Journal articles on the topic 'Medieval capitalism'
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1
Varela, Raquel, and Roberto della Santa. "A expropriação dos mestres-artesãos no Portugal contemporâneo (séculos XIX-XX)." e-Letras com Vida - Revista de Estudos Globais: Humanidades, Ciências e Artes, no. 11 (December 30, 2023): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0223_117-133.
Abstract:
This essay debates the expropriation of masters-artisans in Contemporary Portugal, focusing on its origins in the 19th century. It explores how this process unfolded throughout the Portuguese transition to capitalism after 1820. We focus on the expropriation process, the social dynamics — between pre-capitalist and capitalist forms of labour —, and, finally, critically analyze the analogy made during the Estado Novo between medieval guilds and the dictatorial corporatism of the bourgeois autocracy (1926-1974). We argue that the corporate system in the medieval era had a self-regulated work autonomy and real democracy that is absent in the Estado Novo regime and generally lacking in other Contemporary periods, including the present one. It is a reassessment of medieval arts and crafts, with a methodological perspective founded on the centrality of living work.
2
Lipson, Allen. "Halakha vs. Capitalism." CrossCurrents 73, no. 3 (September 2023): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cro.2023.a915436.
Abstract:
Abstract: Medieval Jewish economic law was in many ways fundamentally inhospitable to early capitalism. Practice ultimately changed, and law with it, but not without bitter dissent from some towering rabbinic authorities, or poskim . To be clear, these protagonists are by no stretch of the imagination leftist; their views on society and gender often run against the grain of progressive sensibilities, to put it mildly. But they do express with passion and clarity the stakes of capitalism's growth, and hold out the hope of another way. The goal here is not to restore the premodern ghetto, but to salvage a usable past from it for the daunting political road ahead.
3
Santos, Joan Helder. "A concepção de trabalho na obra “A Ética Protestante e o Espírito do Capitalismo” e o conceito de trabalho para o franciscanismo à luz de Giorgio Agamben / The conception of work in the work "Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism" and the concept of work for Franciscanism in the light of Giorgio Agamben." Profanações 5, no. 2 (December 11, 2018): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.24302/prof.v5i2.1320.
Abstract:
O presente artigo tem como característica fundamental a análise do conceito de trabalho na obra A Ética Protestante e o Espírito do Capitalismo e o conceito de trabalho bem como pobreza no debate franciscano ocorrido no século XIII. Com efeito, o debate a cerca das questões proeminentes do espírito do capitalismo nos tempos atuais estão sendo levantadas por muitos estudiosos principalmente na área da filosofia política e da sociologia da religião. De outro modo, é comum entre os filósofos medievais disputas a cerca de problemas sobre questões políticas tais como poder e domínio. De fato, é relevante a investigação de como estas questões acerca do trabalho, poder e domínio nos medievais ressoam ainda nos tempos hodiernos. Pretendemos investigar neste artigo a diferença dos conceitos de trabalho entre o movimento franciscano e o protestantismo. Recorreremos principalmente ao debate sobre a pobreza na escola franciscana de filosofia que ocorreu no século XIII, com João XXII e Guilherme de Ockham. AbstractThis article has as fundamental characteristic the analysis of the concept of work in the work Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism and the concept of work as well as poverty in the Franciscan debate occurred in the thirteenth century. Indeed, the debate about the prominent issues of the spirit of capitalism in the present times is being raised by many scholars mainly in the area of political philosophy and the sociology of religion. Otherwise, it is common among medieval philosophers to quarrel about problems on political issues such as power and domination. Indeed, it is relevant to investigate how these questions about work, power, and dominance in the medieval still resonate in modern times. We intend to investigate in this article the difference of the concepts of work between the Franciscan movement and Protestantism. We will focus mainly on the debate on poverty in the Franciscan school of philosophy that took place in the thirteenth century, with John XXII and Guillaume de Ockham.
4
Bondioli, Lorenzo M. "Islam, Merchants, and Capitalism: Fifty-Five Years in the Socioeconomic History of the Medieval Islamic World." Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics 4, no. 2 (June 2023): 258–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cap.2023.a917619.
Abstract:
Abstract: “Islam, Merchants, and Capitalism” draws attention to the missing link between early and central medieval Islamic socioeconomic history (ca. 650–1250) and the history of capitalism. This intertext essay starts from reassessing the work of French Marxist Islamicist Maxime Rodinson, who first made a programmatic attempt to forge such a link in his seminal 1966 Islam and Capitalism . It then proceeds to lay bare the reasons why Rodinson’s call went largely unheard in the following decades, identifying the persistence of a pervasive decline paradigm within medieval Islamic socioeconomic history as the key obstacle preventing advances in the field and foreclosing avenues for theoretical discussion. Regrettably this paradigm, while outdated and no longer tenable, still remains authoritative and is frequently invoked by modern theorists of “underdevelopment.” The essay then discusses some examples of recent groundbreaking scholarship that deploy new archaeological and documentary sources to decidedly move away from decline, showing the way forward out of this historiographical impasse. Finally, the essay returns to the question of capitalism, and of the forms in which this ambiguous term can, or cannot, be applied to early and central medieval Islamic societies, calling for a recentering of the Islamic Middle Ages in a longue-durée global history of capitalism.
5
Bavel, Bas van. "The Medieval Origins of Capitalism in the Netherlands." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 125, no. 2-3 (January 1, 2010): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.7115.
6
Arvidsson, Adam. "Capitalism and the Commons." Theory, Culture & Society 37, no. 2 (August 25, 2019): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276419868838.
Abstract:
This article investigates the potential role of the commons in the future transformation of digital capitalism by comparing it to the role of the commons in the transition to capitalism. In medieval and early modern Europe the commons supported gradual social and technological innovation as well as a new civil society organized around the combination of commons-based petty production and new ideals of freedom and equality. Today the new commons generated by the global real subsumption of ordinary life processes are supporting similar forms of commons-based petty production. After positioning the new petty producers within the framework of the crisis of digital capitalism, the article concludes by extrapolating a number of hypothetical scenarios for their role in its future transformation.
7
Kaelber, L. "Max Weber on Usury and Medieval Capitalism: From to." Max Weber Studies 4, no. 1 (2004): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15543/mws/2004/1/5.
8
Somers, Margaret R. "Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 01 (1994): 63–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00390.x.
