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1
Grmek, Mirko D. "Les médecins communaux de Raguse (Dubrovnik) au Moyen Age." Gesnerus 52, no. 1-2 (November 27, 1995): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0520102003.
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Several medieval cities on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea renewed the Byzantine tradition of hiring a public physician, thus offering their citizens the service of qualified doctors. The case of Ragusa is typical. The archives of this city-state have been preserved since the XIIIth century; the names, origins and professional titles of public physicians are well known. The conditions of their employment reveal not only their duties and the salary but also many aspects of communal hygiene and medical ethics.
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Mitterauer, Michael. "Shroud and Portrait of a Medieval Ruler." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i3.10.
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The research is concerning two unusual evidences of the late Medieval art, which could be seen in the Museum of the cathedral St. Stephan in Vienna. Both of them are related to Herzog Rudolf IV of Austria (1358 - 1365). One artefact in the museum is his silk gold woven shroud elaborated with especial mastership from Chinese silk in Tabriz, a city in present Iran. Especially important for this fabric is that thanks to the interwoven name of the ruler it could be dated precisely. The road of this Near East fabric to Europe and to the tomb of the Herzog in Vienna could be reconstructed. Rudolf IV died suddenly during the visit to his relative Bernabo Visconti in Milano who was one of the richest men in Europe by that time. Probably the fabric was brought across the Silk Road to Constantinople and further across the sea to Genova and to the city of silk Lucca and then to Milano. Such gold woven fabrics from the Islamic world could be found not rarely in the European ruler’s tombs. The second unusual object in the cathedral museum is a portrait of the Herzog. So far this portrait was attributed to a Prague artist. But it could be proved that it originated from Upper Italy and probably was painted by an artist from Verona who was associated to the society around the great humanist Francesco Petrarca. This portrait rises the question about the emergence of early ruler's portraits in Eu-rope and in this aspect is also related to achievements of the „Palaeologus Renaissance“ art in South – East Europe. The two objects are considered as expression forms of the ruler’s funeral culture of the late Medieval age. In the context formed by the comparative approach new possibilities for analysis are created which cross over the traditional methodology of History of Art.
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Coningham, Robin, Prishanta Gunawardhana, Mark Manuel, Gamini Adikari, Mangala Katugampola, Ruth Young, Armin Schmidt, et al. "The state of theocracy: defining an early medieval hinterland in Sri Lanka." Antiquity 81, no. 313 (September 1, 2007): 699–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095673.
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The ancient Sri Lankan city of Anuradhapura is currently the subject of one of the world's largest and most intensive archaeological research projects. Having traced its growth from an Iron Age village to a medieval city, the research team now moves to the task of modelling the surrounding landscape. Three seasons of fieldwork have located numerous sites of which the most prominent in the urban period are monasteries. Here is a clue about how the early urban hinterland was managed which has implications well beyond Sri Lanka.
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Mammadzadeh, Huseyn. "Shortepe fortified settlement and еarly Barda town in Garabagh." Grani 23, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1720104.
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Shortepe situated near Shatirli village of Barda in Garabagh region of Azerbaijan Republic. Archaeological excavations gave us an opportunity to research antique and early medieval period of the city. Shortepe is one of the biggest antique and early medieval settlements of Azerbaijan. The settlement situated near Shatirli village in Barda region. There situated Bronze Age settlement Balatepe which were one of the important centers of Kura-Araxes (proto-albanians) tribes, Bronze Age kurgans and Shortepe archaeological complex in Shatirli village. As a result of the research, four cultural strata were discovered. The first layer belongs to the Kur-Araz culture. In this layer, hearth-shaped and horseshoe-shaped hearths were found. In the second layer, painted and simple vessels typical of the Middle Bronze Age were found, and in the third layer, stone box-type tombs and long-necked clay vessels were found. The fourth layer is located at a depth of 0.3-0.9 m. Earthen graves belonging to children and the elderly were found in this layer. There are considerable information about Barda city and a region where it is situated in the works of authors of Antic and Early Middle Ages. Archeologists C.Morqan, N.Silosani, İ.Babayev, R.Goyushov, A.Nuriyev, H.Jafarov, F.Osmanov, A.Mammadov, M.Huseynov had been researched in Barda. According to professor A.M.Mammadov, Shortepe monument is remains of ancient Barda that called “Harum” in the works of Nizami Ganjavi. The article was dedicated to antique and early medieval fortified settlement Shortepe, which researchers prove that the settlement was an ancient Barda town. We can localize it with Anariaka antique Caucasian Albanian settlement. Archaeological excavations were continued in 2006-2016 years regularly. Archaeological excavations had been led in Shortepe in 2014. Scientific researches had been continued in the size of 10x10 m and the area had been divided 4 square. In the result of the archaeological excavations has been got the material examples which dedicated to the antique and early medieval period. In 2015 year archaeological excavations continued. Fortified part of settlement and pit graves was unearthed during digs. Scientific investigations show that Shortepe was ancient city of Garabagh region of Azerbaijan.
