Academic literature on the topic 'Mediterranean and Atlantic regions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mediterranean and Atlantic regions"
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Vitales, Daniel, Joana Aragay, Teresa Garnatje, Amelia Gómez Garreta, and Jordi Rull Lluch. "Phylogeography ofDictyota fasciolaandDictyota mediterranea(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae): unexpected patterns on the Atlantic-Mediterranean marine transition and taxonomic implications." PeerJ 7 (May 16, 2019): e6916. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6916.
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The Atlantic-Mediterranean marine transition is a fascinating biogeographic region, but still very poorly studied from the point of view of seaweed phylogeography.Dictyota fasciolaandD. mediterranea(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) are two currently recognized sister species that share a large part of their distribution along the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, representing a unique study model to understand the diversification processes experienced by macroalgae during and after Messinian at this marine region. In this study, we sampled 102 individuals ofD. fasciolaandD. mediterraneafrom 32 localities along their distribution range and sequenced the mitochondrialcox1 and the chloroplastrbcL-rbcS DNA regions for all the samples. Our data do not support the occurrence of two sister species but a morphologically variable and highly genetic diverse species or a complex of species. Most of the observed genetic diversity corresponds to the Mediterranean populations, whereas the Atlantic ones are much more homogeneous. The early-diverged lineages inferred from both mtDNA and cpDNA phylogenetic reconstructions were constituted by samples from the Mediterranean Sea. Together, these results suggest that the Mediterranean Sea acted as a refugium for theD. fasciola–D. mediterranealineage during the geologic and climatic changes occurred on the region since the Miocene, subsequently dispersing to the Atlantic Ocean.
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Bremer, Jaime R. Alvarado, Allan J. Baker, and Jaime Mejuto. "Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicate extensive mixing of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) populations in the Atlantic Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-764.
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Pacific, Atlantic, and Mediterranean populations of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are currently considered as separate fisheries management units, and populations in different regions of the Atlantic are thought to constitute different stocks on the basis of recapture data. To test these hypotheses we sequenced hypervariable segments of the control region of mitochondrial DNA in 35 swordfish from three regions of the Atlantic, as well as in 8 and 7 individuals from the Pacific and Mediterranean regions, respectively. Sixty of the 81 variable sites were confined to a 280 base pair stretch in the left domain of the control region, indicating that this segment is a rich source of genetic markers. Thirty-three haplotypes were found that could be assigned to two clades differing by 3.8% on average, and that diverged approximately 550 000 years ago. Clade I haplotypes were ubiquitous, but haplotypes from clade II predominated in the Mediterranean, and thus likely originated there during Pleistocene marine regressions. Overall, we conclude that there is extensive mixing of swordfish within the Atlantic Ocean. Sister-group relationships of haplotypes from different oceans indicate historical gene flow between these populations, but the co-occurrence of the same haplotypes in different oceans must reflect recent or ongoing dispersal.
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Marullo, Salvatore, Vincenzo Artale, and Rosalia Santoleri. "The SST Multidecadal Variability in the Atlantic–Mediterranean Region and Its Relation to AMO." Journal of Climate 24, no. 16 (August 15, 2011): 4385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3884.1.
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Abstract Two sea surface temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST version 3 (ERSST.v3) and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST), are used to investigate SST multidecadal variability in the Mediterranean Sea and to explore possible connections with other regions of the global ocean. The consistency between these two time series and the original International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset version 2.5 (ICOADS 2.5) over the Mediterranean Sea is investigated, evaluating differences from monthly to multidecadal scales. From annual to longer time scales, the two time series consistently describe the same trends and multidecadal oscillations and agree with Mediterranean ICOADS SSTs. At monthly time scales the two time series are less consistent with each other because of the evident annual cycle that characterizes their difference. The subsequent analysis of the Mediterranean annual SST time series, based on lagged-correlation analysis, multitaper method (MTM), and singular spectral analysis (SSA), revealed the presence of a significant oscillation with a period of about 70 yr, very close to that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). An extension of the analysis to other World Ocean regions confirmed that the predominance of this multidecadal signal with respect to longer period trends is a unique feature of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean, where it reaches its maximum at subpolar latitudes. Signatures of multidecadal oscillations are also found in the global SST time series after removing centennial and longer-term components. The analysis also reveals that Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic indices are significantly correlated and coherent for periods longer than about 40 yr. For time scales in the range 40–55 yr the coherence between the Mediterranean and subpolar gyre temperatures is higher than the coherence between the Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or AMO. Finally, the results of the analysis are discussed in the light of possible climate mechanisms that can couple the Mediterranean Sea with the North Atlantic and the Global Ocean.
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Criado-Aldeanueva, Francisco, and Javier Soto-Navarro. "Climatic Indices over the Mediterranean Sea: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175790.
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The Mediterranean Sea, strategically situated across a dynamic frontier line that separates two regions with different climates (Europe and North Africa), has been the focus of attention of many studies dealing with its thermohaline circulation, deep water formation processes or heat and freshwater budgets. Large-scale atmospheric forcing has been found to play an important role in these topics and attention has been renewed in climatic indices that can be used as a proxy for atmospheric variability. Among them, the North Atlantic oscillation, the East Atlantic or the East Atlantic–West Russia patterns have been widely addressed but much less attention has been devoted to a Mediterranean mode, the Mediterranean oscillation. This overview summarizes the recent advances that have been achieved in the understanding of these climatic indices and their influence on the functioning of the Mediterranean from a physical point of view. The important role of the Mediterranean oscillation is emphasized and the most relevant aspects of the other indices are revisited and discussed.
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Ivanovic, R. F., P. J. Valdes, R. Flecker, and M. Gutjahr. "Modelling global-scale climate impacts of the late Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (August 20, 2013): 4807–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-4807-2013.
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Abstract. Late Miocene tectonic changes in Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity and climatic changes caused Mediterranean salinity to fluctuate dramatically, including a ten-fold increase and near-freshening. Recent proxy- and model-based evidence suggests that at times during this Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96–5.33 Ma), highly-saline and highly-fresh Mediterranean water flowed into the North Atlantic Ocean, whilst at others, no Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) reached the Atlantic. By running extreme, sensitivity-type experiments with a fully-coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model, we investigate the potential of these various MSC MOW scenarios to impact global-scale climate. The simulations suggest that MOW had a greater influence on North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate than it does today. We also find that depending on the presence, strength and salinity of MOW, the MSC could have been capable of cooling mid-high northern latitudes by more than 1.2 °C, with the greatest cooling taking place in the Labrador, Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian and Barents Seas. With hypersaline-MOW, a component of North Atlantic Deep Water formation shifts to the Mediterranean, strengthening the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) south of 35° N by 3–7 Sv. With hyposaline-MOW, AMOC completely shuts down, inducing a bipolar climate anomaly with strong cooling in the North (up to −10.5 °C) and weaker warming in the South (up to +2.5 °C). These simulations identify key target regions and climate variables for future proxy-reconstructions to provide the best and most robust test cases for (a) assessing Messinian model performance, (b) evaluating Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity during the MSC and (c) establishing whether or not the MSC could ever have affected global-scale climate.