Abstract:
The republication after 40 years of T. H. Marshall's Citizenship and Social Class signifies a revived interest in sociolegal historical approaches to citizenship rights. For decades students have been guided by Marshall's classic treatise. But can Marshall's argument for the causal power of the “transition from feudalism to capitalism” continue to provide an adequate grounding for sociolegal approaches to citizenship and rights formation? Building on Marshall's path-breaking expansion of the concept of citizenship, I use institutional analysis and causal narrativity to present an alternative explanation. I argue that modem citizenship rights me a contingent outcome of the convergence of England's medieval legal revolutions with its regionally varied local legal and political cultures, not of the emergence of capitalist markets.
9
MORTON, ADAM DAVID. "The Age of Absolutism: capitalism, the modern states-system and international relations." Review of International Studies 31, no. 3 (June 13, 2005): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210505006601.
Abstract:
Understanding the origins of capitalism in terms of feudal crisis, agrarian class structures and economic development in Europe has been an enduring concern of a growing body of scholarship focusing on changes in social property relations. This work has been distinctive in highlighting long-term patterns of social property relations central to shaping late medieval and early modern Europe, variegated patterns of serfdom within feudalism, class conflicts intrinsic to the emergence of agrarian capitalism, and thus capitalist ‘transition’ through different paths of development. Most recently, the implications of a focus on social property relations have been drawn out in its relevance for International Relations (IR), expressly in terms of tracing specificities within the age of absolutism that shaped the expansion of the states-system and its relation to modernity. This article outlines and engages with past and present debates linked to the social property relations approach. It raises several problematics through an engagement with the theorising of political modernity by Antonio Gramsci and on this basis offers pointers towards future lines of enquiry from which further reflection on the conditions of historical and contemporary state formation and restructuring may proceed.
10
Miner, Jeffrey. "Profit and Patrimony: Property, Markets, and Public Debt in Late Medieval Genoa." Business History Review 94, no. 1 (2020): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519001211.
Abstract:
Scholars have long linked medieval and early modern public debts to the rise of capitalism. This article considers one prominent case study in the development of permanent public debt: late medieval Genoa. Previous scholarship has focused on financial speculation and markets for shares as central to how public debts functioned. However, by considering complementary types of sources, this article demonstrates that inheritance strategies and patrimonial considerations operated in dialogue with markets in the development of urban public debts, both in Genoa and elsewhere in Europe.
11
Mayhew, Nick. "Government, Money, and the Law." Law and History Review 39, no. 2 (May 2021): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248021000250.
Abstract:
Christine Desan's Making Money: Coin, Currency, and the Coming of Capitalism provides an authoritative answer to a fundamental question about medieval English money that has puzzled a few scholars, but that has been largely ignored by most: were medieval payments normally weighed or counted? The same question can be expressed differently as: were payments made by weight or by tale at face value; or again, was the value of money determined by its intrinsic content or by royal decree? But why might this curious distinction between counting payments and weighing them matter?
12
Biddick, Kathleen. "People and Things: Power in Early English Development." Comparative Studies in Society and History 32, no. 1 (January 1990): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500016315.
Abstract:
Debate over the rise of agrarian capitalism in Europe has established the historiographic chronology, locus, and conceptualization of European development. Proponents of contending schools (the “commercial” or the “political”) have focused on the late medieval through early modern period in England as the crucial time and place of the transformation but argue whether agrarian capitalism derived from economic or political structures (Ashton and Philpin 1985).' Neither school has questioned the common methodology of mapping social and cultural transformation onto a structural matrix. Steps taken by historians, anthropologists, and archaeologists to decenter the European narrative of development have faltered at this same structuralist dilemma.
13
Campion, Garry. "People, process and the poverty-pew: a functional analysis of mundane buildings in the Nottinghamshire framework-knitting industry." Antiquity 70, no. 270 (December 1996): 847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084118.
Abstract:
Industrial archaeology has traditionally concentrated on the recording and study of technological and engineering survivals — hence the name ‘industrial’ as, often, a near-synonym for ‘post-medieval’ in naming the archaeology of early modern capitalism. This study of three mundane industrial buildings draws upon building and documentary evidence as aids to understanding working structures not distinguished by technological or engineering innovation.
14
Więckowski, Paweł. "Filozoficzno-historyczne zaplecze etyki biznesu." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.2.7.
Abstract:
The text describes different philosophical concepts and historically important cultural phenomena that should be considered while rethinking ethical side of business. Broad range of both philosophical (such as the search for the foundations of morality, social contract) and social subjects (such as history of centralized state, individualism) is presented to help the reflections. The background for analysis is the history of culture, especially of primary collective society; contrasted with it is individualism of classical Athens with corresponding reaction of philosophers; development of state and Christianity in Roman Empire; organismic medieval state; Renaissance, reformation and the birth of capitalism; the Enlightenment breakthrough and English capitalism; liberalism and Darwinism of the 19th century; the catastrophe of European culture and success of America of the 20th century.
15
BRITNELL, RICHARD. "Commerce and Capitalism in Late Medieval England: Problems of Description and Theory." Journal of Historical Sociology 6, no. 4 (December 1993): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.1993.tb00054.x.
16
Dimmock, Spencer. "English small towns and the emergence of capitalist relations, c. 1450–1550." Urban History 28, no. 1 (May 2001): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801000116.
Abstract:
This paper seeks to extend the knowledge of small-town structures and of conflict in late medieval urban society by utilizing the unusual survival of a variety of sources for the English small town of Lydd in Kent. The main focus is an analysis of conflicts over capitalizing enclosure in Lydd in the mid-fifteenth century from which it then seeks to generalize, and to implicate towns in the feudalism to capitalism debate previously overwhelmingly confined to rural society.
17
Rosser, Gervase, Mark Jenner, and Bill Luckin. "Review of periodical articles." Urban History 27, no. 1 (May 2000): 110–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800000171.
Abstract:
One of the attractions of medieval urban history is the fact that major conceptual problems in the field continue to be debated. In a stimulating review article by J.H. Mundy, ’Philip Jones and the medieval Italian city-state‘, J. of European Economic History, 28 (1999), 185–200, one distinguished scholar is taxed for holding views now dismissed by some, but of which he is by no means a unique surviving representative. One of these views assumes a clear distinction between the antique city, supposedly a bureaucratic centre with limited economic functions, and the medieval city, as the home of industrious artisans and nascent capitalism. The image of the non-profit-making ancient town may be overly indebted to the nature of the literary sources and to the prevalent interests of classicists; but, although many would now agree that both the elements in the above equation need qualifying, a more focused comparison is presently lacking, and a fine book is still waiting to be written on the transition from the ancient world to the middle ages in urban history.
