Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History

Academic literature on the topic 'Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History"

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Greene, Molly. "Commerce and the Ottoman Conquest of Kandiye." New Perspectives on Turkey 10 (1994): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600000868.

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The Ottoman-Venetian war for the island of Crete in the middle of the 17th century (1645-1669) was in some ways an anachronistic struggle. The era of imperial struggle in the Mediterranean had come to a close in 1578 when the Portuguese army, assisted by Spain, was defeated at Alcazar in Morocco by the army of the Ottoman protégé, Abd al-Malik. The Ottoman victory was followed by a Spanish-Ottoman truce signed in 1580 which, though it seemed tentative at the time, ushered in a long period of peace in the Mediterranean region. The Spanish acquiesced to Ottoman control of North Africa and turned their attention to their acquisitions in the new world. The Ottomans, for their part, occupied themselves with military conquests in the East and no new campaigns were launched in the Mediterranean.
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Tagliacozzo, Eric. "Trade, Production, and Incorporation. The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600–1900." Itinerario 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004952.

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Historians have approached the Indian Ocean from a variety of vantages in their attempts to explain the modern history of this huge maritime arena. Some scholars have concentrated on predation as a linking theme, charting how piracy connected a broad range of actors for centuries in these dangerous waters. Others have focused on environmental issues, asking how patterns of winds, currents, and weather allowed trade to flourish on such a vast, oceanic scale. These latter historians have appropriated a page out of Braudel, and have grafted his approaches to the Mediterranean to fit local, Indian Ocean realities, such as the role of cyclones and mangrove swamps in both helping and hindering long-distance commerce. Still other scholars have used different tacks, following trails of commodities such as spices or precious metals, or even focusing on far-flung archaeological remains, in an attempt to piece together trans-regional histories from the detritus civilisations left behind. All of these epistemological vectors have shed light on the region as a whole, though through different tools and lenses, and via a variety of techniques of inquiry.
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Budinski, Ivana, Vladimir Jovanovic, Branka Pejic, Jelena Blagojevic, Marija Rajicic, Milan Paunovic, Primoz Presetnik, and Mladen Vujosevic. "Mitochondrial phylogeography of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat on the Balkan Peninsula." Archives of Biological Sciences 71, no. 4 (2019): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs190529059b.

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The Balkan Peninsula is identified as one of the major glacial refugia in Europe during the Pleistocene, and it has served as a genetic source for post-glacial recolonization for many temperate species. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus euryale Blasius 1853, on the Balkan Peninsula. We also analyzed its demographic history and tested the hypothesis that this region was a glacial refugium for this species. We collected 82 samples from 20 localities in the Balkans and Italy and sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop region. Our results revealed low nucleotide but high haplotype diversity, with 20 out of 24 haplotypes reported for the first time. All Balkan and Italian samples belonged to a single genetic clade in the phylogenetic reconstruction, where they clustered together with previously published samples from Turkey, southern France and North Africa. The haplotype network had a star-like pattern that is indicative of recent population expansion. Both mismatch distribution and shallow genetic differentiation also supported the scenario of a sudden demographic expansion. We estimated that expansion within this lineage commenced in the Late Pleistocene. We suggest that the Balkan Peninsula was a glacial refugium for R. euryale.
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Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde. "Ancient History of Technology in West Africa: The Indigenous Glass/Glass Bead Industry and the Society in Early Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 5 (May 2, 2017): 501–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717701915.

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The technology of glassmaking is complex. This complexity has been cited for the exclusion of the development of ancient glass technology from certain regions of the world, especially Africa, South of the Sahara. Thus, much of the existing scholarship on the technology of ancient glass has focused on the Middle East, Mediterranean, and Southeast and South Asia. Although the discourse on indigenous African technology has gained traction in Black studies, the study of ancient glass seems to have been left mainly in the hands of specialists in other disciplines. Drawing from archaeological and historical evidence from Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria, in tandem with the result of compositional analysis, this article examines the first recognized indigenous Sub-Saharan African glass technology dated to early second millennium ad or earlier. The development of the local glass recipe and the making of beads not only ushered in a social, religious, and economic transformation in Yorubaland as well as the other West African societies but also redressed the place of Sub-Saharan African in the historiographical map of ancient global technology and commerce.
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Denker, A., and H. Oniz. "3D MODELING OF THE ARCHAIC AMPHORAS OF IONIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-85-2015.