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Zielhofer, Christoph, Anne Köhler, Steffen Mischke, Abdelfattah Benkaddour, Abdeslam Mikdad, and William J. Fletcher. "Western Mediterranean hydro-climatic consequences of Holocene ice-rafted debris (Bond) events." Climate of the Past 15, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-463-2019.
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Abstract. Gerard C. Bond established a Holocene series of North Atlantic ice-rafted debris events based on quartz and haematite-stained grains recovered from subpolar North Atlantic marine cores. These so-called “Bond events” document nine large-scale and multi-centennial North Atlantic cooling phases that might be linked to a reduced thermohaline circulation. Regardless of the high prominence of the Holocene North Atlantic ice-rafted debris record, there are critical scientific comments on the study: the Holocene Bond curve has not yet been replicated in other marine archives of the North Atlantic and there exist only very few palaeoclimatic studies that indicate all individual Bond events in their own record. Therefore, evidence of consistent hydro-climatic teleconnections between the subpolar North Atlantic and distant regions is not clear. In this context, the Western Mediterranean region presents key hydro-climatic sites for the reconstruction of a teleconnection with the subpolar North Atlantic. In particular, variability in Western Mediterranean winter precipitation might be the result of atmosphere–ocean coupled processes in the outer-tropical North Atlantic realm. Based on an improved Holocene δ18O record from Lake Sidi Ali (Middle Atlas, Morocco), we correlate Western Mediterranean precipitation anomalies with North Atlantic Bond events to identify a probable teleconnection between Western Mediterranean winter rains and subpolar North Atlantic cooling phases. Our data show a noticeable similarity between Western Mediterranean winter rain minima and Bond events during the Early Holocene and an opposite pattern during the Late Holocene. There is evidence of an enduring hydro-climatic change in the overall Atlantic atmosphere–ocean system and the response to external forcing during the Middle Holocene. Regarding a potential climatic anomaly around 4.2 ka (Bond event 3) in the Western Mediterranean, a centennial-scale winter rain maximum is generally in-phase with the overall pattern of alternating “wet and cool” and “dry and warm” intervals during the last 5000 years.
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Scherrmann, Alexander, Heini Wernli, and Emmanouil Flaounas. "The upstream–downstream connection of North Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones in semi-idealized simulations." Weather and Climate Dynamics 5, no. 1 (March 27, 2024): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-419-2024.
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Abstract. Cyclogenesis in the Mediterranean is typically triggered by the intrusion of a potential vorticity (PV) streamer over the Mediterranean. The intrusion of the PV streamer results from a preceding Rossby wave breaking (RWB) upstream over the North Atlantic. The ridge leading to the RWB is typically amplified by the presence of warm conveyor belts (WCBs) in at least one North Atlantic cyclone about 4 d prior to Mediterranean cyclogenesis. Thus, the sequence of these four main events (namely a North Atlantic cyclone, WCBs, RWB, and the resulting PV streamers) forms an archetypal scenario leading to Mediterranean cyclogenesis. However, they rarely occur in a spatially consistent, fully repetitive pattern for real cyclone cases. To more systematically study this connection between upstream North Atlantic cyclones and Mediterranean cyclogenesis, we perform a set of semi-idealized simulations over the Euro-Atlantic domain. For these simulations, we prescribe a constant climatological atmospheric state in the initial and boundary conditions. To trigger the downstream Mediterranean cyclogenesis scenario, we perturb the climatological polar jet through the inversion of a positive upper-level PV anomaly. The amplitude of this perturbation determines the intensity of the triggered North Atlantic cyclone. This cyclone provokes RWB, the intrusion of a PV streamer over the Mediterranean, and thereby the formation of a Mediterranean cyclone. Therefore, our results show a direct connection between the presence of a North Atlantic cyclone and the downstream intrusion of a PV streamer into the Mediterranean, which causes cyclogenesis about 4 d after perturbing the polar jet. We refer to this as the upstream–downstream connection of North Atlantic and Mediterranean cyclones. To investigate the sensitivity of this connection, we vary the position and amplitude of the upper-level PV anomaly. In all simulations, cyclogenesis occurs in the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, the tracks and intensity of the Mediterranean cyclones may vary by up to 20° and 10 hPa (at the time of the mature stage), respectively. This indicates that the Mediterranean cyclone dynamics are sensitive to the dynamical structure and amplitude of the intruding PV streamer, which itself is sensitive to the interaction of the upstream cyclone and the RW(B). By applying different seasonal climatological atmospheric states as initial conditions we show that cyclogenesis occurs in distinct regions in different seasons. Thus, the seasonal cycle of Mediterranean cyclogenesis might be partly determined by the large-scale atmospheric circulation, i.e., the seasonal location of the polar jet. Furthermore, we show that the Mediterranean cyclones in these semi-idealized simulations show characteristics that agree with the observed climatology of Mediterranean cyclones in the respective season.
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Romem, M., B. Ziv, and H. Saaroni. "Scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones." Advances in Geosciences 12 (July 5, 2007): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-12-59-2007.
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Abstract. The Mediterranean is one of the most cyclogenetic regions in the world. The cyclones are concentrated along its northern coasts and their tracks are oriented more or less west-east, with several secondary tracks connecting them to Europe and to North Africa. The aim of this study is to examine scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones, based on five selected winter seasons (October–March). We detected the cyclones subjectively using 6-hourly Sea-Level Pressure maps, based on the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis archive. HMSO (1962) has shown that most Mediterranean cyclones (58%) enter the Mediterranean from the Atlantic Ocean (through Biscay and Gibraltar), and from the south-west, the Sahara Desert, while the rest are formed in the Mediterranean Basin itself. Our study revealed that only 13% of the cyclones entered the Mediterranean, while 87% were generated in the Mediterranean Basin. The entering cyclones originate in three different regions: the Sahara Desert (6%), the Atlantic Ocean (4%), and Western Europe (3%). The cyclones formed within the Mediterranean Basin were found to generate under the influence of external cyclonic systems, i.e. as "daughter cyclones" to "parent cyclones" or troughs. These parent systems are located in three regions: Europe (61%), North Africa and the Red Sea (34.5%) and the Mediterranean Basin itself (4.5%). The study presents scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones during the winter season, emphasizing the cyclogenesis under the influence of various external forcing. The large difference with respect to the findings of HMSO (1962) is partly explained by the dominance of spring cyclones generating in the Sahara Desert, especially in April and May that were not included in our study period.
