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1
Vitales, Daniel, Joana Aragay, Teresa Garnatje, Amelia Gómez Garreta, and Jordi Rull Lluch. "Phylogeography ofDictyota fasciolaandDictyota mediterranea(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae): unexpected patterns on the Atlantic-Mediterranean marine transition and taxonomic implications." PeerJ 7 (May 16, 2019): e6916. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6916.
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The Atlantic-Mediterranean marine transition is a fascinating biogeographic region, but still very poorly studied from the point of view of seaweed phylogeography.Dictyota fasciolaandD. mediterranea(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) are two currently recognized sister species that share a large part of their distribution along the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, representing a unique study model to understand the diversification processes experienced by macroalgae during and after Messinian at this marine region. In this study, we sampled 102 individuals ofD. fasciolaandD. mediterraneafrom 32 localities along their distribution range and sequenced the mitochondrialcox1 and the chloroplastrbcL-rbcS DNA regions for all the samples. Our data do not support the occurrence of two sister species but a morphologically variable and highly genetic diverse species or a complex of species. Most of the observed genetic diversity corresponds to the Mediterranean populations, whereas the Atlantic ones are much more homogeneous. The early-diverged lineages inferred from both mtDNA and cpDNA phylogenetic reconstructions were constituted by samples from the Mediterranean Sea. Together, these results suggest that the Mediterranean Sea acted as a refugium for theD. fasciola–D. mediterranealineage during the geologic and climatic changes occurred on the region since the Miocene, subsequently dispersing to the Atlantic Ocean.
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Bremer, Jaime R. Alvarado, Allan J. Baker, and Jaime Mejuto. "Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicate extensive mixing of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) populations in the Atlantic Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-764.
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Pacific, Atlantic, and Mediterranean populations of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are currently considered as separate fisheries management units, and populations in different regions of the Atlantic are thought to constitute different stocks on the basis of recapture data. To test these hypotheses we sequenced hypervariable segments of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in 35 swordfish from three regions of the Atlantic, as well as in 8 and 7 individuals from the Pacific and Mediterranean regions, respectively. Sixty of the 81 variable sites were confined to a 280 base pair stretch in the left domain of the control region, indicating that this segment is a rich source of genetic markers. Thirty-three haplotypes were found that could be assigned to two clades differing by 3.8% on average, and that diverged approximately 550 000 years ago. Clade I haplotypes were ubiquitous, but haplotypes from clade II predominated in the Mediterranean, and thus likely originated there during Pleistocene marine regressions. Overall, we conclude that there is extensive mixing of swordfish within the Atlantic Ocean. Sister-group relationships of haplotypes from different oceans indicate historical gene flow between these populations, but the co-occurrence of the same haplotypes in different oceans must reflect recent or ongoing dispersal.
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Marullo, Salvatore, Vincenzo Artale, and Rosalia Santoleri. "The SST Multidecadal Variability in the Atlantic–Mediterranean Region and Its Relation to AMO." Journal of Climate 24, no. 16 (August 15, 2011): 4385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3884.1.
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Abstract Two sea surface temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST version 3 (ERSST.v3) and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST), are used to investigate SST multidecadal variability in the Mediterranean Sea and to explore possible connections with other regions of the global ocean. The consistency between these two time series and the original International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset version 2.5 (ICOADS 2.5) over the Mediterranean Sea is investigated, evaluating differences from monthly to multidecadal scales. From annual to longer time scales, the two time series consistently describe the same trends and multidecadal oscillations and agree with Mediterranean ICOADS SSTs. At monthly time scales the two time series are less consistent with each other because of the evident annual cycle that characterizes their difference. The subsequent analysis of the Mediterranean annual SST time series, based on lagged-correlation analysis, multitaper method (MTM), and singular spectral analysis (SSA), revealed the presence of a significant oscillation with a period of about 70 yr, very close to that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). An extension of the analysis to other World Ocean regions confirmed that the predominance of this multidecadal signal with respect to longer period trends is a unique feature of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean, where it reaches its maximum at subpolar latitudes. Signatures of multidecadal oscillations are also found in the global SST time series after removing centennial and longer-term components. The analysis also reveals that Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic indices are significantly correlated and coherent for periods longer than about 40 yr. For time scales in the range 40–55 yr the coherence between the Mediterranean and subpolar gyre temperatures is higher than the coherence between the Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or AMO. Finally, the results of the analysis are discussed in the light of possible climate mechanisms that can couple the Mediterranean Sea with the North Atlantic and the Global Ocean.
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Criado-Aldeanueva, Francisco, and Javier Soto-Navarro. "Climatic Indices over the Mediterranean Sea: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175790.
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The Mediterranean Sea, strategically situated across a dynamic frontier line that separates two regions with different climates (Europe and North Africa), has been the focus of attention of many studies dealing with its thermohaline circulation, deep water formation processes or heat and freshwater budgets. Large-scale atmospheric forcing has been found to play an important role in these topics and attention has been renewed in climatic indices that can be used as a proxy for atmospheric variability. Among them, the North Atlantic oscillation, the East Atlantic or the East Atlantic–West Russia patterns have been widely addressed but much less attention has been devoted to a Mediterranean mode, the Mediterranean oscillation. This overview summarizes the recent advances that have been achieved in the understanding of these climatic indices and their influence on the functioning of the Mediterranean from a physical point of view. The important role of the Mediterranean oscillation is emphasized and the most relevant aspects of the other indices are revisited and discussed.
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Ivanovic, R. F., P. J. Valdes, R. Flecker, and M. Gutjahr. "Modelling global-scale climate impacts of the late Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (August 20, 2013): 4807–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-4807-2013.
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Abstract. Late Miocene tectonic changes in Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity and climatic changes caused Mediterranean salinity to fluctuate dramatically, including a ten-fold increase and near-freshening. Recent proxy- and model-based evidence suggests that at times during this Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96–5.33 Ma), highly-saline and highly-fresh Mediterranean water flowed into the North Atlantic Ocean, whilst at others, no Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) reached the Atlantic. By running extreme, sensitivity-type experiments with a fully-coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model, we investigate the potential of these various MSC MOW scenarios to impact global-scale climate. The simulations suggest that MOW had a greater influence on North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate than it does today. We also find that depending on the presence, strength and salinity of MOW, the MSC could have been capable of cooling mid-high northern latitudes by more than 1.2 °C, with the greatest cooling taking place in the Labrador, Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian and Barents Seas. With hypersaline-MOW, a component of North Atlantic Deep Water formation shifts to the Mediterranean, strengthening the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) south of 35° N by 3–7 Sv. With hyposaline-MOW, AMOC completely shuts down, inducing a bipolar climate anomaly with strong cooling in the North (up to −10.5 °C) and weaker warming in the South (up to +2.5 °C). These simulations identify key target regions and climate variables for future proxy-reconstructions to provide the best and most robust test cases for (a) assessing Messinian model performance, (b) evaluating Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity during the MSC and (c) establishing whether or not the MSC could ever have affected global-scale climate.
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Zielhofer, Christoph, Anne Köhler, Steffen Mischke, Abdelfattah Benkaddour, Abdeslam Mikdad, and William J. Fletcher. "Western Mediterranean hydro-climatic consequences of Holocene ice-rafted debris (Bond) events." Climate of the Past 15, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-463-2019.
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Abstract. Gerard C. Bond established a Holocene series of North Atlantic ice-rafted debris events based on quartz and haematite-stained grains recovered from subpolar North Atlantic marine cores. These so-called “Bond events” document nine large-scale and multi-centennial North Atlantic cooling phases that might be linked to a reduced thermohaline circulation. Regardless of the high prominence of the Holocene North Atlantic ice-rafted debris record, there are critical scientific comments on the study: the Holocene Bond curve has not yet been replicated in other marine archives of the North Atlantic and there exist only very few palaeoclimatic studies that indicate all individual Bond events in their own record. Therefore, evidence of consistent hydro-climatic teleconnections between the subpolar North Atlantic and distant regions is not clear. In this context, the Western Mediterranean region presents key hydro-climatic sites for the reconstruction of a teleconnection with the subpolar North Atlantic. In particular, variability in Western Mediterranean winter precipitation might be the result of atmosphere–ocean coupled processes in the outer-tropical North Atlantic realm. Based on an improved Holocene δ18O record from Lake Sidi Ali (Middle Atlas, Morocco), we correlate Western Mediterranean precipitation anomalies with North Atlantic Bond events to identify a probable teleconnection between Western Mediterranean winter rains and subpolar North Atlantic cooling phases. Our data show a noticeable similarity between Western Mediterranean winter rain minima and Bond events during the Early Holocene and an opposite pattern during the Late Holocene. There is evidence of an enduring hydro-climatic change in the overall Atlantic atmosphere–ocean system and the response to external forcing during the Middle Holocene. Regarding a potential climatic anomaly around 4.2 ka (Bond event 3) in the Western Mediterranean, a centennial-scale winter rain maximum is generally in-phase with the overall pattern of alternating “wet and cool” and “dry and warm” intervals during the last 5000 years.