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Few other regions offer such a rich collection of amphoras than the cities of Ionia. Throughout history amphoras of these cities had been spread all over the Mediterranean. Despite their common characteristics, amphora manufacturing cities of Ionia had their own distinctive styles that can be identified. They differed in details of shape and decoration. Each city produced an authentic type of amphora which served as a trademark of itself and enabled its attribution to where it originated from. That’s why, amphoras provide important insight into commerce of old ages and yield evidence into ancient sailing routes. Owing to this our knowledge of the ancient trade is profoundly enriched. The following is based on the finds of amphoras which originated from the Ionian cities of Chios, Clazomenai, Lesbos, Miletus, and Samos. Starting from city-specific forms which offer interpretative advantages in provenancing, this article surveys the salient features of the regional forms and styles of the those Ionian cities. 3D modeling is utilized with the aim of bringing fresh glimpses of the investigated amphoras by showing how they originally looked. Due to their virtual indestructibility these models offer interpretative advantages by enabling experimental testing of hypotheses upon the finds without risking them. The 3D models in the following sections were reconstructed from numerous fragments of necks, handles, body sherds and bases. They convey in color- unlike the monochrome drawings which we were accustomed to-the texture, decoration, tint and the vitality of the amphoras of Ionia.
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Vanneste, Tijl. "Between Crown & Commerce – Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 20, no. 1 (February 2013): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.756300.

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Köhler, Stephan, and Carsten Jahnke. "Vom Mittelalter zum Hanseraum." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 136 (January 13, 2021): 13–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2018.171.

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Hanseatic trade with Mediterranean fruits is a topic of recent interest among historians, because it depicts the entanglement between different economic areas. This paper examines the commerce with raisins and trade routes between the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. Sources about the trade with raisins are collected from documentary sources to illustrate the vivid trade between the Hanseatic area and the Mediterranean from the 13th century onwards. This study focuses on the documentary evidence of international marketplaces, like Flanders and England and the Hanseatic cities. Since the trade with raisins was part of bigger trade flows, it allows us to embed Hanseatic trade in the wider picture of European and Mediterranean commodity market networks.
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Marzagalli, Silvia. "Book Review: Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean." International Journal of Maritime History 24, no. 1 (June 2012): 423–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141202400131.

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Zammit, William. "Paper, Commerce, and the Circulation of News: A Case-Study from Early Modern Malta." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 23 (March 24, 2021): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-12041.

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This contribution discusses the vital role of paper in the context of an early modern Mediterranean island-state. From a commerical, but also from a political perspective, the increased amount of seaborne communication not only characterised statehood but indeed made it possible. Paper-based communication was the main channel of formal but also of informal communication, with the latter comprising the exchange of news, rumours, and hearsay between the geographically isolated community and the rest of the Mediterranean and beyond. Such paper transactions comprised manuscript but also increasingly printed genres. The role of these and of other typologies of printed commercial literature went beyond a purely utilitarian one, as very often such forms included decorative iconographical representations asserting either political sovreignity or religious power. Paper-based communication enabled such an island community not simply to receive news but also to be a net distributer of it.
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Chatziioannou, Maria Christina. "Book Review: Anglo-Saxons in the Mediterranean: Commerce, Politics and Ideas (XVII–XX Centuries)." International Journal of Maritime History 19, no. 2 (December 2007): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140701900227.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History"

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Anastasi, Maxine. "Small-island interactions : pottery from Roman Malta." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7cc36bfa-93e1-4fc5-b524-0ec72d80acf8.