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Perry, Rebekah. "The Medieval Inchinata Procession at Tivoli: Ritual Construction of Civic Identity in the Age of the Commune." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 76, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2017.76.1.36.
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In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the nascent independent communes of central Italy expressed a new sense of civic identity through the staging of elaborate public liturgical processions that shaped and were shaped by local mythology and idiomatic urban landscapes. The Medieval Inchinata Procession at Tivoli: Ritual Construction of Civic Identity in the Age of the Commune examines Tivoli's Inchinata procession, which continues to circle the city every year on the eve of the Feast of the Assumption. Reconstructing the route and performance of the medieval Inchinata through textual, topographical, and archaeological data, Rebekah Perry argues that the procession evolved as an adaptation of “official” liturgical rites introduced by Tivoli's rival Rome to a native apotropaic ritual and local narratives embedded in the city's topography. Through the cosmographical choreography of the procession, the young municipality may have used this amalgamation to invoke the New Jerusalem as an appeal to divine authority for the right to self-rule.
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Lindroos, Alf, Lior Regev, Markku Oinonen, Åsa Ringbom, and Jan Heinemeier. "14C Dating of Fire-Damaged Mortars from Medieval Finland." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 915–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047561.
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This study focuses on radiocarbon dating of mortars that have withstood city fires and display visible fire damage effects. Some fire-damaged and undamaged original Medieval mortars from the same site have also been tested. The mortars were heated at different temperatures and then analyzed using the same preparation procedures as in 14C dating of mortars to see what kind of changes the heating would introduce to the mineralogy, chemistry, and the carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. We found that decarbonation during heating starts at ∼600 ° and recarbonation starts as soon as the temperature drops. Already after a few days, most of the lost CO2 has been replaced with atmospheric CO2. The renewed carbonates are readily soluble in the acid hydrolysis process and their carbon and oxygen isotopes have a light signature. Fire-damaged historical mortars display the same features. If a long time has elapsed between hardening of the original mortar and the fire, the new carbonates have 14C concentrations that point to the fire event rather than to the building event. In several cases, the fire-damaged mortars have an easily soluble carbonate fraction with a 14C age that could be related to a major fire event, but still most of the soluble carbonate yields a 14C age that seems like a reasonable age for the original construction.
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Tracy, James D., and David Nicholas. "The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390." American Historical Review 94, no. 5 (December 1989): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906390.
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Hilton, R. H., and David Nicholas. "The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390." Economic History Review 43, no. 1 (February 1990): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596536.
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Engovatova, Asya V., Alexander Cherkinsky, and Ganna I. Zaiseva. "THE EXTERMINATION OF THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN CITY OF YAROSLAVL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 13TH CENTURY: THE LONG JOURNEY TO EXACT DATING." Radiocarbon 62, no. 6 (December 2020): 1833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.137.
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ABSTRACTThis paper raises methodological issues of radiocarbon (14C) dating of historical events based on data obtained during the excavations of the Russian medieval city of Yaroslavl. The city is of special interest to our study because of the precise time of its destruction by troops of Batu Khan mentioned in chronicles—the winter of 1238. To date in Yaroslavl, researchers have discovered 9 mass burials of citizens and domestic animals buried sometime after the massacre by the Mongols. Mass burials of people alongside animals in a common grave and outside of the cemetery, in violation of Christian traditions, are not typical of medieval Russia and are a sign of a military catastrophe. To test this hypothesis, we dated a total of 65 samples representing all 9 mass burials. A Bayesian chronological model of the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates narrowed the interval to the range of 1197–1280 cal AD, with the mean age of 1239 AD, consistent with the hypothesis that the studied mass burials of citizens and livestock are related to the capture of the city by the army of Batu Khan.