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Ivanovic, R. F., P. J. Valdes, R. Flecker, and M. Gutjahr. "Modelling global-scale climate impacts of the late Miocene Messinian Salinity Crisis." Climate of the Past 10, no. 2 (March 25, 2014): 607–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-607-2014.
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Abstract. Late Miocene tectonic changes in Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity and climatic changes caused Mediterranean salinity to fluctuate dramatically, including a ten-fold increase and near-freshening. Recent proxy- and model-based evidence suggests that at times during this Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC, 5.96–5.33 Ma), highly saline and highly fresh Mediterranean water flowed into the North Atlantic Ocean, whilst at others, no Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) reached the Atlantic. By running extreme, sensitivity-type experiments with a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model, we investigate the potential of these various MSC MOW scenarios to impact global-scale climate. The simulations suggest that although the effect remains relatively small, MOW had a greater influence on North Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate than it does today. We also find that depending on the presence, strength and salinity of MOW, the MSC could have been capable of cooling mid–high northern latitudes by a few degrees, with the greatest cooling taking place in the Labrador, Greenland–Iceland–Norwegian and Barents seas. With hypersaline MOW, a component of North Atlantic Deep Water formation shifts to the Mediterranean, strengthening the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) south of 35° N by 1.5–6 Sv. With hyposaline MOW, AMOC completely shuts down, inducing a bipolar climate anomaly with strong cooling in the north (mainly −1 to −3 °C, but up to −8 °C) and weaker warming in the south (up to +0.5 to +2.7 °C). These simulations identify key target regions and climate variables for future proxy reconstructions to provide the best and most robust test cases for (a) assessing Messinian model performance, (b) evaluating Mediterranean–Atlantic connectivity during the MSC and (c) establishing whether or not the MSC could ever have affected global-scale climate.
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JOHER, S., E. BALLESTEROS, and C. RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO. "Macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the Western Mediterranean and the Northeastern Atlantic." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1438.
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This is a qualitative comparison of the distribution of macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the Western Mediterranean and the Northeastern Atlantic, based on our own data from the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) and available data from literature. The macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic bottoms from both regions could be distinguished by the presence of a high number of regional exclusive non-carbonated species, and the presence of a high number of maërl-forming species in the Mediterranean. Further, regional differences in the distribution of some exclusive species allowed the distinction of three zones in the Northeastern Atlantic (United Kingdom, French Brittany and Galicia), while no differences were found within the Western Mediterranean. However, the algal communities considered in the selected literature could not be qualitatively distinguished, and all the samples should be considered as maërl beds. Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum were the most widespread maërl forming species in the two regions, while in the Western Mediterranean Spongites fruticulosus was also very frequent. According to the differences in the species composition of the basal and erect strata of these beds, and also in their species richness, five different morphologies of macroalgal-dominated detritic bottoms could be distinguished. Their main characteristic species and their biogeographical distribution are detailed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mediterranean and Atlantic regions"
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Cayan, Umit N. "NATO's Mediterranean dialogue : challenges and prospects /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FCayan.pdf.
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Salonia, Matteo. "Genoese economic culture : from the Mediterranean into the Spanish Atlantic." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2009805/.
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This thesis investigates the economic culture that fostered the constitutional history and political cosmology of late medieval and early modern Genoa. Genoese economic actors are here studied through their diversified trades and businesses, as they moved from the shores of the Black Sea into the Atlantic. Genoa’s late medieval economic expansion is described through several case studies and briefly compared to the state-run military expansion of Venice’s empire. Genoese colonial history is found to be both peculiar and relevant, as entrepreneurial techniques, institutions and attitudes later transferred to the Atlantic first originated in the private networks built by Ligurian businessmen in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The adaptability and entrepreneurial skills that allowed Genoese merchants and bankers, captains and businessmen, tax collectors and clergymen to enter the Spanish Atlantic in the sixteenth century are linked to the medieval history of the Genoese commune, to the specific idea of libertà progressively defined and protected by its fluid elite, and to the development of Hispanic-Genoese diplomatic and financial relations. Through the study of diverse documents in Italian, Genoese dialect, Venetian dialect, Spanish, Latin, and English, Genoa’s civic ideology and institutions are revealed to be intertwined with Genoese entrepreneurs’ simultaneity of careers, cosmopolitan self-perception, and mimetic imperialism. The thesis closes with a survey of the Genoese economic activities in Spain’s American kingdoms, whose most significant result is the illustration of Genoa’s multifaceted roles in the building of the Hapsburg Atlantic. This work thus constitutes the first chronologically and thematically broad attempt to explain the prolonged Genoese presence on the stage of intercontinental commerce as well as the existence of a modern Ligurian Atlantic.
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Serradilla, Avery Dan Manuel. "Seville: between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1248-1492 : pre-Columbus commercial routes from and to Seville /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/340.
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Slater, Deborah Ruth. "The transport of Mediterranean water in the North Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/426647/.
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Ocean circulation is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system. The Atlantic thermohaline circulation, driven by deep convection at high latitudes, has a central role in regulating European climate through its transport and redistribution of heat. Either directly or indirectly, Mediterranean Water (MW) provides the high salinities found in the Nordic Seas which are required to precondition for deep convection. The precise mechanisms and pathways remain undetermined and yet are fundamental to understanding the effect that any change in the Mediterranean Outflow may have on circulation and ultimately on climate. This thesis investigates the transport of MW in the North Atlantic Ocean using hydrographic and model data. The primary objective is to quantify how much MW flows northwards and how much flows westwards from its source in the Gulf of Cadiz. Two boxes (Med Boxes) were constructed using hydrographic sections in the eastern North Atlantic enclosing the Strait of Gibraltar and Mediterranean Outflow. Inverse methods were used to determine the velocity field from which volume transports and salt fluxes were calculated. The main northward flow of MW across 41°N occurs east of 12°W, at depths of 500 to 1500 m, and transports 50 to 75% of the MW. An advective westward pathway across 20°W transports MW at similar depths into the ocean interior between 35°N and 40°N. Insignificant salt fluxes across the southern section (24°N) at MW depths confirm that no MW crosses the southern Med Box boundary. The net overturning circulation of the Med Box, with inflowing surface waters and outflowing intermediate waters, is attributed both to the exchange at the Strait of Gibraltar and also to water mass transformation associated with entrainment of North Atlantic Water into the Mediterranean Outflow. The magnitude of the circulation provides an estimate of this entrainment of 1.6 ± 0.6 Sv, within the Med Box boundaries. For comparison with these observational estimates, the model used is OCCAM, a level model from the Ocean Circulation and Climate Advance Modelling Project. The primary reason for choosing this model is that experiments have been undertaken with the Strait of Gibraltar both open and closed, enabling a new approach to the investigation of MW transport. MW is identified using the salinity difference between the two model experiments. Although the model circulation (in the open-Strait run) has a similar net overturning to the hydrography, different MW transport pathways are observed. A weak and variable northward pathway along the Iberian Peninsula and a strong southwestward flow from the Gulf of Cadiz result in a higher proportion of MW flowing westwards (61%) than northwards (39%). Seasonal variability is observed, with maximum westward flow in Autumn (70%) and minimum in Spring (50%). There is no evidence in the model that the northward boundary current provides a direct route for Mediterranean salt to reach the Nordic Seas.