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Scherrmann, Alexander, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas. "The upstream–downstream connection of North Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones in semi-idealized simulations." Weather and Climate Dynamics 5, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024.
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Abstract. Cyclogenesis in the Mediterranean is typically triggered by the intrusion of a potential vorticity (PV) streamer over the Mediterranean. The intrusion of the PV streamer results from a preceding Rossby wave breaking (RWB) upstream over the North Atlantic. The ridge leading to the RWB is typically amplified by the presence of warm conveyor belts (WCBs) in at least one North Atlantic cyclone about 4 d prior to Mediterranean cyclogenesis. Thus, the sequence of these four main events (namely a North Atlantic cyclone, WCBs, RWB, and the resulting PV streamers) forms an archetypal scenario leading to Mediterranean cyclogenesis. However, they rarely occur in a spatially consistent, fully repetitive pattern for real cyclone cases. To more systematically study this connection between upstream North Atlantic cyclones and Mediterranean cyclogenesis, we perform a set of semi-idealized simulations over the Euro-Atlantic domain. For these simulations, we prescribe a constant climatological atmospheric state in the initial and boundary conditions. To trigger the downstream Mediterranean cyclogenesis scenario, we perturb the climatological polar jet through the inversion of a positive upper-level PV anomaly. The amplitude of this perturbation determines the intensity of the triggered North Atlantic cyclone. This cyclone provokes RWB, the intrusion of a PV streamer over the Mediterranean, and thereby the formation of a Mediterranean cyclone. Therefore, our results show a direct connection between the presence of a North Atlantic cyclone and the downstream intrusion of a PV streamer into the Mediterranean, which causes cyclogenesis about 4 d after perturbing the polar jet. We refer to this as the upstream–downstream connection of North Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones. To investigate the sensitivity of this connection, we vary the position and amplitude of the upper-level PV anomaly. In all simulations, cyclogenesis occurs in the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, the tracks and intensity of the Mediterranean cyclones may vary by up to 20° and 10 hPa (at the time of the mature stage), respectively. This indicates that the Mediterranean cyclone dynamics are sensitive to the dynamical structure and amplitude of the intruding PV streamer, which itself is sensitive to the interaction of the upstream cyclone and the RW(B). By applying different seasonal climatological atmospheric states as initial conditions we show that cyclogenesis occurs in distinct regions in different seasons. Thus, the seasonal cycle of Mediterranean cyclogenesis might be partly determined by the large-scale atmospheric circulation, i.e., the seasonal location of the polar jet. Furthermore, we show that the Mediterranean cyclones in these semi-idealized simulations show characteristics that agree with the observed climatology of Mediterranean cyclones in the respective season.
8
Romem, M., B. Ziv, and H. Saaroni. "Scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones." Advances in Geosciences 12 (July 5, 2007): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-59-2007.
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Abstract. The Mediterranean is one of the most cyclogenetic regions in the world. The cyclones are concentrated along its northern coasts and their tracks are oriented more or less west-east, with several secondary tracks connecting them to Europe and to North Africa. The aim of this study is to examine scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones, based on five selected winter seasons (October–March). We detected the cyclones subjectively using 6-hourly Sea-Level Pressure maps, based on the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis archive. HMSO (1962) has shown that most Mediterranean cyclones (58%) enter the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean (through Biscay and Gibraltar), and from the south-west, the Sahara Desert, while the rest are formed in the Mediterranean Basin itself. Our study revealed that only 13% of the cyclones entered the Mediterranean, while 87% were generated in the Mediterranean Basin. The entering cyclones originate in three different regions: the Sahara Desert (6%), the Atlantic Ocean (4%), and Western Europe (3%). The cyclones formed within the Mediterranean Basin were found to generate under the influence of external cyclonic systems, i.e. as "daughter cyclones" to "parent cyclones" or troughs. These parent systems are located in three regions: Europe (61%), North Africa and the Red Sea (34.5%) and the Mediterranean Basin itself (4.5%). The study presents scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones during the winter season, emphasizing the cyclogenesis under the influence of various external forcing. The large difference with respect to the findings of HMSO (1962) is partly explained by the dominance of spring cyclones generating in the Sahara Desert, especially in April and May that were not included in our study period.
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Ivanovic, R. F., P. J. Valdes, R. Flecker, and M. Gutjahr. "Modelling global-scale climate impacts of the late Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis." Climate of the Past 10, no. 2 (March 25, 2014): 607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-607-2014.
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Abstract. Late Miocene tectonic changes in Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity and climatic changes caused Mediterranean salinity to fluctuate dramatically, including a ten-fold increase and near-freshening. Recent proxy- and model-based evidence suggests that at times during this Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96–5.33 Ma), highly saline and highly fresh Mediterranean water flowed into the North Atlantic Ocean, whilst at others, no Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) reached the Atlantic. By running extreme, sensitivity-type experiments with a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model, we investigate the potential of these various MSC MOW scenarios to impact global-scale climate. The simulations suggest that although the effect remains relatively small, MOW had a greater influence on North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate than it does today. We also find that depending on the presence, strength and salinity of MOW, the MSC could have been capable of cooling mid–high northern latitudes by a few degrees, with the greatest cooling taking place in the Labrador, Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian and Barents seas. With hypersaline MOW, a component of North Atlantic Deep Water formation shifts to the Mediterranean, strengthening the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) south of 35° N by 1.5–6 Sv. With hyposaline MOW, AMOC completely shuts down, inducing a bipolar climate anomaly with strong cooling in the north (mainly −1 to −3 °C, but up to −8 °C) and weaker warming in the south (up to +0.5 to +2.7 °C). These simulations identify key target regions and climate variables for future proxy reconstructions to provide the best and most robust test cases for (a) assessing Messinian model performance, (b) evaluating Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity during the MSC and (c) establishing whether or not the MSC could ever have affected global-scale climate.
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JOHER, S., E. BALLESTEROS, and C. RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO. "Macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the Western Mediterranean and the Northeastern Atlantic." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1438.
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This is a qualitative comparison of the distribution of macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the Western Mediterranean and the Northeastern Atlantic, based on our own data from the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) and available data from literature. The macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic bottoms from both regions could be distinguished by the presence of a high number of regional exclusive non-carbonated species, and the presence of a high number of maërl-forming species in the Mediterranean. Further, regional differences in the distribution of some exclusive species allowed the distinction of three zones in the Northeastern Atlantic (United Kingdom, French Brittany and Galicia), while no differences were found within the Western Mediterranean. However, the algal communities considered in the selected literature could not be qualitatively distinguished, and all the samples should be considered as maërl beds. Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum were the most widespread maërl forming species in the two regions, while in the Western Mediterranean Spongites fruticulosus was also very frequent. According to the differences in the species composition of the basal and erect strata of these beds, and also in their species richness, five different morphologies of macroalgal-dominated detritic bottoms could be distinguished. Their main characteristic species and their biogeographical distribution are detailed.
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Ragionieri, Lapo, Stefano Cannicci, and Sara Fratini. "Distinct phylogeographic and population genetic patterns of decapod species across Mediterranean biogeographic barriers." Crustaceana 97, no. 5-9 (August 15, 2024): 581–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10399.
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Abstract The Mediterranean Sea is a semi-enclosed oceanic basin that communicates with the Atlantic Ocean and can be subdivided into seven geographical regions. It is considered a hotspot of biodiversity and is characterised by high rates of endemism. Over the past decades, many studies showed the presence of potential geographical breaks both across the Atlanto-Mediterranean transition and within the Mediterranean Sea. These investigations led to the identification of three distinct types of population genetic structures: (1) populations characterized by panmixia; (2) Atlanto-Mediterranean geographical partitioning; and (3) possible further subdivision between East and West Mediterranean basins. In this review, mainly focused on Christoph Schubart’s works and interests, we summarize the different patterns of gene flows across the Atlanto-Mediterranean transition and within the Mediterranean Sea, recorded for decapod species living in littoral zones. Although some species share similar biological traits, larval dispersal mechanisms and habitat preferences, differences in their phylogeographic and population genetic structures do emerge. These findings confirm the complex nature of gene flows across the Atlanto-Mediterranean transition and within the Mediterranean basin and how difficult it is to achieve a generalised picture of the phylogeographical patterns of Atlantic-Mediterranean species.
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Dormoy, I., O. Peyron, N. Combourieu Nebout, S. Goring, U. Kotthoff, M. Magny, and J. Pross. "Terrestrial climate variability and seasonality changes in the Mediterranean region between 15 000 and 4000 years BP deduced from marine pollen records." Climate of the Past 5, no. 4 (October 19, 2009): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-615-2009.