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This thesis is an investigation of Roman pottery from the Maltese islands from the 1st century BC to the mid-4th century AD, and how pottery can help assess Malta's economic role in the wider central Mediterranean region. The archipelago's locally produced vessels, its range of ceramic exports, and the quantification of the types of amphorae, fine, and cooking wares the islands imported, were studied and the data were used to compare with the pottery available from the small islands of Pantelleria, Lampedusa and the Kerkennah isles. The aim is to revisit the theme of the economic role of the Maltese islands and other similar-sized islands in the region by moving away from the tradition of unilateral and monographic narratives, which more often than not, omit the wealth of information that can be garnered from pottery. In the first instance, a detailed study of three complete and new ceramic assemblages, including amphorae, fine, cooking and coarse wares, was undertaken. The opportunity to quantify identifiable imports and compare them with local products - the first of its kind for fine, cooking and coarse wares - provided valuable proxy data for comparing Malta with neighbouring islands and centres, and demonstrated what proportion of ceramic vessels were locally supplied, and how these changed over time. These data were also fed into a series of network analyses, which plotted the common pottery links shared between small-island and mainland sites in the region. The analyses were interpreted in conjunction with a critique of existing pottery quantification methods, and the potential acceptance for utilising all known pottery data irrespective of the quality and quantity of the published data available. Most importantly, the import trends obtained from this study were incorporated into the existing narrative of how small islands and their local industries featured in the central Mediterranean's regional economy, highlighting the types of archaeologically visible industries that existed; how these developed symbiotically alongside other larger supply networks; and what effect this might have had on the integration of small islands in the Roman Mediterranean.
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Van, Compernolle Thierry. "Histoire économique et céramologie: recherhes sur les coupes ioniennes, leur production et leur diffusion dans le monde méditerranéen da la fin du VIIIe au début du Ve siècle avant notre ère." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213183.

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Baker, William C. "Capital Ships, Commerce, and Coalition: British Strategy in the Mediterranean Theater, 1793." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699881/.

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In 1793, Great Britain embarked on a war against Revolutionary France to reestablish a balance of power in Europe. Traditional assessments among historians consider British war planning at the ministerial level during the First Coalition to be incompetent and haphazard. This work reassesses decision making of the leading strategists in the British Cabinet in the development of a theater in the Mediterranean by examining political, diplomatic, and military influences. William Pitt the Younger and his controlling ministers pursued a conservative strategy in the Mediterranean, reliant on Allies in the region to contain French armies and ideas inside the Alps and the Pyrenees. Dependent on British naval power, the Cabinet sought to weaken the French war effort by targeting trade in the region. Throughout the first half of 1793, the British government remained fixed on this conservative, traditional approach to France. However, with the fall of Toulon in August of 1793, decisions made by Admiral Samuel Hood in command of forces in the Mediterranean radicalized British policy towards the Revolution while undermining the construct of the Coalition. The inconsistencies in strategic thought political decisions created stagnation, wasting the opportunities gained by the Counter-revolutionary movements in southern France. As a result, reinvigorated French forces defeated Allied forces in detail in the fall of 1793.
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Samuel, James Gribble. "The 'Radical Underworld' of the Mediterranean: William Eton, Malta, and the British Mediterranean Empire, 1770-1806." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20065.

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In 1806, the British protectorate of Malta was engulfed in political scandal when accusations of ‘despotism’, ‘tyranny’ and ‘torture’, were made against the island’s Civil Commissioner, Sir Alexander Ball. This episode, alongside other contemporary colonial controversies, has recently attracted attention as a starting point for histories charting British attempts to construct a coherent imperial legal system across the first half of the nineteenth century. Rather than viewing the events at Malta in 1806 as the beginnings of a nineteenth-century story, this thesis however argues for the need to understand them as the culmination of a longer eighteenth-century saga. Applying a biographical lens, this thesis traces the Mediterranean career of William Eton, the minor colonial official who was chiefly responsible for the accusations made at Malta. As this thesis argues, ostensibly marginal figures such as Eton make particularly useful subjects for such an approach due to the fact that their life stories do not fit neatly into existing historical narratives, and thus cut across and connect supposedly distinct historical processes. Through Eton, this thesis connects the political scandal at Malta in 1806 to the intellectual and cultural circles of the North-German Enlightenment, to London networks of metropolitan political radicalism in the 1790s, as well as to the secret diplomacy, espionage, and foreign policy endeavours of the British and Russian empires in the Mediterranean in the late-eighteenth century. By piecing together the fragmentary traces of Eton’s transient career, with his diverse networks and multi-layered sociability, as well as his many endeavours to succeed, this thesis therefore provides a clear insight into just how interconnected British and Mediterranean trade was with diplomacy, politics, and the social and intellectual currents of European life during the ‘Age of Revolutions,’ as well as the lasting impacts these connections had on shaping British imperial governance at Malta.
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Bussolo, Maurizio. "A Mediterranean region FTA : some economic and environmental effects studied within a dynamic CGE framework." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109738/.

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Layton, Simon. "Commerce, authority and piracy in the Indian Ocean world, c. 1780-1850." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608198.