18
Matveyeva, T. "Formation of the continental system of European law by the example of the Old Athens and the Sparta." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (July 24, 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.02.3.
Abstract:
The creation and development of modern law is a long historical process spanning several centuries and began with the writing of barbaric Truths (Salichna Pravda, Ripuarska Pravda, Primorsky Salic Franks, etc.). This process was more smooth and evolutionary than the corresponding processes in the field of state formation, where they were often established in a revolutionary way.
The origin of modern law begins with the reception of Roman law and the law of ancient Greece .. Thus was born city law, international trade law, whose roots are quite deep and strong. But at the same time the legal systems of the Middle Ages were very imperfect, and many of their provisions hampered the development of political democracy and capitalist entrepreneurship in the era of feudalism. These features of medieval legal systems, characterized by the lack of internal unity, prevented progressive changes, both in the state and in law.
The reform of the old feudal law on a new bourgeois basis was carried out by revolutionary coups - the English Revolution of the 17th century and the French Revolution of the 18th century. These revolutions have largely led to the unjustified destruction of the legal structure created over the centuries, to the breakdown of traditional legal culture, to legal nihilism and voluntarism. Ultimately, they led to significant changes in the field of law, to the formation of a new legal order, which led to the formation and rapid development of capitalism.
Modern law in the West (primarily Anglo-Saxon and European continental law of France) was formed and developed as a logical continuation of the previously formed systems of medieval (eg, "common law") and even ancient Roman law. The new law could not be something significantly different from the previous law, because in its self-development it absorbed, preserved and used many of its constructive, socially useful elements.
Modern law of the 20th and 21st centuries is largely based on previous law, the same laws of France (customary law), Roman law; moreover, the pre-revolutionary systems of England and France and Germany did not disappear without a trace. Much of it has been updated in modern law, as medieval law functioned in a society that already knew both private property and market relations and a fairly high level of legal technique.
The formation of new law meant the formation of bourgeois capitalist law, broke guild corporations and feudal monopolies, creating the necessary space for the growth of production and trade, for personal initiative, for the full use of needs is developing rapidly. (1, 48-51)
Modern law, in contrast to pre-revolutionary law, which was characterized by disunity and particularism, was born everywhere in the form of integrated national legal systems. It was capitalism, breaking all kinds of castes, regional, customs and other barriers, led to the emergence of not only nation-states but also national legal systems. The legal system acquires a new way of its existence - the system of legislation and the system of law, which was practically present only in its infancy in ancient and medieval societies. The dominant principle in the legal systems of modern times is constitutional (state, public) law, on the basis of which the legal structure of any society was built.
Legislation had a special system-forming significance in the formation of the new law.
19
Aurell, Jaume. "They Are the Treasure of the Commonwealth: Franciscan Charisma and Merchant Culture in Medieval Barcelona." Religions 14, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14060708.
Abstract:
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, it has been a truism that the emergence of Protestantism was the main cause of the development of capitalism. However, a careful analysis of primary sources, especially in Latin countries, shows a quite different reality. Three centuries before the emergence of Protestantism, the Franciscans generated a discourse that made it possible to begin to legitimize the commercial practices that would later enable the emergence of capitalism. Based on these premises, this article aims to explore the discursive and juridical primary sources of medieval Barcelona—especially the testimonies of the Franciscan intellectual Francesc Eiximenis and merchant wills—to provide relevant new data and interpretations of how Franciscan charisma brought about a better understanding and legitimization of mercantile work. I intend to use the concept of charisma to better understand the great paradox of how those who aspired to a life of extreme poverty—the Franciscans—succeeded in legitimizing the work of those who aspired to a comfortable life, namely, the emerging merchant group. The merchants provided the Franciscans with the material capital necessary for their establishment in the city, while the Franciscans granted the merchants symbolic capital that was indispensable for the development of their mercantile work, social recognition, and religious legitimacy.
20
Racy, Gustavo. "Of Cannibals and Witches: Monstrosity and Capitalism at the Onset of Colonial Visual Culture." Review of International American Studies 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.14720.
Abstract:
This article provides preliminary insight into the creation of colonial visual culture. Using visual examples, the author shows how the encounter between European and Amerindian was, at first, apparently deprived of moral judgement, later being increasingly signified through moral and physical monstrosity, especially the female body, which served as an apparatus to assure colonial dominion. Looking mostly at the works of Liègeois artist Theodor de Bry, the author shows how increasing female protagonism may have helped to coin a proper visual culture that mirrored the development of productive force in early capitalism. Assuming that the European colonizer in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was still highly informed by Medieval culture, the author quickly retraces how the New World was imagined through cartography, following to the first depictions of the Amerindian and, finally, focusing on de Bry’s work and an argument on capitalism and how visual culture may help us understand its process.
21
Lee, Dong Choon. "Social Status and Marriage in the Late Medieval Romances." Institute of British and American Studies 56 (October 31, 2022): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25093/ibas.2022.56.101.
Abstract:
During the medieval age, individual choice and marital affection did not seem to have served as the important factors to determine the marriage. Social status and economic factors crucially worked to constrain individual choice. Along with such factors as age and appearance, the issue of social class was described as one of the potentially disabling factors in marriage. In Andreas's De Amore, the focus is given to social class, and the dialogues powerfully assert the importance of social class in relation to love and the problems involved in trying to transcend its division. The issue of love and social class are handled somewhat directly in his work such as The Parliament of Fowls, as well as ironically in The Wife of Bath's Tale. Social class as the most important factor for considering marriage was more emphasized than ever before in the late Middle age, which reflects the social and economic transition from a patriarchal feudalism to a proto-capitalism. As the period wore on, marriage became more 'class-determined' and served as a means for 'class solidarity,' and as a stepping stone for the cohesion of community as well as the harmony of family.
22
Demjaha, Dritëro. "THE POST-MODERN AS NEO-MEDIEVAL: INTERSECTIONS OF RELIGION, NATIONALISM, AND EMPIRE IN MODERNITY AND BEYOND (WITH AN EXCURSUS ON ALBANIAN NATIONALISM)." SEEU Review 12, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 218–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/seeur-2017-0025.