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Geen, Alexander F. M. J. van. "Trace metal sources for the Atlantic inflow to the Mediterranean Sea." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52957.
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Bahamon, Rivera Nixon. "Dynamics of oligotrophic pelagic environments:North western Mediterranean sea and subtropical north Atlantic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6381.
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The response of phytoplankton to various ecological forcings was examined in the upper waters of the NW Mediterranean (MED) and the subtropical North Atlantic (NA) from field observations, analysis of historical data sets and numerical simulations. Particular emphasis was given to the role played by the water column structure in controlling the nitrogen diffusion and new production. Using numerical simulations, the effects of different levels of heating of surface waters and nutrient concentrations in waters below the euphotic zone were examined.Spring microplankton metabolism of surface mixed waters in MED was studied. The system was heterotrophic explained by dark community respiration (DCR) rates higher than gross primary production (GPP) rates. The GPP to DCR ratio was ~0.53, indicating that the system was far from balance between carbon production (photosynthesis) and consumption (respiration), probably caused by organic matter accumulation in the mixed layer favouring respiration over production processes.
Summer primary production and nitrogen fluxes in stratified water layers in NA were analysed. The nitrogen flux fuelling new primary production was closely linked to vertical turbulent diffusion at the nitracline rather than at the thermocline. Upward diffused nitrogen inducing new production explaining 21% of total primary production. The vertical turbulent diffusion model used to estimate new production did not explain new production in the Canary Current zone, where laterally advected nutrients from coastal upwelling areas altered the vertical nitrate gradients.
A numerical ecological model of the pelagic domain was developed to assess the plankton response to different environmental pressures. The model represents the vertical dimension of the upper and intermediate water layers of the open ocean. A comparative study of the plankton functioning in MED and NA sites was carried out using the model. The nitrate entering the euphotic zone through the lower boundary explained the low but continuous primary production in the two systems. The latitudinal variability of plankton scenarios implied a year round different solar heating of the upper waters, altering both phytoplankton photosynthesis and mixed layer processes in the water column, with the latter dominating over the former in controlling the phytoplankton biomass. The balance of light availability and nutrient concentration controlled the chlorophyll maximum depth, but the zooplankton grazing prevented this maximum to reach greater concentrations. The model structure and functioning makes it suitable for comparative ecological studies and is expected to be applicable to other studies related to coastal and marine environmental issues.
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Boyd, Meighan. "Speleothems from Warm Climates : Holocene Records from the Caribbean and Mediterranean Regions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121750.
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This thesis contributes to increased knowledge on Holocene climate and environmental variability from two complex and sparsely studied areas. Using a speleothem from Gasparee Cave, Trinidad, as a paleoclimate archive, the local expression of the 8.2 ka (thousand years before 1950) climate event and associated patterns of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and rainfall is provided. Subsequent speleothem studies using multi-proxy analysis of stalagmites from Kapsia Cave and Alepotrypa Cave, Greece, provide records of climate, vegetation and human induced changes in the cave environment during parts of the Holocene. The speleothems from the well-studied Neolithic habitation site, Alepotrypa Cave, have produced a climate and habitation record which covers the period of 6.3-1.0 ka. The cave was inhabited between 8.0-5.2 ka and was closed by a tectonic event, which has preserved the settlement. The stable oxygen record shows the first well-dated and robust expression of the 4.2 ka dry event in the Peloponnese, places the timing of the 3.2 ka dry event within an ongoing dry period, and shows a final dry event at 1.6 ka. The North Atlantic as well as more regional drivers, such as the North Sea Caspian Pattern Index is proposed to, in a complex interplay, govern many of the climate trends and events observed. Trace element variation after the site is abandoned indicate what is interpreted as two volcanic eruptions, the Minoan eruption of Thera (Santorini) around 3.6 ka and the 2.7 ka eruption of Somma (Vesuvius). Variations in trace elements during the habitation period show clear human influence, indicating an association with specific cave activities. One of the most interesting prospects for continued work on Alepotrypa Cave is this successful marriage of speleothem studies and archeology. A framework of dates which constrain some behavior of people living in the cave is only the beginning, and there is great potential to continue finding new clues in the speleothem data.Denna avhandling bidrar till ökad kunskap om klimatets variationer och miljön i två geografiskt skilda områden på låga breddgrader och under tidsperioder inom den Holocena epoken. Genom att använda en droppsten (stalagmit) från Gasparee-grottan, Trinidad, som ett paleoklimatarkiv, har det bland annat varit möjligt att visa att Trinidad upplevde torrare förhållanden under den snabba klimatförändring som observerats ske för 8200 år sedan på många platser i världen. Denna torrare klimatsituation i Trinidad föreslås vara ett resultat av en sydlig förflyttning av den intertropiska konvergenszonen. Övriga stalagmiter som studerats för denna avhandling kommer från Kapsia-grottan och Alepotrypa-grottan som finns på Peloponnesos-halvön i Grekland. Resultaten därifrån speglar dels klimat- och vegetationsvariatoner och dels graden av mänsklig aktivitet, under tiden för ca 8000 år sedan till för 1000 år sedan. Alepotrypa-grottan är känd för att vara en av de större Neolitiska boplatserna i Grekland. Isotop- och spårämnesanalyser av stalagmiterna har bidragit med ny kunskap om tidpunkten för mänsklig aktivitet, hur människorna påverkade grott-miljön samt hur klimatet varierat efter det att grottan, genom en tektonisk händelse, stängdes för människans inverkan. Snabba klimatförändringar, för 4200 och 3200 år sedan, observerade i andra regioner, rekonstrueras här för första gången på Peloponnesos. En snabb förändring mot torrare förhållanden observeras även för 1600 år sedan. De klimatstyrande processerna föreslås vara en kombination av storskaliga processer som den nordatlantiska oscillationen och mer regionala processer som det så kallade North Sea Caspian Pattern Index. Variationer i spårämnen i stalagmiterna efter att Alepotrypa-grottan stängdes kan kopplas till två vulkaniska utbrott, nämligen det Minoiska utbrottet av Thera på ön Santorini kring 3600 år sedan och utbrottet av Somma (Vesuvius) kring 2700 år sedan. Spårämnesvariationer under bo-perioden ger tydliga indikationer på människans påverkan på grottmiljön och som delvis kan länkas till specifika aktiviteter, som eldning av dynga i grottan. Avhandlingen är ett resultat av en framgångsrik kombination av klimatstudier och arkeologisk kunskap och utgör ett viktigt underlag för fördjupat interdisciplinärt forskningssamarbete i Alepotrypa-grottan.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.
