Journal articles: 'Medieval bengal'

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Chakravarti, Ranabir. "Early Medieval Bengal and the Trade In Horses: a Note." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42, no. 2 (1999): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520991446839.

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AbstractThis essay brings into focus a relatively neglected aspect of economic life in early medieval Bengal. Like many other parts of India, Bengal during ancient and early medieval times did not have any indigenous, good quality war horses. The emergence of Bengal as a regional political entity to reckon with during the early medieval times (c. AD 600 - 1300) must have increased the demand for war horses. The paper analyses the epigraphic accounts of the procurement of these indispensable war animals from northern and northwestern India by the rulers of early medieval Bengal. The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of the thirteenth century gives an indication of the availablity of northeastern horses - probably Tibetan ones - in Bengal. Chinese accounts of the fifteenth century and some Arabic accounts of the invasions of the Deccan by the Delhi Sultante have been utilised here to suggest that early medieval Bengal not only received regular supplies of imported horses, but also witnessed the transportation of some of these war machines to the Deccan and China.

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Barman, Rup Kumar. "Buddhist Culture of Contemporary West Bengal (Reflections on the Bengali-speaking Buddhists)." SMARATUNGGA: JURNAL OF EDUCATION AND BUDDHIST STUDIES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53417/sjebs.v2i2.81.

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Since the inception of Buddhism, the people of Bengal have maintained a very close relationship with Buddhist ideologies. In fact, Bengal appeared as a dominant center of Buddhist culture in the early medieval period (sixth to twelfth century CE) both for its institutional flavour as well as for state- sponsorship. However, with the fall of royal patronage and the conversion of the Buddhists to other religious faiths, Buddhism gradually lost its prominence in Bengal. It was during the colonial period (1757 to 1947 CE), Buddhism again started reviving in different corners of Bengal principally in the early twentieth century. However, the ‘Partition of Bengal Province (in 1947) appeared as a serious setback for the fate of Buddhism in this region. The East Bengali Buddhists had started a new episode of the struggle for survival in India more precisely in West Bengal as ‘refugees’ or as ‘asylum seekers. After their migration to West Bengal, the Bengali-speaking Buddhists have aspired to build up several Viharas (monasteries), Sanghasrams (spiritual hermitage), temples, and institutions in Kolkata, Sub-Himalayan Bengal, and certain other districts of West Bengal. They have preserved and maintained the Buddhist socio-cultural traditions that they have inherited from the southeastern corner of former East Bengal. This paper highlights all these aspects of the Buddhist culture of West Bengal with a fresh outlook.

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Hossain, Imon Ul. "Tolerance and Counter Narratives in Medieval India: A social phenomenon of Bengal Sultanate." International Journal of Historical Insight and Research 7, no. 3 (July 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/ijhir.2021.07.03.001.

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The last mighty Tughlaq monarch Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was preoccupied with various rebellions which ultimately led to the broke away of Bengal from the centric dominance of Delhi in 1338AD. Ilyas Khan, one of the noble of Delhi sultanate had ascended the throne of Bengal by capturing Lakhnauti and Sonargaon. In this period of study, we have two most remarkable phenomena – firstly, Bengal region secured its distinctiveness from the sway of Delhi Sultanate despite numerous inroads and skirmishes; secondly, the emergence of a divergent socio-cultural atmosphere. In fact, with the advent of this regime Bengal had been transformed into a new composite facet which had become a dynamic force towards the formation of Bengali heritage. However, one formulated narrative does not play the prime key role to impartially evaluate any theme of history, so that we must need proper appropriation. In this paper, therefore, I shall try to project my topic in both common and counter narrative about the socio-cultural repercussions of this age.

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Adhikary, MadhabChandra. "COMPOSITE CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL BENGAL." International Journal of Advanced Research 6, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/7704.

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Hossain, Imon ul. "Profiles of Social Transformation and the Narratives from Syncretism to Conflict in The Mid-Seventeenth Century Mughal Bengal." SEJARAH 31, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol31no1.1.

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The mid-seventeenth-century history of Mughal Bengal has hardly been visited in terms of the social aspects and counter identities of conflict. So many authors have widely worked in the field of medieval Bengal, but there has been no detailed study conducted on the aspect of social transformation and the phenomenon of syncretism to conflict in the last decade of Mughal Bengal because the primary sources of this period have not been carefully studied in terms of appropriate relevancy. That’s why the major evolution of a changing social perception remain unnoticed until the close of Mughal rule. The objective of this paper is to analysis the transformation that occurred in the diverse social profiles of mid-seventeenth-century Bengal, simultaneously, a discourse to observe the conflict of this century against the long-established historical model known as ‘syncretism’ in Medieval Indian history. This work is using qualitative method-based on contemporary accounts of foreign travellers, Persian, and Bengali sources and a few secondary sources in which the new findings are-firstly, the emerging characteristics of the mid-seventeenth century Bengal’s society like-the co-existence of Hindus-Muslims along with the newcomer Christians, the prevalence of folk beliefs and rituals, composite profiles in Pirism, and Distinctive caste identities; secondly, the modes of discrimination and violence.