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Pokharia, Anil K., Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Shalini Sharma, Michael Spate, Deepika Tripathi, Ashok Priyadarshan Dimri, Xinyi Liu, et al. "Variable monsoons and human adaptations: Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records during the last 1400 years in north-western India." Holocene 30, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 1332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620919976.
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We present the first systematic evaluation of the relationship between the archaeological and palaeoclimatic record from north-western India during the past millennium, from the urban site of Chandravati. The rarity of Medieval sites, systematic excavations and multi-disciplinary work in the subcontinent obscure the impact of two distinct climate anomalies − the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (‘MWP’, 740 − 1150 CE), followed by the ‘Little Ice Age’ (‘LIA’, 1350 − 1850 CE). The finds from the archaeological site indicate the presence of winter and summer crops, suggesting the region was likely warm and mild humid during pre-Medieval period (ca. 600 − 800 CE). During Medieval times (between ca. 800 − 1300 CE), a diversification of the crop assemblage suggests that the region was under a warm and humid climate, corresponding to the ‘MWP’, driving increased monsoon precipitation. During the post-Medieval period (ca. 1350 − 1800 CE), drought-resistant millets and other summer pulse crops indicate the region probably experienced weak SW monsoon precipitation coinciding with globally recognised ‘LIA’. These interpretations are supported through phytolith data from the archaeological deposit broadly indicating two phases, the first being a period of diversified agricultural/anthropogenic activity (ca. 600 − 1350 CE), followed by a period dominated by drought-resistant crops (ca. 1350 − 1800 CE). Pollen data from a proximal lake corroborate the warm and humid phase ca. 800 − 1400 CE, with strong representation of warm−humid favouring tropical forest taxa, followed by non-arboreal indicators of a drier more open landscape ca. 1500 − 1800 CE. These environmental changes may have combined with other historic and institutional factors that led to the ultimate abandonment of the city. These changing cropping patterns, vegetation and cultural developments provide insight into past human response to climate change as well as important lessons for modern societies in exploring sustainable agricultural strategies to future climate change.
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Insoll, Timothy. "A cache of hippopotamus ivory at Gao, Mali; and a hypothesis of its use." Antiquity 69, no. 263 (June 1995): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00064723.
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The hippopotamus is a large beast with large teeth—large enough for hippopotamus ivory, then and now, to be a useful alternative to elephant ivory (there are both kinds in the Aegean Bronze Age, as well as the little tusks of wild boar). A newly found cache of hippopotamus ivory at Gao, medieval city of the south Saharan edge, opens a wider place for the material in contact across the great north African desert.
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Ikrom, Eshatov. "Historical bazaars of central asia – predictors of modern shopping centers." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 4 (September 25, 2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i4.104.
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Development of international and local commerce and functional requirements for urban development are the basis for the formation of bazaars in Middle Age Central Asian cities. These processes range from ancient cities to civilized cities of the medieval world. In the Middle Ages, all the streets in the city center were commercialized and formed a single bazaar complex. Outside the city gates there are wholesale bazaars. As a result of urban development and the expansion of its territory, trade-centered forces and squares completely surround the city center. Crossroads of the main streets of the city will be decorated with domed structures - Chorsu and Tims. Special buildings - Toki and Caravanserai will be built in shopping malls.
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Cooper, Kate, Julia Hillner, and Conrad Leyser. "DARK AGE ROME: TOWARDS AN INTERACTIVE TOPOGRAPHY." Late Antique Archaeology 3, no. 1 (2006): 311–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000047.
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This paper represents a report on work in progress at the University of Manchester’s Centre for Late Antiquity. The goal of our research is to open a new chapter in research on late ancient and Early Medieval Rome, through the systematic collation and diffusion of relatively neglected sources, in particular the Roman gesta martyrum. They are not usually considered as a source for the social history of the city, because of their transparently tendentious character. Yet the gesta are our best witness to the ebullient of the Roman laity, on whose patronage the ecclesiastical hierarchy continued to depend. We hope to make the gesta more widely accessible, and to facilitate their cross-referencing with other kinds of source; our method is to combine the tools of traditional scholarship with contemporary digital technologies, the operation of which we briefly describe here.