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Abstract. Pollen-based climate reconstructions were performed on two high-resolution pollen marines cores from the Alboran and Aegean Seas in order to unravel the climatic variability in the coastal settings of the Mediterranean region between 15 000 and 4000 years BP (the Lateglacial, and early to mid-Holocene). The quantitative climate reconstructions for the Alboran and Aegean Sea records focus mainly on the reconstruction of the seasonality changes (temperatures and precipitation), a crucial parameter in the Mediterranean region. This study is based on a multi-method approach comprising 3 methods: the Modern Analogues Technique (MAT), the recent Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling/Generalized Additive Model method (NMDS/GAM) and Partial Least Squares regression (PLS). The climate signal inferred from this comparative approach confirms that cold and dry conditions prevailed in the Mediterranean region during the Oldest and Younger Dryas periods, while temperate conditions prevailed during the Bølling/Allerød and the Holocene. Our records suggest a West/East gradient of decreasing precipitation across the Mediterranean region during the cooler Late-glacial and early Holocene periods, similar to present-day conditions. Winter precipitation was highest during warm intervals and lowest during cooling phases. Several short-lived cool intervals (i.e. Older Dryas, another oscillation after this one (GI-1c2), Gerzensee/Preboreal Oscillations, 8.2 ka event, Bond events) connected to the North Atlantic climate system are documented in the Alboran and Aegean Sea records indicating that the climate oscillations associated with the successive steps of the deglaciation in the North Atlantic area occurred in both the western and eastern Mediterranean regions. This observation confirms the presence of strong climatic linkages between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions.
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Dormoy, I., O. Peyron, N. Combourieu-Neboutb, S. Goring, U. Kotthoff, M. Magny, and J. Pross. "Terrestrial climate variability and seasonality changes in the Mediterranean region between 15000 and 4000 years BP deduced from marine pollen records." Climate of the Past Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 27, 2009): 735–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-5-735-2009.
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Abstract. Pollen-based climate reconstructions were performed on two high-resolution pollen – marines cores from the Alboran and Aegean Seas in order to unravel the climatic variability in the coastal settings of the Mediterranean region between 15 000 and 4000 cal yrs BP (the Lateglacial, and early to mid-Holocene). The quantitative climate reconstructions for the Alboran and Aegean Sea records focus mainly on the reconstruction of the seasonality changes (temperatures and precipitation), a crucial parameter in the Mediterranean region. This study is based on a multi-method approach comprising 3 methods: the Modern Analogues Technique (MAT), the recent Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling/Generalized Additive Model method (NMDS/GAM) and Partial Least Squares regression (PLS). The climate signal inferred from this comparative approach confirms that cold and dry conditions prevailed in the Mediterranean region during the Heinrich event 1 and Younger Dryas periods, while temperate conditions prevailed during the Bølling/Allerød and the Holocene. Our records suggest a West/East gradient of decreasing precipitation across the Mediterranean region during the cooler Late-glacial and early Holocene periods, similar to present-day conditions. Winter precipitation was highest during warm intervals and lowest during cooling phases. Several short-lived cool intervals (i.e., Older Dryas, another oscillation after this one (GI-1c2), Gerzensee/Preboreal Oscillations, 8.2 ka event, Bond events) connected to the North Atlantic climate system are documented in the Alboran and Aegean Sea records indicating that the climate oscillations associated with the successive steps of the deglaciation in the North Atlantic area occurred in both the western and eastern Mediterranean regions. This observation confirms the presence of strong climatic linkages between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions.
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Feliks, Yizhak, Michael Ghil, and Andrew W. Robertson. "Oscillatory Climate Modes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Their Synchronization with the North Atlantic Oscillation." Journal of Climate 23, no. 15 (August 1, 2010): 4060–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3181.1.
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Abstract Oscillatory climatic modes over the North Atlantic, Ethiopian Plateau, and eastern Mediterranean were examined in instrumental and proxy records from these regions. Aside from the well-known North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the Nile River water-level records, the authors study for the first time an instrumental rainfall record from Jerusalem and a tree-ring record from the Golan Heights. The teleconnections between the regions were studied in terms of synchronization of chaotic oscillators. Standard methods for studying synchronization among such oscillators are modified by combining them with advanced spectral methods, including singular spectrum analysis. The resulting cross-spectral analysis quantifies the strength of the coupling together with the degree of synchronization. A prominent oscillatory mode with a 7–8-yr period is present in all the climatic indices studied here and is completely synchronized with the North Atlantic Oscillation. An energy analysis of the synchronization raises the possibility that this mode originates in the North Atlantic. Evidence is discussed for this mode being induced by the 7–8-yr oscillation in the position of the Gulf Stream front. A mechanism for the teleconnections between the North Atlantic, Ethiopian Plateau, and eastern Mediterranean is proposed, and implications for interannual-to-decadal climate prediction are discussed.
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Poćwierz-Kotus, Anita, Christopher D. McQuaid, Marek R. Lipinski, Małgorzata Zbawicka, and Roman Wenne. "SNPs Analysis Indicates Non-Uniform Origins of Invasive Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) on the Southern African Coast." Animals 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2024): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14213080.
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Understanding the origins of invasive species is necessary to manage them and predict their potential for spreading. The mussel genus Mytilus forms an important component of coastal ecosystems in the northern and southern hemispheres. M. galloprovincialis is an important invasive species globally, first appearing on the South African coast in the 1970s. Studies using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA indicated that the invasion probably originated from the north-east Atlantic. We used fifty-five polymorphic SNPs to genotype mussels from sites across the coast of South Africa with reference samples from the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and New Zealand to test for possible introgression of the northern and southern taxa. Low levels of genetic differentiation were confirmed, and all samples grouped with reference samples of the Atlantic form of M. galloprovincialis, supporting previous studies. The SNP genotyping, however, allowed the detection of some individuals with genotypes typical of the Mediterranean, indicating that introduced populations in South Africa do not have a uniform origin. The initial population introduced to South Africa may have been genetically heterogenous from the start, coming from a region influenced by both the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Alternatively, multiple introductions may have taken place, originating from different regions, specifically North Africa, southern Europe, and the Mediterranean, building up the final heterogeneity.
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Maio, Nicola, Tatiana Fioravanti, Lucrezia Latini, Agnese Petraccioli, Marcello Mezzasalma, Bruno Cozzi, Sandro Mazzariol, et al. "Life History Traits of Sperm Whales Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Stranded along Italian Coasts (Cetartiodactyla: Physeteridae)." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010079.
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We investigated the relationship between age and body length, and age at sexual maturity of Physeter macrocephalus individuals stranded along the Italian coast. Our molecular analysis shows that all our samples belong to the C.001.002 haplotype, shared between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. We show that males attain sexual maturity at 10 years, similar to those from other marine areas. However, considering the same body length class, Mediterranean males are older than Atlantic ones. Our finding of a Mediterranean pregnant female of only 6.5 m in length and an assessed age of 24–26 years is particularly noteworthy, considering that females reach sexual maturity at about 9 years and 9 m of total length in other regions. Comparing our results with the literature data, we highlight the positive correlation between lifespan, adult body length and weight of males from the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Regardless of whether the relatively small size of Mediterranean specimens is a consequence of an inbreeding depression or an adaptation to less favorable trophic conditions, we recommend to closely monitor this population from a conservation perspective. In fact, its low genetic diversity likely corresponds to a relatively limited ability to respond to environmental changes compared with other populations.
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Qasmi, Saïd, Emilia Sanchez-Gomez, Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Julien Boé, and Christophe Cassou. "Modulation of the Occurrence of Heatwaves over the Euro-Mediterranean Region by the Intensity of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability." Journal of Climate 34, no. 3 (February 2021): 1099–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0982.1.
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AbstractThe influence of the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) and its amplitude on the Euro-Mediterranean summer climate is studied in two climate models, namely CNRM-CM5 and EC-Earth3P. Large ensembles of idealized experiments have been conducted in which North Atlantic sea surface temperatures are relaxed toward different amplitudes of the observed AMV anomalies. In agreement with observations, during a positive phase of the AMV both models simulate an increase (decrease) in temperature of 0.2°–0.8°C and a decrease (increase) in precipitation over the Mediterranean basin of 0.1–0.2 mm day−1 (northern half of Europe) compared to a negative phase. Heatwave durations over the Mediterranean land regions are 40% (up to 85% over the eastern regions) longer for a moderate amplitude of the AMV. Lower and higher amplitudes lead to longer durations of ~30% and ~100%, respectively. A comparison with observed heatwaves indicates that the AMV can considerably modulate the current anthropogenically forced response on heatwaves durations depending on the area and on the AMV amplitude. The related anticyclonic anomalies over the Mediterranean basin are associated with drier soils and a reduction of cloud cover, which concomitantly induce a decrease (increase) of the latent (sensible) heat flux, and an enhancement of the downward radiative fluxes over lands. It is found that both tropical and extratropical forcings from the AMV are needed to trigger mechanisms, which modulate the atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Atlantic region. The amplitude of the local climate response over the Mediterranean basin evolves linearly with the amplitude of the AMV. However, the strength of this relationship differs between the models, and depends on their intrinsic biases.
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Arcos, Javier, and Francisco Alarcón. "First records of the exotic ant Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Balearic Islands." Entomological Communications 6 (July 25, 2024): ec06018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec06018.