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Ahmad, Nisar. "Assam-Bengal Trade in the Medieval Period." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 33, no. 2 (1990): 169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852090x00112.

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SARKAR, BIHANI. "The Rite of Durgā in Medieval Bengal: An Introductory Study of Raghunandana's Durgāpūjātattva with Text and Translation of the Principal Rites." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 325–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186312000181.

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The autumnal Durgā Pūjā, the ten-lunar-day worship of the goddess Durgā, also known as Caṇḍī or Caṇḍīkā, is one of the most important festivals in East India and Nepal. Throughout villages and cities in Bengal, Orissa, Assam and the Kathmandu Valley the occasion is marked by pomp and circumstance. In Bengal especially, this worship is a reflection of a culture that has given goddesses a privileged position over male deities from at least the time of the Pālas.2 However, despite the availability of material from the eighteenth century to the present day, the worship of the goddess prior to the colonial presence still remains to a great extent terra incognita. Sanskrit paddhatis (ritual manuals) from the medieval era are among the few records available from Bengal that shed light on the pedagogical and performative context of the rite. The purpose of this article is to provide a synchronic sketch of the medieval ceremony based on the influential and widely cited medieval manual, the Durgāpūjātattva (“The truth concerning the rite of Durgā”, henceforth DPT) of Raghunandana Bhaṭṭācārya (1520–1575 ce)3 supported by parallel accounts of the rite contained in related literature. The sketch will be used as a broad framework to illustrate the manner in which the ceremony was performed or could have been performed in Bengal during the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries ce.

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Elius, Mohammad, Issa Khan, Mohd Roslan Mohd Nor, Abdul Muneem, Fadillah Mansor, and Mohd Yakub @ Zulkifli Bin Mohd Yusoff. "Muslim Treatment of Other Religions in Medieval Bengal." SAGE Open 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 215824402097054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020970546.

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This research analyzes Muslim treatment of other religions in Medieval Bengal from 1204 to 1757 CE with a special reference to Muslim rulers and Sufi saints. The study is based on historical content analysis using a qualitative research design. The study shows the Muslim sultans and Mughals in the medieval period played a vital role in promoting interreligious harmony and human rights in Bengal. In addition, the Muslim missionaries and Sufis served as a force against religious hatred in society. The Muslim sultans and Mughals applied liberal and accommodative views toward non-Muslims. They did not force non-Muslims to accept Islam. Muslims and non-Muslims were integrated society, and they enjoyed full socioeconomic and religious rights. Moreover, Sufis conducted various approaches toward Muslims and non-Muslims as well. They promoted the message of equality and moral conduct among the diver’s faiths of the people. They also applied liberal, syncretic, and accommodative attitude in attracting non-Muslims to Islam in Bengal. The study concludes that most rulers were sympathetic and cooperative in dealing with the people of other religions.

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Majumdar, Suchitra. "Settlement Patterns: Discernible Trends in the Sub-Regions of Early Medieval Bengal." Indian Historical Review 50, no. 2 (December 2023): 280–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03769836231209341.

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The present study seeks to look for discernible trends in the way settlement patterns took shape in the various sub-regions of Bengal ( c. fourth to thirteenth century), broadly corresponding to the modern Indian state of West Bengal as well as Bangladesh. The sources primarily include the epigraphs issued by various ruling dynasties and the thirteenth-century text by Sandhyākaranandi, the Rāmacaritam. The essay has also made a comparison with the scenario prevailing in Assam. Certain pertinent findings on the occupation of people living in largely the marshy and riverine terrain of Bengal and Assam have also been commented upon. Occupations and settlement patterns both being traditional responses to ecological settings and historical factors, many people living in the marshy lands in Bengal and Assam took to fishing and boatmanship in the period under study. Conspicuous presence of the groups of Kaivarttas (traditionally associated with fishing and boatmanship) in both regions, and individuals having names suffixed with ‘- naukins’ in Assam substantiate this fact. Tentative map(s) prepared on the basis of inscriptions show that rural settlements were both nucleated and single farm kinds, regularly interacted at various levels, and for Assam, the possibility of nucleated form is more than what has been acknowledged by scholars so far.

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Debnath, Kunal. "The Naths of Bengal and Their Marginalisation During the Early Medieval Period." Studies in People's History 10, no. 1 (June 2023): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23484489231157499.

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This article is about the Naths (also known as Yogi, Jogi and Jugi) of Bengal and the evidence about the depression of their status that occurred during the early medieval times. Today the householder Naths, who maintain a caste framework, are quite distinct from the ascetic branch of the Nath Sampradaya (community). The householder Naths were apparently degraded by the smarta-ruled Brahmanical society during the twelfth century, the marginalisation being multidimensional—social, political, economic and cultural. Because of their backwardness, the householder Naths were put among Other Backward Castes by the Central government and West Bengal state government in the 1990s. Thus, the householder Naths endure ambiguous identities—claiming high caste status themselves but placed in the Sudra varna by others. This article is an attempt to investigate the historical background of the marginalisation of the householder Naths in Bengal.

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Islam, Sk Zohirul. "The Pair Lion Motif in Shiva Temple of Medieval Bengal: Its Source and Evaluation." American International Journal of Social Science Research 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v3i1.138.

