narrative of how small islands and their local industries featured in the central Mediterranean's regional economy, highlighting the types of archaeologically visible industries that existed; how these developed symbiotically alongside other larger supply networks; and what effect this might have had on the integration of small islands in the Roman Mediterranean.
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Van, Compernolle Thierry. "Histoire économique et céramologie: recherhes sur les coupes ioniennes, leur production et leur diffusion dans le monde méditerranéen da la fin du VIIIe au début du Ve siècle avant notre ère." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213183.
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Baker, William C. "Capital Ships, Commerce, and Coalition: British Strategy in the Mediterranean Theater, 1793." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699881/.
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In 1793, Great Britain embarked on a war against Revolutionary France to reestablish a balance of power in Europe. Traditional assessments among historians consider British war planning at the ministerial level during the First Coalition to be incompetent and haphazard. This work reassesses decision making of the leading strategists in the British Cabinet in the development of a theater in the Mediterranean by examining political, diplomatic, and military influences. William Pitt the Younger and his controlling ministers pursued a conservative strategy in the Mediterranean, reliant on Allies in the region to contain French armies and ideas inside the Alps and the Pyrenees. Dependent on British naval power, the Cabinet sought to weaken the French war effort by targeting trade in the region. Throughout the first half of 1793, the British government remained fixed on this conservative, traditional approach to France. However, with the fall of Toulon in August of 1793, decisions made by Admiral Samuel Hood in command of forces in the Mediterranean radicalized British policy towards the Revolution while undermining the construct of the Coalition. The inconsistencies in strategic thought political decisions created stagnation, wasting the opportunities gained by the Counter-revolutionary movements in southern France. As a result, reinvigorated French forces defeated Allied forces in detail in the fall of 1793.
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Samuel, James Gribble. "The 'Radical Underworld' of the Mediterranean: William Eton, Malta, and the British Mediterranean Empire, 1770-1806." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20065.
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In 1806, the British protectorate of Malta was engulfed in political scandal when accusations of ‘despotism’, ‘tyranny’ and ‘torture’, were made against the island’s Civil Commissioner, Sir Alexander Ball. This episode, alongside other contemporary colonial controversies, has recently attracted attention as a starting point for histories charting British attempts to construct a coherent imperial legal system across the first half of the nineteenth century. Rather than viewing the events at Malta in 1806 as the beginnings of a nineteenth-century story, this thesis however argues for the need to understand them as the culmination of a longer eighteenth-century saga. Applying a biographical lens, this thesis traces the Mediterranean career of William Eton, the minor colonial official who was chiefly responsible for the accusations made at Malta. As this thesis argues, ostensibly marginal figures such as Eton make particularly useful subjects for such an approach due to the fact that their life stories do not fit neatly into existing historical narratives, and thus cut across and connect supposedly distinct historical processes. Through Eton, this thesis connects the political scandal at Malta in 1806 to the intellectual and cultural circles of the North-German Enlightenment, to London networks of metropolitan political radicalism in the 1790s, as well as to the secret diplomacy, espionage, and foreign policy endeavours of the British and Russian empires in the Mediterranean in the late-eighteenth century. By piecing together the fragmentary traces of Eton’s transient career, with his diverse networks and multi-layered sociability, as well as his many endeavours to succeed, this thesis therefore provides a clear insight into just how interconnected British and Mediterranean trade was with diplomacy, politics, and the social and intellectual currents of European life during the ‘Age of Revolutions,’ as well as the lasting impacts these connections had on shaping British imperial governance at Malta.
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Bussolo, Maurizio. "A Mediterranean region FTA : some economic and environmental effects studied within a dynamic CGE framework." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109738/.
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Layton, Simon. "Commerce, authority and piracy in the Indian Ocean world, c. 1780-1850." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608198.
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Dickie, Trevor. "Commerce and experience in the seventeenth-century Mediterranean : the market dynamics, commercial culture and naval protection of English trade to Aleppo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:16b26e76-5bb7-4176-a224-2397466ce3cc.
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This thesis has been written to illustrate the experience of commerce and some of the conditions under which it was undertaken by merchants in the seventeenth-century Mediterranean. It is intended for economic historians with an interest in market exchange. In the Introduction, I review the historiography of commerce and, principally, the interaction between centres of international trade in western Europe and other regions of the world. Differences of interpretation turn on the degree to which western European merchants were able to bring to bear the potential advantages they had in capital resources, financial techniques, comparative advantage, economies of scale and commercial information on regional markets as early as the seventeenth century. Drawing on the existing literature, I argue that the interaction between markets was limited by slow communications and market disequilibria caused by inelasticities of supply. Merchants who organized commercial companies sought to overcome the uncertainty and risk that resulted from trading under these conditions. The principal source for the policies of the Levant Company are the Court Books. They provide neither extensive summaries of policy positions nor justifications for them, however, and we must rely on other, supplementary sources to reveal individual motivations and perceptions of commercial requirements. I argue that commercial letters, such as those of Thomas Metcalfe, William Ivatt and another anonymous factor in Aleppo, allow us to investigate the motivations for specific policies and the market conditions under which such policies were undertaken. In the case of Thomas Metcalfe, the qualitative value of the commercial information he provides is reinforced by quantitative information about his holdings. Together these two sets of information allow us to gain an unusually complete insight into the possible range of commercial activity in the market.
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Wooding, Jonathan M. "Communication and commerce along the western sealanes 400-800 AD." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26639.
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This dissertation will examine evidence for communication and commerce between western Britain, Scotland, Ireland', their Continental and British neighbours, and the Mediterranean, in the period 400-800 AD. Parts of the terrain and subject of this enquiry have been covered in earlier, well-known studies by Heinrich Zimmer, Kuno Meyer and Joseph Vendryes, all of whom explored the evidence for 'direct' travel between Ireland and Gaul in this period, and by 0. G. S. Crawford and E. G. Bowen, who examined the early medieval evidence in wide-ranging studies of what they termed the 'western seaways'. Their sources and methods have figured more recently in studies of the 'Irish Sea Culture-Province' hypothesis4 and, most significantly, of the contacts indicated by imported ceramics identified on western British and Irish sites since the 1940s.
Despite the considerable literature arising from these previous researches, however, a separate historical study integrating archaeological and textual sources to answer the basic question of who was coming and going from the western shores of Britain and Ireland in the period 400-800 AD, and by what means, is lacking. It has to a large degree been taken for granted that maritime exchange would have constantly flourished along the western seaboard, to be invoked whenever an explanation was required for the movement of ideas or objects between regions. The studies of Zimmer and Bowen, in particular, sought to identify communication models as the background to theses concerning the spread of culture to and from early medieval Britain and Ireland. Other investigations have discussed aspects of the subject with reference to Zimmer, sometimes adding new material in the case of Crawford, James and Thomas, but in other cases, such as studies by Boissonade, Vendryes and Lewis, chiefly repeating the core of references assembled by Zimmer. Accordingly, the desire of the cultural theorists to imagine constant trading links as a background to cultural exchange has been carried over into studies of economic history where, for example, Zimmer's 'Wine trade' model, a theory particular to his thesis of the spread of classical culture to Ireland, has cast a misleading spell over most subsequent studies, both historical and archaeological, and has deflected any questioning of the causal relationship between commerce and the travels of cultural practitioners such as scholars who travel on trading ships. In some cases, for example where monastic links may be involved in the formation of commercial links, possibly crucial relationships are obscured.
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Underwood, Douglas R. "Using and reusing the monumental past in the late antique Mediterranean West, 300-600." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7323.
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Scholarship on late antique cities has largely conceptualized them as singular entities, either decaying or transitioning as Roman imperial power and economic structures shifted. Improved archaeological data from urban sites, accompanied by a number of broad synthetic studies, now allow for fresh exploration of the details of urbanism in this transformative era. This study examines the ways that a select group of public buildings were used and reused in the Mediterranean West between 300 and 600 CE. This examination is primarily carried out through the collection of a broad catalogue of archaeological evidence (supplemented with epigraphic and literary testimony) for the constructions, work projects, abandonments and reuses of key public monuments across the Western Mediterranean region—principally Italy, southern Gaul, Spain, and North Africa west of Cyrenaica. This broad survey is augmented with case studies on select cities. Such an analysis of the late antique histories of baths, aqueducts, and spectacle buildings (theaters, amphitheaters, and circuses) shows that each of the building types had a distinct history and that public monuments were not a unitary group. It also reveals unexpectedly few regional trends, suggesting that these histories were broadly common across the West. Further, this study shows that each building type was reused differently, both in terms of purposes and chronology. Finally, by considering economic, technological, cultural and legal factors affecting patterns of use, abandonment and reuse, this study establishes that the primary cause for the transformations to public building was largely a change in euergetistic practices in late antiquity. Cities with access to imperial or other governmental patronage used and maintained their public monuments longer than those without. Together these observations demonstrate the complexities of urban change in this period and prove that the idea of a single pattern of decline in late antique cities is no longer tenable.
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Tahtooh, Hussain Ali. "Commercial relations between the Arab world and India (3rd and 4th/9th and 10th centuries)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2966.
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The present work is mainly concerned with the commercial relations between the Arab world and India in the 3rd and 4th / 9th and 10th centuries. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five chapters. The introduction contains a brief survey of the historical background to the Arab-Indian trade links In the period prior to the period of the research. lt also includes the reasons for choosing the subject, and the difficulties with which the research was faced. The introduction also contains the methods of the research and a study of the main sources. Chapter One deals with the Arab provinces, the main kingdoms of India, the political situation in the Arab world and India, and its effects on the subject. It also deals with the main economic products in the countries concerned. Moreover, the chapter focuses on the factors which encouraged the Arab-Indian trade. Chapter Two deals with the trade routes (Land and Sea routes), the caravans, ships, the sea ports and the commercial cities in the Arab world and India. Chapter Three deals with the trade procedures between the Arab world and India. It also deals with the taxes levied in ports and some land posts. The chapter ends by giving some details of the prices of of goods in both countries. Chapter Four gives a detailed account of goods exported and imported by both sides, and the real causes behind the export and import of these goods. The chapter also gives an account of how sometimes goods are imported by one side from the other in order to meet the local demands or to be exported in a process of trading nn a world wide scale. Chapter Five deals with a conclusion of what has been discussed earlier, in addition to some cultural aspects which have not been dealt with in the chapters above.
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Darley, Rebecca R. "Indo-Byzantine exchange, 4th to 7th centuries : a global history." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5357/.