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The ant Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a successful tramp species that is found in several tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world, including hundreds of islands in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, as well as in many Mediterranean countries. Interestingly, reports of T. bicarinatum in Mediterranean islands are yet scarce. Here we present the first two records of T. bicarinatum in the Balearic Islands.
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Cossarini, G., P. Lazzari, and C. Solidoro. "Space-time variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2014): 12871–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-12871-2014.
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Abstract. The paper provides a basin assessment of the spatial distribution of ocean alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea. The assessment is made using a 3-D transport-biogeochemical-carbonate model to integrate the available experimental findings, which also constrains model output. The results indicate that the Mediterranean Sea shows alkalinity values that are much higher than those observed in the Atlantic Ocean on a basin-wide scale. A marked west-to-east surface gradient of alkalinity is reproduced as a response to the terrestrial discharges, the mixing effect with the Atlantic water entering from the Gibraltar Strait and the Black Sea water from Dardanelles, and the surface flux of evaporation minus precipitation. Dense water production in marginal seas (Adriatic and Aegean Seas), where alkaline inputs are relevant, and the Mediterranean thermohaline circulation sustains the west-to-east gradient along the entire water column. In the surface layers, alkalinity has a relevant seasonal cycle (up to 40 μmol kg−1) that is driven both by physical and biological processes. A comparison of alkalinity vs. salinity indicates that different regions present different relationships. In regions of freshwater influence, the two measures are negatively correlated due to riverine alkalinity input, whereas they are positively correlated in open seas. Alkalinity always is much higher than in the Atlantic waters, which might indicate a higher than usual buffering capacity towards ocean acidification, even at high concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon.
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Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., V. Artale, G. L. Borzelli-Eusebi, S. Brenner, G. Civitarese, A. Crise, J. Font, et al. "Physical forcing and physical/biochemical variability of the Mediterranean Sea: a review of unresolved issues and directions for future research." Ocean Science Discussions 10, no. 4 (July 24, 2013): 1205–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-10-1205-2013.
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Abstract. The importance of the Mediterranean Sea for the world ocean has long been recognized. First, the Mediterranean sea has a profound impact on the Atlantic ocean circulation and, consequently, on the global thermohaline conveyor belt. Maps of the Mediterranean salty water tongue exiting from the Gibraltar strait at intermediate depths and spreading throughout the Atlantic interior are well known since the 1950s. Through direct pathways to the Atlantic polar regions or through indirect mixing processes, the salty Mediterranean water preconditions the deep convection cells of the polar Atlantic. There the North Atlantic Deep Water is formed which successively spreads throughout the world ocean constituting the core of the global thermohaline circulation. Even more importantly, the Mediterranean Sea is a laboratory basin for the investigation of processes of global importance, being much more amenable to observational surveys because of its location in mid-latitude and its dimensions. Both the western and eastern basins in fact possess closed thermohaline circulations analogous to the global conveyor belt. A unique upper layer open thermohaline cell connects the eastern to the western basin and, successively, to the north Atlantic through the Gibraltar strait. In it, the Atlantic water entering into Gibraltar in the surface layer, after travelling to the easternmost Levantine basin, is transformed into one of the saltiest water masses through air–sea heat and moisture fluxes. This is the salty water which, crossing the entire basin in the opposite direction below the surface Atlantic water, finally exits from the Gibraltar strait at mid-depths. Both the western and eastern basins are endowed with deep/intermediate convection cells analogous to the polar Atlantic deep convection cells or to the intermediate mode water ones. Deep and intermediate water masses are therefore formed in different sites of the entire basin. Because of their easily accessible locations, these convection cells are much more amenable to direct observational surveys and mooring arrays. An ubiquitous, energetic mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddy field is superimposed to and interacts with the sub-basin scale, wind-driven gyres that characterize the upper thermocline circulation. Three different scales of motion are therefore superimposed producing a richness of interaction processes which typify similar interactions in unexplored ocean regions. Both wide and narrow shelves are present separated by steep continental slopes from the deep interiors. Cross-shelf fluxes of physical as well biogeochemical parameters are crucial in determining the properties of the shallow versus deep local ecosystems and their trophic chain. Most importantly, the Mediterranean Sea is a basin of contrasting ecosystems, from the strongly oligotrophic deep interiors to the fully eutrophic northern Adriatic characterized by recurrent, anomalous algal blooms and related anoxia events. This review focuses on the identification of the major unresolved scientific issues and wants also to provide directions for future research which may lead to the formulation of interdisciplinary, collaborative implementation plans to address these issues both theoretically and observationally.
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Sabatier, Pierre, Laurent Dezileau, Christophe Colin, Louis Briqueu, Frédéric Bouchette, Philippe Martinez, Giuseppe Siani, Olivier Raynal, and Ulrich Von Grafenstein. "7000 years of paleostorm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea in response to Holocene climate events." Quaternary Research 77, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.09.002.
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A high-resolution record of paleostorm events along the French Mediterranean coast over the past 7000 years was established from a lagoonal sediment core in the Gulf of Lions. Integrating grain size, faunal analysis, clay mineralogy and geochemistry data with a chronology derived from radiocarbon dating, we recorded seven periods of increased storm activity at 6300–6100, 5650–5400, 4400–4050, 3650–3200, 2800–2600, 1950–1400 and 400–50 cal yr BP (in the Little Ice Age). In contrast, our results show that the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1150–650 cal yr BP) was characterised by low storm activity.The evidence for high storm activity in the NW Mediterranean Sea is in agreement with the changes in coastal hydrodynamics observed over the Eastern North Atlantic and seems to correspond to Holocene cooling in the North Atlantic. Periods of low SSTs there may have led to a stronger meridional temperature gradient and a southward migration of the westerlies. We hypothesise that the increase in storm activity during Holocene cold events over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions was probably due to an increase in the thermal gradient that led to an enhanced lower tropospheric baroclinicity over a large Central Atlantic-European domain.
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Ale, Ezequiel, Andreja Ramšak, David Stanković, André Carrara Morandini, Diogo Meyer, and Antonio C. Marques. "Early Pleistocene divergence of Pelagia noctiluca populations (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 8 (November 7, 2019): 1753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000894.
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AbstractA previous study detected mixing of two deeply split mtDNA clades (Clade I and Clade II) for Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of the medusozoan Pelagia noctiluca. The north hemisphere glaciations and the Messinian salinity crisis have been proposed as the two main biogeographic events related to the isolation between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. We tested if the splitting time between Clade I and Clade II of P. noctiluca was associated with one of these geological events. Our study was based on DNA sequence data of mitochondrial (COI and 16S ribosomal RNA) and nuclear (18S ribosomal RNA, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA) genes from populations of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The rise of the Isthmus of Panama was used to calibrate substitution rates for COI. This calibration was based on the detection of a shallow but significant genetic structure between P. noctiluca populations from the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Considering our calibration for COI, we refute a possible origin of Clades I and II during the Messinian salinity crisis. Our estimates suggest the origin for a putative common ancestor of Clades I and II around 2.57 Ma (with 95% 2.91–2.22 HPD), roughly corresponding to the Gelasian stage of the early Pleistocene. These alterations include changes in the sea level and oceanic currents at the Strait of Gibraltar and other regions of the Mediterranean basin, and could explain the origin of the two P. noctiluca clades.
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Ollé, Judith, Laura Vilà-Valls, Jaime Alvarado-Bremer, Genoveva Cerdenares, Thuy Yen Duong, Ghailen Hajjej, Pedro G. Lino, et al. "Population genetics meets phylogenetics: new insights into the relationships among members of the genus Euthynnus (family Scombridae)." Hydrobiologia 849, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04707-6.
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AbstractEuthynnus (family Scombridae) is a genus of marine pelagic fish species with a worldwide distribution that comprises three allopatric species: E. alletteratus, E. affinis and E. lineatus. All of them targeted by artisanal and commercial fisheries. We analyzed 263 individuals from Atlantic and Pacific Oceans using two genetic markers, the mtDNA Control Region (350 bp) and nuclear calmodulin (341 bp). The results obtained challenge the phylogeny of this group. We found a deep genetic divergence, probably at species level, within E. alletteratus, between the North Atlantic-Mediterranean and the Tropical East Atlantic. This deep genetic divergence was tested with several species delimitation methods. This complete phylogeographic association between the North Atlantic and the Tropical East Atlantic support the hypothesis of two cryptic species. In addition, population genetic heterogeneity was detected between the North East Atlantic–Mediterranean and North West Atlantic regions. Our results indicate two scales of differentiation in what is currently considered a single population. Accordingly, for management purposes, the populations of E. alletteratus, should be divided into a minimum of three management units. On the other hand, the high level of differentiation found in E. alletteratus contrasts with the shallow genetic divergence of E. affinis and E. lineatus.
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Lugilde, Juan, Viviana Peña, and Ignacio Bárbara. "The order Corallinales sensu lato (Rhodophyta) in the Iberian Atlantic: current state of knowledge." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 73, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2424.
