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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Medieval property law

Academic literature on the topic 'Medieval property law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Medieval property law"

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van Nifterik, Gustaaf. "Property beyond princely authority: the intellectual and legal roots of Ulrik Huber’s fundamental law." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 84, no. 1-2 (June 14, 2016): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08412p07.

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In this paper I argue for a rule-of-law-reading of Ulrik Huber’s fundamental law on freedom of property. My aim is to show that there is enough contemporary intellectual and legal context for such a reading. I do so by arguing along three lines: the medieval tradition that rooted the origin of private property in natural law, protection of property in the constitution of Holland in the seventeenth century, and property rights protected by fundamental law in English common law.

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Volokh, A. "Property Rights and Contract Form in Medieval Europe." American Law and Economics Review 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 399–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aler/ahp012.

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Djekic, Djordje. "Serbian medieval law: From revenge to ruler’s prerogative." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 138 (2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1238039d.

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Since legal norms have come a long way from revenge to the ruler?s prerogative in the period between the Slavic arrival to the Balkans and the 12th century, this paper is an attempt to offer solutions for the chronology of these events. As the ruler?s prerogative occurs for the first time at the end of the 12th century, it is clear that this process had to have been completed by then. In the pre-state period Serbs had revenge and pacification of blood (godfatherhood), which were retained even after the state was established. In the state period the phenomenon of blood brothers occured as another form of pacification of blood. The existence of the system of composition payments can be proven indirectly. At the end of the 12th century the Old Serbian Law was created, which proscribed that the ruler tried for murder and theft of church property. This is the evidence that revenge disappeared in the meantime. Revenge and the system of composition payments remained legally valid ways of settling disputes in Bosnia until the end of the 15th century. As Bosnia was part of Serbia until the end of the 10th century, this implies that until that time revenge was a legally valid way of settling disputes in Serbia. This would mean that the abolishment of revenge and the transfer of this dispute to the competence of the ruler, when a blood debt was settled, which had been a remnant of the system of composition payments, occurred in the period between the end of the 10th century and the end of the 12th century, when it became part of the written law. As for the theft of church property, it must be said that the decisions of the Split (Spalatum) Assembly of 925 AD lead to the conclusion that the state accepted to regulate the theft of church property, which indicates that the mention of the theft of church property could have been the record of the ruler?s prerogative. Finally, it was noticed that at least one more felony - treason - had to be the regulated by the ruler?s prerogative. It was a felony that could be committed only against the ruler and the throne, for which the ruler himself tried the guilty party. Examples have proven that this is the oldest ruler?s prerogative and a presupposition was made that other forms of court orders were introduced after this model.

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Beattie, Cordelia. "Married Women's Wills: Probate, Property, and Piety in Later Medieval England." Law and History Review 37, no. 1 (February 2019): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000652.

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This article responds to a debate about the clash between canon law and common law positions on whether married women in England could make wills and what freedoms they had in terms of bequeathing property. In particular, it revises the argument that wives largely ceased to make wills c.1450 by arguing that local customs should be given more attention. The article offers a detailed study of the surviving wills in the deanery of Wisbech 1465–77, its linked diocese of Ely 1449–1505, and the probate acta of the Archdeaconry of Buckingham 1483–97, in order to demonstrate that there was regional variation in the decline in married women's will-making. In particular, a focus on court books, which included visitation material alongside the enrolled wills and probate acta, enables more to be said about the kinds of married women who continued to make wills and their motivations. The article argues that in these areas, as well as a continued tendency for wives who had some land or buildings to make wills, married women who had close connections with men who acted as churchwardens or jurors in church courts were also more likely to have their wills proved, even when they had little to bequeath.

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Klein, Elka. "The Widow's Portion: Law, Custom, and Marital Property among Medieval Catalan Jews." Viator 31 (January 2000): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.viator.2.300764.

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Ingram, Jill P. "Rogationtide Perambulation as Performative Law." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 51, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10829636-9295023.