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Attreed, Lorraine. "The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390. David Nicholas." Speculum 64, no. 2 (April 1989): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2852000.
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Laviola, Valentina. "Drinking from a Golden Cup, Eating from a Silver Dish. Metalwork in Islamic Iranian Sources (11th–12th century)." Annali Sezione Orientale 77, no. 1-2 (June 21, 2017): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340030.
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Very few precious metalwork reached our age, against a large number of base metal objects. Historical sources related to the Eastern Iranian lands and dating to the 11th–12th century describe medieval Islamic courts as glittering with gold and silverware, on a continuity with the ancient Iranian culture strong enough to defy even religious bans. In particular, a high rank metalwork production is attested in Ghazni, during the period the city enjoyed the role of capital of the Eastern Iranian world.
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Steinwender, Clemens Leopold. "Korruption, Ämterkauf und Patronage in Florenz. Informelle Politik im italienischen Stadtstaat und der Toskana." historia.scribere, no. 7 (May 19, 2015): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.7.412.
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Corruption, purchase of administrative office and patronage in Florence. Informal politics in the italian city state and Tuscany This proseminar – paper deals with the corruption and Patronage in late medieval and modern age Florence. The reign of the Medici is especially looked at with prominent figures such as Lorenzo de Medici or Cosimo de Medici. The necessary institutions for this to happen are adressed as well as the forms these practices had. The ties with the pope and the church are also a part of the paper. As will be shown, the leaders of Florence often had to tolerate forms of corruption due to the nature of this italian city state.
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Poggi, Francesco. "Orvieto and Bagnoregio in the XIV century – a case study on city and countryside in Late Medieval Italy." Miscellanea Geographica 23, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0014.
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Abstract The aim of this article is to examine the interactions among main cities and the rural communities subordinate to them in central Italy during Late Middle Age. Premise of my work is the refusal of the assumption that cities and towns interacted between them as a whole. I choose Orvieto and its subordinate town of Bagnoregio in 1303 and 1304 as case study to enlighten that parties and faction based in the city and in the town interacted in ways that it is impossible to reduce to the dichotomy master- servant: this links as a whole shaped the dialogue between the city and its subordinates.
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Shchodra, Olha. "THE SLAVIC AGE IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION: THE ECONOMIC RISE OF THE SLAV-INHABITED BALTIC SEACOAST IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES." Problems of slavonic studies, no. 68 (2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2019.68.3068.
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Abstract Background. The article attempts to explore the reasons of the economic rise in the Slav-inhabited Baltic Sea region, including the role of geographical factors; the impact of international trade on the economic development of the Slavic region; the role of the coastal Slavs in developing the Baltic trade routes as well as the network of river and land communications in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper mainly focuses on the participation of the Slavs in the formation of transcontinental trade routes and the development of trade between Europe and the Arab East. Purpose. To explore medieval written sources, archaeological sources and historical literature on the economic development of the Baltic Slavs; identify the main factors of their economic rise, including the establishment of cities and the development of trade. Results. The following conclusions are made in the article: the first early medieval cities in the southern Baltic were founded by the Slavs; as early as in the VII century in the Oder river basin alone there were about a hundred settlements in the lands of lutych tribes. The cities founded by the Slavs on the southwest coast of the Baltic were large trade centers such as Veligrad (ger. Mecklenburg), Volyn (ger. Yumna), Staryhrad (ger. Oldenburg), Kolobreg, Shchetin, Arkona and others. According to the German chronicler Adam Bremensky the Slavic city of Volyn located on the island at the mouth of the Oder river, was one of the largest early medieval cities in Europe and a major international trading center. The emergence of early cities was stimulated by economic development in the Baltic Slavic region, including agriculture and crafts. However, trade was the main factor in the economic rise of the Slav-inhabited Baltic sea region. The favorable geographical location contributed to the formation in its territory of a network of waterways and landways, which were branches of international trade highways. Contrary to established views of the Slavs as exclusively agricultural people, sources indicate that the main occupation of the coastal Slavs was trade. They also engaged in the maritime piracy, the centers of which were the islands of Fembra (ger. Femarn) and Ruyan (ger. Rügen). The coastal Slavic tribes were pioneers in paving the first trade routes and in developing international trade in the Baltic region. Trade activities of the coastal Slavs to a large extent ensured the establishment of trade links between different regions of Europe and the development of transcontinental trade between Europe and the Arab East. The transcontinental water and land routes passed through the lands inhabited by the Slavs (Slavonia). An important role in its development in the early Middle Ages also belongs to the Danube Slavs (the state of Samo, Great Moravia) and Rus. Key words: early Medieval Age, Baltic Slavs, obodrytes, lutyches, ruyans, international trade routes, trade with the Arab East.