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A review of the order Corallinales sensu lato in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula is presented with the aim of assessing its current state of knowledge in comparison with adjacent areas (British Isles-Atlantic France, Macaronesia and Iberian Mediterranean). According to the information compiled from more than 250 publications, herbarium data and manuscripts, we concluded that Atlantic Iberian coralline algae have been poorly studied, which resulted in only 49 species reported. By contrast, Macaronesia is the most species-rich region (91), followed by Spanish Mediterranean (67) and the British Isles-Atlantic France (61). In the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula, 17 species occurred commonly (present in more than 50% of the coastline), particularly those corresponding to the genera Amphiroa, Jania, Lithophyllum, Mesophyllum, and Phymatolithon. Instead, the genera Harveylithon, Hydrolithon, Leptophytum, Lithothamnion, Neogoniolithon and Pneophyllum have been occasionally reported. In the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula and adjacent regions, the epilithic growth-form was dominant, followed by the epiphytic, epizoic and the unattached (maerl/rodoliths); besides, sciaphilous taxa were more abundant than photophilous species. The low intertidal and shallow subtidal harbour a high diversity of coralline algae, as well as semi-exposed coasts or areas affected by currents. The present study confirms that studies on the Atlantic Iberian coralline algae are scarce, and that further research on this group is required.
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Muñoz, Alberto, Xavier Santos, and Ángel M. Felicísimo. "Local-scale models reveal ecological niche variability in amphibian and reptile communities from two contrasting biogeographic regions." PeerJ 4 (October 6, 2016): e2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2405.
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Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) are widely used to describe how environmental factors influence species distribution. Modelling at a local scale, compared to a large scale within a high environmental gradient, can improve our understanding of ecological species niches. The main goal of this study is to assess and compare the contribution of environmental variables to amphibian and reptile ENMs in two Spanish national parks located in contrasting biogeographic regions, i.e., the Mediterranean and the Atlantic area. The ENMs were built with maximum entropy modelling using 11 environmental variables in each territory. The contributions of these variables to the models were analysed and classified using various statistical procedures (Mann–WhitneyUtests, Principal Components Analysis and General Linear Models). Distance to the hydrological network was consistently the most relevant variable for both parks and taxonomic classes. Topographic variables (i.e., slope and altitude) were the second most predictive variables, followed by climatic variables. Differences in variable contribution were observed between parks and taxonomic classes. Variables related to water availability had the larger contribution to the models in the Mediterranean park, while topography variables were decisive in the Atlantic park. Specific response curves to environmental variables were in accordance with the biogeographic affinity of species (Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean species) and taxonomy (amphibians and reptiles). Interestingly, these results were observed for species located in both parks, particularly those situated at their range limits. Our findings show that ecological niche models built at local scale reveal differences in habitat preferences within a wide environmental gradient. Therefore, modelling at local scales rather than assuming large-scale models could be preferable for the establishment of conservation strategies for herptile species in natural parks.
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Casas-Gómez, Pablo, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, Pedro Ribera, and Juan C. Linares. "Contrasting Signals of the Westerly Index and North Atlantic Oscillation over the Drought Sensitivity of Tree-Ring Chronologies from the Mediterranean Basin." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060644.
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Extreme drought events are becoming increasingly frequent and extended, particularly in Mediterranean drought-prone regions. In this sense, atmospheric oscillations patterns, such as those represented by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and the Westerly Index (WI) have been widely proven as reliable proxies of drought trends. Here, we used the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), as a reliable indicator of drought, to investigate the drought sensitivity of tree-ring width data (TRW) from several long-lived tree species (Abies borisii-regis, Abies cilicica, Abies pinsapo, Cedrus atlantica, Cedrus libanii, Pinus nigra, Pinus heldreichii). NAO and WI relations with TRW were also investigated in order to identify potential non-stationary responses among those drought proxies. Our temporal and spatial analyses support contrasting Mediterranean dipole patterns regarding the drought sensitivity of tree growth for each tree species. The spatial assessment of NAO and WI relationships regarding SPEI and TRW showed on average stronger correlations westward with non-stationary correlations between annual WI index and TRW in all species. The results indicate that the drought variability and the inferred drought-sensitive trees species (e.g., C. atlantica) are related to the NAO and the WI, showing that TRW is a feasible proxy to long-term reconstructions of Westerly Index (WI) variability in the Western Mediterranean region. Spatial variability of drought severity suggests a complex association between NAO and WI, likely modulated by an east–west Mediterranean climate dipole.
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Boisseau, Oliver, Claire Lacey, Tim Lewis, Anna Moscrop, Magnus Danbolt, and Richard McLanaghan. "Encounter rates of cetaceans in the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 8 (June 2, 2010): 1589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000342.
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A series of visual–acoustic surveys were carried out in the Mediterranean Sea between 2003 and 2007 from RV ‘Song of the Whale’. Almost 21,000 km of trackline were surveyed between the longitudes of 14°W and 36°E with an emphasis on regions with low survey effort. Survey tracklines were designed to provide even coverage probability with random start points. Ten cetacean species were positively identified (sperm whale, fin whale, Cuvier's beaked whale, false killer whale, long-finned pilot whale, Risso's dolphin, common bottlenose dolphin, rough-toothed dolphin, striped dolphin and short-beaked common dolphin). Several of these species, plus sei whale and harbour porpoise, were also encountered in the Atlantic contiguous area (the entrance waters of the Mediterranean between the Iberian Peninsula and north-west Morocco). These surveys expand and clarify the known distributions of cetaceans within the Mediterranean basin. New species documented from Libyan waters include sperm whale, striped dolphin and rough-toothed dolphin. False killer whales and rough-toothed dolphins were documented for the first time off Cyprus. Live harbour porpoises were seen for the first time on Morocco's Atlantic seaboard. It is suggested that the status of rough-toothed dolphins in the Mediterranean be revised from visitor to regular species. Substantial new information on encounter rates is now available for the planning of a basin-wide systematic survey of cetaceans within the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic waters.
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Desboeufs, K. V., and G. Cautenet. "Transport and mixing zone of desert dust and sulphate over Tropical Africa and the Atlantic Ocean region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 5615–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-5615-2005.
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Abstract. The potentiality of dust particles to mix with sulphate over Tropical Africa and the Atlantic Ocean is investigated by combining a meso-scale meteorological model with a dust production model and an SO2 emission database. This mixing process study is based on a qualitative approach where the reactivity of dust is estimated from its calcite content, which is the main mineral known to be reactive with sulphur species. We are presenting a 1-month simulation (January 1993). Our results show that the regions Northern Egypt and Libya (NEL), Western Sahara (WS) and Sahel (S) are the major sources of dust plumes. The simulated dust loading is in agreement with the measured data close to the African coasts. The Mediterranean and Maghreb regions are highly influenced by European sources of sulphate, for which the simulated concentrations are consistent with the observed trends. This simplified study identifies two zones that favour the mixing process between dust and sulphate: 1. the Eastern Mediterranean basin due to the concomitance of high concentrations of dust and sulphate and 2. the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean due to the high amount of calcite in the ejected dust which is very reactive. Thus, we assume that the coating process takes place mainly in these regions and the sulphate-coated dust found on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean and American coasts) is principally due to this phenomenon.
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Samatova, Sh A. "Arealogical structure of flower-ornamental plants of the cultural flora of the Karshi oasis." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 21, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2022079.
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The article presents the results of botanical and geographical analysis of the cultivated flora of the Karshi oasis. It was revealed that the assortment of flower and ornamental plants of the cultivated flora of the Karshi oasis consists of 41 species. The largest number of species comes from the Caribbean (24.3 %), Mediterranean (19.5 %), Brazilian (14.6 %) and Atlantic-North American (14.6 %) floristic regions. It has been established that xerophilic representatives of the arid regions of North America and the Mediterranean region are promising for the Karshi oasis. For a successful culture of representatives of Caribbean and Brazilian origin, it is recommended to use a seedling method of growing and plant them in open ground as early as possible.
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Chatzi, Leda, Michelle Mendez, Raquel Garcia, Theano Roumeliotaki, Jesús Ibarluzea, Adonina Tardón, Pilar Amiano, et al. "Mediterranean diet adherence during pregnancy and fetal growth: INMA (Spain) and RHEA (Greece) mother–child cohort studies." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 1 (June 29, 2011): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511002625.
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Dietary intake of specific nutrients or food groups during pregnancy could influence fetal growth, but scant evidence is available on effects of dietary patterns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence during pregnancy on fetal growth in two population-based mother–child cohorts in Spain and Greece. We studied 2461 mother–newborn pairs from the Spanish multi-centre ‘INMA’ study (Atlantic area: INMA-Atlantic; Mediterranean area: INMA-Mediterranean), and 889 pairs from the ‘RHEA’ study in Crete, Greece. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed by FFQ and MD adherence was evaluated through an a priori score. Fetal growth restriction was based on a customised model, and multivariate log-binomial and linear regression models were used to adjust for several confounders. MD scores differ significantly between the cohorts with women in INMA-Atlantic reporting higher intakes of fish and dairy products, while women in the Mediterranean area reported higher intakes of cereals, vegetables and fruits. Women with high MD adherence had a significantly lower risk of delivering a fetal growth–restricted infant for weight (risk ratios: 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9) in the INMA-Mediterranean cohort. Stratified analysis by smoking revealed that higher MD adherence increased birth weight and birth length in smoking mothers, whereas this effect was not apparent in non-smoking mothers. The results of the present study show that several types of MD exist across European Mediterranean regions. High MD adherence may modify the detrimental effect of smoking on birth size, but overall effects of diet were not universal for the studies in this analysis.