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Lions, particularly male lions, have been an important symbol for thousands of years and appear as a theme in cultures across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The cultural significance of stucco pair lion motif in Shiva temples of Bengal and relates with various types of representation of the same motif found in others. The pair Lion used as stucco (Jora Shiva Temple, Muroli, Jessore district). Shiva is the braver among the all God and Goddesses in Hindu religion during the early period and still. Thus we have found many Shiva temple build in Bengal (present West Bengal(Paschimbango) and Bangladesh). This article try to analyses about how the pair lion motif is depicting of the Shiva temple and what is the relation between Shiva and lion under Mythology and Purana. Shiva is the second most important male deity of Hindu. The usual Shiva –lingam’s which were mainly worshipped in the temples and under trees or in an open space. We would have tried to decipher about Pair Lion Motif decoration of 18th – 19th century Shiva temple of Bangladesh. Those would have to help the history of evaluation of stylized art waves is coming out by its decoration motif with ritual, beliefs and faith of Bengal society. We may look at the artistic tradition of lion sculptures those are widely found from different parts of west Bengal and Bangladesh.

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Chakrabarti, Kunal. "Review Article : Kīrtan and social organisation in medieval Bengal." Indian Economic & Social History Review 28, no. 4 (December 1991): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469102800406.

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13

Furui, Ryosuke. "Merchant groups in early medieval Bengal: with special reference to the Rajbhita stone inscription of the time of Mahīpāla I, Year 33." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76, no. 3 (September 2, 2013): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x13000451.

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AbstractRecent epigraphic discoveries shed new light on merchant groups in early medieval Bengal, a region whose history in the period from the mid-sixth to the thirteenth centuries is shrouded in obscurity. The present article attempts to provide a better delineation of this history with additional information from new inscriptions, and presents a transcription, translation and discussion of the Rajbhita stone inscription which records the activity of an association of merchants called vaṇiggrāma. The history of merchant groups in early medieval Bengal can be delineated as a process of the ruralization of urban elites in its early phase, and of the organization of merchants located in rural space towards specialized groups comparable to jātis in its later phase. The new inscriptions enable us not only to fill gaps with new information, but also give us perspectives from which we can go beyond unilineal simplicity.

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Khatiwada, Som Prasad. "SACRAMENT AS A CULTURAL TRAIT IN RAJVAMSHI COMMUNITY OF NEPAL." Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and Society 3, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/researcher.v3i3.21547.

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Rajvamshi is a local ethnic cultural group of eastern low land Nepal. Their traditional villages are scattered mainly in Morang and Jhapa districts. However, they reside in different provinces of West Bengal India also. They are said Rajvamshis as the children of royal family. Their ancestors used to rule in this region centering Kuchvihar of West Bengal in medieval period. They follow Hinduism. Therefore, their sacraments are related with Hindu social organization. They perform different kinds of sacraments. However, they practice more in three cycle of the life. They are naming, marriage and death ceremony. Naming sacrament is done at the sixth day of a child birth. In the same way marriage is another sacrament, which is done after the age of 14. Child marriage, widow marriage and remarriage are also accepted in the society. They perform death ceremony after the death of a person. This ceremony is also performed in the basis of Hindu system. Bengali Brahmin becomes the priests to perform death sacraments. Shradha and Tarpana is also done in the name of dead person in this community.Researcher: A Research Journal of Culture and SocietyVol. 3, No. 3, January 2018, Page: 13-32

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15

Ahmad, Nisar. "Assam-Bengal Trade in the Medieval Period: A Numismatic Perspective." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 33, no. 2 (1990): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632227.

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Church, Sally K. "The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China." Medieval History Journal 7, no. 1 (April 2004): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194580400700101.

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Pal, Satanik. "From Ritual Scapegoats to Actual Scapegoats." Comparative Sociology 22, no. 3 (June 20, 2023): 389–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10086.

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Abstract The following article conducts two case studies into the premodern caste societies of medieval Bengal and early modern Japan. The Pirali Brahmins in Bengal and eta-hinin castes of Japan—both became scapegoats during these periods and were subject to popular disgust and stigma. The common aspects are that they were both close to the centres of power, and that these castes were feared in the ancient period for their supernatural prowess and they served as ritual scapegoats in pollution cleaning rituals. How they both became actual scapegoats from being ritual scapegoats is explored in this article using the framework popularized by the works of René Girard.

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Thakur, Vijay Kumar. "Trade and Towns in Early Medieval Bengal (c. A.D. 600-1200)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 30, no. 2 (1987): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3632091.

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Furui, R. "Brahmanas in Early Medieval Bengal: Construction of their Identity, Networks and Authority." Indian Historical Review 40, no. 2 (November 26, 2013): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983613499676.

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Datta, Rajat. "From Medieval to Colonial: Markets, Territoriality and the Transition in Eighteenth Century Bengal." Medieval History Journal 2, no. 1 (April 1999): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194589900200107.

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Furui, Ryosuke. "Subordinate rulers under the P–alas: Their diverse origins and shifting power relation with the king." Indian Economic & Social History Review 54, no. 3 (July 2017): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464617710745.