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This article draws on performance theory to examine perambulation practices in late medieval and early modern England. Rogation was originally a devotional celebration that also entailed a ritual walking of parish boundaries to define communities as legal and administrative units. Perambulators sometimes seized upon the occasion to draw attention to a culture of obligation that had been neglected. This essay looks at two such moments—the 1381 Revolt of St. Albans, when the commons rose against the abbot in the form of a perambulation, and a 1520–21 property dispute at South Kyme, Lincolnshire at Ashby Heath. In these instances, perambulators used the occasion of the public recognition of property boundaries as an opportunity to stage a complaint in an act of “performative law.” The complainants asserted their rights and liberties by means of a theatrical form that invited participants and spectators to assent in specific legal claims to the land in dispute.

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Bonfield, L., and L. R. Poos. "The Development of the Deathbed Transfer in Medieval English Manor Courts." Cambridge Law Journal 47, no. 3 (November 1988): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300120434.

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Property owners in modern common-law jurisdictions have a wide variety of legal instruments at their disposal to effect the inter-generational transfer of wealth. Indeed the object of much reform in the area of estate transmission in the course of this century has been to reduce the formality required to execute the comprehensive succession arrangements which anthropologists and historians have termed “strategies.” Yet the process of relaxation of formality has not produced a law devoid of requirement, because societal interest is thought at times to conflict with unimpinged informality of transfer. For example, legislatures and courts believe that some formality protects the property owner (who at the time his act has legal effect may be dead) from those who seek to influence or subvert the succession process. Moreover, because nearly all members of society partake of the process, the administrative burden on the judicial system is lessened when law provides a clear set of hurdles for a disposition to surmount in order to be valid. Likewise, the more detailed and tailored to these aims the requirements for validity are constructed, the less likely disputes regarding dispositions will arise. Thus, in modern law, the virtue of simplification is balanced with protective concerns, creating a law of wills and trusts on the one hand sufficiently complex both to embarrass practitioners and confound students, but leaving individuals relatively free to craft estate plans consistent with their own desires.

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Gates, Lori A. "Widows, Property, and Remarriage: Lessons from Glastonbury's Deverill Manors." Albion 28, no. 1 (1996): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051952.

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In an attempt to understand the public and private roles of medieval women in the English countryside, historians have devoted growing attention to widows as villein tenants and transmitters of land in manorial communities. Villein women are often recorded in manorial sources as co-tenants and recipients of property rights on their husbands' deaths. Although in Common Law the widow's share ranged from one-third to one-half of a free husband's lands, the villein widow often received a right to life usage of the whole of the conjugal estate upon her husband's death as her “free bench.” The extensive property-holding rights of these villein widows have made them rich subjects for study of their legal, social, and economic status and activities.Case studies based on manorial estates, however, have often focused exclusively on the widow as a transmitter of property and have subordinated the study of widows within a framework governed by considerations of land markets and property transmission. Medieval historiography contrasts with studies of early-modern and modern populations that have put elements such as age at widowhood, number of dependents, social status, personal choice in connection with widow remarriage, and provisions for widows at the forefront of study. By connecting work on widows and the landmarket with these other concerns it is possible to study medieval peasant widows within broader comparative perspective.

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Conte, Emanuele. "Framing the feudal bond: a chapter in the history of the ius commune in Medieval Europe." TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR RECHTSGESCHIEDENIS 80, no. 3-4 (2012): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-000a1217.

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In this article I wish to show how history of legal doctrines can assist in a better understanding of the legal reasoning over a long historical period. First I will describe the nineteenth century discussion on the definition of law as a ‘science’, and some influences of the medieval idea of science on the modern definition. Then, I’ll try to delve deeper into a particular doctrinal problem of the Middle Ages: how to fit the feudal relationship between lord and vassal into the categories of Roman law. The scholastic interpretation of these categories is very original, to the point of framing a purely personal relationship among property rights. The effort made by medieval legal culture to frame the reality into the abstract concepts of law can be seen as the birth of legal dogmatics.