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Dickie, Trevor. "Commerce and experience in the seventeenth-century Mediterranean : the market dynamics, commercial culture and naval protection of English trade to Aleppo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:16b26e76-5bb7-4176-a224-2397466ce3cc.

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This thesis has been written to illustrate the experience of commerce and some of the conditions under which it was undertaken by merchants in the seventeenth-century Mediterranean. It is intended for economic historians with an interest in market exchange. In the Introduction, I review the historiography of commerce and, principally, the interaction between centres of international trade in western Europe and other regions of the world. Differences of interpretation turn on the degree to which western European merchants were able to bring to bear the potential advantages they had in capital resources, financial techniques, comparative advantage, economies of scale and commercial information on regional markets as early as the seventeenth century. Drawing on the existing literature, I argue that the interaction between markets was limited by slow communications and market disequilibria caused by inelasticities of supply. Merchants who organized commercial companies sought to overcome the uncertainty and risk that resulted from trading under these conditions. The principal source for the policies of the Levant Company are the Court Books. They provide neither extensive summaries of policy positions nor justifications for them, however, and we must rely on other, supplementary sources to reveal individual motivations and perceptions of commercial requirements. I argue that commercial letters, such as those of Thomas Metcalfe, William Ivatt and another anonymous factor in Aleppo, allow us to investigate the motivations for specific policies and the market conditions under which such policies were undertaken. In the case of Thomas Metcalfe, the qualitative value of the commercial information he provides is reinforced by quantitative information about his holdings. Together these two sets of information allow us to gain an unusually complete insight into the possible range of commercial activity in the market.
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Wooding, Jonathan M. "Communication and commerce along the western sealanes 400-800 AD." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26639.

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This dissertation will examine evidence for communication and commerce between western Britain, Scotland, Ireland', their Continental and British neighbours, and the Mediterranean, in the period 400-800 AD. Parts of the terrain and subject of this enquiry have been covered in earlier, well-known studies by Heinrich Zimmer, Kuno Meyer and Joseph Vendryes, all of whom explored the evidence for 'direct' travel between Ireland and Gaul in this period, and by 0. G. S. Crawford and E. G. Bowen, who examined the early medieval evidence in wide-ranging studies of what they termed the 'western seaways'. Their sources and methods have figured more recently in studies of the 'Irish Sea Culture-Province' hypothesis4 and, most significantly, of the contacts indicated by imported ceramics identified on western British and Irish sites since the 1940s. Despite the considerable literature arising from these previous researches, however, a separate historical study integrating archaeological and textual sources to answer the basic question of who was coming and going from the western shores of Britain and Ireland in the period 400-800 AD, and by what means, is lacking. It has to a large degree been taken for granted that maritime exchange would have constantly flourished along the western seaboard, to be invoked whenever an explanation was required for the movement of ideas or objects between regions. The studies of Zimmer and Bowen, in particular, sought to identify communication models as the background to theses concerning the spread of culture to and from early medieval Britain and Ireland. Other investigations have discussed aspects of the subject with reference to Zimmer, sometimes adding new material in the case of Crawford, James and Thomas, but in other cases, such as studies by Boissonade, Vendryes and Lewis, chiefly repeating the core of references assembled by Zimmer. Accordingly, the desire of the cultural theorists to imagine constant trading links as a background to cultural exchange has been carried over into studies of economic history where, for example, Zimmer's 'Wine trade' model, a theory particular to his thesis of the spread of classical culture to Ireland, has cast a misleading spell over most subsequent studies, both historical and archaeological, and has deflected any questioning of the causal relationship between commerce and the travels of cultural practitioners such as scholars who travel on trading ships. In some cases, for example where monastic links may be involved in the formation of commercial links, possibly crucial relationships are obscured.
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Underwood, Douglas R. "Using and reusing the monumental past in the late antique Mediterranean West, 300-600." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7323.