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The political formation in early medieval North India was characterised by subordinate rulers who were indispensable components of a monarchical state of the period. Their agency and power relations with the kingship had critical bearings on the early medieval history of Bengal under the Pālas. The epigraphical sources and the Rāmacarita of Sandhyākaranandin show diverse origins of the subordinate rulers, who got the position through their association with the Pāla kings. The royal grants issued on their application show their attempts to enhance their local control and position by negotiation with the king. The Pāla kings got the upper hand in this negotiation by countering the attempts of subordinate rulers and strengthening the local control through new measures. Their success however brought out a conjuncture at which social contradictions and tensions exploded as the Kaivarta rebellion, which resulted in their heavy dependence on subordinate rulers.

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Karimova, Ekaterina V. "“Upadesamrita” as a medieval source on the history of the philosophy of Bengal Vishnuism." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016765-8.

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The article considers one of the classical Indian medieval texts written by Vaishnava thinker Rupa Goswami (1493– 1564), a follower of the Bengal branch of Vishnuism, an influential Indian religious and philosophical movement. The text "Upadeshamrita" (“Nectar of Instruction”) is one of the basic textbooks for the systematic study of Gaudiya Vishnuism since it not only sets out a concise form of philosophy but also is a practical guide to its application. The study analyzes its structure and content of the text, estimates its role and significance for Bengal Vishnuism. The authors consistently substantiate the relevance of this research, citing references to the works of domestic and foreign scientists and links to comments on this source in various languages. The article provides the history of the treatise and outlines its structure. The article also analyzes the verse meters of the Upadeshamrita. There are multiple approaches within the theoretical basis of Vishnuism to considering the structure of the text because it can derive the various meaning of the content. This analysis of the connections between the verses of the "Upadeshamrita" defined the functionality of the manuscript and presented a few interpretations of the structure. The authors demonstrate how transforms the essence of the message embedded in the text of the work, depending on the spiritual "portrait" of the reader. Therefore, according to the results of the research, the authors concluded that "Upadeshamrita" is a particularly important contribution to Vishnuism learning so it considers as a historical and philosophical source.

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Knutson, Jesse Ross. "The Political Poetic of the Sena Court." Journal of Asian Studies 69, no. 2 (March 12, 2010): 371–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911810000033.

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Through a study of the corpus of contemporary literary depictions of the early medieval/medieval king of Bengal, Lakṣmaṇasena, in the works of the royal literary salon, this essay defines a cluster of poetic elements inseparable from the monarch. It suggests that this official poetic projects its proximity to the contemporary Turkish invasion (ca. 1205 ce), and the attendant crisis and restructuring of the Sena state. Some idiosyncratic poems, however, evince a historical dynamic that is both distinct and inseparable from the official poetic: the proud assertion of a Sanskrit literary provincialism in the context of a shrinking and threatened state. By correlating a pattern of poetic representation with a discrete period and locality, the present inquiry brings into focus the mutually constitutive relationship between literary interpretation and political historical interpretation for the study of early South Asia. And by tracing what was relatively peculiar and singular to this literary world, it strives to erode established scholarly visions of the endless uniformity of premodern literary-political life.

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Fleming, Benjamin J. "Making Land Sacred: Inscriptional Evidence for Buddhist Kings and Brahman Priests in Medieval Bengal." Numen 60, no. 5-6 (2013): 559–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341285.

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AbstractIn research on premodern South Asia, land-grant inscriptions have typically been mined for historical and geographical data. This article suggests that copperplate land-grant inscriptions may also provide an overlooked source of evidence for ideas about sacred space within and between South Asian religions. It focuses on inscriptions recording the granting of land by Buddhist kings to Brahman priests in medieval Bengal, and it hones in on the literary, oral, ritual, and performative elements of the inscriptions in relation to the spaces delineated by acts of granting. Drawing upon broader theoretical discussions concerning gift-giving in relation to economies and exchanges of religious prestige and royal power, it attempts to offer new perspectives towards gift-giving and the economy of the sacred in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. In the process, it attempts to draw out some of the broader ritual and “religious” implications of what is typically treated as an “economic” transaction – namely, the transfer of land from royal to priestly control, which forms the heart of the copperplate’s function and formation.

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Czyżykowski, Robert. "Selected Aspects of the Textual Studies on the Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā Tradition in Medieval Bengal." Cracow Indological Studies 18, no. 18 (2016): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cis.18.2016.18.13.

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Shirajom Monira Khondker. "Study of the Distinguishing Features of Mughal Mosque in Dhaka: A Case of Sat Gambuj Mosque." Creative Space 6, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/cs.2019.62007.