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Vitullo, Anita. "People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City." Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 1 (2003): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68.
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Following the Oslo accords, the Old City of Hebron, one of the best preserved examples of medieval cities in the world but progressively abandoned since the 1967 occupation, became the object of an ambitious Palestinian rehabilitation project, which received international recognition with a 1998 Aga Khan architectural award. This report details the project and the strategy to repopulate the Old City against the background of Hebron's ancient and recent history, including the impact of Israeli policies and settler violence. Israeli measures in the wake of the second intifada have posed unprecedented challenges, which the ongoing project's planners struggle to meet.
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Sterk, Andrea. "FORUM ON ROBERT BARTLETT'S WHY CAN THE DEAD DO SUCH GREAT THINGS?: SAINTS AND WORSHIPPERS FROM THE MARTYRS TO THE REFORMATION: Introductory Remarks." Church History 85, no. 4 (December 2016): 784–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640716000779.
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Pondering the miraculous deeds of the early Christian saints and martyrs in his City of God, St. Augustine queried, “Why can the dead do such great things?”1 Robert Bartlett's magisterial study takes up this question by examining the veneration of the holy dead from the age of the martyrs through the Protestant Reformation. While its center of gravity is medieval Europe, the book's long scope and comparative dimensions make it relevant to historians and scholars of religion across a broad chronological and geographic spectrum. Alongside its erudition, Bartlett's study is also remarkably accessible—full of engaging stories, good humor, and profound insight into human nature as well as social practice.
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Reyerson, Kathryn L. "Medieval and Early Modern - The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302–1390. By David Nicholas. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. Pp. xii, 369. $35.00." Journal of Economic History 48, no. 3 (September 1988): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700005982.
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Lindroos, Alf, Edwin Orsel, Jan Heinemeier, Jan-Olof Lill, and Kristian Gunnelius. "Radiocarbon Dating of Dutch Mortars Made from Burned Shells." Radiocarbon 56, no. 3 (2014): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16508.
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AMS-bascd radiocarbon dating was applied to Medieval lime mortars made from burned shells and aggregate including both shore sediments and neovolcanic rocks. Three mortar samples from the city of Leiden near Amsterdam were prepared using the same kind of acid hydrolysis technique as has been earlier used for dating mortars made from burned marble and limestone. Five consecutive CO2 fractions were collected from each sample to form age profiles as functions of the dissolution progress index. One of the samples, from a brick wall of known age, was taken as a reference from the Pieterskerk church. Two other samples were taken from the Burcht circular stronghold on a former island on the Rhine River. The age of Burcht is less well known; thus, the presented results are a contribution to an ongoing discussion on its history.
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Arnade, Peter, Martha C. Howell, and Walter Simons. "Fertile Spaces: The Productivity of Urban Space in Northern Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32, no. 4 (April 2002): 515–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219502317345493.
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Spatial theory—the study of the relationship between material and discursive spatial practices—has great potential for recasting our understanding of urban life in Europe during the late medieval and early modern period, a formative moment in the history of Western urbanity. Urban space—and spaces— acquired powerful, effective valences in this age, producing new social possibilities and new historical actors while simulataneously eliminating others. Examining spatial practices through the lens of legal space, ritual space, and textual space not only exposes the assumptions about early modern urbanity that underlay existing historiography on city space in the period but also points toward the spatial histories that have not yet been written on markets, gender, and the public.