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Scholarship on late antique cities has largely conceptualized them as singular entities, either decaying or transitioning as Roman imperial power and economic structures shifted. Improved archaeological data from urban sites, accompanied by a number of broad synthetic studies, now allow for fresh exploration of the details of urbanism in this transformative era. This study examines the ways that a select group of public buildings were used and reused in the Mediterranean West between 300 and 600 CE. This examination is primarily carried out through the collection of a broad catalogue of archaeological evidence (supplemented with epigraphic and literary testimony) for the constructions, work projects, abandonments and reuses of key public monuments across the Western Mediterranean region—principally Italy, southern Gaul, Spain, and North Africa west of Cyrenaica. This broad survey is augmented with case studies on select cities. Such an analysis of the late antique histories of baths, aqueducts, and spectacle buildings (theaters, amphitheaters, and circuses) shows that each of the building types had a distinct history and that public monuments were not a unitary group. It also reveals unexpectedly few regional trends, suggesting that these histories were broadly common across the West. Further, this study shows that each building type was reused differently, both in terms of purposes and chronology. Finally, by considering economic, technological, cultural and legal factors affecting patterns of use, abandonment and reuse, this study establishes that the primary cause for the transformations to public building was largely a change in euergetistic practices in late antiquity. Cities with access to imperial or other governmental patronage used and maintained their public monuments longer than those without. Together these observations demonstrate the complexities of urban change in this period and prove that the idea of a single pattern of decline in late antique cities is no longer tenable.
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Tahtooh, Hussain Ali. "Commercial relations between the Arab world and India (3rd and 4th/9th and 10th centuries)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2966.

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The present work is mainly concerned with the commercial relations between the Arab world and India in the 3rd and 4th / 9th and 10th centuries. The thesis consists of an Introduction and five chapters. The introduction contains a brief survey of the historical background to the Arab-Indian trade links In the period prior to the period of the research. lt also includes the reasons for choosing the subject, and the difficulties with which the research was faced. The introduction also contains the methods of the research and a study of the main sources. Chapter One deals with the Arab provinces, the main kingdoms of India, the political situation in the Arab world and India, and its effects on the subject. It also deals with the main economic products in the countries concerned. Moreover, the chapter focuses on the factors which encouraged the Arab-Indian trade. Chapter Two deals with the trade routes (Land and Sea routes), the caravans, ships, the sea ports and the commercial cities in the Arab world and India. Chapter Three deals with the trade procedures between the Arab world and India. It also deals with the taxes levied in ports and some land posts. The chapter ends by giving some details of the prices of of goods in both countries. Chapter Four gives a detailed account of goods exported and imported by both sides, and the real causes behind the export and import of these goods. The chapter also gives an account of how sometimes goods are imported by one side from the other in order to meet the local demands or to be exported in a process of trading nn a world wide scale. Chapter Five deals with a conclusion of what has been discussed earlier, in addition to some cultural aspects which have not been dealt with in the chapters above.
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Books on the topic "Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History"

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Abulafia, David. Commerce and conquest in the Mediterranean, 1100-1500. Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum, 1993.

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Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean commerce, and the formation of identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Burns, Bryan E. Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean commerce, and the formation of identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Handel. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990.

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Aubet, María Eugenia. Commerce and colonization in the Mediterranean bronze age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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García, Genaro Chic. El comercio y el Mediterráneo en la antigüedad. Madrid: Akal, 2009.

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Smith, Thyrza R. Mycenaean trade and interaction in the west central Mediterranean, 1600-1000 B.C. Oxford, England: B.A.R., 1987.

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Shipping, trade and crusade in the medieval Mediterranean. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2012.

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Les échanges en Méditerranée médiévale: Marqueurs, réseaux, circulations, contacts. Aix-en-Provence: PU Provence, 2012.

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Jacoby, David. Trade, commodities and shipping in the medieval Mediterranean. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History"

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Berend, Ivan T. "The Mediterranean-Irish region." In Economic History of a Divided Europe, 148–75. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in the European economy: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003020318-6.

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Pasquale, Gaetano Di, Paolo Di Martino, and Stefano Mazzoleni. "Forest History in the Mediterranean Region." In Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 13–20. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470093714.ch2.

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Pooley, Simon, and Ana Isabel Queiroz. "Introduction: Historical Perspectives on Bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Region." In Environmental History, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74986-0_1.

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Picotti, Vincenzo, Alessandra Negri, and Bruno Capaccioni. "The Geological Origins and Paleoceanographic History of the Mediterranean Region: Tethys to Present." In The Mediterranean Sea, 3–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6704-1_1.

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Mefleh, Marina. "Cereals of the Mediterranean Region: Their Origin, Breeding History and Grain Quality Traits." In Cereal-Based Foodstuffs: The Backbone of Mediterranean Cuisine, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69228-5_1.

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Issar, Arie S. "Climate Change and History during the Holocene in the Eastern Mediterranean Region." In Water Science and Technology Library, 113–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3659-6_6.