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Bubbico, Rocco Luigi. "Drivers and effectiveness of regional innovation partnerships in Mediterranean less developed regions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/drivers-and-effectiveness-of-regionalinnovation-partnerships-in-mediterraneanless-developed-regions(c0d739d1-850f-4dc4-887b-cdb78efafb15).html.
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This work is based on the analysis of regional innovation policies and partnerships for innovation in EU 2000-2006 Objective 1 regions. The focus on the wide concept of innovation at European level and the international competitive challenges are pushing European regions to increase the effectiveness of local innovation policies, developing and strengthening their regional innovation systems in partnership with local actors. The research has the main aim to evaluate the contribution of regional innovation policies to regional development, identify levers and obstacles, analyse the structures of Regional Innovation Systems including processes of cooperation, assess the effectiveness of regional policy mix and finally evaluate the effectiveness of regional partnerships. The methodology of the research is based on a multiple case-study approach and on mixed methods. Four case studies have been selected: Puglia, Sardegna, Comunidad Valenciana and Region de Murcia. Overall, 104 semi-structured interviews have been carried out in the four regions, with regional administrators, innovation agency managers, entrepreneurs, technology centres managers and academics (involved in spinoffs or managers of collaborative/industrial research projects). The field work activities have been focused on documentation review, unstructured interviews and data collection. A database of policy interventions was created to analyse targets, beneficiaries and areas of intervention. An analysis of regional performance has been conducted to examine the socio-economical structure and regional innovation indicators. The findings show common patterns and issues in policy implementation and dilemmas in strategic choices. All case studies featured wide and multi-purpose strategies aimed at the quantitative growth of regional innovation systems and a higher degree of internal collaborations through the support to intermediate bodies. Innovation systems are taking shape: regional administrations made a significant effort but struggled to overcome structural limitations and external constraints affecting the innovation structure.
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Weiss, Aaron D. "Proposal for a Standing Mediterranean Amphibious Force for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA358787.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998."December 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Richard J. Hoffman, Brad R. Naegle. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-123). Also available online.
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Cortés, Simó Maria. "Flood damage assessment in two western Mediterranean regions. Present conditions and future scenarios." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668768.
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Flooding is one of the main natural hazard in the world causing huge economic and human impacts. Assessing the flood damage in the Mediterranean region is of great importance, mainly due to its pronounced sensitivity to climate change. A large number of floods affecting the western Mediterranean region of study are surface water floods that can cause catastrophic damage. These floods are caused by intense precipitation events, thus, in order to understand properly these type of events, the analysis of the relationship between precipitation and flood damage is crucial.
The overall objective of this thesis is to analyse flood damages in two Mediterranean regions, namely Catalonia and the Valencian Community, frequently affected by intense precipitation events, as well as to estimate their changes when future climate change projections and different socioeconomic scenarios are considered.
To do this, the relationship between heavy precipitation and flood damage estimates from insurance datasets, provided by the Spanish Insurance Compensation Consortium (Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros, CCS), have been analysed. Other than for the above mentioned two areas of study, this analysis was performed for the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB), a highly vulnerable urban area. The study period covers 1996-2015.
Several regression models have been tested in order to gauge the probability of large damaging events occurring given a certain precipitation amount and taking into account other variables related to the exposure of the territory. Results have shown that generalized linear mixed models are the most appropriate tool for studying the relationship between precipitation and flood damage. The probability of a damaging flood event increases with precipitation and population of the basin. Moreover, 30-min precipitation data proved to be a better predictor of the probability of large damages than daily precipitation, however, this type of information is not always available.
On the other hand, we have analysed the projected changes in precipitation extremes in the Iberian Peninsula considering the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario and an ensemble of seven EURO-CORDEX simulations spanning the period 1976-2100. In order to do this, different climate indices were calculated to estimate the changes in precipitation assuming global warming scenarios of 1.5, 2 and 3 °C above preindustrial levels. Results show a general decrease of the total annual precipitation and an increase in the length of dry spell in most of the Peninsula. This increase accentuates with higher levels of global warming and during summer months. In terms of heavy precipitation, we have found increases with global warming in the maximum 1-day and consecutive 5-day precipitation indices as well as in the number of days with precipitation exceeding 40 mm, especially during the months of autumn and winter and in the north and north-east of the Iberian Peninsula.
Finally, changes in the probability of occurrence of damaging flood events have been assessed for both regions when considering a global warming of 1.5, 2 and 3 °C and taking into account different climate projections and socioeconomic scenarios. To do this, the previously developed statistical climate model that links precipitation, population and flood damage estimates, has been used to assess future climate conditions. The daily precipitation data from the seven climate models used previously and population projections based on five different socioeconomic scenarios (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, SSPs) were incorporated into the model. Results have shown a general increase in the probability of a damaging event for most of the cases and in both regions of study, being higher in the case of Catalonia. This change is
usually larger when greater warming is considered and for higher percentiles of damage. Moreover, the increase in probability is larger when both climate and population changes are included.
Our findings highlight that, when it comes to flood damage analysis, it is crucial not only to account for climate change but also consider socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, results show that limiting global warming is a must in order to minimise the consequences of flood events in the study area.Les inundacions són un dels principals desastres naturals al món degut als grans impactes econòmics i humans que causen. La majoria d'inundacions que afecten l'oest del Mediterrani són inundacions d'aigua superficial, les quals estan causades per episodis de precipitació intensa. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesis és analitzar els danys per inundacions que es produeixen a dues regions Mediterrànies: Catalunya i la Comunitat Valenciana, les quals es veuen freqüentment afectades per episodis de precipitació intensa, així com estimar els canvis en aquests danys tenint en compte tant les projeccions futures de canvi climàtic com diferents escenaris socioeconòmics. En primer lloc, s'ha analitzat la relació entre la precipitació intensa i els danys per inundacions estimats a partir de dades d'asseguradores. Els resultats han demostrat que els models lineals mixtes generalitzats són la metodologia més apropiada per estudiar la relació entre la precipitació i els danys causats per les inundacions. La probabilitat de que tingui lloc un episodi d'inundacions amb grans danys augmenta amb la precipitació i la població de la conca. Per una altra banda, s'han analitzat els canvis en la precipitació a la península Ibèrica quan s'assumeix un escalfament global de 1,5, 2 i 3 °C per sobre dels nivells preindustrials. Els resultats mostren una disminució general de la precipitació total anual i un augment de la precipitació extrema principalment durant els mesos de tardor i hivern i al nord i nord-est de la península Ibèrica. Finalment, s'han avaluat els canvis en la probabilitat que es produeixin episodis d'inundacions amb grans danys a les dues regions d'estudi quan es considera un escalfament global d'1,5, 2 i 3 °C i es tenen en compte diferents projeccions climàtiques i escenaris socioeconòmics. Els resultats mostren que hi ha un augment general d’aquesta probabilitat per ambdues regions d'estudi, sent més accentuada en el cas de Catalunya. Aquest canvi és major quan es considera un nivell d'escalfament superior i per percentils de danys més alts. A més a més, s’accentua quan es tenen en compte tant els canvis en la precipitació com en la població. Els nostres resultats ressalten que, quan es tracta d'analitzar els danys de les inundacions, és molt important tenir en compte tant el canvi climàtic com també les condicions socioeconòmiques. A més a més, els resultats mostren que limitar l'escalfament global esdevé una necessitat per minimitzar les conseqüències dels episodis d'inundacions a la zona d'estudi.