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Mosque is the main focal point of Islamic spirit and accomplishments. All over the world in the Muslim settlements mosque becomes an edifice of distinct significance which is introduced by Prophet Muhammad (Sm.). Since the initial stage of Islam, Muslim architecture has been developed as the base point of mosque. Mosque architecture in medieval time uncovering clearly its sacred identity especially during the pre-Mughal and Mughal period in Bengal. Dhaka, the capital city of independent Bangladesh, is known as the city of mosques. The Mughal mosques of Dhaka are the exceptional example of mosque architecture wherever the ideas and used materials with distinguishing features have been successfully integrated in the medieval context of Bengal. In this research study, the author selected a unique historical as well as Dhaka’s most iconic Mughal era Mosque named “Sat Gambuj Mosque” (Seven Domed Mosque). The mosque, built in the 17th century, is a glowing illustration of Mughal Architecture with seven bulbous domes crowning the roof of the mosque, covering the main prayer area. It is undoubted that this magnificent ancient Mughal mosque is the material evidence of our glorious past with research worthy features and architectural details. This study is an attempt to identify the tangible distinguishing features of the Mughal mosque as well as the selected outstanding historical Mughal mosque. The overall research study conducted here is focused on the accomplishment of the findings in order to relate those distinguishing features with the Mughal mosque characteristics based on the morphological character, architectural features, structure and decoration which will be represented own belief, historical values and cultural exclusivity to the architecture.

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Ghosh, Ranjusri. "Newly Discovered Śaiva-Ascetic Icons from West Bengal." Archives of Asian Art 71, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 93–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00666637-8866689.

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Abstract Koṭivarṣa, a sacred place and an administrative unit that is mentioned in early medieval Indian religious and epigraphic sources from 700 to 1200 ce, is the area of focus of this essay. As an administrative unit, it was almost coterminous with the old Dinajpur district of Bengal, which is now divided into the present Indian state of West Bengal and Bangladesh. At one point in time, its headquarters came to be known as Devīkoṭa, underscoring its rise as a prime place for Devī, the Mother goddess. Sculptural arrays of the Mother goddess from this place point to the domineering presence of her fearsome principles; they parallel textual descriptions about the sacred importance of a wrathful form of the Mother, normally referred to as Cāmuṇḍā. The religious texts, however, do not speak of the ascetics who might have performed the rituals to propitiate the Mother. We do not yet know if any new dimension was added to the corpus of rituals, and the Śiva-Śakti power equation after the Saiddhāntika Śaiva preceptors affiliated with Golagī great monastery of Durvāsas lineage entered Devīkoṭa at the end of the tenth century. This essay searches for answers in the visual elements on the lower registers of stone steles, such as the devotees/donors, other individuals in the service of the Mother Goddess, potfuls of offerings, and the environment of cremation grounds in which worship took place. The main deity and associated figures occupying the larger space in the middle of the steles have tantric content. Icons of Śaiva ascetics from West Bengal, including the three newly discovered examples, are important subjects for this essay, which concludes with the transformation of Devīkoṭa to Bangarh, where Śiva emerged as the chief god par excellence. The Devī had lost her koṭa, her bastion, forever.

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Hasan, Perween. "The presence of the past: Tradition, creativity and identity in the architecture of medieval Bengal." Studies in People’s History 1, no. 1 (June 2014): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448914537337.

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Stolyarov, Alexander A. "Documenting the Charters of Peripheral Dynasties and Clans of Bengal and Bihar of the 2nd half of the 8th – late 13th Centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080027894-0.

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The paper deals with the charters of Bengal and Bihar of the final stage of the early medieval period (late 8th – early 13th centuries), issued on behalf of the rulers of scattered dynasties and clans who ruled on the periphery of the territory of the political domination of the Pāla dynasty of Northern India. The task is to create a scheme for recording 14 individual forms of peripheral dynasties and compare them with Schemes 1 and 2. Scheme 3 was formed: “A formalized record of individual forms of charters of the rulers of peripheral dynasties and clans”, which included records of individual forms of 14 charters. Every schematic entry is located on three lines, where the first line contains the components of the “Initial Protocol”, the second line contains the components of the “Main Part”, and the third line contains the components of the “Final Protocol”. Sanskrit formulas are also affected. According to the study we can assume that in course of their moving away from the dominant dynasty both in space and in time, the local registries responsible for maintaining the cadastral register began to function in accordance with local conditions than with a tradition maintained from the center. We can conclude that the experience of schematically recording the specification forms of land acts of Bengal and Bihar of the Pāla era turned out to be productive: it made it possible to outline the territorial zones of socio-economic activity that existed on the territory of Bengal in the early Middle Ages.

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Islam, Sk Zohirul. "Six-Pointed Star Motif in Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh (Past Bengal) and Turkish Influence: An Historical Study." Bangladesh Journal of Multidisciplinary Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/bjmsr.v2i1.565.