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This thesis uses Byzantine coins in south India to re-examine pre-Islamic maritime trade between the Mediterranean and south India. Analysis of historiographical trends, key textual sources (the Periplous of the Erythreian Sea and the Christian Topography, Book Eleven), and archaeological evidence from the Red Sea, Aksum, the Persian Gulf and India, alongside the numismatic evidence yields two main methodological and three historical conclusions. Methodologically, the multi-disciplinary tradition of Indo-Roman studies needs to incorporate greater sensitivity to the complexities of different evidence types and engage with wider scholarship on the economic and state structures of the Mediterranean and India. Furthermore, pre-Islamic Indo-Mediterranean trade offers an ideal locus for experimenting with a practical global history, particularly using new technologies to enhance data sharing and access to scholarship. Historically, this thesis concludes: first, that the significance of pre-Islamic trade between the Mediterranean and India was minimal for any of the participating states; second, that this trade should be understood in the context of wider Indian Ocean networks, connecting India, Sri Lanka and southeast Asia; third, that the Persian Gulf rather than the Red Sea probably formed the major meeting point of trade from east and west, but this is not yet demonstrable archaeologically, numismatically or textually.
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Giuliodori, Holly Francesca. "The foreign policy of Macedon c.513 to 346 BC." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1354/.
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This thesis is made up of nine chapters. The introduction offers some preliminary discussion of the subject of the period as a whole, and some consideration of existing modern sources upon it. Our modern concept of the ancient world is necessarily constructed from materials derived from reports, and from the various other sources which have survived to use. The purpose of Chapter 1 is to establish how the reports and sources which pertain to the fifth century BC will be evaluated and used in the following thesis. To this end, the work of the three main contemporary historians for fifth century Greece are examined and some concluding comments regarding our use of them for the study of fifth century Macedon are made. Alexander I of Macedon faced circumstances which were almost completely incomparable to those faced by any other king during the period covered by this thesis. The fact that he not only preserved the integrity of his kingdom during the titanic Persian Wars but went on to gain territory, increase trade and improve the Macedonian army to an extent that it could conquer and maintain a vast tract of land, displays a commitment to the wellbeing of his country and a level of patriotism which Chapter 2, alone amongst modern studies, identifies and explores. In his commentary on Thucydides, A. W. Gomme has this to say about Perdiccas’ frequent changes of allegiance: “he chopped and changed all his life, as far as we can see to no very good purpose, except that he kept his kingdom intact and his own throne.” (p201) From Perdiccas’ point of view, and in the context of the Peloponnesian war, during which Macedon itself became, at times, a military objective, keeping his throne and kingdom intact was, in fact, a “very good purpose,” and indeed no small achievement. Chapter 3 explores the dramatic fluctuations in Perdiccas’ foreign policy which allowed him to do this, and considers modern viewpoints upon it.
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Sharp, Roger Stephen. "The outside image : a comparative study of external architectural display on Middle Byzantine structures on the Black Sea littoral." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3013/.
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This study is concerned with the manner in which Byzantium manifested itself through the exterior of its buildings. The focus is the Black Sea from the ninth century to the eleventh. Three cities are examined. Each had imperial attention: Amastris for imperial defences; Mesembria, a border city and the meeting place for diplomats: Cherson, a strategic outpost and focal point of Byzantine proselytising. There were two forms of external display; one, surface ornament and surface modelling, the other through the arrangement of masses and forms. A more nuanced division can be discerned linked with issues of purpose and audience. The impulse to display the exterior can be traced to building practice at imperial level in the capital in the early ninth century. Surface ornament continued to be linked with the display of secular authority. Display through structure was developed in Cherson and the north Black Sea region to project the presence of Orthodoxy and was closely associated with conversion activity. By the end of the tenth century, through that external presentation, the form of the church building had itself become symbolic. External display can be seen as a vehicle for the expression of regional forms and evidence for the tenacity of local building “dialects”.
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Lamprakis, Dimitrios K. "The relationship between centre and periphery in the Ottoman era of experimentation with, and adaptation of, institutions for fiscal demands : the cases of Kozani, Serfice, and Velvendos, ca. 1690-ca.1820." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7811/.
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This dissertation is an attempt to describe and analyse the history of the relationship between the imperial centre and a minor peripheral area, but also the first step towards a more complete understanding of the history of the areas of Kozani, Serfice, and Velvendos during the 18th century, on the basis of both Ottoman and Greek primary sources, in an attempt to replace the old and, rather obsolete, nationalist narratives prevalent in the writings of the local amateur historians. Through the examination of the tax-farming system, on the one hand, and the timar system, on the other, in the areas under study, this dissertation addresses the developments that occurred at a local level in a period of Ottoman history marked by great changes and experimentation with new fiscal practices. It is also the aim of this dissertation to prove that the centre was represented locally by the local magnates and notables, who, by serving the interests of the absentee Istanbul-based élite, acted as representatives of the centre in their localities, and formed factions which vied for supremacy and served their respective interests at a local level. Thus, it supports the idea that the centre made the local notables, for as long as local notables made the centre in their given society and locality.
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Shaw, Carol. "The development of early imperial dress from the Tetrarchs to the Herakleian dynasty." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6953/.
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My thesis traces developments in the early imperial dress of the emperors and empresses as depicted in art from Diocletian’s reign to Justinian II’s; my analysis includes examples ranging in size from large monuments to small coins. Two theses have been written on the later period but none on the earlier one when the most change occurred. I demonstrate that the emperor’s dress differed from other forms of elite male dress because several symbols of rule, such as the purple cloak and sceptre were associated with it. During this time period, the emperor wore three types of dress: military costume consisting of a cuirass and cloak; civic dress consisting of such garments as a purple cloak called a chlamys, a tunic and jewelled slippers; and ceremonial dress consisting of several types of togas and an under-tunic. The empress' dress consisted of several forms of Roman dress, the chlamys and tunic, and finally bridal dress. In my analyses, I first place the items in their historical context, describe the dress portrayed, and finally analyse how they are used in each work of art. I also provide information on such subjects as the history of imperial purple and the types of crowns.
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Morley, Craig. "Rome and the Sasanian Empire in the fifth century A.D. : a necessary peace." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2025143/.
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Since Ardashir’s victory over the Parthians in A.D 224 to his successors’ eventual defeat at the hands of the Arabs in 651 the Roman and Sasanian Empires had been bitter and deadly rivals. Throughout Late Antiquity the Roman-Sasanian relationship was dominated by competition; a constant battle for imperial prestige, military supremacy, cultural influence and economic advantage. In the course of their relationship Ctesiphon, the Sasanian capital, was sacked by Roman forces, the Roman emperor Valerian was captured and taken prisoner, Julian the Apostate was killed by Sassanian forces in his infamous campaign of 363, and the great Roman city of Antioch had been captured and razed. Yet in this seemingly never-ending imperial struggle the fifth century stands out as a period of unprecedented peace between the imperial rivals. It is the aim of this thesis to analyse what made the fifth century a unique period of peace. This thesis seeks to expand on current scholarship on the fifth-century Roman-Sasanian relationship, which has focused on the investigation of specific and individual events, by taking a more holistic approach. In this regard, all aspects of the relationship, military conflicts, frontier zones, barbarian threats, religious issues, economic considerations and the development of diplomatic contacts, will be analysed in order to identify what pushed the two empires towards a peace and, more importantly, how this peace was maintained in the face of old hostilities and traditional antagonism. Viewing the Roman-Sasanian relationship as merely one part of the wider late antique world, not as something unique and separate, will also be a key component of this investigation. Central to the aim and approach of this thesis is the use of political realism, a theory for understanding international relations, to reveal the motivations and pressures that both empires faced in this period that pushed them towards peace. In this regard, it will be argued that the Roman and Sasanian overriding desire and goal of ensuring their own safety and security in an anarchic world in the face of the new and dangerous threats posed by the ascendant Huns, Hephthalites and Vandals was the underlying motivation behind the fifth-century peace. It was the threat posed by these groups that forced a shift in Roman-Sasanian relations towards the accommodation that both needed to survive the turbulent fifth century. As such, it was these new threats that stimulated the development of imperial diplomacy in the fifth century that allowed the two empires to mediate their traditional casus belli and maintain peace throughout this period. This diplomatic development allowed them to reach new and innovative diplomatic solutions to their problems in the frontier zones of Arabia and Armenia.
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Stavrou, Athanasia. "Socio-economic conditions in 14th and 15th century Thessalonike : a new approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1630/.
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The thesis deals with the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the city of Thessalonikê in the 14th and 15th centuries. One of the main aims is to address certain methodological issues linked to the period of transition from the Byzantine to the Ottoman Empire. In this effort, we have employed as an analytical tool the economic theory of New Institutional Economics, which lays significant importance in the study of the institutional framework of societies. The main strands of the thesis are two: firstly, the exploration of the ideological concerns, internal conflicts and response of the Thessalonian society to the changing political environment until the final subjection of the city to the Ottoman Turks in 1430. Secondly, the behaviour of the Thessalonian elite in terms of social and economic practice through an examination of its relationship with the Athonite monasteries and the Late Byzantine state. Our ultimate goal is to shed light on the way provincial elite of Thessalonikê adapted to the political and economic conditions that prevailed in the Late Byzantine period.
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McOmish, David Malcolm. "The Roman elite and the power of the past : continuity and change in Ostrogothic Italy." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2430/.
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This thesis examines the changes forced upon the Roman elite in the evolving political climate of Ostrogothic Italy. It examines what mechanisms the Roman elite employed to renegotiate their position of influence within the state. The relationship the elite had with the past provides evidence for wider changes in society. I assert that, using the language and landscape of the past, the elite formed discourses which responded to, and which attempted to facilitate a realignment in, a changing environment. The education system still provided the Roman elite with a mechanism through which they could define themselves and prepare for what they considered to be the important aspects of the world outside the classroom. Religious discussions and debate in the post-imperial Italy of Late Antiquity were increasingly directed toward attempts to reunite the fractured Roman Empire through a unified empire of Orthodox faith. Having such a close relationship with the Roman Empire and its political and philosophical culture, education and religion are particularly suitable fields to reflect the changes to the political map of the Roman Empire. Focusing on the elite’s relationship with education and religion, this thesis will uncover examples of continuity and change which are implied by the construction of, and interaction with, discourses designed to facilitate the elite’s renegotiation strategies. Reconstructing the education of prominent members of the elite from their writings provides the evidence for such discourses. The emphasis on this part of the thesis is on discovering how the discourses circulating in relation to education responded to the political and philosophical problems through the language of the past and what these responses tell us about changes in the present. The religious discussion focuses on the attempts of the opinion formers in Italy to create and direct narratives designed to establish the superiority of one religious world-view over another. An examination of the language of tradition in the construction of these narratives provides evidence for the potency of the past in the decision-making process and ideology- forming strategies of the Roman elite. It also provides evidence for the changes in society to which the strategies were responding. A final-chapter case study provides an opportunity to see evidence of the effectiveness of these discourse-forming strategies. In this chapter we see a contemporary historical source interacting with those narratives and discourses we witnessed the elite employing in the education and religion chapters. It also provides an opportunity to see how the past is used to justify the actions of the Roman elite in Ostrogothic Italy to a post-Gothic audience (as the work was composed in the immediate aftermath of the fall of Ostrogothic Italy). This final consideration provides an instructive contrast which brings into sharp focus the extent and nature of continuity and change brought about by the Ostrogothic state.