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Voskresenskaya, E. N., and V. N. Maslova. "Winter-spring cyclonic variability in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region associated with global processes in the ocean-atmosphere system." Advances in Science and Research 6, no. 1 (August 30, 2011): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-6-237-2011.
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Abstract. Using global NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data set on 1000 hPa geopotential height (1948–2006), cyclones in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions were detected and their main characteristics (frequency, depth, integrated area) were calculated. Analysis of their interannual-multidecadal variability in January-March associated with global processes in the ocean-atmosphere system was done. It was shown that North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) manifests in the Black Sea region mainly in the variability of frequency of cyclones while in the Mediterranean – in the interannual anomalies of cyclones' depth and area. Joint NAO and El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence is responsible for about 20–45% of cyclones' frequency variance in the Black Sea region, and in the Mediterranean region for up to 10–25 and 20–30% of the depth and area variance, accordingly. As a result of using a new approach to study ENSO manifestations based on El Nino classification, correlation coefficients between characteristics of cyclones and Southern Oscillation index (SOI) increase at least twice. The influence of the Pacific Decadal and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations on variability of cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region manifests in considerable differences of cyclones' characteristics and their typical location.
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Insua-Costa, Damián, Gonzalo Miguez-Macho, and María Carmen Llasat. "Local and remote moisture sources for extreme precipitation: a study of the two catastrophic 1982 western Mediterranean episodes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 9 (September 24, 2019): 3885–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3885-2019.
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Abstract. Floods and flash floods are frequent in the south of Europe resulting from heavy rainfall events that often produce more than 200 mm in less than 24 h. Even though the meteorological conditions favourable for these situations have been widely studied, there is a lingering question that still arises: what humidity sources could explain so much precipitation? To answer this question, the regional atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with a recently implemented moisture tagging capability has been used to analyse the main moisture sources for two catastrophic flood events that occurred during the autumn of 1982 (October and November) in the western Mediterranean area, which is regularly affected by these types of adverse weather episodes. The procedure consists in selecting a priori potential moisture source regions for the extreme event under consideration, and then performing simulations using the tagging technique to quantify the relative contribution of each selected source to total precipitation. For these events we study the influence of four possible potential sources: (1) evaporation in the western Mediterranean; (2) evaporation in the central Mediterranean; (3) evaporation in the North Atlantic; and (4) advection from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic and Africa. Results show that these four moisture sources explain most of the accumulated precipitation, with the tropical and subtropical input being the most relevant in both cases. In the October event, evaporation in the western and central Mediterranean and in the North Atlantic also had an important contribution. However, in the November episode tropical and subtropical moisture accounted for more than half of the total accumulated rainfall, while evaporation in the western Mediterranean and North Atlantic played a secondary role and the contribution of the central Mediterranean was almost negligible. Therefore, remote sources were crucial: in the October event they played a similar role to local sources, whereas in the November case they were clearly dominant. In both episodes, long-distance moisture transport from the tropics and subtropics mostly occurred in mid-tropospheric layers, via well-defined moisture plumes with maximum mixing ratios at medium levels.
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Goncharova, L. D., O. M. Prokofiev, S. I. Reshetchenko, and A. V. Chernichenko. "Influence of atmospheric macroprocesses on the spatial distribution of spring precipitation within the territory of Ukraine." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 27 (June 30, 2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.27.2021.01.
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The article presents the results of a comprehensive statistical study of the spatial distribution of spring precipitation in Ukraine and its relationship with the main low-frequency oscillations of the Northern Hemisphere. The research focuses on the monthly amount of rainfalls in March, April and May at 40 long-range stations of Ukraine that are evenly distributed throughout its territory, and the indices of North Atlantic (NAO) and North Sea-Caspian (NCP) fluctuations over a 45-year period (1962-2006). The use of multiyear data allowed for objective clusterization and division of the Ukrainian territory into regions with different types of weather observed in the event of precipitation, with each of them being physically substantiated. To ensure clarity, the article presents regional statistical models in the form of schematic maps of probable relationships between distribution of spring precipitation in Ukraine and the North Atlantic and Euro-Mediterranean macroprocesses. In order to forecast the monthly rainfall in March, it is advisable to take into account the state of the North Atlantic fluctuations. The response of this fluctuation was found within Chernivtsi, Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Kyiv Regions, northern part of Odesa Region, western districts of Chernihiv Region and southern part of Zhytomyr Region. In the western regions of Ukraine, as well as in Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Zhytomyr and Chernihiv Regions, the formation of precipitation in April depends on the state of both NAO and NCP; in the rest of Ukraine – only of NCP. The 90% probability linear statistical relationship between precipitation in May and the main climatic signals of the Northern Hemisphere under study was not found only in some northern regions of Ukraine, namely: Kyiv, Chernihiv, Sumy Regions and central (Poltava and northern part of Cherkasy Region) part of Ukraine. A study of the influence of North Atlantic and Euro-Mediterranean macroprocesses on the distribution of monthly rainfall in Ukraine, conducted using a statistical approach, shows its ambiguity during different spring months and within different regions of Ukraine, and requires further research to solve the general scientific problem – study of climate-conditioned natural resources required to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of Ukraine under conditions of global climate change.
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Caparros-Santiago, J. A., and V. F. Rodríguez-Galiano. "Estimación de la fenología de la vegetación a partir de imágenes de satélite: el caso de la península ibérica e islas Baleares (2001-2017)." Revista de Teledetección, no. 57 (December 28, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.13632.
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Phenological dynamics of vegetation is considered as an important biological indicator for understanding the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Land surface phenology (LSP), the study of vegetation phenology from time series of vegetation indices (IV), has provided a comprehensive overview of ecosystem dynamics. Iberian Peninsula is one of the regions with the greatest diversity of ecosystems in European continent. It is therefore an excellent study area for monitoring phenological dynamics of vegetation. The aim of this study is to analyse the spatial variability of the phenology of the vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands for the period 2001-2017. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) time series were generated from the surface reflectance product MOD09Q1 at a spatial resolution of 250 meters and with a composite period of 8 days. Atmospheric disturbances and noise were reduced using a Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter. Different phenological metrics or phenometrics were extracted using a threshold-based method. Results showed the existence of a different behaviour between spring and autumn phenophases in the Atlantic and Mediterranean biogeographic regions. The Mediterranean mountainous areas showed a similar phenological behaviour to the Atlantic vegetation. Biogeographic regions showed an internal variability, which may be derived from the different behaviour of land covers (e.g., natural vegetation vs. crops).
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Punzón, Antonio, Lucia Rueda, Augusto Rodríguez-Basalo, Manuel Hidalgo, Pere Oliver, José Castro, Juan Gil, Antonio Esteban, Luis Gil de Sola, and Enric Massutí. "History of the Spanish demersal fishery in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz231.
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Abstract Long fisheries time series allow the review of baselines and inform our knowledge of past events that have conditioned the recent history of the stocks. In this study, we investigated trends in fisheries landings data for the most representative Atlantic and Mediterranean demersal fisheries off the Spanish Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (1933–1986). The aim was to analyse the evolution of demersal species exploitation and detect changes in landings and fishing tactics. Ten species were selected, which included teleosts, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Results indicated a decrease in Landings Per Unit of Capacity (LPUC) in six of the species examined. While in the Atlantic the process of substitution or incorporation of new species to the fisheries occurs progressively, in the Mediterranean this incorporation occurs simultaneously for many of the species. Four main fishing tactics (landing pattern obtained from the classification analysis of landings per species) were identified. Geographically nearby and connected regions developed similar fishing tactics to each other, and also changed over time. While the fleets from isolated regions were more specialized, and only carrying out one fishing tactic during the study period. Improvements in LPUC with the implementation of new technology and legislative and management measures were not observed.
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Jaskuła, Radomir, Tomasz Rewicz, and Kajetan Kwiatkowski. "Tiger beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelinae) of Morocco: distribution, phenology and list of taxa." Entomologica Fennica 26, no. 3 (October 8, 2015): 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.52825.
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The diversity and distribution of Cicindelinae in Morocco, including new unpublished data, is summarized and discussed. In total 17 species are reported from the country. Cicindela campestris campestris is excluded from the Moroccan fauna while the occurrence of Myriochila mirei is doubtful and should be confirmed by new data. The area adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean coastlines holds the highest species diversity, while mountainous regions are characterized by lower diversity but also by high level of species endemism. Grouped on the basis of their chorotypes, Moroccan Cicindelinae fall into six different groups: West Mediterranean (44% of Cicindelinae species), Maghreb endemics (22%), Mediterranean (11%), Saharian (11%), Mediterranean-Westturanian (6%) and Afrotropico-Indo-Mediterranean (6%). According to their phenology, the Moroccan tiger beetles can be divided into three groups: 1) spring active species, 2) spring-summer active species, and 3) summer active species.