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With the rise of Islamic states as the dominant powers of India and Indian Sub- Continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and South Asia Sultanate and Mughal period (1200-1800 A.D.), by Turkish heroic figure (horsemen), Indian art was subjected to Islamic influence, resulting in a hybrid aesthetics as well as Indo- Islamic art which flourished to varying extends across south and southeast Asia. Bangladesh is world third largest Muslim majority country and situated in South Asia. So the main and primary identity of the notion is mosque architecture and then languages via culture in Bangladesh (past Bengal). Moreover, Traditional history called Mughal and ottoman was the center of all traders and referred as the “Middle Man” due to access to water routes between Asia and Europe. The Ottoman and Mughal Empires were all founded with art and architecture by members of the same ethnically Turkic tribe and originated from Oghuz tribe. Firstly, in the early 14th century, Osman Bey established a small principality in the northeast corner of Anatolia. Despite these many similarities, there are some key difference within the approach to Islamic Art and Architecture from Miniatures Illustrations in Indian Sub-Continent to Mosque architecture in Turkey and the Levant the Mughal and Ottoman empires left their indications.Turkish Military Ikhtiyar Uddin bin Muhammad Bhaktiyer Khilji and his Turkish followers captured Bengal in 1204 A.D. and after then ruled by Turkic. Besides these many Sufis saint-like Khan Jahan Ulugh Khan, Burhan Khan, Gharib Shah, came here and spread Islam and Turkish culture with languages too. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was the first independent Turkic Muslim ruling dynasty in late medieval Bengal, which ruled from the 14th century to the 15th century. It was founded in 1342 by Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah. As follows still presence many Turkish words which used in the Bengali language as Barood, Nishan, Chaku, Bahadur, Begum, Chadar, Surma, bavarchi, kiyma, Korma, and so on. And then showed their power through art and architecture as Mosques and Tombs follows Adina Masjid at Pandua in 1368 A.D.; Eklakhi mausoleum, Pandua; Tomb of Shah Rukn-e Alam in Multan, Sixty Domed Mosque at Bagherhat of Bangladesh, etc. Based on all evidence present, it can be found that the Turks contributed significantly to Bengali languages and culture as well as art and architecture (Mosques and Tombs). Besides many Jewish people came in here through missionary and business purposes. And also we see that there have been found many designs in mosque architecture especially six-point stars which is mentioned as a David symbol. So my focus is the Connectivity between Turkish and Bangladesh through Islamic architecture and Jewish with six point star/hexagon/seal of Solomon. It is a historical study with a journalistic approach.

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Chakraborty, Srabani. "Brāhmaṇ a Land Donees on Bengal’s Eastern Frontier, 600–1300." Studies in People's History 8, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23484489211041139.

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The role of Brāhmaṇa land-grantees in extending cultivation during the early medieval period has been noted by several historians. This study examines the evidence preserved in copper plates from sites in Bengal’s eastern ‘frontier’ formed by the present-day districts of Sylhet, Comilla, Neokhali and Chittagong in Bangladesh, issued between 600 and 1300 AD. The study aims at extracting from the evidence of the copper plates whatever can be gained about the composition of the Brāhmaṇa donees, their personal names, areas of origin and possible connexions with other castes that became subsequently prominent in Bengal, chiefly Kāyasthas. The mechanism of issue of land-grants, possible intermediaries and nature of grantees’ rights, so far as these can be legitimately inferred from evidence, are also discussed.

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Chakrabarti, Kunal. "Textual Authority and Oral Exposition: The Vrata Ritual as a Channel of Communication in Early Medieval Bengal." Studies in History 10, no. 2 (August 1994): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764309401000204.

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Sahu, Bhairabi Prasad. "Trade and traders: An exploration into trading communities and their activities in early medieval Odisha." Studies in People's History 6, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448919875282.

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The article makes an effort to locate the emergence of merchant groups in the context of agrarian growth, availability of a marketable surplus, the rise of different types of exchange centres and political enterprises, which must have created their own requirements and facilitated the movement of goods and commodities. It also tries to factor in the transport and communication routes because coastal Odisha had a large hinterland moving up to the Chhattisgarh plains, as also access to southern Bengal and Jharkhand and beyond through the eastern littoral, especially Dandabhukti, among other routes. The rise of transregional states under the Somavaṁśīs and Later Eastern Gangas must have widened the orbit of activity for the regional mercantile groups. Practices and customs followed by the trading communities and their social competence are also investigated. The idea is to situate the developments in the region in the larger context of the issues and debates in the field of ancient and early medieval India. This essay is largely based on inscriptional sources and charts developments up to the fifteenth century.

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Pramanick, Mrinmoy. "World Literature: An Indian Way of Thinking." Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53397/hunnu.jflc.202302006.

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The idea of the world is a dynamic phenomenon, and the development of world literature is tied to both literary and extra-literary events. Worldwide literary centers can be found in many locations spanning both time and space. The concept of the world, or Visva (Sanskrit), is considerably older even if world literature has been a discursive framework that has affected the literary structures of many languages around the world since the 19th century. “Vasudhaiba Kutumbakam,” or the universal neighborhood, is a term from ancient Indian literature that attests to the age of the concept of Vasudha, or the world. As a result of numerous trade routes, cultural interactions, the expansion of ancient and medieval kingdoms, and the transit of literary writings, cosmopolitan literary spaces were created in various parts of t8he world. Additionally, the absence of modern cartography and the sovereign state system enabled constant changes in the borders of the empires, resulting in spaces with many languages. India has connections to several Asian nations dating back to ancient times, as well as to Europe since the medieval period. The diverse traditions of human thought from various parts of the world are carried in Indian literature. Significant literary contacts and the ongoing formation of new literary legacies were witnessed in the East, Middle East, South East, and South Asia of the present. The Sufi and Bhakti traditions, the reception of Indian epics as oral, written, and performative texts in South-East Asia, and the role of the royal courts as multilingual literary spaces continue to broaden the intellectual traditions of Bharat (India). Thus, the pre-modern development of world literature seemed intriguing and a subject worth exploring for literary professionals. This essay contends that ancient and medieval India and Bengal, particularly their languages, continually bargained to expand their intellectual frontiers.