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Kamani, Solinda. "Neglected architectural decoration from the late antique Mediterranean city : public porticoes, small baths, shops/workshops, and 'middle class' houses." Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47906/.
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This thesis examines the neglected architectural decoration from the late antique Mediterranean city (ca. 300-650 A.D.). It aims to address the omission in scholarly literature of any discussion about the decoration of non-monumental secular buildings, namely porticoes flanking streets, agorai, macella and ornamental plazas, small public baths, shops/workshops and ‘middle class’ houses. The decoration of non-monumental secular buildings has been overlooked at the expense of more lofty buildings and remains thus far one of the least known aspects of the late antique city. Considering that public porticoes and their associated structures (shops and workshops), along with small public baths and ‘middle class’ houses were crucial elements and accounted for the large part of any urban built environment starting from the Hellenistic period, the examination of their architectural decoration in this thesis represents the first attempt to redress this imbalance. Drawing upon an array of archaeological evidence, written sources, and depictions this thesis attempts to reconstruct how public porticoes, small public baths, shops/workshops, and ‘middle class’ houses might have looked on a daily basis. The geographical area entailed in this study presents more challenges than when focusing on a single site or province. Such a cross-regional approach of the topic allows to consider the decoration of public these structures as both as part of the history of individual cities and as part of Mediterranean-wide trends, guiding as such toward a more reliable visualisation of the late antique built environment. The picture conveyed in the Mediterranean cities is inevitably not the same. It is argued that as much as they shared similarities on the decoration of these structures, so did they also vary. The topic of this thesis is broad and definite answers cannot be given, nevertheless, it is hoped that a preliminary synthesis can be offered as a basis for future work.
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Adams, David. "The transformative ethos of Ephesians 5:21-33 and its implications for a contemporary South African context." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53689.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The New Testament passage that treats the dynamics of the marriage relationship most extensively is Ephesians 5:21-33. This passage is embedded in the Ephesian domestic code, which employs a conventional form used widely in the first-century Mediterranean world and which consequently reflects a patriarchal hierarchy. Does this, however, imply that Ephesians is advocating a marriage relationship that is patriarchal and hierarchical, or does this passage point beyond the particular first-century cultural context to a loftier ideal? Scholars are today divided in their assessments of Ephesians 5:21-33. Some regard the passage as a reactionary accommodation to the status quo, while others excuse this social conformity as being necessitated by a struggle for survival in a hostile first-century world. This thesis seeks to re-read Ephesians 5:21-33 rhetorically against the background of the socio-historical context of the first-century Mediterranean world and prevailing perspectives on the status of women, domestic social structures, and marriage. It takes into consideration the general rhetorical thrust of Ephesians as a whole, the particular way in which Ephesians 5:21-33 is framed textually, as well as the structure, content and uniquely Christological context. Such a re-reading shows that the conventional household code of the first century is in fact infused with a radical transformative ethos which subtely, but significantly, challenges the patriarchal hierarchy. For, it invites readers to step into a new, alternative reality in Christ, thereby entering a place of ongoing reorientation in their marriage relationships, embracing an attitude of mutual submission and other-centred service towards each othera marriage relationship modeled on the relationship between Christ and the church. This points to the conclusion that it is this transformative ethos in Ephesians 5:21-33 that is transculturally normative rather than the first-century patriarchal hierarchy in which it is embedded. This has profound implications for pastoral ministry in present-day South Africa, for readers from more traditional backgrounds often read this passage as simply reinforcing the patriarch ally hierarchical status quo, while readers from less traditional backgrounds may tend merely to dismiss it as archaic and irrelevant. In reality, the transformative ethos of Ephesians 5:21-33 provides an ongoing challenge to both authoritarian hierarchical marriage structures on the one hand, and laissez faire egalitarian marriage relationships on the other, while holding out a compelling vision - a vision of a magnificent other-centred marriage partnership under the lordship of Christ.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Efesiërs 5:21-33 is by uitstek dié gedeelte in die Nuwe Testament wat die dinamika van die huweliksverhouding op die mees uitgebreide wyse behandel. Hierdie gedeelte is onlosmaaklik verbonde aan die Efesiese huisreëls, wat weer gebaseer is op die konvensionele vorm wydverspreid in die eerste-eeuse Mediterreense wêreld, en weerspieël gevolglik 'n patriargale hiërargie. Die vraag is egter of hierdeur geïmpliseer word dat Efesiërs 'n patriargale en hiërargiese huweliksverhouding verkondig, of wys hierdie gedeelte, verby die bepaalde eerste-eeuse kulturele konteks heen, na 'n hoër ideaal? Geleerdes is vandag verdeeld in hulle beoordeling van Efesiërs 5:21-33. Sommige beskou die gedeelte as 'n behoudende aanpassing van die status quo, terwyl ander hierdie sosiale behoudendheid verskoon as genoodsaak deur die stryd om oorlewing in 'n vyandige eersteeeuse wêreld. Hierdie tesis beoog om Efesiërs 5:21-33 retories te herlees teen die agtergrond van die sosio-historiese konteks van die eerste-eeuse Mediterreense wêreld en die heersende sienings van die status van vroue, huishoudelik-sosiale strukture en die huwelik. Dit neem in aanmerking die algemene retoriese strekking van Efesiërs as geheel, die bepaalde tekstuele omraming van Efesiërs 5:21-33, sowel as die struktuur, inhoud en unieke Christologiese konteks. So 'n herlees toon dat die konvensionele huishoudelike kode van die eerste eeu in werklikheid besiel was met 'n radikaal herskeppende etos wat op subtiele, maar betekenisvolle, wyse die patriargale hiërargie uitdaag. Want, dit nooi lesers om 'n nuwe, alternatiewe werklikheid in Christus te betree vanwaar hulle hulself voortdurend kan heroriënteer in hul huweliksverhouding, en 'n houding van wedersydse onderworpenheid en ander-gesentreerde diens aan mekaar aanvaar - 'n huweliksverhouding gemodelleer op die verhouding tussen Christus en die kerk. Só 'n herlees lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat dit hierdie herskeppende etos van Efesiërs 5:21- 33 is wat transkultureel normatief is, eerder as die eerste-eeuse patriargale hiërargie waaraan dit onlosmaaklik verbonde is. Dit bring diepgaande implikasies vir die pastorale bediening in die hedendaagse Suid-Afrika mee, want lesers met 'n meer tradisionele agtergrond lees dié gedeelte dikwels as 'n versterking van die patriargale, hiërargiese status quo, terwyl lesers met 'n minder tradisionele agtergrond mag neig om die gedeelte bloot af te maak as argaïes en irrelevant. In werklikheid voorsien die herskeppende etos van Efesiërs 5:21-33 'n volgehoue uitdaging aan beide outoritêr-hiërargiese huwelikstrukture aan die een kant, en laissez faire gelykmakende huweliksverhoudinge aan die ander kant, terwyl dit 'n dwingende visie voorhou - 'n visie van 'n heerlike ander-gesentreerde huweliksvennootskap onder die heerskappy van Christus.
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Nikolaou, Polina. "The diaspora of Cypriot antiquities and the British Museum, 1860-1900." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14988.
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This thesis examines the invention of Cyprus’ ancient history through the diaspora of Cypriot antiquities in the latter half of nineteenth century and the role of the modern museum in it (1860-1900). It maps the movement of the objects from their excavation sites, to their circulation in metropolitan museums and, finally to their display in museum galleries. In doing so this thesis explores the emergence of archaeology as a field-based discipline in the broader colonial, imperial and geopolitical context. The research of this project was conducted mainly at the Cyprus State Archives, the Greek and Roman Departmental Archives (British Museum), Dartmouth College Archives (NH). The first part of the thesis provides the theoretical framework in which this research is situated. Chapter 1 introduces the project, its research questions, its research questions and outcomes. Chapter 2 discusses the literature providing the main concepts that formed the arguments of this thesis. Chapter 3 contextualizes the diaspora of Cypriot antiquities within the broader history of archaeology and Chapter 4 overviews the methodology followed and the archival sources that were used for this project. The second part consists of my empirical work and maps the diaspora of the antiquities. It is thematically divided in three chapters. Chapter 5, Law, looks at the colonial and legal context of the excavation and exportation of the objects. Chapter 6, Excavation, discusses the every-day conduct of Cypriot archaeology in the field. Chapter 7, Circulation, examines the practices of collecting Cypriot antiquities, their exportation and circulation in metropolitan museums, and their display in museums (particularly in the British Museum). Chapter 8 brings the thesis into a conclusion and highlights the main findings and arguments of this project. The thesis explores the production, circulation and display of scientific knowledge regarding the ancient past of Cyprus by following the antiquities in their various forms (texts, impressions, photographs, objects). By following the objects’ social lives it addresses the issues of the circulation of scientific knowledge, of the criteria for asserting its authenticity and credibility and of the local/global nature of archaeological science. It will demonstrate that the methodological tenor of writing the objects’ biographies links the different scales of science’s making and illuminates its hidden stories, such as the practicalities of collecting in the field.
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Vrij, Maria Chantal. "The numismatic iconography of the period of iconomachy (610-867)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8327/.