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Buckland, Paul C., Andrew J. Dugmore, and Kevin J. Edwards. "Bronze Age myths? Volcanic activity and human response in the Mediterranean and North Atlantic regions." Antiquity 71, no. 273 (September 1997): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085343.
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A first rule of statistics is that the existence of a correlation does not itself prove a causal connection. This is the heart of the recurrent question in later European prehistory — whether in the Mediterranean or in the Atlantic northwest — about volcanic eruptions, their impact on climate, and then of the climatic impact on human populations. The burial under tephra of the Late Bronze Age settlement of Santorini is proof of a particular catastrophe: but is there the evidence to prove wider European calamity?
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Da Silva, Carlos Marques, Bernard Landau, and Rafael La Perna. "Biogeography of Iberian Atlantic Neogene marginelliform gastropods (Marginellidae, Cystiscidae): global change and transatlantic colonization." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 6 (November 2011): 1052–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-104.1.
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The Marginellidae Fleming and the Cystiscidae Stimpson, herein collectively referred to as marginelliform gastropods, are convergent families of thermophilic marine gastropods. Shallow-water marginelliform gastropods are found in the Ibero-Moroccan Gulf and Mediterranean, diversity rapidly increasing towards tropical West Africa. Surprisingly, in the tropical and subtropical European Miocene fossil record, marginelliform genera of tropical affinity such asPersiculaSchumacher andPrunumHerrmannsen, occurring today in West Africa, are altogether missing. Others, such asMarginellaLamarck, are present only in the southwestern Iberian and Mediterranean Neogene record. This work describes the marginelliform gastropods from the Atlantic Iberian Neogene. Ten species are recorded, of which three are new,Persicula mikhailovaen. sp.,Gibberula costaen. sp., andGibberula brebionin. sp. This study shows thatGibberulaSwainson andVolvarinaHinds have been present in Europe since the Eocene.Marginellamay have originated in southern Africa and migrated north to Europe in the Miocene, never extending further north than west central Portugal.PersiculaandPrunumprobably originated in the Caribbean and migrated east during the Pliocene, following closure of the Central American Seaway. The colonization of the Pliocene European Atlantic coast by gastropods of these genera was selective, only where high sea-water temperature and high productivity were combined. These findings suggest that post-Messinian recolonization of the Mediterranean during the Pliocene was a complex process, involving colonization by groups originating in various regions of the Atlantic, including Europe, Africa and the Americas.
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Azzena, Ilenia, Fabio Scarpa, Chiara Locci, Piero Cossu, Alessio Niffoi, Flavio Orrù, Stefano Bovero, Giuseppe Sotgiu, Daria Sanna, and Marco Casu. "Mitochondrial DNA of Sardinian and North-West Italian Populations Revealed a New Piece in the Mosaic of Phylogeography and Phylogeny of Salariopsis fluviatilis (Blenniidae)." Animals 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233403.
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The genus Salariopsis (Blenniidae) comprises freshwater blenny fish that inhabits Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and north-east Atlantic areas. Three species were formally described to date: Salariopsis fluviatilis. S. economidisi, and S. atlantica. In this study, 103 individuals were collected from different Italian regions (Sardinia, Liguria, Piedmont, Lombardy) and analyzed using the mtDNA Control Region and the ribosomal 16s gene. We aimed (i) to depict the phylogeographic patterns of S. fluviatilis in northern Italy and Sardinia and (ii) to compare the genetic structure of Italian samples with those from other Mediterranean regions. Results obtained showed the presence of a well-supported genetic structuring among Italian S. fluviatilis populations, shedding new light on the phylogeographic patterns of northern Italian populations of S. fluviatilis sensu stricto across the Ligurian Alpine ridge and the Sardinia Island-mainland dispersal patterns. Furthermore, our species delimitation analysis was consistent in supporting results of previous research about the presence of genetic differentiation among S. fluviatilis, evidencing: (i) a large group of S. fluviatilis sensu stricto that includes two sub-groups (Occidental and Oriental), (ii) one group comprising populations from the Middle East of a taxonomic entity corresponding to Salariopsis cf. fluviatilis, and (iii) one group of Iberian individuals from the Guadiana River.
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Iglesias, Virginia, Boris Vannière, and Isabelle Jouffroy-Bapicot. "Emergence and Evolution of Anthropogenic Landscapes in the Western Mediterranean and Adjacent Atlantic Regions." Fire 2, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2040053.
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Socio-ecological systems are complex, dynamic structures driven by cross-scale interactions between climate, disturbance and subsistence strategies. We synthetize paleoecological data to explore the emergence and evolution of anthropogenic landscapes in southwestern Europe and northern Africa. Specifically, we estimate trends in vegetation and fire, and assess how changes in climate and resource exploitation altered ecosystem dynamics over the last 10,000 years. Pollen data reveal that a complex vegetation mosaic resulted from the conversion of forests into areas suitable for crops, especially after 7000 cal yr BP. Cross-scale analysis shows a progressive decoupling of climate and ecosystem trajectories, which displayed an overall south-to-north time-transgressive pattern consistent with models of population expansion. As human impact increased, so did the use of fire, and after 4000 cal yr BP, levels of biomass burning became homogeneous across the region. This region-wide rise in burning suggests that land-management overrode the effects of climate, fuel and topography. Thus, while increasing the returns and predictability of resources, rapidly-growing communities created a new form of frequent and extensive disturbance that led to profound and persistent changes in the landscape, including shrub encroachment, increased erosion and soil impoverishment.
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Manuzzi, Alice, Imanol Aguirre-Sarabia, Natalia Díaz-Arce, Dorte Bekkevold, Teunis Jansen, Jessica Gomez-Garrido, Tyler S. Alioto, et al. "Atlantic mackerel population structure does not support genetically distinct spawning components." Open Research Europe 4 (April 24, 2024): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.17365.1.
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Background The Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a commercially valuable migratory pelagic fish inhabiting the northern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Given its highly migratory behaviour for feeding and spawning, several studies have been conducted to assess differentiation among spawning components to better define management units, as well as to investigate possible adaptations to comprehend and predict recent range expansion northwards. Methods Here, a high-quality genome of S. scombrus was sequenced and annotated, as an increasing number of population genetic studies have proven the relevance of reference genomes to investigate genomic markers/regions potentially linked to differences at finer scale. Such reference genome was used to map Restriction-site-associated sequencing (RAD-seq) reads for SNP discovery and genotyping in more than 500 samples distributed along the species range. The resulting genotyping tables have been used to perform connectivity and adaptation analyses. Results The assembly of the reference genome for S. scombrus resulted in a high-quality genome of 741 Mb. Our population genetic results show that the Atlantic mackerel consist of three previously known genetically isolated units (Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean), and provide no evidence for genetically distinct spawning components within the Northwest or Northeast Atlantic. Conclusions Therefore, our findings resolved previous uncertainties by confirming the absence of genetically isolated spawning components in each side of the northern Atlantic, thus rejecting homing behaviour and the need to redefine management boundaries in this species. In addition, no further genetic signs of ongoing adaptation were detected in this species.
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Roeleveld, M. A. C. "Giant squid beaks: implications for systematics." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 1 (February 2000): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001769.
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The systematic position of the giant squid Architeuthis remains unresolved but comparison of beak morphometrics is an approach that has not been attempted before. Additional data for the relationship between mantle length (ML) and lower beak rostral length (LRL) suggest that Architeuthis sp. in the North Atlantic, South Africa and New Zealand are parts of the same asymptotic relationship. Comparison of beak dimensions of Architeuthis from the North Atlantic, South Africa and New Zealand with those of two distinct species of Todarodes, from the Mediterranean and southern Africa, indicate that there may be only one species of Architeuthis in these three regions. No consistent morphological evidence has yet been found to indicate more than one species of Architeuthis in the Atlantic or in the southern hemisphere.
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Gimeno, Luis, Raquel Nieto, Ricardo M. Trigo, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, and Juan Ignacio López-Moreno. "Where Does the Iberian Peninsula Moisture Come From? An Answer Based on a Lagrangian Approach." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1182.1.