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Tomasiewicz, Marcin. "Conciliaristic sources of the modern legal concepts based on the thought of Matthew from Cracow." Gubernaculum et Administratio 1(23) (2021): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/gea.2021.01.10.

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The article aims to present the background of changes in the transition from medieval fief property to more individualized modern model. Conciliarism is considered to be an important factor supporting these changes. The conciliarist idea was presented on the basis of De squaloribus Curiae Romanae by Matthew from Cracow. Fiefdom ownership has been characterized as a legal construct where private legal rights are combined with the prerogatives of public authority. In turn, modern property resembles more structures known from Roman law, which are characterized by far-reaching sovereignty in disposing of property rights. In the course of the argument, it was shown that the issues determining the changes in the area of private law were the conciliarist ideas, such as the superiority of the Ecumenical council’s authority over the pope, the binding of public authority by law, and the separation of private law from the prerogatives of public authority.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Medieval property law"

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Lupton, Keith Michael. "The medieval franchise and the nature of property in letters patent for inventions and copyright in published books." Thesis, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270523.

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Dunn, Kimberlee Harper. "Germanic Women: Mundium and Property, 400-1000." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5378/.

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Abstract Many historians would like to discover a time of relative freedom, security and independence for women of the past. The Germanic era, from 400-1000 AD, was a time of stability, and security due to limitations the law placed upon the mundwald and the legal ability of women to possess property. The system of compensations that the Germans initiated in an effort to stop the blood feuds between Germanic families, served as a deterrent to men that might physically or sexually abuse women. The majority of the sources used in this work were the Germanic Codes generally dated from 498-1024 AD. Ancient Roman and Germanic sources provide background information about the individual tribes. Secondary sources provide a contrast to the ideas of this thesis, and information.

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Charlap, Yaakov. "Medieval and modern halakhic attitudes on the applicability of Biblical rabbinic law concerning the Seven Nations and the ancient pagans to contemporary non-Jews : a study in Halakhah, exegesis and history." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22570.

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This thesis focuses on two issues among the many comprising the broad subject of the relationship between Jews and non-Jews according to Jewish law. The issues are: (1) the prohibition against selling real estate in the land of Israel to non-Jews; and (2) the prohibition against intermarriage.
The prohibition against selling real estate in the land of Israel to non-Jews is based upon a Rabbinic interpretation of the phrase "lo Tehanem" from Deut. 7:2. In the period of the "Rishonim" (from Maimonides till Radbaz) the general view was that this prohibition was still in force and applied to contemporary non-Jews. From the beginning of the modern era, however, this prohibition, as a result of the new reality facing the struggling Jewish settlement in the land of Israel, became problematic.
The prohibition against intermarriage underwent a reverse development. During the Talmudic period most of the Rabbis, guided by the context of the Biblical text, argued that the Biblical prohibition only concerned the "Seven Nations" who used to live in Canaan at the time of the conquest and the settlement. But at the beginning of the modern era a rabbinic consensus gradually emerged that this Biblical prohibition related not only to the "Seven Nations" or "Ancient Pagans", but to all non-Jews at all times. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Guillen, Gabrielle S. "Daughters of the Alcaldes: Women of Privilege in Medieval Burgos." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1399563719.

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Chi, Young-hae. "By what right do we own things? : a justification of property ownership from an Augustinian tradition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5555bb1d-9d5c-4260-b2bc-3c04c61ecb31.