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This thesis considers the use of numismatic imagery in the Byzantine Empire during the period 610-867, with its main focus centred in the period 685-842. Though charting the iconographic trends and changes on the coinage of the period and the possible reasons behind them is the principal raison d’être of the thesis, it also tackles methodological issues such as the use and abuse of dies studies and ways of determining who decided what images appeared on coins. The main body of the text is arranged chronologically with the methodological issues appearing throughout. Exceptions to this format are the first chapter, which considers the economic context of coin circulation in the period and the gold purity of the coins of the period, and the third chapter, which considers the production at the mint of Cherson, which produced anonymous coins not identifiable by date, but still part of the context. Finally, the thesis contains two appendices, the first paper appendix presents a catalogue of the coins held at the Barber Institute of Fine Arts for the period 685-842, and the second CD-ROM appendix presents the data from the All That Glitters ... project, testing the purity of Byzantine gold coins with x-ray fluorescence.
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Saxby, Michael Stephen. "Remilitarising the Byzantine Imperial image : a study of numismatic evidence and other visual media, 1042-1453." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8431/.
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The messages in the imagery on Byzantine coins, although often neglected by scholars, were a key means of projecting imperial power. Emperors could project power via dress, ceremonial, and displays, but these methods would not have reached all subjects. Byzantine coins had the advantage of reaching all subjects, as the Byzantine economy was fundamentally monetized. Military symbols (figures, dress, and weapons), whose study has been rather overlooked, formed an important part of this imagery. Whilst military symbols disappeared from Byzantine coins in the early eighth century, and were absent for some three centuries, they were reintroduced in the mid-eleventh century and appeared until 1394/5. Their importance is indicated by the fact that military types comprised over half the overall total of types for some emperors. This study examines military symbols on Byzantine coins from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries, and notes also imperial representations in other media. The numismatic sources for this study are the collections in the Barber Institute of Fine Arts, and Dumbarton Oaks. The general conclusions are that military symbols were used most frequently from 1204 to 1261, less frequently from 1261 to 1394/5, and least frequently from 1042 to 1204. The variety of military saints portrayed increased at first, but declined in the fourteenth century, until only St Demetrios remained, but in the highest status: riding with the emperor.
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Heffernan, Gabrielle Mary. "Remembering royalty in ancient Egypt : shared memories of royal ancestors by private individuals in the eighteenth dynasty." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7223/.
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Sociological theories relating to collective forms of memory and forgetting have received little attention in Egyptological studies thus far with the work of Jan Assmann providing the primary source. Understanding these two processes, however, can support important insights into the lives and cultures of ancient communities; they should not, therefore, be viewed as peripheral theories but as central in developing understanding of societies below the elite. Consequently, this study looks at collective forms of memory and forgetting in the Egyptian Eighteenth Dynasty, focusing on commemoration of deceased kings and queens (‘royal ancestors’). The first three chapters use case studies to highlight different memory stores; written, pictorial and active. The final chapter focuses on forgetting. The evidence is analysed using both Egyptological and sociological theory to facilitate discussion on the subjects of community, identity and legitimation, and to develop understanding of material culture as a site of memory. The study argues that collective forms of remembering, particularly cultural memory, played a key role in the construction of individual and group identity and the legitimation of the ruler. Furthermore, it concludes that existing studies of memory provide good frameworks to understanding Egyptian society, although they should not be used without careful consideration of context.
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Skartsis, Stephania. "Chlemoutsi castle (Clermont, Castel Tornese), Peloponnese : its pottery and its relations with the west (13th-early 19th c.)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/872/.
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Chlemoutsi was the most important castle of the Principality established in the Peloponnese after the Fourth Crusade. The glazed pottery of the Frankish period (early 13th - early 15th c.) is almost exclusively Italian, reflecting the connections of the Principality of Achaea with Italy and illustrating the tastes of the Latin elite in ceramics. The pottery proves that the castle remained important after the end of the Frankish occupation and indicates its decline in the 18th c. The ceramic material of the Post-Byzantine period reflects the incorporation of the castle into the Ottoman Empire, the relations it developed with the rest of Greece, but, also, the continuation of its close connections with the West. Although a Turkish castle for most of the period between 1460 and the early 19th c., its imported pottery is mainly Italian, while the number of Islamic ceramics is small. The close political and economic relations with Italy developed after the Fourth Crusade, the Venetian interests in the Peloponnese, the constant Venetian occupation of the neighbouring Ionian Islands and the direct access to the Ionian Sea and Italy seem to have made the NW Peloponnese one of the most strongly Western-influenced areas of the Greek mainland.
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Miynat, Ali. "Cultural and socio-economic relations between the Turkmen states and the Byzantine empire and West with a corpus of the Turkmen coins in the Barber Institute Coin Collection." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7411/.
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In the eleventh century the arrival of the Turks from Central Asia resulted in complex socio-economic and political changes in Upper Mesopotamia (al-Jazīra), Diyār Rūm (Asia Minor) and part of Syria (Diyār Shām). The social, cultural, military and economic life of the Turks intertwined with the native culture and heritage of Greeks, Armenians and Syrians living in those territories. Having as starting point the multifaceted encounters some of the important issues I am addressing in my thesis are the important trade routes that crossed Turkmen-dominated areas in the late middle ages; monetary traffic; mines and mints in operation under the Turkmen rule. As the history of that multicultural environment can best be understood and explained through the coin evidence, a big part of my project will cover numismatic evidence. In this context, my study will focus on the socio-economic and cultural relations and interactions between the Byzantines, old inhabitants, the Turkish newcomers and the western powers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the light of the coins and investigate some questions: Why did the Turkmens issue the Greek and bilingual (Greek-Arabic) coins and seals? Why did the Turkmens borrow images (particularly Byzantine style imagery) from the cultural heritage of the areas they ruled?
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Duffy, Xavier Sean. "Monuments, memory and place : commemorations of the Persian Wars." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6727/.
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This thesis is concerned with how the Greek peoples, of primarily the classical period, collectively commemorated the Persian Wars. The data studied within this project are public monuments, which include both physical and behavioural commemorations. A quantitative methodology is employed within this thesis and is a novel approach by which to study Persian War public monuments. This method of analysis allows for a more holistic approach to the data. Through analysing commemorative monuments quantitatively this project, figuratively, re-joins object and context. Studies on Persian War commemoration tend to focus on singular monument types, individual commemorative places, a particular commemorating group, or a specific battle. To think plurally about the ancient Greek commemorative tradition is to refocus attention on the whole incorporating all known commemorative monuments, places, and groups. What emerges from this study is a varied commemorative tradition expressed over space and time. Commemoration of conflict is presented here as a process of exchange, a dialogue between the past and the present. This thesis challenges the idea that a unified pan-Hellenic memory of the Persian Wars existed from the culmination of the conflict and illustrates the varied collective memories and narratives that could be created about the past.
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Bealby, Maria Aspasia (Marsia). "Aegean-Egyptian relations (c 1900-1400 BC)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5779/.
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This thesis explores the mechanisms of relations between the Aegean (focusing on Crete and Aegean islands such as Thera) and Egypt (including the Hyksos) from 1900 to 1400 BC. A fundamental tool has been the creation of a searchable database of the portable finds (at the moment, a unique resource) classified as Aegean, Egyptian, Aegeanising, Egyptianising, etc. In addition, the Avaris frescoes and the Aegean processional scenes in Thebes were examined in detail. Two approaches were applied to this evidence of Aegean-Egyptian interactions: World Systems Theory, applied here consistently and in depth (as opposed to earlier, broader discussions of Eastern Mediterranean interactions) and, for the first time in this field, Game Theory. The principles of this approach have been tested and found valid for this data. In contrast to World Systems Theory, Game Theory highlights the role of individuals in Aegean-Egyptian interactions, and not solely the roles of states. It has also enabled the exploration of the causes behind historical events and the mutual benefits of contact, as well as emphasising the factors that promoted mutual stability in the Eastern Mediterranean. As a result it has been possible to show that the Aegeans were key players in Eastern Mediterranean relations.
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Mureddu, Nicola. "A barrier to be broken : change and continuity in the transition between Bronze and Iron Age Aegean, from the observation of burial contexts and grave goods." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7093/.
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This work discusses change and continuities taking place in the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Ages in Greece. The geographical range will cover the eastern mainland (including Euboea), Naxos and Knossos, in a period starting from the final palatial culture of LH IIIB2/13th century and ending with the Proto-Geometric/10th century burial evidence. In order to collect and observe the archaeological evidence several tombs assemblages have been researched from both original reports and visits to relevant Greek museums. Finds have been tabulated, and continuities, innovations and losses have been identified. The major categories of material evidence analysed included pottery, metalwork and jewellery but also the form of the tombs and the manner of the burials were considered. The final analysis of these categories of evidence refutes theories of major and or abrupt change, whether caused by invasion or natural phenomena. It rather indicates social modifications following the loss of the palatial centres and their administration and culminating in their gradual replacement by new forms of social structure. Although not directly demonstrable from the existing evidence, a possible scenario is proposed to explain the frequent indications of influence from SE and Central Europe during this transition.
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Pastras, Pantazis. "The governance of tourism development in Athens : A strategic-relational approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3266/.
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Academic literature has examined how the development of tourism destinations involves collaborative relationships between the various actors that participate in tourism policy and planning. In terms of an institutional analysis this thesis is about similar processes, yet it also explores the ways in which place- and time-specific material factors and perceptions characterize different patterns of tourism politics. Without making assumptions about the harmonious or conflicting nature of interactions among actors and the contexts surrounding them, the thesis advances the idea of a relational-evolutionary perspective on the processes of tourism policy and planning. Studying the governance of tourism development requires an assessment of the contextual coupling of different elements as both the corollary of earlier events and the precursor of future developments. In this thesis, a strategic-relational approach to tourism governance comprises the conceptual framework that provides explanatory depth into the contextual analysis of experiences and events. The case study approach is employed for the operationalization of the strategicrelational approach in the context of Athens as a tourist-historic and capital city of a highly centralised Southern-European state. The endeavour is based on the collection and analysis of data from documentary sources and semi-structured interviews. The interpretation of empirical evidence through the strategic-relational approach reveals the irony of a multifarious and multi-scalar governance context, which has not met the expectations of interest groups, especially in recent years, concerning tourism development in Athens. In other words, the thesis portrays the challenges and weaknesses that expand within and beyond the boundaries of state apparatus and hinder the enhancement of Athens as an urban tourism destination while recording the perceptions, experiences and practices of various actors.
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Tzavella, Elissavet. "Urban and rural landscape in early and middle Byzantine Attica (4th-12th c. AD)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4321/.