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Abstract This study investigated the main sources of moisture in the atmosphere over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) at annual and seasonal scales using FLEXPART, a powerful new 3D Lagrangian diagnosis method that identifies the humidity contributions to the moisture budget of a region. This method can identify moisture sources at lower cost and with greater accuracy than standard isotopic content methods. The results are based on back-tracking analysis of all air masses residing over the IP in the 5-yr period from 2000 to 2004. The results show that the two most important moisture source regions affecting the IP are in a tropical–subtropical North Atlantic corridor that extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the IP, and the IP itself and the surrounding Mediterranean. The importance of these two source areas varies throughout the year, and also with respect to different climatic regions inside the IP. The former source region is the dominant moisture source for the entire IP during winter and in western regions throughout the year, whereas the latter source region dominates the moisture supply to the IP in summer and in the eastern Mediterranean region of the IP throughout the year. The results also demonstrate that winter precipitation in the IP is influenced by both atmospheric instability that forces air masses to rise, and the supply of moisture from the tropical–subtropical North Atlantic corridor on a daily scale and a seasonal basis. Thus, a combination of high (low) moisture supply from the North Atlantic corridor and high (low) atmospheric instability appears to be responsible for the most recent wet (dry) winter in the IP.
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Kim, Woon Mi, Santos J. González-Rojí, and Christoph C. Raible. "Extratropical circulation associated with Mediterranean droughts during the Last Millennium in CMIP5 simulations." Climate of the Past 19, no. 12 (December 12, 2023): 2511–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2511-2023.
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Abstract. The Mediterranean region is expected to experience significant changes in hydroclimate, reflected in increases in the duration and severity of soil moisture droughts. While numerous studies have explored Mediterranean droughts in coupled climate models under present and future scenarios, understanding droughts in past-climate simulations remains relatively underexplored. Such simulations can offer insights into long-term drought variability that observational records cannot capture. Therefore, our study investigates circulation patterns in the Euro-Atlantic domain associated with multi-year soil moisture droughts over the Mediterranean region during the last millennium (850–2005 CE) in climate simulations. For this, we use the fifth phase of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project–Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP5–PMIP3) and the CESM Last Millennium Ensemble Project. Primarily, we examine the differences among the models in representing drought variability and related circulation patterns. For the analysis, we exclude the anthropogenic trends from 1850–2005 CE, and to detect the circulation patterns, we perform k-means clustering combined with linear correlation analyses. The findings confirm that Mediterranean drought occurrence during the last millennium is associated with internal variability in the climate system. Drought variability, the associated circulation patterns, and the frequencies of these patterns vary across the models. Some climate models exhibit a multidecadal anti-phase occurrence of some drought periods between the western and eastern Mediterranean regions, although the exact periods of coherence differ among the models. This anti-phase co-variability, which agrees with some proxy records, can be explained by the dominant circulation patterns in each region detected by the models: western Mediterranean droughts are dominated by a high-pressure system over central Europe and a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-like pattern, while eastern Mediterranean droughts are linked to positive pressure anomalies in the southern and eastern Mediterranean and negative NAO, East Atlantic, and East Atlantic–western Russia-like patterns. The frequencies of these modes of climate variability are strongly model-dependent; i.e., some patterns occur more frequently or only in some models, suggesting that the main drivers of droughts differ among the models. Although it is complicated to evaluate the representation of droughts and associated circulation among the models, in general, the models with lower horizontal and vertical spatial land resolutions exhibit drought variability and patterns that distinctly differ from other models. These model differences and preferences toward some circulation patterns can be a source of uncertainties in the model–proxy comparison of Mediterranean droughts and potentially influence future climate projections.
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Talipova, Tatyana, Efim Pelinovsky, Oxana Kurkina, Ayrat Giniyatullin, and Andrey Kurkin. "Exceedance frequency of appearance of the extreme internal waves in the World Ocean." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 25, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-511-2018.
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Abstract. Statistical estimates of internal waves in different regions of the World Ocean are discussed. It is found that the observed exceedance probability of large-amplitude internal waves in most cases can be described by the Poisson law, which is one of the typical laws of extreme statistics. Detailed analysis of the statistical properties of internal waves in several regions of the World Ocean has been performed: tropical part of the Atlantic Ocean, northwestern shelf of Australia, the Mediterranean Sea near the Egyptian coast, and the Yellow Sea.
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Romero Bujan, Maria Inmaculada, and CARLOS REAL. "Morphometric characterization of Eryngium viviparum (Umbelliferae): description of a new subspecies from the Iberian Peninsula." Phytotaxa 158, no. 3 (February 4, 2014): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.158.3.4.
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Eryngium viviparum is an endemic plant of the Atlantic regions of Europe. Surveys carried out in recent years in the wetlands of northwest Spain have led to the identification of several previously undetected subpopulations of this species in inland areas with markedly Mediterranean bioclimatic characteristics that constitute the southern limit of this species. However, these populations overlap with the distribution of the Iberian endemic E. galioides, similar in size and morphology. We developed a biometric study on herbarium vouchers that has enabled us to identify a new subspecies, subspecies bariegoi, distributed in a limited geographical zone in Mediterranean areas of the northwest Iberian Peninsula.
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SINEV, ARTEM Y., MIGUEL ALONSO, MARIA ROSA MIRACLE, and MARIA SAHUQUILLO. "The West Mediterranean Alona azorica Frenzel & Alonso, 1988 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) is composed of two species." Zootaxa 3276, no. 1 (April 24, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3276.1.3.
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A study of several populations of the West Palaearctic endemic Alona azorica Frenzel & Alonso, 1988 reveals the exis-tence of a sibling-species. Alona azorica s. str. is confined to the Azores and the Atlantic part of West Iberia; Alona anas-tasia sp. nov. inhabits temporary ponds in Mediterranean Iberia and other West Mediterranean regions. It differs by size,by the morphology of the head shield and head pores, and by the shape of the male postabdomen. Both species belong tothe pulchella-group of Alona s. lato. Alona anastasia sp. nov. population dynamics and seasonal variation in body size in the province of Valencia (Spain) are also studied.
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Jeansson, E., K. A. Olsson, T. Tanhua, and J. L. Bullister. "Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean CFC data in CARINA." Earth System Science Data Discussions 2, no. 1 (October 16, 2009): 493–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-2-493-2009.
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Abstract. Water column data of carbon and carbon relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruises in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). The data have been subject to rigorous quality control (QC) in order to ensure highest possible quality and consistency. The data for most of the parameters included were examined in order to quantify systematic biases in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Significant biases have been corrected for in the data products, i.e. the three merged files with measured, calculated and interpolated values for each of the three CARINA regions; the Arctic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), the Atlantic (ATL) and the Southern Ocean (SO). The Arctic Mediterranean Seas is comprised of the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas, and the quality control was carried out separately in these two areas. Here we present an overview of the QC of the CFC data for the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, including the chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113, as well as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). For the secondary QC of the CFCs we used a combination of tools, including the evaluation of depth profiles and CFC ratios, surface saturations and a crossover analysis. This resulted in a multiplicative adjustment of some cruise data, while some other cruises were flagged with questionable quality, which excluded them from the final data product.
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Rariden, John M., and Douglas V. Shaw. "Performance of North American Strawberry Cultivars under Conditions Mimicking California Production Systems." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 1034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.1034.
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Runner plants from 16 strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown using annual Mediterranean production systems to test for differences in productivity, performance traits, and vegetative growth attributes. Genotypes were included from germplasm adapted to four geographic regions: California and northwestern, northeastern, and mid-Atlantic or southeastern United States. The California genotypes were divided further into day-neutral and June-bearing categories. With these treatments, California cultivars had significantly larger plants and grew more rapidly during the fall and winter, had larger fruit, and produced at least twice the quantity of fruit of cultivars from the other regions. Variance components due to region explained 64% and 26% of the phenotypic variance for early and total yield, respectively, whereas differences among cultivars within regions explained 12% and 7% of the variance for these traits. Cultivars from all regions had significantly larger plants and were more productive when treated with 3 weeks of artificial vernalization. However, region × vernalization effects were nonsignificant for all traits, a result suggesting that selection in Mediterranean environments has not adapted germplasm specifically for low vernalization conditions.
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Tartaglione, N., A. Speranza, F. Dalan, T. Nanni, M. Brunetti, and M. Maugeri. "The mobility of Atlantic baric depressions leading to intense precipitation over Italy: a preliminary statistical analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 6, 2006): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-451-2006.
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Abstract. The speed of Atlantic surface depressions, occurred during the autumn and winter seasons and that lead to intense precipitation over Italy from 1951 to 2000, was investigated. Italy was divided into 5 regions as documented in previous climatological studies (based on Principal Component Analysis). Intense precipitation events were selected on the basis of in situ rain gauge data and clustered according to the region that they hit. For each intense precipitation event we tried to identify an associated surface depression and we tracked it, within a large domain covering the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions, from its formation to cyclolysis in order to estimate its speed. "Depression speeds" were estimated with 6-h resolution and clustered into slow and non-slow classes by means of a threshold, coinciding with the first quartile of speed distribution and depression centre speeds were associated with their positions. Slow speeds occurring over an area including Italy and the western Mediterranean basin showed frequencies higher than 25%, for all the Italian regions but one. The probability of obtaining by chance the observed more than 25% success rate was estimated by means of a binomial distribution. The statistical reliability of the result is confirmed for only one region. For Italy as a whole, results were confirmed at 95% confidence level. Stability of the statistical inference, with respect to errors in estimating depression speed and changes in the threshold of slow depressions, was analysed and essentially confirmed the previous results.