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De Vos, P. J., and M. J. De Rijk. "VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BIRTHPLACE OF REMBRANDT VAN RIJN: FROM HISTORICAL RESEARCH OVER 3D MODELING TOWARDS VIRTUAL PRESENTATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-397-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> 2019 marks the 350th anniversary of the death of the famous seventeenth-century painter Rembrandt van Rijn. Rembrandt was born in 1606 in the city of Leiden, located in the Netherlands. Here he grew up, was educated and set up his early practice before moving to Amsterdam at age 31. He is the son of a miller's family, which lived and worked in the city at the dawn of the Dutch Golden Age – a period in which Leiden transformed from a medieval city to an early modern metropolis. Although the historical city fabric of Leiden is well preserved, the birthplace of the famous painter, unfortunately, has been demolished. Also, the surroundings are unrecognizable today. For this reason, the tourism and marketing department of the city asked Erfgoed Leiden, the regional heritage department, to make a 3D virtual reconstruction of Rembrandt's birthplace and its surrounding. It resulted in a multi-disciplinary collaboration between archivists, building archaeologist, and a 3D artist. This paper reflects this cooperation from historical research over aspects of the 3D modeling pipeline to the final products of the reconstruction. Following a <q>reliability</q> matrix, the data were categorized for their reliability after careful evaluation of their accuracy depending on the source.</p>
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Raftis, J. A. "The Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390, by David NicholasThe Metamorphosis of a Medieval City: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390, by David Nicholas. Lincoln, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 1987, xi. 369 pp. $35.00. U.S." Canadian Journal of History 23, no. 3 (December 1988): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.23.3.390.
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Kotsonas, Antonis. "POLITICS, RESEARCH AGENDAS AND ABORTIVE FIELDWORK PLANS OVER LYKTOS, CRETE: A HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH." Annual of the British School at Athens 114 (August 14, 2019): 399–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245419000078.
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Politics and research agendas have had a major role in shaping the archaeology of Crete. This article focuses on the history of research on Lyktos, one of the most important ancient cities of the island, to explore the impact of academic and non-academic factors on archaeological fieldwork. Relying on wide-ranging archival research and extending from the Renaissance to the early twenty-first century, the analysis covers the fluctuation of international scholarly interest in Lyktos, the often abortive plans for excavations by numerous British, Italian, German and Greek archaeologists, and the ways in which fascination with the ancient city relates to broader political and disciplinary history. I also synthesise the small-scale fieldwork conducted at the site and reconstruct its archaeological landscape from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period, offering several new insights in local topography and material culture. This work challenges the characterisation of Lyktos as a ‘phantom city’ and highlights the significance of the site for the archaeology of Crete.
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Muminov, Orifhuja Odilovich. "Historical Considerations Of Rural Areas Of The Ancient Kesh Oasis." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 2, no. 09 (September 30, 2020): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue09-77.
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Kesh (Arabic, in its sources Kashsh, Kass, Kise) is a historical city and region. It occupies the north-eastern part of the present-day Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan. Initially, it was located on the site of Kitab district, then in the 9th-10th centuries it moved to Shakhrisabz. Extensive research has been conducted in the Kesh oasis over the years, which has provided valuable information on the ancient and medieval history of the oasis. Important information about the ancient and medieval history of the oasis is given in the sources. These sources provide detailed information on the geographical location of the Kesh oasis, the lifestyle of the population of the oasis, the socio-economic life of the oasis, the structure of the city of Kesh. Historians such as Ibn Hawqal and Al-Muqaddas have provided such valuable information in their works. From the 20th century, archeological excavations began in the oasis. Preliminary research was conducted by orientalists in the oasis. In the oasis V.V.Bartold, V.A.Vyatkin, B.Denike conducted scientific research. In 1926, A.Yu.Yakubovsky was sent to Shakhrisabz to study historical topography. In the 1930s, the monuments of Shakhrisabz were studied by Y.G.Gulomov, T.M.Mirgiyosov, S.K.Kabanov, S.A.Sudakov and the artist N.S.Lojkin. Archaeological excavations in the oasis were also carried out by M.E. Masson in the 1940s. Archaeological excavations were carried out by S.K.Kabanov in 1946-1950. In 1955, V.D.Zhukov conducted excavations at the site of Kindiklitepa. The research conducted by N.I.Krasheninnikova in 1970-1980 is also important. Similar expeditions were carried out in later periods. Among them are R.H.Suleymanov, E.V.Rtveladze and A.S.Sagdullaev. The archeological researches and scientific researches of these scientists are served as an important basis in determining the age of the cities of the eastern (Kesh) and western (Karshi) oasis of Kashkadarya and their place in the urban culture of Central Asia.