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The present study synthesiszes archaeological and historical evidence concerning Attica (Greece), the hinterland of Athens, in the Early and Middle Byzantine periods (4th-12th c.). Although the Byzantine monuments of Attica have been thoroughly studied, no coherent picture of how these relate to broader patterns of occupation and land usage has thus far been presented. In the main, the period under discussion is generally interpreted in three ways: Regarding Late Antiquity, research has often focused on the transition from paganism to Christianity, and to the characterisation of Attica as a ‘stronghold of paganism’. During the so-called ‘Dark-Ages’, Attica is most often presented as being ‘desolate’. Regarding the Middle Byzantine period, archaeological research is dominated by architectural and art-historical study of churches. The present study presents Attica within wider trends which took place in the Byzantine Empire, and which caused its transformation in terms of demography, settlement pattern, administration, road networks, economy, defense and ecclesiastical institutions. After a detailed catalogue and interpretation of all available archaeological material, Attica appears less ‘exceptional’ in Late Antiquity, less ‘desolate’ in the ‘Dark-Ages’, while in the Middle Byzantine period, emergence of a strong local elite matches the erection of monuments of high artistic quality.
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Zickermann, Kathrin. "Across the German sea : Scottish commodity exchange, network building and communities in the wider Elbe-Weser region in the early modern period." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/958.
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This thesis analyses the commercial, maritime and military relations between Scotland and the cities and territories in the North Western parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the early modern period; specifically Hamburg, Bremen, the Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden, Danish Altona and Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Having identified anomalies in the histories of these locations, and bringing a more international dimension to them, my study tackles a remarkable understudied geo-political location. The core of my research identifies the immigration of Scots and the establishment of commercial networks within a region rather than an individual territory, highlighting contact across political borders. This region differed significantly from other places in Northern Europe in that it did not maintain an ethnically distinct Scottish community enforcing and encouraging interaction with the indigenous German population and other foreigners such as the English Merchant Adventurers in Hamburg. The survey reveals that despite the lack of such a community the region was of commercial significance to Scots as evidenced by the presence of individual Scottish merchants, factors and entrepreneurs whose trade links stretched far beyond their home country. Significantly, these Scots present in mercantile capacities were demonstrably linked to their countrymen who frequented the region as diplomats and soldiers who frequently resided in the neutral cities of Bremen and Hamburg. Some of these Scots within the Swedish army were of importance in the administration of Swedish Bremen-Verden while others fought for Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Their presence encouraged chain migration, particularly offering shelter to Scottish political exiles in the later seventeenth century. Analysing the collective role of these men and the relationships between them, this thesis highlights the overall significance of the wider Elbe-Weser region to the Scots and vice versa, filling a gap in our understanding of the Scottish Diaspora in the early modern period, and broadening our understanding of the region itself.
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Mavromatis, Christopher. "Kourion's hinterland in late antiquity and the findings of the Sotira Archaeological Project's 1997 and 2007 seasons." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1755/.
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This dissertation presents a discussion on the Late Antique (fifth to eighth centuries AD) landscapes of Cyprus based on the archaeological, environmental and historical records. This dissertation argues that apart from being an economically well-integrated province, Cyprus was also well-integrated into the large social and strategic trajectories of the Late Antique east Mediterranean. This study also uses archaeological data generated by the Sotira Archaeological Project (SAP) to examine the Late Antique landscapes in the south coast urban settlement of Kouion's hinterland. Interestingly, the majority of the loci recorded by the SAP are interpretable as either estate centres or farmsteads. Analysis of these loci revealed the existence of a comparatively complex Late Antique landscape that embodied aspects of the manifold relationships between the productive, commemorative, and authoritative landscapes of Kourion's hinterland during this period.
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Glenister, Catherine Lucy. "Profiling Punt : using trade relations to locate 'God's Land'." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1564.
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Mattiello, Andrea. "Latin 'basilissai' in Palaiologan Mystras : art and agency." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8385/.
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This dissertation demonstrates that the presence of Latin basilissai, Catholic wives of the Byzantine despots of Morea, in Mystras between 1349, when the city became the seat of the Despotate, and 1460, when it was surrendered to the Turks, had an impact on the artistic and cultural production at court. These foreign women were agents of the ruling political and economic elites of Italian and Frankish courts, and expressed their agency by mediating their specific cultural and artistic traditions into the production of their adopted city. Art and cultural historical approaches, in which attention is focused on painted and sculpted details, inscriptions, archaeological remains, architectural design, and urban planning, are used to show that the Latin women were historical agents, whose presence can be detected in Mystras. A multidisciplinary analysis of case studies reveals cross-cultural motifs in the artistic production, demonstrating the relationship between pieces of evidence. The production of the workshops of Mystras expressed features that were, in some cases, responses to Constantinopolitan and Byzantine models, while, in others, autonomous and innovative, revealing complex cross-cultural references. Ultimately, this study shows that the particular cultural and artistic landscape of Mystras is indebted to exogenous cultures linked to these women.
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Savvides, Petros. "The role of Athens and the invisible factors that formulated the outcome of the Cyprus crisis in 1974." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7595/.
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The thesis investigates the role of the Greek junta in the Cyprus Crisis of 1974 and analyses the invisible and complex components, including the foreign factors, which determined its outcome. Initially it examines the backstage of the intra-Greek collision between Brigadier-General Ioannides in Athens and Archbishop Makarios in Nicosia, as well as the subversive planning, including the possibility of US implication, and the military operations of the Greek coup that dethroned the Cypriot president on 15 July. It analyses the critical preinvasion days (15-19 July), which offered a clear operational forewarning over Turkish strategic intentions, and the Athenian strategic miscalculations, for the timely mobilization of the Greek-Cypriot forces, against the imminent invasion on 20 July. Then it focuses on the analysis of the offensive and defensive operations during the two phases of the Turkish invasion, and examines the difficulties encountered by the Turkish forces as well as the causes that pre-determined the Greek-Cypriot defensive failure. The thesis concludes with the implicating responsibility of foreign powers, which silently acquiesced to the deterioration of a crisis that ended with the military partition of the island Republic: the surprising Soviet silence, the fluctuating behaviour of Whitehall, and the ambiguous role of Washington which, under the dominance of Kissinger, played a critical role in encouraging, rather than deterring, Turkish strategic objectives.
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Nifosì, Ada. "Women's body, society and domestic space in Graeco-Roman Egypt." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54725/.
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Georgiou, Andriani. "The cult of Flavia Iulia Helena in Byzantium : an analysis of authority and perception through the study of textual and visual sources from the fourth to the fifteenth century." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4175/.
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The symbolic role of Helena throughout the Byzantine period has never been considered in any detail. Many of the literary sources, particularly historiographical and hagiological texts, are not easily accessible and have not been translated. The visual sources referring to Helena, such as works of late Roman and Byzantine art, coinage, illustrated manuscripts, reliquaries, and wall paintings, have never been collected. My thesis collects and re-evaluates the textual and visual evidence from the fourth to the fifteenth century in order to explore the origins and development of Helena's cult; the emergence of a Helena-legend with symbolic and metaphorical functions; and the ways that the Byzantines reconstructed, judged, and appreciated her role. Special attention is given to the relationship between word and image, as well as the influence exerted on them by contemporary political and social developments. This thesis demonstrates that memories of Helena as an empress and as a saint were manufactured in several distinct stages over several centuries; and that her role differed in the eastern and western halves of the former Roman empire. The evidence is analysed thematically and in chronological order.
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Ingham, Anthea Margaret. "Algernon Charles Swinburne : the causes and effects of his Sapphic possession." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1559/.
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The thesis regards the extraordinary power of Sappho in the 1860s as resulting in a form of “Sapphic Possession” which laid hold on Swinburne, shaped his verse, produced a provocative new poetics, and which accounted for a critical reception of his work that was both hostile and enthralled. Using biographical material and Freudian psychology, I show how Swinburne became attracted to Sappho and came to rely on her as a substitute mistress and particular kind of muse, and I demonstrate the pre-eminence of the Sapphic presence in Poems and Ballads: 1, as a dominant female muse who exacts peculiar sacrifices from the poet of subjection, necrophilia, and even a form of “death” in the loss of his own personality; as a result, he is finally reduced to acting as the muse’s mouthpiece, a state akin to that of Pythia or Sibyl. Verse written under such duress instigates a new poetics where the demands and constructs of the muse produce a sublime composed of aberrance, fracture and the darkness of myth. To explicate this argument I read Poems and Ballads: 1 through carnival, a form of Bacchanal or Sapphic Komos which has the effect of blurring the boundaries between life and lyric, and which demands a joyous and reciprocal response from its readers, in which they must acknowledge their own attraction to the Sapphic sublime.
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Mora, de Checa Elisa. "Evolutionary history and drivers of diversification of the Mediterranean Nemesiidae spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) = Història evolutiva i mecanismes de diversificació en aranyes mediterrànies de la familia Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) = Historia evolutiva y mecanismos de diversificación en arañas mediterráneas de la familia Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385617.
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Mygalomorphs is a cosmopolitan group that inhabits all the continents except Antarctica. The group and has been commonly described as ‘primitive’ because of the retention of plesiomorphic characters, such as the presence of four book lungs and chelicerae bearing longitudinal fangs with unsynchronized movement. Those spiders have a cryptic lifestyle. They are nocturnal, ground-dwellers and construct buried silk burrows that are hidden by a closing a trapdoor. Females are mostly sedentary, long-lived, and they live in the burrow their whole life, whereas adult males have annual life cycles, and spread after the first mault searching for mates and mediate gene flow among populations. The low vagility, the long-life cycles, the narrow ecological preferences and the species restricted distribution makes mygalomorphs an excellent model system for biogeographic studies (Hedin et al. 2013; Raven 1980). This is due to the fact that ancient lineages with narrow habitat preferences and poor dispersal abilities are more likely to mirror the fingerprint of geological history (Stock, 1993; Bauzà-Ribot, 2013). Previous molecular studies indicate that they have extreme geographic structure. Low vagility has largely been cited as the main reason for the high level of local endemism in mygalomorph populations and species.