Books on the topic "Mediterranean and Atlantic regions"
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Stenhouse, Mark. NATO and Mediterranean security: The new central region. London: published by Brassey's for the Centre for Defence Studies, 1994.
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Stephen, Larrabee F., Rand Corporation, Italy Ministero della difesa, and Rand Corporation. National Security Research Division., eds. NATO's Mediterranean initiative: Policy issues and dilemmas. Santa Monica, Calif: Rand, 1998.
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Carla, Thorson, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Office of Information and Press., and Rand Corporation, eds. Mediterranean security: New issues and challenges : conference proceedings, Brussels, October 15-17, 1995. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1996.
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Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., and Ricardo M. Trigo, eds. Hydrological, Socioeconomic and Ecological Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the Mediterranean Region. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1372-7.
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Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M. Hydrological, Socioeconomic and Ecological Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the Mediterranean Region. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011.
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Ralph, Thiele ZTBw team, Kostelnik Frank, and Föhrenbach Gerd, eds. Mediterranean security after EU and Nato enlargement: A joint research project between Military Centre for strategic studies (Rome) and Bundeswehr Transformation Center (Berlin). Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro): Rubbettino, 2005.
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Rossi, Giuseppe, Antonino Cancelliere, Luis S. Pereira, Theib Oweis, Muhammad Shatanawi, and Abdelaziz Zairi, eds. Tools for Drought Mitigation in Mediterranean Regions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0129-8.
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Rossi, Giuseppe. Tools for Drought Mitigation in Mediterranean Regions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003.
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Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Regional Policy., ed. Study of prospects in the Atlantic regions. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Regional Policies, 1992.
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Véron, Georges. Pyrenees high level route: Atlantic to Mediterranean. Reading: Gastons-West Col, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Mediterranean and Atlantic regions"
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Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08493-7_7.
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Banús, Enrique. "1. BETWEEN ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN: SPAIN'S IMAGOLOGICAL ANTAGONISMS." In Representations of the "Other/s" in the Mediterranean World and their Impact on the Region, edited by Nedret Kuran-Burçoglu and Susan Gilson Miller, 13–40. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463225797-004.
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Elkalay, Khalid, Hanane Rhomad, Zainab Damsiri, Hassan Essekhyr, Ghoufrane Derhy, and Karima Khalil. "Moroccan Atlantic Marine Research State of the Art: A Review Analysis." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), 2129–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_333.
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Conte, M., M. Colacino, and E. Piervitali. "Atlantic Disturbances Deeply Penetrating the African Continent: Effects Over Saharan Regions and the Mediterranean Basin." In Environmental Science and Technology Library, 93–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3354-0_9.
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Fezzani, Samia, Okbi Rjeibi, Mourad Cherif, Amira Saoudi, Kamel Zaara, Yassine Ben moumen, Othman Jarboui, and Hechmi Missaoui. "Abundance and Operating Area by Benthic Trawl of Atlantic Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus in the Northern and Eastern Area of Tunisia." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (3rd Edition), 573–79. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43922-3_129.
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Fetati, Aicha, and Aicha Lassouani. "Chemical Composition of Leaves and Fruits of a South Algerian Pistacia Atlantica Desf. Ecotype." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions, 1415–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_413.
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Batra, Geeta, and Trond Norheim. "Staying Small and Beautiful: Enhancing Sustainability in the Small Island Developing States." In Transformational Change for People and the Planet, 73–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78853-7_6.
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AbstractSpread over the ocean regions of the Caribbean, the Pacific and Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the South China Sea, the small island developing states (SIDS) are a distinct group of developing countries often known for their rich biological diversity, oceans, tourism, and fisheries. The pressures on these and other natural resources is most immediate in the islands where the high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, limited land and water resources, often unsustainable natural resource use, and other particular economic vulnerabilities are disrupting livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the SIDS economies and livelihoods. Over the past 25 years the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has supported interventions in SIDS through $578 million in financing, in critical areas such as biodiversity protection, climate resilience, and energy access through renewable energy. But how effective and sustainable have these interventions been? What factors influencing the sustainability of GEF interventions can provide insights for future project design and implementation? This chapter draws on findings from a recent country cluster evaluation on SIDS conducted by the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the GEF. It presents the main environmental challenges in SIDS, the evidence on the relevance and effectiveness of GEF interventions in addressing these challenges, and the main risks to sustainability of outcomes. Important contextual factors that affect sustainability in SIDS include good policies and legal and regulatory frameworks, national ownership of projects, environmental awareness, institutional capacity, and strategic institutional partnerships. Project-related factors including good project design and adaptive project management, scaling-up and replication based on lessons learned, and a good exit strategy are also important for sustainability.
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Evans, P. G. H. "Monitoring Seabirds in the North Atlantic." In Mediterranean Marine Avifauna, 179–206. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70895-4_10.
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D’Herbes, J. M. "ROSELT/OSS Network in the African arid regions." In Mediterranean Climate, 317–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55657-9_20.
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Morozov, Eugene G., Roman Y. Tarakanov, and Dmitry I. Frey. "Source Regions." In Bottom Gravity Currents and Overflows in Deep Channels of the Atlantic Ocean, 65–140. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83074-8_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Mediterranean and Atlantic regions"
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Milewski, Robert, Sabine Chabrillat, Nikolaos L. Tsakiridis, Nikolaos Tziolas, and Thomas Schmid. "Evaluation of EnMAP Imagery for Accurate Topsoil Estimation in Mediterranean Agricultural Regions." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1599–602. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642254.
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Omar, Najiya, Hamed Aly, and Timothy Little. "LSTM and RBFNN Based Univariate and Multivariate Forecasting of Day-ahead Solar Irradiance for Atlantic Region in Canada and Mediterranean Region in Libya." In 2021 4th International Conference on Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering (CEEPE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceepe51765.2021.9475652.
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Uzun, Asli, and Beyza Ustaoglu. "Impacts of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the Olive Yield in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey." In 2019 8th International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2019.8820566.
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Mahrour, Illili. "To inhabit the twelve i𝛾amawen of Taguelzi: fortified dwellings as alive ruins in the Gourara (Algerian Sahara)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11329.