Abstract:
Abstract This essay connects Benedict Anderson’s analysis of print capitalism as the enabling feature of modernity for the emergence of nationalism with an account of pre-modern sacral imaginings. It argues, following Bronislaw Szerszynski, that the contemporary post-modern ordering of the sacred vis-à-vis nature and culture designates a ‘partial-return’ to pre-modern imaginings and a reterritorialisation of religions which engenders emerging multiplicities and co-existing differences. It argues furthermore that the nation state (and its corollaries), an institution of modernity cannot adequately respond to the antagonisms generated by the post-modern ordering of human communities and their identities. However, though this new ordering may be conceived, following Robert Bellah, as neo-archaic, it may also be conceived as neo-medieval. Accordingly, this essay proposes that the most congenial configuration to the post-modern ordering is the neo-medieval model of fuzzy borders and overlapping jurisdiction, particularly as it pertains to Albanian national identity and EU integration as a post-secular alternative to secular national-determination on the one hand, and neo-Ottomanist theocracy on the other.
23
Kocziszky, Éva. "A globális kapitalizmus „szent család”-ja : Kritikai észrevételek Kierkegaard nyomán." Vallástudományi Szemle 16, no. 1 (2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55193/rs.2020.1.11.
Abstract:
From a contemporary point of view the essay investigates the role, which the concept of family is playing in Christian thought. Starting from Kierkegaard’s Either/ Or through the monastic idea of Agamben, it re-reads some relevant passages of both the Old and the New Testaments. We aim to prove that family and marriage are not synonyms but rather antonyms full of tension as they continuously relate to each other. There is not one single heavenly idea of family in the Bible, not even the often-mentioned Trinity. This identification may be nothing else but an exegetical distortion based on the autocratic position of the church in a medieval society getting ready for Capitalism.
24
Milbank, John. "Reformation 500: Any Cause for Celebration?" Open Theology 4, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 607–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2018-0045.
Abstract:
Abstract In general the effect of the Reformation has been negative, but this is because it but imperfectly overcame the legacy of later medieval philosophy which was both univocalist and nominalist. In consequence it has encouraged some of the negative features of modernity: capitalism, the emergence of the sovereign state, the disenchantment of nature, iconoclasm, literalism and the disparagement of tradition. However, modern Catholicism has not been altogether free of this legacy and its consequences either. There has also been, to an almost contradictory degree, a positive consequence of the Reformation at its most radical: the pursuit of the ethical for its own sake and a greater sacralisation of all aspects of reality.
25
Bretherton, Luke. "Soteriology, Debt, and Faithful Witness: Four Theses for a Political Theology of Economic Democracy." Anglican Theological Review 98, no. 1 (September 2016): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000332861609800107.
Abstract:
The essay seeks to understand what is theologically at stake when challenging the power of money in shaping our common life. To do so it sets out four theses, with commentary, that are suggestive of how we might go about generating a critically constructive and theologically attuned vision of an earthly oikonomia within the contemporary context. The first thesis is that envisioning a contemporary economics of mutual and ecological flourishing necessitates teasing out how Christian doctrines of God and soteriology legitimate oppressive conceptions of debt, and, at the same time, can help dismantle capitalism as an all-encompassing social imaginary to which there is no alternative. The second thesis is that as part of reenvisioning contemporary soteriology we must reengage with scriptural, patristic, scholastic, and medieval rabbinic and Islamic conceptions of property, debt, and usury in order to generate robust theological frameworks through which to analyze finance capitalism and the forms of domination it produces. The third thesis is that a vision for a common life must move beyond notions of recognition and redistribution as the basis for a just public life. And the last thesis is that we need to recover a consociational vision of democratic citizenship and a commitment to economic democracy.
26
Wood, Nathaniel D. "Becoming a “Great City”: Metropolitan Imaginations and Apprehensions in Cracow's Popular Press, 1900–1914." Austrian History Yearbook 33 (January 2002): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800013837.
Abstract:
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the rapid urbanization of Europe sparked a set of complex, often contradictory reactions to life in the large modern city. Europe's urban population grew sixfold from 1800 to 1910 as a result of overall population growth and considerable migration to cities, with the greatest expansion occurring in the latter half of this period. Adapting to the needs of industrial capitalism and the development of the nation-state, “central place” cities such as Vienna and Paris began building projects that destroyed old neighborhoods and tore down medieval walls to allow new construction. Growth of this magnitude created the sensation of constant change and instability. For many citizens the big city came to represent modernity itself, characterized by flux and spectacle.
27
Podliesna, Vasylyna. "Military-economic cycles in the context of civilizational development." Ekonomìčna teorìâ 2022, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/etet2022.04.053.
Abstract:
The article substantiates that wars are an inevitable component of civilizational development, during which periods of peaceful development and periods of the intensification of military violence alternate, appearing in the form of large-scale military conflicts affecting the form of resolution of the contradictions of social evolution. All historical forms of the most developed civilizations are social organisms based on class antagonism. Class inequality and exploitation, characteristic of civilizations that reached the empire level of development in the pre-capitalist era, and under the conditions of the capitalist world-system as a contender for the role of global hegemon, encourage them to perform external military expansion in order to acquire colonies and establish in them a system of exploitation. Military technologies have acquired the greatest lethality under the conditions of capitalism, while the military economy is an important component of the capitalist economy. However, already in the agrarian society, there were military-economic cycles, in particular those associated with cycles of power, which were expressed in the synchronicity of the emergence, strengthening, and decline of ruling dynasties in China and steppe empires in Mongolia, as well as the cycles of xenocratic state characteristic of the medieval Maghreb. The cyclicity of wars is clearly visible in long-term cycles that determine the dynamics of the capitalist world-system, such as Kondratiev cycles, long cycles of world politics, and cycles of hegemony. The military-economic cycles in historical retrospect and in modern conditions are conditioned by the struggle for resources that allow social units or complex social organisms, who win in the struggle for military-political leadership to dominate, creating political-economic systems of domination-exploitation, which allows the hegemonic civilization for some time to develop successfully. Each historical form of domination based political-economic system contained the prerequisites for the next war for regional or global leadership in the form of deep socio-economic, political and civilizational contradictions.
28
Lanero Fernández, Juan. "Las relaciones causales recíprocas del binomio Partida Doble-desarrollo de Occidente: La Teneduría de Libros de los mercaderes medievales." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 10 (June 1, 2010): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i10.653.