Most of the closely related taxa are usually morphologically homogeneous and conserved (Bond & Hedin 2006). Diagnostic characters for species taxonomy are based on reproductive organs of adult males, but adults males spreads in a very concrete period of the year, that may vary depending on the environmental conditions, so the predominant sex obtained by direct capture are females o juveniles. This make extremely complicated the species identification because most of the taxonomic descriptions are old, inaccurate and based only on males, besides that females are unknown in most cases. There are six mygalomorph families present in the Western Mediterranean; the most diverse is the family Nemesidae , specially the genus Nemesia is extremely diverse with more than 50 species. In this thesis we investigated the origins and drivers of diversification of this genus. This study includes the first molecular phylogeny that confirmed that Nemesia and Iberesia are sister groups. Also we demonstrated high levels of sub-generic diversity, and the existence of putative species awaiting formal description . This sub-generic diversity is closely related with the degree of reduction of the spinnerets, that has been proved that contains phylogenetic signal and influences the architecture of the Burrows. The broke of the hercynian belt, and subsequentment rotation of the plates together with the isolation during Tortonian of the Betic-Rif area and the Messinian Salinity Crisis have been pointed out as major drivers of diversification in the region. At the same time we investigated the process that allowed those spiders to colonize Balearic Archipelago, the most isolated in the Mediterranean Region, our results showed that vicariance processes occurred during early Tortonian Marine Regression allowing the colonization from their origin in the Betic area. We applied integrative approaches to study patterns of high overlooked diversity in Tunisa, and 12 new species are described. We also try to decipher the mechanisms of coexistence of the genus. After two years of monitoring, our results show that coexistence is maintained by spatial and temporal segregation. Every specie has a maximum dispersal peak that doesn’t overlaps with other species, and furthermore those spiders have a strong habitat selection.Degut al seu críptic estil de vida i morfologia conservadora, els migalomorfs han plantejat importants reptes als taxònoms. El seu ús potencial com a organismes model no s'ha desenvolupat encara. Hem aplicat una aproximació integradora per investigar els orígens, mecanismes de diversificació i coexistència en aquest grup d'aranyes. Es proporciona la primera filogènia molecular del gènere Nemesia. Els nostres resultats recuperen monofilia recíproca dels gèneres Nemesia i Iberesia. Vam mapar la reducció de les fileres i hem demostrat que Holenemesia va evolucionar a partir d'un ancestre Pronemesia. L’ estudi mostra diferents graus de reducció en tots dos grups Curiosament, hem detectat una clara relació entre la reducció de les fileres i l'arquitectura del niu. Els espècimens d’Holonemesia construeixen caus complexes a diferència de Pronemesia, que construeixen nius senzills, no ramificats i amb poca seda. Aquest patró suggereix que la reducció en l'aparell de filat pot influir directament en el tipus de niu construït per l'espècie. Les nostres anàlisis donen suport a la Serralada Bètica com a origen de Nemesia. L’estimació de temps de divergència data els orígens de Nemesia al voltant de 40 mA (56-18 - 26.99 Ma). Les estimacions dels temps de divergència demostren que les diferents illes i també el nord d'Àfrica van ser colonitzades de la Península Ibèrica en diversos processos independents. La complexa història geològica i els canvis climàtics geològics soferts a la regió de la Mediterrània des de l'Oligocè fins al Quaternari van jugar un paper clau la generació de barreres a la dispersió o l'establiment de connexions terrestres entre les diferents masses de terra que permetien a la dispersió i colonització de diferents àrees. El gènere Iberesia té una distribució restringida a la Península Ibèrica, Illes Balears i el Marroc, on es va detectar la presència d'aquest gènere per primera vegada. Aquest gènere va ser descrit recentment per incloure les mostres sense fileres que s’havien considerat incorrectament Nemesia. En comparació a Nemesia, només tres espècies de Iberesia es descriuen en base a dades morfològiques.Els resultats d'aquest estudi mostren l'existència d'almenys 7 llinatges diferents i ben suportats, només dos d'ells van ser assignats a les espècies nominals (I. brauni i I. machadoi), mentre que I. Castillana no s’ha pogut trobar. Malgrat 9 espècies es coneixien del Nord d’Àfrica, no hi havia cap mena d’informació informació sobre la fauna de Tunísia. El mostreig va revelar alts nivells de diversitat en l'arquitectura del niu i trampa, mostrant estructures molt complexes. L’enfoc utilitzat combinant diferents línies d'evidències ha permès confirmar l'existència de 13 nous llinatges, 12 dels quals s’han descrit coma noves espècies. Es van detectar patrons de convivència entre espècies relacionades. Es va realitzar una anàlisi de la delimitació d'espècies mitjançant i durant dos anys es va dur a terme el seguiment de 5 localitats. Els nostres resultats mostren que la convivència és mantinguda degut a la separació temporal durant l'aparellament, cada espècie té el seu propi període de màxima dispersió però on el pic màxim de dispersió no es solapa i una marcada selecció de l’habitat.
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Capdevila, Lanzaco Pol. "Life history, population dynamics and conservation of underwater Mediterranean forests: insights from the long-lived alga Cystoseira zosteroides = Història de vida, ecologia de poblacions i conservació dels boscos submergits del Mediterrani: el cas de l'alga longeva Cystoseira zosteroides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/456298.
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Life history theory and population ecology have been especially neglectful of marine species, with most ecological principles developed from studies based on terrestrial species. This is especially true for macroalgae species, for which population dynamics and life history studies are still scarce. Given their fundamental role as habitat-forming species and primary producers in temperate seas worldwide, understanding the dynamics of macroalgae populations is fundamental, not only for their own conservation but also for their associated biodiversity and marine coastal ecosystems functioning.
Therefore, the present dissertation aims to unravel some of the processes and mechanisms that shape the population dynamics of the deep-water, long-lived and habitat-forming macroalga, Cystoseira zosteroides. With this information, we aim to bolster our ability to predict the future of this species in a globally impacted world, as well as to develop management tools to improve their conservation status. Overall, we aim to improve our current comprehension about the population dynamics and life history of macroalgae.
The results obtained from our monitored populations show that C. zosteroides have slow population dynamics. By using comparative analyses, we observed contrasting life history strategies among macroalgae species. While other intertidal fucoid and kelp populations highly depend on reproductive processes and the growth of organisms, natural and undisturbed C. zosteroides populations are maintained by the high survival and long lifespan of adult individuals. We also demonstrated that the dispersal ability of brown macroalgae is very limited compared to other taxa, with kelps showing higher dispersal potential than fucoids.
Our findings showed that disturbances highly influence C. zosteroides population dynamics. After an extreme storm and the impact of a ghost fishing net, their populations displayed a high increase in recruitment rates, suggesting a negative density-dependence effect of adults on early stages. We observed that in recruitment plates located inside well-developed adult canopies post-settlement survival is lower than outside the adult canopy. This evidence that adult C. zosteroides individuals establish a ceiling for the development of recruits. Thus, density-dependence plays a key role regulating C. zosteroides population dynamics, triggering their recovery after major disturbances. In contrast to natural populations, after major mortality events, their recovery and dynamics highly depend on the reproductive process. This is particularly worrying given the limited effective dispersal of this species.
Finally, despite the high ability of C. zosteroides to compensate morality pulses through density-dependence, their recovery can take decades, rendering their populations more vulnerable. Although isolated mortality events can be compensated, our demographic simulations showed that the combined effect of physical disturbances, compromise the viability of C. zosteroides populations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that warming has a high impact on early life stages of this species. Decreased early survival and settlement rates due to rising temperatures delay the recovery ability of C. zosteroides and increase the vulnerability of their populations.
Overall, our findings do not only contribute to better comprehend macroalgae population dynamics, but also provide new insights for their effective management. With this dissertation we evidence the key role of population ecology and life history into understanding the dynamics of species, stressing how these disciplines may help us to better comprehend the future of coastal marine ecosystems.La teoria sobre les històries de vida i l’ecologia de poblacions desenvolupen principis ecològics basats principalment en estudis realitzats en espècies terrestres, sovint sense tenir en compte les espècies marines. A través d’aquesta tesi preteníem descriure alguns dels processos i mecanismes que configuren la dinàmica poblacional de Cystoseira zosteroides, una macroalga longeva i formadora d’hàbitat, que habita en aigües profundes del Mediterrani Nord- Occidental. En un context més ampli, també es pretén augmentar la nostra comprensió actual sobre la dinàmica poblacional i la història de vida de les macroalgues. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que C. zosteroides presenta una dinàmica poblacional molt lenta. Mentre que altres poblacions de Fucals i de Kelps d’hàbitats de poca profunditat depenen principalment de processos reproductius i del creixement dels organismes, les poblacions naturals i no pertorbades de C. zosteroides es mantenen gràcies a l’elevada supervivència i la llarga esperança de vida dels individus adults. També demostrem que la capacitat de dispersió de les macroalgues brunes és molt limitada en comparació amb altres taxons, tot i que els Kelps presenten un major potencial de dispersió que les Fucals. Els nostres resultats també demostren que la denso-dependència juga un paper clau regulant la dinàmica poblacional de C. zosteroides, ja que pot impulsar la seva recuperació després de grans pertorbacions. A diferència de les poblacions no alterades, després de grans esdeveniments de mortalitat, la recuperació i dinàmica de les poblacions de C. zosteroides depèn molt dels processos reproductius. Això és especialment preocupant donada la limitada dispersió efectiva d’aquesta espècie. No obstant, tot i que els esdeveniments de mortalitat aïllats es poden compensar amb polsos de reclutament, les nostres simulacions demogràfiques demostren que l’efecte combinat dels pertorbacions físiques, com les tempestes i les xarxes de pesca abandonades, comprometen la viabilitat de les poblacions de C. zosteroides. A més, hem demostrat que l’escalfament té un gran impacte en les primeres etapes de vida d’aquesta espècie, fet que retarda la capacitat de recuperació de C. zosteroides i augmenta la seva vulnerabilitat a altres pertorbacions. En general, els nostres resultats no només contribueixen a comprendre millor la dinàmica poblacional de les macroalgues, sinó que també proporcionen noves idees per a la seva gestió eficaç. Amb aquesta tesi, es demostra el paper clau de l’ecologia de poblacions i la història de la vida en la comprensió de la dinàmica de les espècies i destaca com aquestes disciplines poden ajudar-nos a entendre millor el futur dels ecosistemes marins costaners.
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Berthelot, Hugues. "Cyrène, colonie et capitale. Le destin méditerranéen d’une cité des confins du monde grec (VIIe – Ier s. av. J.-C.)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040133.