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In the southwest of the Algerian Sahara, Taguelzi is one of the fortified settlement oases forming the network of the Gourara defensive structures situated on the southern edge of the Ouled Aïssa Hmada. It is a large and long flat limestone area, which borders, from north to south, the west side of the Timimoun sebkha. Despite its position on the periphery of Charouine, one of the Gourara sub-region main human settlement, Taguelzi is exactly situated at the crossroads of ancient caravan routes linking sub-Saharan Africa to the Atlantic shores and the Mediterranean world through both the Messaoura wadi and the shortcut to Figuig in Morocco, across the Great Western Erg. Taguelzi strategic position, on the southern cornice of the Ouled Aïssa hamada facing the north of Moulay Mohemmed Erg, an arm of the Great Western Erg, allows to reach the Aougrout, the main sub region of the Gourara, through the Deldoul sub region in few hours, and eventually from there to get to the Gourara main cities. By using a space anthropological approach based on spatiality vocabulary, we have tried to understand this Saharan settlement formed by twelve distinct defensive inhabited structures and why some of them are considered as “dead ruins” and others as still “alive ruins”. Taguelzi twelve fortified inhabited structures reported through “the spatiality living word” reveals the living space organization complexity at the territory scale and may explain the morphogenesis of those defensive structures which gave birth to troglodyte habitat, to stone defensive towers and double walled fortifications with gardens, wells, water system irrigation and wide-open cemeteries. Today, despite unsuccessful state rehabilitation projects and the fortifications advanced state of ruins after the 2008 devastating floods, the inhabitants still clearly identify and refer to them as the twelve “i𝛾amawen of Taguelzi”.
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Campos, João. "The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11520.
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During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.
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Soares, Carlos Guedes, Ralf Weisse, Juan Carlos Carretero, and Enrique Alvarez. "A 40 Year Hindcast of Wind, Sea Level and Waves in European Waters." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28604.
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The paper describes the initial efforts in a project whose objective is to obtain a 40-year hindcast of wind, sea level and wave climatology for European waters. The 40-year global atmospheric re-analysis carried out by the National Centre for Environmental Prediction, Washington, USA (NCEP) and the National Centre for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA (NCAR) will be used as forcing of limited area atmospheric models. The fine grid atmospheric fields will be used to force state-of-the-art wave models (WAM) and sea level models (HAMSOM and TELEMAC) in regional areas around Europe so as to produce climatic information on waves, sea levels, and currents in a very large extend of the European waters, including the Mediterranean, North East Atlantic and North Sea. The available satellite data, including wind, wave and sea-level data, will be collected and will be used to be compared with the hindcast results, so as to yield uncertainty measures related to the data. Statistical analysis of the produced atmospheric, sea level and wave hindcast and remote sensed data will be performed in order to provide information about the climatological trends in the European Waters and Coastal Seas.
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Jin, Yaqi, Wojciech J. Miloch, Rinku Mishra, Daria S. Kotova, Knut Stanley Jacobsen, Krzysztof Zawada, Federico Da Dalt, and Alexi Glover. "Forecasting Ionospheric Irregularities in the Arctic Regions." In 4th URSI Atlantic RadioScience Conference. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursiatrasc24/qwpk5747.
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Bracci, Alessandro, Luca Baldini, Kaori Sato, and Hajime Okamoto. "Assessing 94-GHz Radar Estimates in Polar Regions through the K2W Methodology." In 4th URSI Atlantic RadioScience Conference. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursiatrasc24/mquo4417.
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Sorocki, Jakub, Constantine Kakoyiannis, and Ilona Piekarz. "Magneto-dielectric Microstrip Antennas on 3D-Printed Substrates with Selectively Deposited Magnetic Regions." In 4th URSI Atlantic RadioScience Conference. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursiatrasc24/yxyo4421.
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Pierrard, Viviane, Alexandre Winant, Edith Botek, and Jean-François Ripoll. "Multi-point Observations of the Plasmasphere, Radiation Belts and Other Regions of the Magnetosphere." In 4th URSI Atlantic RadioScience Conference. Gent, Belgium: URSI – International Union of Radio Science, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46620/ursiatrasc24/yypm6082.
Full textReports on the topic "Mediterranean and Atlantic regions"
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Macnab, R., J. Verhoef, W. Roest, and J. Arkani-Hamed. Magnetic anomalies of the Arctic and North Atlantic regions. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207478.
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Peters, Kimberly A., and Michael C. Allen. Grassland Bird Productivity on Military Airfields in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Regions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada534759.
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Beccali, Marco, Marina Bonomolo, Francesca Martorana, Ben Alex Baby, Marco Pellegrini, and Salvatore Vasta. Show Cases on System and Component Level & Adapted Components. IEA SHC Task 65, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task65-2024-0001.
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This document is the final report for joint activities A2, “Adapted components”, and B1, “Show cases on system and component level” of the IEA SHC Task 65, “Solar Cooling for the Sunbelt Regions. The first part of the report presents results from 32 investigated projects across 18 countries representing a range of 10 weather profiles such as the tropical wet and dry (Aw), hot desert (BWh), hot semi-arid (BSh), hot summer-Mediterranean (Csa), warmsummer Mediterranean (Csb), humid subtropic (Cfa), monsoon-influenced humid subtropical (Cwa), hot summer humid continental climate zones.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.
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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.
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Cavigelli, Michel. Mid-Atlantic Corn and Soybean Yields Show Great Variability in Response to Precipitation during Critical Growth Stages. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6892663.ch.
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The mid-Atlantic coastal plain, where the FSP
is located, has higher than average variability
in corn and soybean yields compared to the
most productive agricultural regions in the US.
Precipitation is the primary driver of crop yield
variability in this region and drought is often
responsible for low yields.
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Applebaum, Shalom W., Lawrence I. Gilbert, and Daniel Segal. Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Juvenile Hormone Synthesis and its Regulation in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata). United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570564.bard.