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Derin, Zafer. "Potters' marks of Ayanıs citadel, Van." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643064.
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The citadel of Ayanıs is situated on a hill 250m high (1866.87m in altitude) above Lake Van and 35km north of Tushpa, the capital city of the Urartians. During ongoing work at the castle between 1989 and 1997 various finds were made which belong to the period of the Urartian king Rusa II. An important group of mainly domestic pots, including a range of different shapes, were amongst these finds. Vessels such as pithoi, jars, bowls and jugs were frequently found in situ in rooms. Some of the pots found in certain areas of the citadel attract attention because of the potters' marks visible on them. During the work of the 1989–1997 seasons at Ayanıs, 2,787 pieces of Medieval and Iron Age pottery were registered. Of these sherds, 179 bear pot-marks.
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Pinho, Jorge, and Susana Henriques. "Was There a Pre-Roman Occupation in Coimbra, Portugal? The Contribution of Rua Fernandes Thomaz, 72–74 for Understanding Occupation of the Territory of Aeminium during the Transition from the Iron Age to the Roman Era." Heritage 2, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 184–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2010014.
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Iron Age studies are scarce for the city of Coimbra, besides the findings from the Machado Castro Museum, and therefore this intervention has revealed an important heritage collection. The recovered artefacts, which can be associated with the indigenous world, reveal regional parallels with Conimbriga, the Aeminium Forum and Lomba do Canho. There is clear evidence of region-wide homogenisation of pottery morphologies, surface treatments and production processes. A structure dated from the period of the Roman emperor Augustus aligned with the steep natural geological profile, with unobstructed views over the Mondego river, was found in the interior of a medieval defensive wall, making it possible to deconstruct the chronological periods of the locale, which is consistent with an Iron Age occupation, since at least the second century B.C. More importantly, it is necessary to understand the spatial contextualisation of this archaeological site through morphological analysis of the pottery in a local and regional context and comprehend the chronological hiatus and settlement between the archaeological sites located in the estuary mouth, from other sites found upstream along the Mondego river.
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Baker, J. H. "Famous English Canon Lawyers: V." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 3, no. 12 (January 1993): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00001666.
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The first post-Reformation English canonist in our series seems, on the face of his curriculum vitae a very different kind of lawyer from the medieval writers previously described. He was not a doctor of law, and seems to have spent a mere three years at university. He went up to Oxford as a relatively mature student (in his early 20s) in 1576, having already served an apprenticeship as clerk in the registar's office at York and having become a notary public and actuary of the Consistory Court in the early 1570s. He was a local boy, born and educated in the city of York, and came to the attention of the ecclesiastical authorities as a promising clerk at about the age when more fortunate youngsters were sent to Oxford or Cambridge. Swinburne's study therefore began in the office, and in the routines of clerical writing: a preparation which, in other spheres of law also, could prove as valuable as college life for the true scholar.
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Foss, Clive. "Strobilos and Related Sites." Anatolian Studies 38 (December 1988): 147–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642848.
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In the Byzantine period, urban life in Anatolia underwent a decay in which ancient cities shrank behind reduced circuits of walls or withdrew to the fortified hilltops whence they had descended in the Hellenistic age. Even the greatest city of the empire, Constantinople, saw a drastic diminution of population and resources, abandonment of its ancient public works and services, and consequent transformation from a classical to a medieval city. These changes began with the devastating invasions of Persians and Arabs in the seventh century. Sources reveal little about Anatolia between the early seventh and mid-ninth century, a true dark age, but the evidence of archaeology often makes it possible to visualize conditions at the time.The Byzantines, whose empire long survived these troubles, generally occupied existing sites in Asia Minor where their ruins are superimposed on those of the Romans or earlier cultures. In only a few instances, usually occasioned by the needs of defence or of a militarized administration, were new sites founded. Although the Dark Ages were not a propitious time for urban development, some new towns did come into existence or prominence. Few of them have been studied. Strobilos on the Carian coast, therefore, is of some potential interest as an example of a Byzantine town which first appears in the historical record in the eighth century, and whose remains have been preserved.
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Pascucci, Vincenzo, Gabriela Frulio, and Stefano Andreucci. "New Estimation of the Post Little Ice Age Relative Sea Level Rise." Geosciences 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080348.