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Bhattacharyya, Shatarupa. "Localising Global Faiths The Heterodox Pantheon of the Sundarbans." Asian Review of World Histories 5, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2017.5.1.141.

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This essay foregrounds the Sundarbans, a littoral zone in India that moves between sea and land and is a site of global history. It studies the pantheon of divinities, especially Bonbibi (Lady of the Forest), a mythical figure of Muslim origin. Such deities are worshipped by both Hindus and Muslims exclusively in the Sundarbans (Beautiful Forest) that straddles the state of West Bengal (India) and the nation-state of Bangladesh. It demonstrates how the Sundarbans, during Islamisation in the medieval era actively adapted, as against passively adopting, the global faith of Islam to suit the local needs of the people there. The result was a religious worldview that was not quite Islamic, but not quite Hindu either, but rather a singular faith system unique to the region and suited to meet the needs of the people there. And because this faith system does not conform to the orthodox beliefs of either Hinduism or Islam, it can accurately be described as a heterodox pantheon.

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Biswas, Anup. "Exploring the curriculum and teaching methods of Islamic education in medieval Bengal (13th to 16th Century): A historical perspective." International Journal of Applied Research 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2023.v9.i5b.10799.

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Sen, Sudipta. "Retribution in the subaltern mirror: popular reckonings of justice, and the figure of the Qazi in medieval and precolonial Bengal." Postcolonial Studies 8, no. 4 (November 2005): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688790500375116.

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Ludden, David. "From Mountain Fastness to Coastal Kingdoms: Hard Money and “Cashless” Economies in the Medieval Bay of Bengal, edited by John Deyell and Rila Mukherjee." Asian Review of World Histories 10, no. 2 (July 29, 2022): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340123.

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Sarker, Archishman. "Reflections on the material and making of an image in ancient/early-medieval northern Bengal (Varendrī region) during the Pāla-Sena period (6th-13th C.E.)." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2019): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.4.1.30.

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Rezavi, Syed Ali Nadeem. "Book Review: Gaur, The Medieval City of Bengal c. 1450–1565 Special Issue of Pratna Samiksha: A Journey of Archaeology, New Series, Vol. 3, ed., Suchira Roychoudhury." Studies in People's History 1, no. 1 (June 2014): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448914537395.

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Pachkawade, Darshana. "Deep Ecological Reading of Mahasweta Devi’s “The Book of The Hunter”: An Eco-Conscious Approach." IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities 8, no. 1 (August 25, 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijah.8.1.06.

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Deep Ecology is one of the newly emerging areas in ecocritical studies. Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess has coined the word in order to promote ecological consciousness and encourage a feeling of shared identity between humans and the biosphere. Studies in Deep Ecology propose that the human being is just one more among the many species in nature, and not the supreme one; the belief that humanity is somehow exceptional is swiftly leading us towards the anthropogenic depletion of the environment. Mahasweta Devi, a well-respected author and social activist, shows great concern for the health of the ecosystem and its importance for the continuity of the human species, to the extent that a significant amount of her work can be used as apposite study material for eco-critical analysis. The novel considered here, The Book of The Hunter, incorporates salient features of the concept of Deep Ecology. Consequently, the present study reviews the novel with an ecological perspective, all the while discussing the author’s efforts to create eco-consciousness among the readers. The story follows the lives of two couples, the medieval poet Kabikankan Mukundaram Chakrabarti and his wife, and the youngsters Kalya and Phuli. While the novelist aims to capture the different socio-cultural conventions of XVI century rural society (in this Devi acknowledges her debt to Mukundaram’s 1544 epic poem “Abhayamangal”), she nonetheless offers a significant commentary on the deep-seated, beneficent attitude of the forest-dwelling Shabar community of Odisha and West Bengal towards ecological management. At the same time, the author illustrates the effects of the growing number of settlements encroaching upon the forest.

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Bhattacharya, Ujjayan. "Book Review: From Mountain Fastness to Coastal Kingdoms: Hard Money and ‘Cashless’ Economies in the Medieval Bay of Bengal World by John Deyell and Rila Mukherjee (eds.)." International Journal of Maritime History 35, no. 1 (February 2023): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08438714221146921a.

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Billah, Abu Musa Mohammad Arif. "Influence of Persian on Two Medieval Bengali Poets: Shah Muhammad Sagir and Alaol." Korea Association for Public Value 4 (December 31, 2022): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53581/jopv.2022.4.1.27.

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Prasad, Birendra Nath. "Evolution of the Patterns of Cultic Encounters between Buddhism and Brahmanism in the Religious Space of Some Excavated Buddhist Religious Centres of Early Medieval Bihar and Bengal: A Study Based on an Analysis of the Published Archaeological Data." Religions of South Asia 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 314–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/rosa.38544.