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Original Objectives and revisions: (1) "To determine the biosynthetic pathway of JHB3 in the adult C. capitata CA in order to establish parameters for the future choice and synthesis of suitable inhibitors". Modified: to determine the pattern of FR-7 biosynthesis during normal reproductive maturation, and identify enzymes potentially involved in its synthesis. (2) "To correlate allatal epoxidase activity to the biosynthesis of JHB3 at different stages of reproductive maturation/vitellogenesis and evaluate the hypothesis that a specific JH-epoxidase may be rate limiting". Modified: to study the effects of epoxidase inhibitors on the pattern of allatal JH biosynthesis in vitro and on female reproduction in vive. (3) "To probe and clone the gene homologous to ap from C. capitata, determine its exon-intron organization, sequence it and demonstrate its spatial and temporal expression in larvae, pupae and adults." The "Medfly" (Ceratitis capitata) is a serious polyphagous fruit pest, widely distributed in subtropical regions. Damage is caused by oviposition and subsequent development of larvae. JH's are dominant gonadotropic factors in insects. In the higher Diptera, to which the Medfly belongs, JHB3 is a major homolog. It comprises 95% of the total JH produced in vitro in D. melanogaster, with JH-III found as a minor component. The biosynthesis of both JH-III and JHB3 is dependent on epoxidation of double bonds in the JH molecule. The specificity of such epoxidases is unknown. The male accessory gland D. melanogaster produces a Sex Peptide, transferred to the female during copulation. SP reduces female receptivity while activating specific JH biosynthesis in vitro and inducing oviposition in vive. It also reduces pheromone production and activates CA of the moth Helicoverpa armigera. In a previous study, mutants of the apterous (ap) gene of D. melanogaster were analyzed. This gene induces previteilogenic arrest which can be rescued by external application of JH. Considerable progress has been made in recombinant DNA technology of the Medfly. When fully operative, it might be possible to effectively transfer D. melanogaster endocrine gene-lesions into the Medfly as a strategy for their genetic control. A marked heterogeneity in the pattern of JH homologs produced by Medfly CA was observed. Contrary to the anticipated biosynthesis of JHB;, significant amounts of an unknown JH-like compound, of unknown structure and provisionally termed FR-7, were produced, in addition to significant amounts of JH-III and JHB3. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, devised for their effects on ecdysteroid biosynthesis, affect Medfly JH biosynthesis but do not reduce egg deposition. FR-7 was isolated from incubation media of Medfly CA and examined by various MS procedures, but its structure is not yet resolved. MS analysis is being done in collaboration with Professor R.R.W. Rickards of the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. A homologue of the ap gene of D. melanogaster exists in the Medfly. LIM domains and the homeo-domain, important for the function of the D. melanogaster ap gene, are conserved here too. Attempts to clone the complete gene were unsuccessful. Due to the complexity of JH homologs, presence of related FR-7 in the biosynthetic products of Medfly CA and lack of reduction in eggs deposited in the presence of monooxygenase inhibitors, inhibition of epoxidases is not a feasible alternative to control Medfly reproduction, and raises questions which cannot be resolved within the current dogma of hormonal control of reproduction in Diptera. The Medfly ap gene has similar domains to the D. melanogaster ap gene. Although mutant ap genes are involved in JH deficiency, ap is a questionable candidate for an endocrine lesion, especially since the D. melanogoster gene functions is a transcription factor.
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Fourrier, Marine. Integration of in situ and satellite multi-platform data (estimation of carbon flux for trop. Atlantic). EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d7.6.
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This report presents the results of task 7.3 on “Quantification of improvements in carbon flux data for the tropical Atlantic based on the multi-platform and neural network approach”. To better constrain changes in the ocean’s capture and sequestration of CO2 emitted by human activities, in situ measurements are needed. Tropical regions are considered to be mostly sources of CO2 to the atmosphere due to specific circulation features, with large interannual variability mainly controlled by physical drivers (Padin et al., 2010). The tropical Atlantic is the second largest source, after the tropical Pacific, of CO2 to the atmosphere (Landschützer et al., 2014). However, it is not a homogeneous zone, as it is affected by many physical and biogeochemical processes that vary on many time scales and affect surrounding areas (Foltz et al., 2019). The Tropical Atlantic Observing System (TAOS) has progressed substantially over the past two decades. Still, many challenges and uncertainties remain to require further studies into the area’s role in terms of carbon fluxes (Foltz et al., 2019). Monitoring and sustained observations of surface oceanic CO2 are critical for understanding the fate of CO2 as it penetrates the ocean and during its sequestration at depth. This deliverable relies on different observing platforms deployed specifically as part of the EuroSea project (a Saildrone, and 5 pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats) as well as on the platforms as part of the TAOS (CO2-equipped moorings, cruises, models, and data products). It also builds on the work done in D7.1 and D7.2 on the deployment and quality control of pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats and Saildrone data. Indeed, high-quality homogeneously calibrated carbonate variable measurements are mandatory to be able to compute air-sea CO2 fluxes at a basin scale from multiple observing platforms. (EuroSea Deliverable, D7.6)
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Berndt, Christian. RV SONNE Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report SO277 OMAX: Offshore Malta Aquifer Exploration, Emden (Germany) – Emden (Germany), 14.08. – 03.10.2020. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_57_20.
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SO277 OMAX served two scientific projects. The objectives of the first project, SMART, were to develop multi-disciplinary methodologies to detect, quantify, and model offshore groundwater reservoirs in regions dominated by carbonate geology such as the Mediterranean Sea. To this end we acquired controlled-source electromagnetic, seismic, hydroacoustic, geochemical, seafloor imagery data off Malta. Preliminary evaluation of the geophysical data show that there are resisitivity anomalies that may represent offshore freshwater aquifers. The absence of evidence for offshore springs means that these aquifers would be confined and that it will be difficult to use them in a sustainable manner. The objective of the second project, MAPACT-ETNA, is to monitor the flank of Etna volcano on Sicily which is slowly deforming seaward. Here, we deployed six seafloor geodesy stations and six ocean bottom seismometers for long-term observation (1-3 years). In addition, we mapped the seafloor off Mt. Etna and off the island of Stromboli to constrain the geological processes that control volcanic flank stability.
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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.
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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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Nadal-Caraballo, Norberto, Madison Yawn, Luke Aucoin, Meredith Carr, Jeffrey Melby, Efrain Ramos-Santiago, Fabian Garcia-Moreno, et al. Coastal Hazards System–Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands (CHS-PR). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46200.
Full textAbstract:
The South Atlantic Coastal Study (SACS) was completed by the US Army Corps of Engineers to quantify storm surge and wave hazards allowing for the expansion of the Coastal Hazards System (CHS) to the South Atlantic Division (SAD) domain. The goal of the CHS-SACS was to quantify coastal storm hazards for present conditions and future sea level rise (SLR) scenarios to aid in reducing flooding risk and increasing resiliency in coastal environments. CHS-SACS was completed for three regions within the SAD domain, and this report focuses on the Coastal Hazards System–Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands (CHS-PR). This study applied the CHS Probabilistic Coastal Hazard Analysis (PCHA) framework for quantifying tropical cyclone (TC) responses, leveraging new atmospheric and hydrodynamic numerical model simulations of synthetic TCs developed explicitly for the CHS-PR region. This report focuses on documenting the PCHA conducted for CHS-PR, including the characterization of storm climate, storm sampling, storm recurrence rate estimation, marginal distributions, correlation and dependence structure of TC atmospheric-forcing parameters, development of augmented storm suites, and assignment of discrete storm weights to the synthetic TCs. As part of CHS-PR, coastal hazards were estimated for annual exceedance frequencies over the range of 10 yr⁻¹ to 10⁻⁴ yr⁻¹.