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The justification of property ownership based on individual subjective rights is tightly bound to humanist moral perspectives. God is left out as irrelevant to the just grounds of ownership, which is established primarily on the basis of human self-referential, moral capacity. This thesis aims at developing an alternative justification, both for property as an institution and as a private holding, with a view to bringing God back into the centre stage and thereby placing property ownership on the objective concept of right. A tradition hitherto generally left unnoticed, yet uncovered here as the source of inspiration, vests the whole project with a moral-teleological tone. The tradition, enunciated by St. Augustine and developed by St. Bonaventure and John Wyclif, invites us to see property from the perspective of a moral end: it ought to be used for the love of God and neighbours, and as such it can be owned only by the just. In spite of important insights into the moral nature of property, the Augustinian thesis not only fails to spell out what ‘use for love’ means but also suffers from elitism. Nor does it offer an adequate justification of private property. Such weaknesses call for revision. When we reinterpret the Augustinian thesis through the concept of the divine imperative of service coupled with a proper understanding of human work, property acquires a distinctive justification. Property, as an institution, is justified as a requisite for carrying out God’s redemptive work towards the world. From this general justification ensues the particular justification. We hold property as specifically ‘mine,’ since each person’s ordained mission to participate in God’s work requires a uniquely personal material means, although the recognition and fulfilment of individual mission still demands communal efforts. The duty to carry out the God-commanded mission at first allows us to possess private property only in a non-proprietorial and non-exclusive manner. Yet in the prevailing condition of economic scarcity and human greed, civil jurisdiction must provide a structure of rights to enforce property institution. As God’s invitation for the transformation of the world is a universal command, everybody should have a minimum of property, and yet in differentiation of the scope and kinds commensurate with the particularities of individual mission.

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Carrera, A. "PIETRO TAMBURINI «GIURISTA». PER UNA STORIA DELLA CULTURA GIURIDICA GIANSENISTA ITALIANA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/253821.

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La ricerca presenta ed approfondisce il pensiero dell’abate giansenista Pietro Tamburini (Brescia 1737- Pavia 1827), figura fino ad oggi poco analizzata secondo una specifica prospettiva storico- giuridica nonostante il ruolo ricoperto da Tamburini come docente di diritto all’Università di Pavia e l’importanza delle sue opere nel dibattito etico- giuridico a cavaliere tra XVIII e XIX secolo. Attraverso lo studio delle sue numerose opere a stampa ed il vaglio di fonti archivistiche manoscritte -in parte inedite- si propone al lettore una analisi bifocale: da una parte, la riflessione giurisdizionalista e, dall’altra, quella giusnaturalistica. Sotto il primo versante si analizzano i temi della tolleranza ecclesiastica e civile in materia religiosa e della configurazione contrattuale civilistica del matrimonio in diretto parallelismo alla politica anticurialistica posta in essere nella seconda metà del Settecento dall’imperatore asburgico Giuseppe II. Sotto il secondo versante si pone attenzione allo studio del rapporto tra «stato di natura» e «stato sociale» alla base della rilettura dei concetti di «contratto sociale» e di sovranità. Vengono inoltre approfonditi i diritti e doveri naturali dell’uomo, la proprietà personale e reale, il diritto alla eguaglianza sino alla disamina delle obbligazioni di natura convenzionale da cui emerge una profonda influenza del giurista giansenista francese Jean Domat.
The research presents and deals with the thought development of the jansenist abbot Pietro Tamburini (Brescia 1737- Pavia 1827), a figure has to date been scarcely studied from a historical- juridical perspective notwithstanding the role played by Tamburini as lecturer of law at the University of Pavia and the importance of his works on the ethical-juridical debate between the XVIII and XIX century. From a study of his numerous printed works and analysis of manuscript sources – partly unpublished – we propose to the reader a bifocal analysis: on the one part jurisdictionalist reflection and on the other from a natural law perspective. On the first part we will study the theme of ecclesiastical and civil tolerance in religion and the civilistic configuration of marriage as a direct parallel to anticurialist politics introduced in the second half of the Eighteenth century by the Hapsburg emperor Joseph II. On the second part attention is given to the study of the relationship between the “natural state” and the “social state” on the basis of reinterpretation of the concepts of “social contract” and sovereignty. In depth study will also be made of natural rights and duties of man, personal and real property, equality rights and conventional obligations, profoundly influenced by the jansenist French jurist Jean Domat.