Abstract:
Mucho se ha escrito sobre la aportación de la Partida Doble al desarrollo económico de Occidente. El presente trabajo pretende presentar un análisis detallado del papel que desempeñó la contabilidad en la génesis del capitalismo. La contabilidad, como herramienta de gestión, fue un factor clave en la organización comercial.<br />Después de ofrecer una visión panorámica de la organización del comercio en la época medieval y de considerar varias acepciones del concepto de partida doble, el estudio concluye que ésta fue al mismo tiempo causa y efecto de la transición de los mercaderes itinerantes a sedentarios.<br />La expansión del comercio y del número de inversiones en las que un mercader podía estar inmerso a un mismo tiempo creó la necesidad de una integración y un ordenamiento que, en cierto modo, la Partida Doble exigía y propagaba. Un comercio más amplio demandaba un sistema gerencial mejor. Ese buen sistema gerencial –la partida doble-, fue un factor decisivo en el incremento comercial.<br /><br />Thousands of pages have been written about the double-entry contribution to the economic development of the Western world. The present paper tries to present a detailed analysis on the role played by Accounting in the genesis of capitalism. Accounting, as a management tool, was a key factor in the commercial organization.<br />After having offered a general view about the organization of commerce in the Medieval era, some double-entry concepts are dealt with. The study concludes that double-entry was at the same time cause and effect of the transition from travelling merchants to resident ones.<br />The expansion of commerce and the number of investments a merchant could be involved in at a time created the need of an integration and an order that, to certain extent, double-entry implied and spread. A bigger commerce demanded a better management system. This managerial system –the double-entry-, was a conclusive factor in the commercial growth.<br />
29
Gaimster, David. "The Hanseatic Cultural Signature: Exploring Globalization on the Micro-Scale in Late Medieval Northern Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 17, no. 1 (2014): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000044.
Abstract:
The Hansa formed the principal agent of trade and cultural exchange in northern Europe and the Baltic during the late medieval to early modern periods. Hanseatic urban settlements in northern Europe shared many things in common. Their cultural ‘signature’ was articulated physically through a shared vocabulary of built heritage and domestic goods, from step-gabled brick architecture to clothing, diet, and domestic utensils. The redevelopment of towns on the Baltic littoral over the past 20+ years offers an archaeological opportunity to investigate key attributes of late medieval society on the micro-scale. Such attributes include the development of mercantile capitalism, colonialism, and proto-globalization. For instance, distributions of artefacts now point to the Hansa as an agent of the Reformation movement in northern and western Europe. Where they were once almost exclusively regarded as material evidence for long-distance commercial activity, domestic artefacts, such as table and heating ceramics, are now subject to scrutiny as media for social, cultural, ethnic, and confessional relationships, and combine to create a distinctive Hanseatic material signature. Ceramic case studies illustrate how the archaeology of the Hansa now intersects with the wider historical debate about Europeanisation and proto-globalization arising from the development of long-distance maritime trade from the thirteenth century onwards.
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Bryer, R. A. "Double-Entry Bookkeeping and the Birth of Capitalism: Accounting for the Commercial Revolution in Medieval Northern Italy." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 4, no. 2 (June 1993): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cpac.1993.1008.
31
Christiaens, Tim. "Hayek’s vicarious secularization of providential theology." Philosophy & Social Criticism 45, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453718768360.
Abstract:
Friedrich Hayek’s defense of neoliberal free market capitalism hinges on the distinction between economies and catallaxies. The former are orders instituted via planning, whereas the latter are spontaneous competitive orders resulting from human action without human design. I argue that this distinction is based on an incomplete semantic history of “economy.” By looking at the meaning of “ oikonomia” in medieval providential theology as explained by Giorgio Agamben and Joseph Vogl, I argue how Hayek’s science of catallactics is itself a secularization of providential theology. This exposes Hayek to three criticisms: (1) he unjustifiably neglects the possibility of tendencies toward spontaneous disorder in free markets, (2) he condemns the “losers” of neoliberal competition to being providential waste on the road to general prosperity, and (3) he imposes on people the duty to consent to a neoliberal order that hinders them from cultivating their inoperativity.
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Crinson, Mark. "“Protean Mechanism”: Robert Willis and the Technics of Architectural History." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 83, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2024.83.2.148.
Abstract:
Abstract Robert Willis’s writing in the nineteenth century was foundational to the development of the discipline of architectural history. Closely related to other Cambridge scientists, including William Farish and William Whewell, Willis deployed similar methods and forms of conceptualization in his writings about medieval architecture. He focused on five areas in particular: the isometric projection, the building as kit-of-parts, detailed technical forms of description using illustrations and specialized vocabularies, the machine tool, and new tools for measuring cogwheels and architectural profiles. Using an interdisciplinary approach and drawing upon contemporary ideas of political economy by Karl Marx and Charles Babbage, this article resituates Willis’s writing in the context of the separation of manual from intellectual labor under industrial capitalism, arguing that the architectural historian was complicit both with the forms of abstraction required of professionalization and with the alienation of labor.
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Nepomuceno, Valerio, and Ilírio José Rech. "Capitalismo na Europa Medieval: a contabilidade impulsionou o genuíno espírito capitalista?" Revista Contemporânea de Contabilidade 19, no. 50 (January 27, 2022): 03–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2022.e72126.
Abstract:
O propósito deste ensaio teórico é analisar se a contabilidade impulsionou, de forma genuína, a prática capitalista europeia medieval por meio do método da dupla entrada. O estudo centra-se entre os séculos XIII a XVIII, com retorno à Antiguidade. O método é dialético-historial como exame dos fatos. As inferências foram feitas a partir da tese de Sombart, cuja ideia é de que o capitalismo europeu medieval só foi possível por causa da contabilidade de dupla entrada. Em contrapartida, Yamey contesta essa posição. De outra parte, para Sanandaji, o capitalismo não nasceu na Europa medieval, mas na Antiguidade. Este ensaio detectou evidências em Guanzi, Arthaśāstra e Ciropédia, ao apontarem marcas do capitalismo no mundo antigo. Mattessich revela que, no mundo antigo, já existia o princípio da dualidade, responsável pelo registro das transações negociais daquela época. As reflexões alcançadas sugerem afirmar que a contabilidade contribuiu tanto para a prática capitalista medieval na Europa quanto para o mundo antigo. Tais evidências insinuam a ausência de um espírito europeu genuíno tanto para o método contábil quanto para o capitalismo, na medida em que os elementos, pretensamente, genuínos foram trazidos da Ásia e do Oriente, como: a aritmética comercial e as regras de escrituração contábil.