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Ming, Chen. "The Transmission of Foreign Medicine via the Silk Roads in Medieval China: A Case Study of Haiyao Bencao." Asian Medicine 3, no. 2 (October 16, 2007): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342008x307866.

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The importance of cultural exchange along the Silk Routes to the cosmopolitan identity of High Tang culture has long been acknowledged. This paper develops that understanding for the medical context by examining the Haiyao bencao 海瑶本草 (Overseas Pharmacopoeia), a specialist materia medica work made up of foreign remedies. With a deeper understanding of the sociocultural and religious context within which its author, Li Xun 李恂), a Persian born in China, worked we can begin to build a vivid picture of the background against which foreign medicines arrived from the Western regions to Medieval China.

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Brennan, Timothy. "Future Interrupted: The Subjunctive Nationalism of M. N. Roy." South Atlantic Quarterly 122, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-10405077.

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Despite today’s routine denunciations of Eurocentrism and the rise of critical schools that consider imperialism to be the exclusive outgrowth of “European epistemologies,” Europe has always been a much more internally mixed entity than is usually supposed as a result of foreign occupations, unassimilated indigenous peoples, contested borders, and a massive cultural and intellectual influx from its present and former colonies. Especially interwar Europe saw this unevenness come to the fore with the residency in Europe of intellectuals and activists from the global South who joined Europeans of like mind in the wake of the Russian Revolution to forge a new international order. The Bengali revolutionary M. N. Roy was one of the most exceptional figures of this type, a promoter equally of science and humanism who dedicated the latter part of his life, in fact, to promoting a “radical and integral humanism” fashioned in part on the work of European thinkers of earlier centuries. In doing so, he was establishing the unevenness of Europe, and making a case for Europe as a joint creation. He was pointing out that these ostensibly European ideas derived from an Enlightenment infused with the more worldly and cosmopolitan philosophies of medieval Arabic, Persian, and Jewish thought.

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"A Research of Shipbuilding Industry in Medieval Bengal." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 12 (October 10, 2019): 1209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l3981.1081219.

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The present paper an attempt has been made the shipbuilding industry and its impact on maritime trade activities of Bengal. It was one of the major industries of Bengal and played an important role of maritime trade relations with Europe, Africa and Asia. Our attempt is mainly confined to the limits of the medieval Bengal. The methods of shipbuilding has mentioned in the contemporary sources of Persian, Arabic, Chinese, European and local sources. Though the maritime ships of Bengal were made Arabian and Chinese style but the war ships construction totally followed indigenous styles by the local technicians.

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Roy, Subrata. "Malda: The Birth and Growth of a Small Town in Mughal-Period North Bengal." Studies in People's History, October 26, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23484489231199035.

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Bengal had a long tradition of emergence, growth and decline of towns from the earliest times to the present century. During the rule of the independent Sultans of Bengal, a list of capital towns appeared in the urban history of early medieval Bengal. The trend of urbanisation also continued in Bengal under Mughal rule. But the European companies’ trade with Bengal also contributed. How the factory of the English at Malda during the seventeenth century contributed to the growth of a manufacturing and trade centre is a key issue in this study.

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Prasad, Birendra Nath. "Jaina and Brahmanical Temples and Political Processes in a Forested Frontier of Early Medieval Southwestern Bengal." Religions of South Asia 14, no. 3 (August 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/rosa.19327.

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In a significant section of available scholarship on pre-Islamic Bengal, a dominant tendency has been to generalize the patterns of historical trajectories of the great river valleys. This has resulted in many discrepancies, particularly in the context of the plateau-like portions of southwestern Bengal, where, unlike other parts of Bengal, Jainism came to have an entrenched presence during the early medieval period (c.600–1200 ce). Through an analysis of the published archaeological data, this paper attempts to study the social history of Jaina and Brahmanical temples and their linkages with the political processes in a forested frontier of early medieval southwestern Bengal: Purulia. This district, marked with an absence of early historical farming cultures, was an extension of the Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand. During the early medieval period, this district witnessed three coeval and interrelated processes: large-scale construction of Jaina and Brahmanical (primarily Saiva) temples, emergence of a local state, and widespread construction of hero stones. The political elites of the major political centre of the local state that emerged in this area seem to have derived their legitimacy by patronizing Saiva temples, but Jaina temples seem to have provided the primary avenue for the legitimation of local heroes after their death, who were immortalized in hero stones.

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Adhikary, Chanchal. "Cooch Behar: Medieval Regional History in a Bengal Frontierland." South Asia Research, September 3, 2021, 097152312110355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09715231211035545.

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For constructing the medieval political history of Cooch Behar, also known as Koch Bihar, the Persian manuscript of BahÂ ristÂ n-i-Ghaybī, discovered in 1919 by Jadunath Sarkar in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, is very significant. This text facilitates our understanding of important historical events in eastern India during the time of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1601–27). The text also provides important details of peasants’ revolts during the Mughal occupation, with remarkable implications until recent times regarding border relations between India and Bangladesh. The article examines the historical facts presented in this important text and corroborates them with other sources to argue that this text should be read as a chronicle for the history of warfare, society and peasants’ life in the region throughout the seventeenth century, with significant implications for later historical developments in Cooch Behar.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medieval bengal'

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