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DONG, NENG. "Il dominium utile tra le esperienze diverse." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1039791.

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The thesis aims to clarify the historical profile, the particular characteristics and the various dissertations of the Medieval property theory dominium utile and to confront it with analogue institutions in traditional Chinese law. The author intends to confirm that dominium utile was by nature the reflection of a Medieval idea of property on the giurisprudence. Considered as an artificial introduction of the Civil Law, the dominium utile was frequently described as a secondary property by the doctores. Yet such a dipendent feature doesn't diminish the role it played on both theoritical and practical dimension. Dominium utile is deeply rooted in the system of property elaborated by Bartolus, thus reveals how the Medieval giurists emphysized the economic essence of property at the expense of the unity and exclusivity of dominium. The Roman dominium now is replaced by the Medieval dominia. In spite of the harsh rebukes of the legal humanists who were active in the 16th century, dominium utile won the support of many illustrious jurists thanks to its irreplacable value for the jurists who were engaged in responding to land problems of that time. The separation of two dominia exists in traditional Chinese law, too. Diffrent from the European experience, in China the separation of property was realized by customary law. People gave a particular attention to the economic value of a land to the extent that the tenant could claim the property of the surface of the land, while the owner had nothing more than the property of the bottom. The customary law tended to erode the formal property, which ended up becoming a right to the rent. This phenomenon can explain partly why the traditional Chinese law was not able to develop a modern conception of the property by itself. Aware of this deficit, the legislators of the Repubblic of China set out to suppress the separation of property by means of codification during the 1920s and the 1930s. For them, the establishment of a European property is necessary to modernize the country. Such a consideration doesn't disappear even afer the abolition of the codification of the Repubblic of China in Mainland China.

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Books on the topic "Medieval property law"

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Shifting landmarks: Property, proof, and dispute in Catalonia around the year 1000. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 2003.

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Brink, Maryann Elizabeth. A better lease : changing perceptions of property in late medieval Avignon. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1989.

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Property rights in the late medieval discussion on Franciscan poverty. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2001.

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Tabula picta: Painting and writing in medieval law. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

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Madero, Marta. Tabula picta: Painting and writing in medieval law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

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Madero, Marta. Tabula picta: Painting and writing in medieval law. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.

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Madero, Marta. Tabula picta: Painting and writing in medieval law. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

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Property and virginity: The christianization of marriage in medieval Iceland, 1200-1600. Århus: Aarhus University Press, 2010.

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The marriage exchange: Property, social place, and gender in cities of the Low Countries, 1300-1550. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

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Marriage, dowry, and citizenship in late medieval and Renaissance Italy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Medieval property law"

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Jacobsson, Ritva Maria. "The Eleventh Century Troper from the Abbey of St. Magloire in Paris: Paris Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS lat. 13252, with Special Reference to its unique Proper Tropes." In Publications of the Journal of Medieval Latin, I:474–507. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.pjml-eb.3.2837.

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Mathur, Ashutosh Dayal. "Property, Family, and Women." In Medieval Hindu Law, 62–101. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195685589.003.0003.

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Karapapa, Stavroula, and Luke McDonagh. "9. Trade marks." In Intellectual Property Law, 209–30. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747697.003.0009.

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This chapter studies trade marks, considering the historical uses of trade marks and the development of UK trade mark law. The way in which trade marks are used has, in some ways, changed little, even though trading conditions today are far removed from those of previous times. Although medieval use was primarily to guarantee quality, use since the Industrial Revolution has been to tell the consumer about the origin of the goods. Meanwhile, the legal history of trade marks shows that the principles articulated in the early cases continue to influence today's law. There is the perennial concern that trade marks create unfair monopolies. The chapter then looks at the commercial functions fulfilled by trade marks in the age of the consumer, with the objective of showing the dilemma inherent in trade mark law. It also examines how EU reforms have impacted on domestic trade mark law.