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Grulkowski, Marcin. "The Craft of the Late Medieval and Modern Times in the Academic Writings of Maria Bogucka." Acta Poloniae Historica 127 (August 14, 2023): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/aph.2022.127.03.
Abstract:
Maria Bogucka (1929–2020) is one of Poland’s most outstanding representatives of historiography in the period after the Second World War. She dealt with a myriad of areas, such as the history of trade, everyday life, the problem of the position of the bourgeoisie in the social structure of pre-partitioned Poland and various aspects of the history of early modern culture. In the earliest period of her academic career (the 1950s and 1960s), under the guidance of Marian Małowist, she took up the subject of the development of crafts in the late Middle Ages and early modern times, with her research focusing primarily on Gdańsk, the largest city in pre-partition Poland. In her research, she sought to isolate the features of early capitalism in the relations of production of the city’s craftsmen, and she also focused her interest on artisans operating outside the guild system. Bogucka explained the changes in the economic situation in crafts, examining the relationship between this form of production and agricultural production and trade development.
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Bowles, Brett. "Poetic Practice and Historical Paradigm: Charles Baudelaire's Anti-Semitism." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 115, no. 2 (March 2000): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463256.
Abstract:
Historians identify two principal strains of anti-Semitism in France: a traditional, religious variety rooted in medieval Catholic theology and a modern, racial variety that holds Jews responsible for the myriad of socioeconomic problems associated with the rise of mass-market capitalism, urbanization, and industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century. This essay argues that Baudelaire exemplifies the historical transition between the two strains. The first, expressed in the poet's work in the late 1850s through the motifs of prostitution and hyper-Catholic self-martyrdom, resulted from his lifelong financial misery, his relationship with a Jewish prostitute, and his identification with Edgar Allan Poe and Joseph de Maistre. Over the course of the 1860s, largely in response to his dealings with the Jewish publisher Michel Lévy and to increasingly heavy financial and psychological pressure, Baudelaire's theological anti-Semitism turned into an aggressive, pernicious racism that culminated in his calling for “the extermination of the Jewish race.”
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Vysokova, V. V. "Money, Stock-Jobbing, and Corruption in England at the Turn of the XVII–XVIII Centuries." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 24, no. 3 (June 15, 2022): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2022-24-3-283-291.
Abstract:
The article reconstructs the historical context that shaped the financial capitalism in England at the turn of the XVII– XVIII centuries. It focuses on the crisis of Christian values and the development of secular rationalistic morality. The author connected the socio-economic context of England in the early modern period with the intellectual atmosphere of the late Stuart era and the early Hanoverian dynasty. The problem is considered from three points of view: (1) economic and political situation in the context of mercantilism, (2) the South Sea Company as an example of the interaction between the corrupt cabinet members and the London merchants; (3) social attitude, e.g., D. Defoe's The Anatomy of the Exchange Lane or the Exchange Trading System (1719). The epoch under discussion saw the emergence of a bipolar world of the poor and the rich in Western Europe in the early XVIII century, when the society of landowners replaced the medieval hierarchy.
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Chudal, Alaka Atreya. "Modern Nepali Oral Transmissions of Vetālapañcaviṃśati Stories to Europe." Philological Encounters 6, no. 1-2 (July 23, 2021): 70–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-bja10020.
Abstract:
Abstract This article presents three recitation versions of two tales from the famous Vetālapañcaviṃśati (VP; the “Twenty-Five Tales of an Animated Corpse”, a medieval Sanskrit anthology of riddle-tales) that made their way orally from South Asia to Europe. The original work is one of the rare Sanskrit texts to have been disseminated widely and over a long period of time. It is a work that has thrived in oral, manuscript and printed versions. The stories in question, recorded in Germany as retold by three Nepali prisoners of war during World War I, show how this pre-modern Indian textual tradition was received into modern vernaculars and recounted in modern settings. It documents the fluidity of texts as dependent on the reciter’s, scribe’s or publisher’s own outlook, as well as on differing times and circumstances. In addition to the text’s long history of transmission, colonialism and print capitalism were further factors that influenced the retelling of the VP.
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Collinge, William J. "Augustine Deformed: Love, Sin, and Freedom in the Western Moral Tradition." Horizons 44, no. 2 (November 7, 2017): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hor.2017.113.
Abstract:
How did we arrive at “the systematically anti-Christian, indeed anti-religious, world-view which most opinion formers of the Western Establishment now profess” (6)? Several major studies in recent years have challenged the default position that this is simply the inevitable result of the progress of science, and have instead argued for the importance of contingent historical factors that could have gone otherwise. Notably, Brad Gregory's The Unintended Reformation argues that the Reformation and the doctrinal “hyperpluralism” and religio-political conflicts to which it gave rise ultimately led to modern Western secularism, moral subjectivism, and consumer capitalism. John Rist's Augustine Deformed now joins the ranks of those studies. Rist, professor emeritus of classics and philosophy at the University of Toronto, expresses much agreement with Gregory but faults him for failing to reach back to the early medieval period—in fact, to Augustine—for the causes of our present “intellectual, moral and cultural nihilism” (4).
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Schrauwers, Albert. "“Regenten” (Gentlemanly) Capitalism: Saint-Simonian Technocracy and the Emergence of the “Industrialist Great Club” in the Mid-nineteenth Century Netherlands." Enterprise & Society 11, no. 4 (December 2010): 753–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700009526.
Abstract:
The geometric pattern of Amsterdam's canals was iconic of its nineteenth-century social order. The spider's web of canals fanned out along the Amstel river in concentric rings, its barge traffic linking the city to its hinterland, the province of Holland, and to the wider Netherlands of which it is the nominal capital. These canals divided the “Venice of the North” into ninety islands linked by more than a thousand bridges. Imposing aristocratic and merchant houses stretched along the innermost canal ring, the Golden Curve of the Gentleman's Canal. At the center of the web lay de Dam, the 200 m long market square built on the first medieval dike protecting the city from the encroaching sea. The three pillars of the Dutch state framed the market square: the Royal Palace of the Merchant King, the Dutch Reformed New Church, and in the nineteenth century, the Amsterdam stock market, the world's oldest exchange.
40
Савченко, Ирина Александровна. "Вектор Штера: знание в координатах города." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 60, no. 4 (2023): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202360465.