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La cité de Cyrène offre un visage différent selon le point de vue qu’on adopte pour la considérer : elle est tout à la fois colonie et métropole, tout à la fois capitale régionale de la Cyrénaïque et simple cité du royaume hellénistique des Lagides, tout à la fois cité située aux confins du monde méditerranéen et cité dont la présence en Grèce continentale et en Égée est manifeste.Les études antérieures ayant principalement porté sur l’examen de l’histoire politique de la cité et des modifications du cadre urbain, ce travail se propose donc d’étudier l’évolution du statut de la cité de sa fondation en 631 par des colons venus de Théra à son don par Ptolémée Apion en 96 av. J.-C. à la République romaine, au prisme des relations qu’elle entretint avec le reste du monde grec : nous avons donc cherché Cyrène et les Cyrénéens à l’extérieur de la cité, l’étranger et les étrangers à l’intérieur de la cité, en nous fondant sur les données épigraphiques, numismatiques, papyrologiques et archéologiques. Organisé en trois parties coïncidant avec les trois grandes phases de l’histoire cyrénéenne, ce travail examine les rapports économiques, diplomatiques et culturels existant entre Cyrène et les autres cités grecques et s’attache à en dégager les grandes tendances et à mesurer leur influence sur la cité elle-mêmeThe city of Cyrene provides different faces depending on the perspective adopted to consider it : it is both a colony and a metropol, both the capital city of Cyrenaica and a mere city in the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies, both a city situated on the borders of the Mediterranean world and a city whose presence incontinental Greece and in Aegea is clear.Since the previous studies focused on the city’s political history and the transformation of the urban landscape, we intend in this work to study the evolution of the city’s status from its foundation in 631 B.C. by colonists fromThera to its gift by Ptolemy Apion to the Roman Republic in 96 B.C., by focusing on the relations which it maintained with the rest of the Greek world : we searched then Cyrene and the Cyrenaeans outside of their city, foreign objects and foreigners inside the city, relying on epigraphical, numismatical, papyrological and archaeological data.Organised in three parts which coincide with the three major phases of Cyrenaean history, this work investigates the economic, diplomatic and cultural relations between Cyrene and the other Greek cities and strives to detect the main trends of those and to measure their influence on the city itself
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Hardenberg, Benedict Ralph. "City centres of the apostle Paul." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52732.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002On title page: Master of Philosophy (Bible Skills)
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The apostle Paul was called and commissioned to the city centres of the eastern Mediterranean world. These city centres were places of power, trade, wealth and travel. They were the nerve centres of civilisation in the East. People from various parts of the Roman Empire were found in these major cities. The city was therefore a highly significant institution in the Roman Empire. The governing authorities wanted hellenization and romanization to spread from these cities. The Christian leaders also decided that Christianity had to spread in the Roman Empire from its city centres. The apostle Paul's Christian mission was therefore to the various cities in the Roman Empire. The sociohistorical realities in these cities therefore formed the context of Paul's life and apostolic work and determined his relation to a city. The political, social, cultural and religious factors in a city could therefore impinge on his life and work. The apostle Paul was usually drawn to these large cities where he could find Jewish communities. As Christianity was resting on a Jewish foundation, his initial strategy was his work in the synagogues amongst the Jews. Paul also needed an alternative venue for his Christian work in the city. These alternate venues were usually the private homes of individuals who had become Christians. In these homes Paul established his church in a city. The hosts in these homes would usually become the benefactors and leaders in the church. Paul's apostolic work in a city was also done in the city streets. His church therefore became thoroughly mixed in terms of social status, however, the church gave all equal rights and privileges. When Paul left a city, he also placed on them the responsibility to reach their surrounding regions and provinces with the Christian message. These cities therefore had to be strategically located. The apostle Paul chose five specific cities that had an advantageous geographical position in the Roman provinces to complete his apostolic work in the eastern Mediterranean world.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die apostel Paulus was geroep en opgedrag vir die stedelike sentrums van die ooste Middellandse wereld. Hierdie stedelike sentrums was plekke van invloedryke mag, ekonomiese handel, rykdom en reis aktiwitiete. Hulle was ook die kern van menslike beskawing in die Ooste. Bevolkings groepe vanuit verskeie dele van die Romeinse ryk was in hierdie groot stede te vinde. Stede was 'n hoogs betekensvolle instelling in die Romeinse ryk. Die politieke owerhede wou he dat hellenization en romanization moes sprei van hierdie stede. Die Christelike leiers het ook besluit dat Christendom moes in die stede van die Romeinse ryk sprei. Die apostel Paulus se Christelike sending was dus tot die verskillende stede in die Romeinse ryk. Die sosio-historiese realiteite in hierdie stede was die samehang van Paulus se apostoliese werk en het ook sy verhouding met die betrokke stede bepaal. Die politieke, maatskaplike, kulturele en godsdienstige faktore in 'n stad kon dus 'n invloed uitoefen op sy lewe en werk. Paulus was gewoonlik aangetrokke tot hierdie groot stede waar Joodse gemeenskappe te vinde was. Aangesien Christendom in die Joodse geloof gegrondves was, was sy aanvanklike strategie om sy werk te loots in sinagoge waar Joode te vinde was. Paulus het ook 'n alternatiewe ontmoetings plek vir sy Christelike werk in die stede nodig gehad. Hierdie alternatiewe ontmoetingsplekke was gewoonlik in die huise van indiwidue wat Christene geword het. Die eienaar van hierdie huishouding het gedien as gasheer, weldoener en leier in die kerk. Paulus het ook sy apostoliese werk voortgesit in die stedelike strate. Sy kerke het as gevolg hiervan 'n gemende samelewing status gehad, nogtans het hy gepoog om alle Christene gelykwaardig te stel. Wanneer Paulus 'n stad verlaat het, het hy het ook aan hulle die verantwoordelikheid gegee om uit te reik na hulomliggende streke en provinsies met die Christen boodskap. Hierdie stede moes dus strategies gelee wees. Paulus het vyf spesifieke stede wat 'n voordelig geologiese posisie in die Romeinse provinsies uitgeken om sy apostoliese werk te voltooi in die ooste Middellandse wereld.
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Cizakca, Defne. "The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul : a novel ; &, Ottoman crossroads : coffeehouses, politics, theatres and storytelling : critical essays." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6713/.
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This Creative Writing PhD consists of a novel, The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul, and accompanying critical essays, Ottoman Crossroads: Coffeehouses, Politics, Theatres and Storytelling. The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul is historical in nature, and magically real in temperament. It is an account of fin de siècle Constantinopolis, and contains forgotten fairy tales, remnants of an ancient manuscript culture, Armenian playwrights, Turkish feminists, Greek fortune-tellers and Sephardim cantors. It tells the tale of six intersecting lives in 1876, a time known as “the year of the three Sultans” in Ottoman history. This period was filled with tensions between traditionalism and Westernization, but also new political possibilities forwarded by the Young Ottomans. While the characters in The Encyclopaedia of Istanbul are fictitious, they are inspired by historical events and figures. The second element of my PhD, Ottoman Crossroads, is made up of four individual essays that focus on selected themes from the novel. They scrutinize, in order of presentation, the history of coffeehouse culture, the secretive society of the Young Ottomans and their political thought, the formation of Armenian-Turkish theatre, and the rediscovery of Ottoman fairy tales. Whilst the novel and essays are coherent independently, they also link to each other in ways that are sometimes direct, and at other times subtle.
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Bouillon, Hélène. "Vaisselle de luxe et échanges culturels au Bronze Récent : étude de cas à partir de sept formes introduites en Égypte au Nouvel Empire." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040216.
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Le Nouvel Empire marque une rupture dans l’évolution de la vaisselle de luxe en Égypte : de types nouveaux se développent en imitant souvent des modèles étrangers. Apparaît alors un paradoxe : ces mêmes formes, lorsqu’elles sont trouvées hors d’Égypte sont souvent qualifiées d’ « égyptiennes » voire « égyptisantes ». Cette étude vise à comprendre l’origine de ces formes nouvelles, les raisons de leur floraison à partir de Thoutmosis III et leur place dans les échanges culturels de l’Égypte avec ses voisins. Nous avons choisi sept types représentant le mieux ce paradoxe et étudié tous les vases de provenance certaine trouvés aussi bien en Égypte que dans le reste de la Méditerranée orientale. En les comparant aussi bien du point de vue technique que stylistique, nous tentons ici de définir les tendances de chaque région et de rendre à chacune sa part. Une approche sociologique et économique permet également d’examiner avec soin les mécanismes de ces échanges commerciaux et culturelsIn the New Kingdom, a change is visible in the typological evolution of Egyptian luxury vases: new forms appear, imitating foreign vessels. The paradox is that these vases, when discovered outside Egypt, are often regarded as “Egyptian”, or “Egyptianized”. The aim of this work is to understand the origins of these new forms as well as the reasons for their proliferation during the reign of Thumosis III, and to understand their role in cultural exchange between Egypt and it’s neighbours. The author selects seven forms and studies corresponding vases, from all over Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean. Comparisons made, both from a technical and a stylistic point of view, help to define cultural trends for each region. A sociological and economical approach has been adopted to scrutinize the mechanisms of trade
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Colomar, Ferrer Santiago. "Una frontera oblidada. Atacs i desembarcaments de corsaris nordafricans a Catalunya, València i Balears: 1571-1650." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398537.