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"Guardianship of Minors’ Property in Medieval Norse Law." In Nordic Inheritance Law through the Ages, 53–70. Brill | Nijhoff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004435582_004.

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de Miramon, Charles. "Ecclesiastical Property, Tithes, Spiritualia." In The Cambridge History of Medieval Canon Law, 345–67. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781139177221.019.

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"3. Property: Wills and the Law in Medieval Castile." In From Heaven to Earth, 54–66. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400880126-005.

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Bell, Stuart, Donald McGillivray, Ole W. Pedersen, Emma Lees, and Elen Stokes. "2. History and challenges." In Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748328.003.0002.

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This chapter broadly considers the origins and evolution of environmental law and policy. It then moves on to look at some of the key challenges for the future, and at possible trends in environmental law and in the costs of complying—and not complying—with environmental law. Environmental controls have a long history, going back to medieval statutes on small-scale pollution and the development of private law principles to deal with threats to property and communal assets such as water. Of course, until recently, few would have thought of these laws as part of something called ‘environmental law’ because their main focus was on the protection of private and common property. The adequacy of private law, in particular, fell far short of an effective protection regime, even for affected individuals.

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Brand, Paul. "The Latin of the Early English Common Law." In Latin in Medieval Britain. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266083.003.0006.

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A distinctive feature of the English royal courts created in the last quarter of the 12th century was that they kept a full record of their business in Latin and the clerks who did this developed a distinctive vocabulary to translate the Anglo-Norman French they heard in court. This paper looks at some of that Medieval Latin lexicography for the legal profession: the development of specific terms for litigants and their representatives and judges; for the writs for initiating litigation and to secure the appearance of opponents; for the plaintiff’s claim or complaint and the defendant’s defence; for the modes of proof and judgement. The chapter concludes with a more detailed examination of the specific terminology of a single action (of replevin) which allowed someone whose property had been taken in distraint to challenge the justice of an unjust distraint.

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"The Inviolable Right: Property and Power in Medieval Scandinavian Laws and Society." In Law | Book | Culture in the Middle Ages, 220–49. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004448650_011.

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"3. The Influence of Canon Law on the Property Rights of Married Women in England." In Marriage, Family, and Law in Medieval Europe, edited by James Farge, 16–30. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487573867-007.

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Conference papers on the topic "Medieval property law"

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Garzón Osuna, Diego. "Adaptación cristiana de las defensas de la Alcazaba de Almería durante el siglo XVI." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11434.

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Christian adaptation of the defences of the Alcazaba of Almeria during the sixteenth centuryAfter the capitulation of the nasrid city of Almería (1489), the new Castilian administration was able to verify the state of ruin of its defences due to the earthquake of 1487, ordering the rapid construction of a castle on the highest point of the battered hispano-muslim Alcazaba. Between 1490 and 1502 the castle was built, incorporating in its design the most effective systems of the time to repel an attack with gunpowder. The typological references of this military installation correspond to the School of Valladolid; with a long tradition in the construction of castles. In parallel with the completion of these works, the Catholic Monarchs ordered in 1501 to armor the defence of the coasts of the Kingdom of Granada, articulating and extending the medieval system of watchtowers scattered along the coast, to counteract the fragility of the annexed territories, the mestizaje of its people, and the proximity of Africa. Thus concluded the works in the Castle, the works were centred in the repair of the walls of the city, action that will extend to the fences of the Alcazaba (1526). Towards 1547, attacks by turkish and berber pirates followed one another on the Almeria coast in the face of the defencelessness of the population. These incursions led to concern about the proper conservation of military installations. As a consequence of this, the old Alcazaba was adapted to the distant war offered by the use of gunpowder. The first interventions were designed by Luis de Machuca, architect of the Palace of Carlos V in the Alhambra. This accommodation included the construction of the bastions of the Campana (1550) and the repair of the doors of Justice and the Guard (1565), completing the program due to the proximity of the War with the Moriscos, with the construction of the bastions of the San Matías and Espolón (1568).

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