Abstract:
The “Stehr vector” is a metaphor associated with the name of the modern philosopher and sociologist of science Niko Stehr and designating the trajectory of movement towards a “knowledge society”, where intellectual achievements as a public good have the highest value – they are priceless and, therefore, are not sold or bought, and access to them is free. Since a number of obstacles are characteristic to the formation of the ascent to the knowledge society, the main one is the usurpation of cognitive resources by digital giants with the help of legal coding tools for intellectual products. Knowledge is expropriated from its creators – scientists – and then sold, thereby further enriching the “knowledge monopolists”. The “Stehr vector”, overcoming such barriers, is aimed at the future, where different forms of social exchange are developing on the model of social communications among representatives of the “creative class” (R. Florida), concentrated in the centers of knowledge – cities with great scientific and educational potential. Since the “city of knowledge” is a cognitive generator, as a result, the ability to think scientifically becomes a property of every person. The article shows that certain analogies are possible between “cities of knowledge” as a “new utopia” developing in the algorithms of the “Stehr vector”, and the first university cities in Medieval Europe, which arose and developed as accumulators of knowledge and university life. These “new Middle Ages” promise to be more intellectually free than modern knowledge capitalism. Thus, the “Stern vector” makes it possible to design not the Berdyaev dystopian version of the “New Middle Ages”, but, on the contrary, more intellectually free version than modern knowledge capitalism.
41
Hawk, Barry E. "English Competition Law Before 1900." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18781397.
Abstract:
English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.
42
Horowitz, Elliott. "Tosaphists and Taboo: A Review of Haym Soloveitchik's “Yeinam”." AJS Review 29, no. 2 (November 2005): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009405000164.
Abstract:
Among the stranger assertions made by Werner Sombart in The Jews and Modern Capitalism was that “it can be proved with great certainty that the Jew's freedom from the evil effects of alcohol (as also from syphilis) is due to his religion.” Yet, the Jewish religion, unlike Islam, never prohibited alcohol per se, and even when “kosher” wine—untouched by gentiles—was in short supply, beer or more potent beverages could be found by those so inclined. More to the point is S. D. Goitein's trenchant remark in the final (and posthumously published) volume of his A Mediterranean Society that “the proverbial sobriety of East European immigrants to the United States should not be taken as inherent to the genes of the race.” Although Maimonides in his Guide memorably described “gatherings with a view to drinking intoxicants” as “more shameful than gatherings of naked people . . . who excrete in daylight sitting together,” he was clearly speaking there more as philosopher than halakhist. In the medieval “Geniza society” in which he lived, as we learn from Goitein, all “important matters, such as sending a son overseas or promising a bequest, would be arranged at a drinking bout.”
43
Cariani, Tesla, Ashley Coleman Taylor, Christopher Lirette, and Marlo Starr. "Dead Forms; or, A Defense of Good, Old-Fashioned Scholarly Writing." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 1 (January 2018): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.1.190.
Abstract:
The university, an eldritch progeny of medieval Christianity and conglomerate capitalism, can feel like a gristmill to graduate students and junior scholars. We must produce acceptable articles and monographs after years of research. We must compete for a few good jobs, and we do this by teaching extra classes, submitting essays for publication, presenting papers at conferences. But we must also be beyond this world, needing neither food nor money, subsisting solely on ideas and conversation and self-promotion. he authors of these essays, all of us at the beginning of our careers as scholars, are not fooled by a system that masks its cold corporatist heart with the vestments of the liberal arts. We know that the university intends to make of our bodies machines that produce ideas and disseminate them; machines that round off the rough edges of our students and prepare them to be good, centrist, white-collar workers; machines that perpetuate the idea of the university. We know that we are disposable within the structure of the academy. Nevertheless, we are clear-eyed as we try to make a living in the knowledge industry. We believe, earnestly, that critique and research and thought experiments and the slow study of minutiae are worth fighting for.
44
Derluguian, Georgi. "The Bronze Age as the First World-System: Theses for aResearch Agenda." Analytical Bulletin 15 (December 27, 2022): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56673/18294502-22.15-22.
Abstract:
Bronze Age is traditionally viewed as historical period in the third and second millennia BCE. My key contention is that it is more meaningfully considered in geographic terms, as interconnected space of trade and cultural exchanges encompassing Afro-Eurasia but not Tropical Africa, let alone Australia and the Americas. The Bronze-age world-system extended from Scandinavia and British Isles to Egypt and Mesopotamia, from the Indus valley civilization and ancient Arabia to the Urals and western Siberia, possibly, also China and South-East Asia. Geologically, copper and tin as two metal components of bronze are randomly distributed on the planet which necessitated long-distance trade. In turn, the world trade in metals created whole cascades of logistical needs and opportunities. The consequences included the emergence of social complexity: chiefly powers, diplomacy, merchants, specialist coppersmiths and weapons-makers, professional warriors. New means of transportation emerged such as sailed ship and domesticated pack animals (donkey, camel, horse). The exchange in secondary products (wine, cloth, elaborate pottery) led to a revolution in conspicuous consumption. These theses are intended to generate a discussion about the earliest world-system, its morphology and flows. This may also extend to the comparative analysis of later world-systems known to us Antiquity, the Medieval ‘Silk Roads’, and modern capitalism.
45
Podolskiy, Vadim A. "Philosophy of the social policy in German conservatism of the XIX century." Philosophy Journal 14, no. 3 (2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2021-14-3-65-81.
Abstract:
The article describes the attitude of the German conservative thinkers of the XIX century towards social policy. Works by Carl von Haller, Adam Muller, Wilhelm von Ketteler and Carl von Vogelsang are studied, the philosophic background of their views, and the impact of their arguments for the intellectual history of Germany. Their conservative critique of capitalism and socialism is studied. The paper also analyzes the conception of “sustainable development” understood as an approach towards economy that is focused not on the increase of production, but on maintenance of acceptable level of welfare. The article presents ideas of corporate organization of society that can restore the harmony of medieval social, political and economical relations. The ideology of aristocratic paternalism is explored together with its philosophical and religious foundations as well as its focus on the preservation of social peace and its concern about the needs of the population. The article presents the claims of the conservative thinkers on the value of the nonmaterial components of the social life, which serve as the foundation for social policy, namely respect towards tradition, responsibility, service, trust, justice, frugality, religiosity. The emergence of the German conservatism is explored in relation to Russian political philosophy. The article shows that the scientific and public activity of the German conservatives led to the introduction of social laws in Germany and Austria.
46
Albinus, Lars. "Når værk bliver til vold." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 36, no. 105 (August 22, 2008): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v36i105.22041.