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Moore, Sharlissa. "The history of concentrating solar power and large-scale engineering projects for the Mediterranean Region." In Sustainable Energy Transformations, Power, and Politics, 31–63. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, [2018] | Series: Routledge studies in energy transitions: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429508011-2.

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McCusker, John J. "Worth a War? The Importance of the Trade between British America and the Mediterranean." In Rough Waters, 7–24. Liverpool University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497346.003.0002.

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This chapter argues that the American presence in the Mediterranean that surged after the Peace of Paris in 1783 was not the beginning of American involvement in the region, but rather a revival of a pre-existing one. It accomplishes this by exploring the history of American maritime activity: analysing the commerce between the British Continental Colonies and Southern Europe from early colonial settlement up to the American War of Independence. It explores both the visible and invisible components of the colonial balance of payments system, and suggests a financial advantage to Americans far higher than previous estimates have offered. It also considers trade between American and Britain after the 1783 Treaty of Paris; the fluctuating rates of trade goods including tobacco, sugar, and fish; and the threat of North African pirates. It concludes that American willingness to go to war for independence was linked to the profitability of their existing trade links in the Mediterranean.
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De Vivo, Filippo. "Crossroads region: the Mediterranean." In The Cambridge World History, 415–44. Cambridge University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139194594.018.

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Thompson, John D. "A Mediterranean history." In Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean, x—33. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835141.003.0001.

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The Mediterranean region has had a long and complex history. The phasing of three main historical elements forms a Mediterranean triptych: geology, climate, and human activities. The geological fragmentation of the Mediterranean into distinct microregions and tectonic movement of its different microplates has continually reshaped the configuration of the terrestrial landscapes, islands, and mountains. Many areas have been land bridge connections across the sea. The Mediterranean region has a characteristic climate, the essential element of which is the occurrence of a summer drought. Although initial trends towards aridity are ancient, the Mediterranean climate only dates to the Pliocene. Climatic oscillations since its onset have caused sea level changes, influencing the appearance and disappearance of land bridge connections across different parts of the Mediterranean Sea, causing species’ range sizes to expand and contract in repeated phases. Finally, nowhere else in Europe has had such a long history of human presence and activity. In the last three millennia, the impact of human activities on the landscape has been dramatic in terms of the evolution of the mosaic landscape we now observe. The phased history of these three factors is at the heart of plant evolution in the Mediterranean.
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Conference papers on the topic "Mediterranean Region – Commerce – History"

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Ponzetta, Alessandra. "Il castello di Tutino (Le): una lettura storico-architettonica per la conoscenza del patrimonio pugliese." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11517.

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The castle of Tutino (Le): a case study on knowledge of the Apulian heritageThis study aims to investigate the relationship between a castle located in the Apulian region (Southeastern Italy) and its historical and territorial background. The subject of the research deals with a multi-layered monumental complex located in the lower Salento, in the territory of the town of Tricase, which includes five castles. This currently presents itself as an irregularly shaped fence marked by five towers, whose original structure dates back to at least the fifteenth century. In particular, on one side of the castle a baronial palace was built by the Trani family in the eighties of the sixteenth century. As far as it concerns the history of the entire complex it should be noticed that it has undergone various enlargements and modifications due to changes of its property and use. This process is both documented at the archival-bibliographic level, and experienced by the analysis of the masonry stratigraphy, thanks to which it has been possible to identify the various stages of the historical-constructive development of the castle. In conclusion, the analysis carried out intends to clarify how the historical dynamics occurred in the region of Apulia influenced the final stage of the castle of Tutino; to this end it will be considered the evolution of constructive techniques and perspectives belonging to the local tradition, in order to demonstrate the impact on the features of this castle.
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Moreno Guerrero, Rafael, and Luis José García-Pulido. "Estudio preliminar del cerro del castillo de Montefrío (Granada)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11539.