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A finals del segle XVI, la Mediterrània es va convertir en una frontera políticament oblidada. Els problemes de l'Imperi Turc, les dificultats financeres de la Monarquia Hispànica, la situació a Flandes i les aspiracions de Felip II a la corona portuguesa propiciaren la signatura de diverses treves entre els dos imperis (1577-1581). Aquest oblit polític i els problemes econòmics deixaren en un estat precari la defensa dels territoris mediterranis de la Monarquia Hispànica, provocant el retard en l'acabament de les obres de fortificació, la degradació de les guarnicions de soldats i la falta d'armes i municions. Aquest fet i l'aparició d'un corsarisme barbaresc cada vegada més intens, va provocar la militzarització de la societat civil, amb diferents intensitats segons les zones. Aquest fenomen es va intensificar a la primera meitat del segle XVII, quan el problema del bandolerisme es va accentuar a Catalunya, València i Balears. En aquesta etapa d'oblit polític i precaritetat defensiva, les torres es convertiren en l'element més important per fer front a les noves formes de guerra corsària, basades en les incursions a petita escala. Malauradament, aquesta xarxa de torres només oferia garanties al regne de València i la defensa per mar era deficient perquè no sempre existiren flotes de vigilància litoral. Aquesta situació va deixar la costa de Catalunya, València i Balears amb poques opcions davant el corsarisme barbaresc, que va culminar a la dècada de 1640. Aquesta activitat corsària procedia sobretot de la Regència d'Alger, que a finals del segle XVI es va convertir en una província perifèrica i autònoma de l'Imperi Turc. Entre 1571 i 1610, els corsaris nordafricans utilitzaren sobretot vaixells tradicionals i la pràctica més habitual foren les petites incursions. Entre 1611 i 1650, amb l'aparició dels vaixells a vela, rodons i d'alt bord, augmentaren les captures en alta mar, però els musulmans continuaren utilitzant embarcacions tradicionals, de manera que no desaparegueren les petites ràtzies per sorpresa. Els magrebins ocasionaren nombrosos danys a les poblacions costaneres perquè, a més de fer captius, assaltaren i cremaren viles, destruïren collites, robaren i mataren ramats, profanaren esglésies, enderrocaren torres, atacaren barques de pesca, perjudicaren el comerç marítim i tallaren comunicacions per mar. L'impacte humà i material d'aquests atacs corsaris va agreujar la situació econòmica de les famílies i poblacions de la costa, especialment delicada a la primera meitat del segle XVII.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Mediterranean became a politically forgotten frontier. The problems of the Ottoman Empire, the financial troubles of the Spanish Monarchy, the situation in Flandes and Philip the Second’s aspirations to the Portuguese crown favored the signature of several truces between the two empires (1577-1581). Such political oblivion and the economical problems left the defense of the Mediterranean territories of the Spanish Monarchy in a precarious condition, causing a delay in the finalization of fortification works, the deterioration of garrisons and a lack of weapons and ammunitions. This fact, together with the rising of an increasingly Barbarian privateering, led to a militarization of the civil society, at different levels, depending on the areas. This phenomenon intensified in the first half of the seventeenth century, when the banditry accentuated in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands. In this period of political oblivion and precarious defense, the towers became the most important element to face the corsairs’ new forms of warfare, based on small scale raids. Unfortunately, this network of watchtowers only offered guarantees in the kingdom of Valencia and because there were not always coastal patrol vessels, the sea defense was insufficient. Such situation left the coast of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands with few options against Barbarian privateering, which reached its highest point in the decade of 1640s. This corsair activity mainly came from the Regency of Algiers, which became a peripheral and autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the sixteenth century. Between 1571 and 1610, the North African corsairs used, above all, traditional vessels and the most common practice was the small raids. Between 1611 and 1650, with the emergence of sailing ships, high sea captures increased but muslims continued using traditional crafts, so the small raids by surprise did not disappear. The Maghrebis caused a lot of damage to coastal populations because, apart from taking captives, they raided and burnt villages, destroyed harvests, stole and killed flocks, desecrated churches, demolished towers, attacked fishing boats, distorted maritime trade and cut off sea communications. The human and material impact of these corsair attacks worsened the economical situation of the families and settlements on the coasts, which was specially delicate in the first half of the seventeenth century.
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Pesenti, Mikaël. "Amphores grecques en Égypte saïte : histoire des mobilités méditerranéennes archaïques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3033.
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Cette thèse porte un regard nouveau sur la présence grecque en Égypte avant la conquête d’Alexandre le Grand. Par le biais des amphores grecques retrouvées en Égypte, notre étude apporte quelques éclairages sur la question des mobilités méditerranéennes. Notre approche, résolument archéologique, prend en considération l’ensemble de la documentation amphorique, en grande partie inédite, sur une trentaine de sites égyptiens. Les assemblages céramiques et la nature des contextes alimentent nos réflexions. Des études quantitatives permettent de déterminer la part relative des importations et ainsi de préciser aussi bien les réseaux d’échanges que la pénétration des produits méditerranéens en Égypte. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence un basculement du commerce qui, vers la fin du VIIe, se déplace du Levant vers les cités égéennes. Au cours du VIe siècle nous assistons à une généralisation progressive des importations grecques. Le monde égéen s’impose alors comme le partenaire économique privilégié d’un commerce à grande échelle. Largement distribuées sur l’ensemble du territoire, les amphores grecques ne se cantonnent pas aux seuls établissements côtiers dont la nature est également à l’étude. L’invasion de Cambyse en 525 ne semble pas mettre un frein à ces échanges. Nous notons toutefois quelques changements dans la hiérarchie des principales cités égéennes exportatrices. La présence importante d’amphores grecques et la faible représentation de céramiques fines dans des contextes domestiques égyptiens témoignent de la réception des denrées exportées sans toutefois entraîner un changement dans le mode de consommation localThis thesis takes a fresh look at Greek presence in Egypt before the conquest of Alexander the Great. By looking at Greek amphorae found in Egypt, our study will shed some light on the question of movement in the Mediterranean.Our approach is strictly archaeological and will take into consideration the ensemble of documentation concerning amphorae, still largely unpublished, from some 30 Egyptian sites. This enquiry places the archaeological context at the heart of the argument. The ceramic assemblages and the nature of contexts are what nourish our reflections. Quantitative studies allow us to determine the relative role of imports and thus to elucidate both exchange networks and the penetration of Mediterranean products into Egypt. We have been able to reveal a swing in trade towards the end of the 7th century away from the Levant and towards the Aegean cities. To date, nothing indicates a significant Greek presence prior to the last third of the 7th century. Throughout the 6th century, we witness a gradual generalisation of Greek imports. Widely distributed across the entire territory, Greek amphorae are not limited to coastal settlements, the nature of which is also under study. The invasion of Cambyses in 525 does not seem to have slowed this exchange. We do, however, note certain changes in the hierarchy of the principal Aegean export cities. The wide distribution of Greek amphorae is evidence of a strong current that can no longer be envisaged simply as destined for Greek communities in situ. By situating our data with a Mediterranean perspective, we are proposing a hypothesis of a more pronounced north-south circulation
تلقي هذه الرسالة نظرة جديدة على التواجد اليوناني في مصر قبل غزو الأسكندر الاكبر. من خلال الامفورات اليونانية التي عثر عليها في مصر٬ تلقي هذه الدراسة بعض الضوء على مسألة التنقل في حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسطمقاربتنا٬ و هي بلا شك متعلقة بعلم الآثار٬ تأخذ في الأعتبار جميع الوثائق المتعلقة بالأمفورات في حوالي ثلاثون موقع مصري٬ و غالبيتها غير مطبوعة. هذا البحث مبني على أساس أثري.و تتغدى أفكارنا من خلال قطع السيراميك المجمعة و طبيعة السياق التاريخي. تسمح الدراسات الكمية بتحديد الحصة التقريبية للواردات و بالتالي بتحديد كلا من شبكات التبادل و دخول منتجات البحر الابيض المتوسط مصرلقد استطعنا إثبات وجود تحول التجارة، والتي تنتقل من بلاد الشام إلى مدن بحر ايجه في نهاية القرن السابع. و حتى هذه اللحظة، لا يجد أي عنصر قد يشير إلى تواجد يوناني مهم في ما قبل الثلث الاخير للقرن السابع. و نشهد في القرن السادس، انتشار تدريجي للواردات اليونانية. و يصبح العالم الإيجي الشريك الإقتصادي المفضل للتجارة على نطاق واسع. و بعد أن قاموا بتوزيعها في جميع أنحاء البلاد، لم تعد الأمفورات اليونانية محصورة في المنشآت الساحلية و التي تعتبر طبيعتها ايضاً محل دراسة. و يبدو أن غزو قمبيز في عام 525 لم يضع حداً لهذا التبادل. و مع ذلك نلاحظ بعض التغييرات في ترتيب المدن الإيجيية الرئيسية المصدرة. يشهد الأنتشار الواسع للأمفورات اليونانية على تيار قوي لا يمكن النظر إليه، بعد الآن، على أنه خاص بالمجتمعات اليونانية المتواجدة هناكو في إطار الحياة المنزلية المصرية، يدل وجود الأمفورات اليونانية بكثرة وقلة الرسومات بالسيراميك الدقيق على تلقي السلع المصدرة دون أن يتبع ذلك تغيير في طريقة الاستهلاك المحلي. و عند وضع بياناتنا في إطار منظور خاص بالبحر الأبيض المتوسط، نفترض وجود حركة أكبر بين الشمال و الجنوب
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APELLANIZ, RUIZ DE GALARRETA Francisco Javier. "Pouvoir et finance en méditerranée pré-moderne : le deuxième Etat Mamelouk et le commerce des épices." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6593.
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Defence date: 25 September 2006Examining board: Prof. Anthony Molho (IUE, Directeur) ; Prof. Jean-Claude Garcin (Université d'Aix-Marseille I) ; Prof. Mercè Viladrich (Universitat de Barcelona) ; Prof. Diogo Curto (IUE)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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KHVALKOV, Evgeny. "The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region : evolution and transformation." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/40744.
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Defence date: 8 September 2015Examining Board: Professor Luca Molà, EUI/ Supervisor; Professor Jorge Flores, EUI; Doctor Serena Ferente, King's College London; Professor Kate Fleet, University of Cambridge. Description: Thesis in 2 volumes.
The period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries was a time of significant economic and social progress in the history of Europe. The development of industry and urban growth, the increasing role of trade and the expansion of geographical knowledge led to an époque of colonial expansion for Italy. Its maritime republics, Genoa and Venice, became cradles of commercial development and represent an early modern system of international long-distance trade in the late medieval period. These city-states came to the forefront of world history not only because of their commercial importance and the commercial mechanisms of exchange they introduced and adopted, but also because of their naval importance and the establishment of their overseas settlements.
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Vidoni, Tullio. "The journal of Roberto da Sanseverino (1417-1487) : a study on navigation and seafaring in the fifteenth century." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1901.
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Roberto da Sanseverino went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1458. He travelled from Venice to Jaffa on a galley and made his return, from Acre to Ancona, on a three-masted sailing ship. During both voyages he kept very accurate logs of distances, courses and wind directions. He described the sails employed for different modes of sailing and other activities pertaining to the safe operation of the vessels. These logs are contained in Sanseverino's diary of his pilgrimage and are an essential part of an original manuscript kept at the University of Bologna. This diary is the first documentation, and the only one known to exist up to this time, which presents a complete description of the methods employed by medieval shipmasters to navigate and handle their ships overlong voyages. The accuracy and reliability of the numeric data and of the other facts contained in the logs are such that, among other unusual findings, they make it possible to deter-mine the length of the Venetian sea mile, the angles of tack of medieval ships to windward and the speeds attainable under various conditions of sailing. Other original descriptions encompass the handling of ships in anchorages and some of the technical considerations that were essential to ensure ship seaworthiness under different conditions of cargo. Further reflections on all these data make it possible to arrive at certain conclusions about the economic constraints of sea ventures in different seasons of the year.