Abstract:
When Work is Violence:Drawing on examples as divergent as current Muslim responses to the Danish cartoons and German terrorism in the 70s, this article aims to show how a closed alliance between art, politics and religion carries the risk of inducing violence which, among other things, annuls the function of art as being inherently ambiguous.It is argued that the function of art in Islam is bound up with the inviolable authority of the prophet and is therefore basically unable to fulfil satiric purposes. Although satire and laughter were also confined to unofficial activities under the Roman Church in medieval times, it is claimed, along the lines of Bakhtin, that a ‘culture of laughter’ actually did survive in the European history of art and paved the way for the appreciation of the potential of satirical critique. Following Benjamin, it is further claimed that the post-auratic function of art joined up with the revolutionary hope for a new aesthetics of life contrary to the fragmentary world of urban capitalism. Finally, as its major case, the article discusses the sliding of aesthetic provocation into political activism in 70s Germany resulting in Urban terrorism. In this case, the function of art once again falls back into a totalitarian critique which merely acknowledges a singular picture of the world. In conclusion, it is pointed out that aesthetic expressions are only imbued with an anti-violent vitality due to a non-condemning, ambiguous openness.
47
Rapacha, Lal. "Aspects of Federalism Implementation for Development and Prosperity." Molung Educational Frontier 8 (December 3, 2018): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v8i0.22441.
Abstract:
In Nepal‘s context, concepts like 'development' and 'prosperity' are two age-old (suppressive Rana oligarchy, uni-Panchayat regime and its aftermath) mirages chased by rulers for the ruled ones almost seem to be unattainable. Nevertheless, the mirages of 'development' and 'prosperity' can be materialized when one readily changes his/her antediluvian attitude of fatalism (Bista 1991) and low work ethics. In a recent political paradigm shift from unitary monarchism-oligarchy to multi-party federalism, those two mirages have again been reiterated as Nepalese people's dream and discourse (claimed as Oli-vision) in political arena. In our recent practice, federalism is in its infancy and as a form of government may not matter much first about separating or devolution of political power more effectively, avoiding the power concentration and bringing government responsibilities closer to the citizens. In fact, what acutally matters is its action-oriented effective implementation for separating 'development' from 'fatalism' before it turns frequently into a vicious nightmare. Thus, this paper aims to explore some pertinent aspects or preconditions/hindrances of implementing federalism effictively for achieving the aforesaid goal of 'development' and 'prosperity' within our prevalent general socio-political and bureaucratic trend of 'Balaram syndrome' (a metaphor of ethical degradation of mankind), 'bholi' and 'chiya' syndrome, 'sida-bida' syndrome, nepotism, cronyism, medieval mindset, malpractices of blind capitalism and absence of good governance. In this paper, my main point of departure in methodological tool as such is a closer observation of socio-political trends in Nepalese society and its relevant literature.
48
Wickham, Chris, and Cinthia M. M. Rocha. "Como funcionava a economia feudal? A lógica econômica das sociedades medievais." Revista Marx e o Marxismo – Revista do NIEP-Marx 12, no. 22 (June 10, 2024): 44–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.62782/2318-9657.2024.614.
Abstract:
Este artigo tem como objetivo criar um modelo para a lógica econômica subjacente da economia feudal, que pode, então, ser contrastado com os modelos muito mais conhecidos da economia capitalista. Isso é feito desenvolvendo uma discussão sobre um padrão muito frequente em sociedades pré-industriais e feudais: economias locais ativas com trocas altamente desenvolvidas, que nunca, nem remotamente, se desenvolveram na direção do capitalismo. Argumenta-se aqui que isso ocorre porque elas obedeciam a uma lógica econômica diferente, e não apenas a uma versão mais simples da lógica do mundo capitalista, que de alguma forma teria sido “bloqueada” de se desenvolver ainda mais. O artigo então estabelece os elementos básicos do que essa lógica poderia ser.
49
İdiman, Çağrı. "Tributary World-Ecologies, Part I." Journal of World-Systems Research 28, no. 1 (March 26, 2022): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2022.1066.
Abstract:
This essay, in two parts, argues for the centrality of the world-ecology perspective for theorizing the relations, dynamics, and crises of the High Medieval Worlds. Commercialization Theorists view the High Middle Ages as a period of early capitalism, while classical Marxist theorists conceive it as a continuation of feudalism. In contrast to both conceptions, I argue that this era can instead be evaluated on its own terms from the world-ecology perspective. In Part I, I develop two interrelated historical-geographical and theoretical arguments. By employing a comparative world-historical methodology, I first argue that two distinct world-ecologies emerged in the North Sea and the Mediterranean during the High Middle Ages. Second, I define world-ecologies not only in terms of commercial relations, but also of production relations, that is, the mode of appropriation of nature and labor. Next, I focus on the common characteristics of tributary world-ecologies. These two world-ecologies were distinguished by agrarian tributary relations, two-tiered commercial networks, and a multiple state-system. I argue that they expanded due to the unique bundling of climatological upturn, novel production relations, and technological and organizational innovations. I conclude Part I by analyzing the North Sea world-ecology, which has typically served as a model for both Commercialization and Classical Marxist perspectives. While there is no question that both perspectives have their merits, it seems more fruitful to explain the relations and dynamics of the North Sea world by the mutual-conditioning of nature, tributary production, and two-tiered commerce. Second, it is more useful to theorize the North Sea world in relation to the larger tributary worlds, characteristic of the High Middle Ages.
50
Lima, Pedro Tarozzo Tinoco Cabral. "Alegorias capitalistas da Atlântida perdida." Revista de Estudos Filosóficos e Históricos da Antiguidade 27, no. 37/38 (May 16, 2022): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53000/cpa.v27i37/38.4674.
Abstract:
Alguns poucos pensadores conseguem ter a sensibilidade de sentir os ventos que sopram em seu momento histórico, traduzindo filosoficamente as ideias que são por eles levantadas. Bacon foi um desses pensadores, pois conseguiu pôr em palavras o sentimento de mudança que perpassava a geração que então fundava o capitalismo, deixando o passado medieval rumo à modernidade. A sua Nova Atlântida representa a síntese dessa mudança, marco dessa transição que retoma a ideia platônica de Atlântida para assentar os pilares da Inglaterra incipientemente capitalista, na qual o imperialismo em ascensão começava a dar as cartas da vez. Neste pequeno artigo, procura-se abordar o significado filosófico desse “refundar” de Atlântida no contexto histórico de Bacon.