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Preliminary study of the Hill of the Castle of Montefrío (Granada)The castle of Montefrío (Granada) was one of the fortresses that formed the last line of defense of the Nasrid kingdom. After its surrender, in 1486, the castle served as a Castilian border stronghold until the fall of the Nasrid capital, Granada, six years later, which put an end to the Christian conquest of al-Andalus. This work tries to analyze the evolution of the hill were the castle is, from the implantation of the Nasrid fortress to the present day, through the continuous transformations from a citadel, a military fortress, a church and, today, a centre of interpretation. This place is a territorial and landscape landmark that has shaped the environment of Montefrío and has been a key piece in its history and in its urban development. The study focuses on the analysis of the evolution of the constructive techniques developed by the Nasrid and the Castilian for the defense of this stronghold, through the archaeological remains preserved in the site. The preliminary study of this castle is a starting point for a deeper investigation that will be extended to other fortresses in the mountainous region between Córdoba and Granada. The study of the castle of Montefrío is therefore a methodological approach that will serve as the basis for a more extensive territorial research.
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Gron, Silvia, and Eleni Gkrimpa. "Le città nelle fortificazioni: le isole ioniche in Grecia. Conoscenza e valorizzazione di un patrimonio." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11533.

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The cities in the fortifications: the Ionian islands in Greece. Knowledge and enhancement of a heritage Residing in the Mediterranean Sea, Ionian islands signify the passage from the west to the east. A constantly sought-after region due to the trade routes, was for a long time garrisoned and under the authority of the Venetian Republic (fourteenth-eighteenth centuries) that hindered with its fleet the Turkish invasions. The bigger islands that constitute the cluster of the Eptanisa: Corfu, Lefkada or Santa Maura, Ithaka, Kefalonia, Kythira, Zakinthos and more, that had strategic positions with respect to the usual routes, had since the middle ages fortifications like walls, towers and castles, that over the time were expanded and restructured by the Venetians in order to defend those islands from the enemy attacks. The rich iconographic historic material, considering the Ionian Islands, allows to document the characteristics of those wide spread defensive structures and to identify each strong part of this big and unique fortification cluster. It has to be noted that every one of those structures gives us clues about the urban history of the city it resides since they were part of the urban landscape revealing this way the urban layout. The compelling story of the architectural consistency of those fortresses, as it is described in the historic documents, cannot be always verified. Many of those structures are nowadays completely destroyed and only a few remains are left. There are many ways to organize a project for saving those structures and in particular one that will be related with the cultural tourism.
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Kuşçu, Ayşe Dudu. "Role of Seljuk Maritime Trade on the Integration of Anatolian Economy with World Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01533.

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It was not only Turkish history to be changed when Seljuk conquered Anatolia but also the destiny of Anatolia changed. Anatolia that was the center of east – west and north – south trade since Assyria trade colonies was lost its commercial importance during the conquer by Turks, long time ago. Before Seljuk, the region was a part of the Byzantine Empire and it lost its commercial activities. It was a long time for Seljuk to revitalise the Anatolian trade. The war in Myriokephalon reduced the problems of Turkish Seljuk and enabled the establishment of a strong state in Anatolia. Myriokephalon War deeply impacted Byzantine and the Seljuk Sultan Kılıç Arslan focused on to develop the economy of the county and made very important achievements. He was the first who tried to conquer Antalya that is a port city. Kılıç Arslan and succeeding Sultans of Seljuk State followed the same path. Izeddin Keykavus conquered Sinop. Alâeddin Keykubâd conquered Alanya, so Seljuk had its third port city. The volume of domestic and international trade of Seljuk made it very powerful economy of the region. In this study, the factors which made for Seljuk to conquer these port cities in the Black Sea and Mediterranean easy, and the contribution of maritime trade to Seljuk economy, with reference to the sources form the era.
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J. Podber, Jacob. "Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Appalachia: Internet Usage in the Mountains." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2708.

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This project looks at Internet usage within the Melungeon community of Appalachia. Although much has been written on the coal mining communities of Appalachia and on ethnicity within the region, there has been little written on electronic media usage by Appalachian communities, most notably the Melun-geons. The Melungeons are a group who settled in the Appalachian Mountains as early as 1492, of apparent Mediterranean descent. Considered by some to be tri-racial isolates, to a certain extent, Melungeons have been culturally constructed, and largely self-identified. According to the founder of a popular Melungeon Web site, the Internet has proven an effective tool in uncovering some of the mysteries and folklore surrounding the Melungeon community. This Web site receives more than 21,000 hits a month from Melungeons or others interested in the group. The Melungeon community, triggered by recent books, films, and video documentaries, has begun to use the Internet to trace their genealogy. Through the use of oral history interviews, this study examines how Melungeons in Appalachia use the Internet to connect to others within their community and to the world at large.
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