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The study area is located in NW Sardinia Island (Italy), Mediterranean Sea. Sardinia is considered stable since the late Pliocene with a negligible subsidence of about 0.01 mm/y. It is therefore normally used to reconstruct the Pleistocene and Holocene sea level curves. Our research focusses on the sea-facing city of Alghero that from 1353 to 1720 was under the Spanish government. During this time, the city was renovated and new buildings edified. Dimension stones were quarried all around Alghero both in the nearby inland and along the coast. Coastal quarries were considered the most suitable for both rock quality and the easiest way to transport the quarried material by boat. The quarried rocks are late Pleistocene dune and beach sandstones deposited from the 132 ka (Marine Isotopic Stage—MIS5) to about 65 ka (MIS4). Sandstones crop out from few cm to 3 m above the present sea level and underwent several consolidation processes related to loading and marine weathering. This latter favoured dissolution and circulation of calcium carbonate which cemented the rocks. It is reported that the Spanish were looking for these “marine” sandstones for their high geotechnical characteristics. Different rules were adopted through time for the size of the dimension stones and this has allowed us to establish a quarry exploitation chronology. For example, “40 × 60 × 20” cm was the size of the dimension stones used for the Alghero Cathedral dated at 1505–1593. Nowadays most of the coastal Spanish quarry floors are 30 centimetres below mean sea level (tidal range is 30 cm). Accordingly, we infer that relative sea level from 1830 AD (and of the Little Ice Age) rose in about 200 years to the present level at the rate of about 1.4 mm/y. Considering that relative sea level rise during the Medieval warm period was of 0.6 mm/y over a period of about 400 years, we may deduce that human influence was strong enough to lead to a relative sea-level rise faster and in shorter time.
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Fiorino, D. R., S. M. Grillo, E. Pilia, and G. Vacca. "GEOMATICS AND ARCHAEOMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE REUSE OF RUINS. THE SANTA CHIARA CONVENT RUIN IN CAGLIARI (SARDINIA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-525-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The ruined convent of Santa Chiara, a nodal urban space connecting three historic quarters of Cagliari, has had a key role in the urban life of the city since medieval age. After the suppression of the mendicant orders in 1864 and the violent bombings during the World War II, this monument become a neglected and ruined shell of masonry with no roofs and floors, losing its central role. Several interventions for its conversion as temporal local market and the following restoration and integration works have contributed to stratify these structures nowadays not accessible but valuable benchmarks for reconstructing the history and evolution of the fabric, still unclear. Starting from the archival and bibliographic investigations, then a geomatics and archaeometric investigations of the fabric have allowed to understand and study the building’s forms, geometries, materials, developments, and chronologies. They have also permitted to recognise characteristic features or anomalies, structural morphology, and other structural issues, significant for the definition of sustainable project of reuse.</p>
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Młynarczyk, Jolanta. "Beit Ras (Capitolias): the archaeological project (2014–2016)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 473–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1802.
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Polish excavations at the site of Beit Ras (ancient Capitolias) in the governorate of Irbid, northern Jordan, investigated an area in the northern part of the ancient town, to the west of the Roman-age theater. Three seasons of fieldwork were conducted, starting in 2014 with a survey using the electric resistivity method to detect ancient structures. The presence of architectural features was noted, dated by surface finds spanning a period from the 1st–2nd through the 12th–13th centuries AD. In the next two seasons, in 2015 and 2016, excavation of three archaeological trenches led to the discovery of the remains of a winery and a section of the city wall, as well as a sequence of floors. This established a chronology of usage from the Roman to the early medieval period and proved that this part of the town was mostly domestic in character, at least during the Byzantine and early Islamic periods. Evidence of destruction of a nearby church was also found, tentatively attributed to a Sassanian raid in AD 614 or soon after.
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Schlinker, Steffen. "Rentengeschäft im spätmittelalterlichen Reval." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 137 (June 29, 2021): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.191.
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This article examines the deeds establishing annuities in late-medieval Reval (Tallinn). In most cases, some clerical institution or the city council itself functioned as the debtor, promising a yearly rente to a creditor in exchange for a capital sum. Among the beneficiaries are numbered one or more natural persons as well as corporations such as churches. The deeds show that granting annuities was found to be useful in a number of different contexts. They could be employed to create a fixed annual income. They could also be used to gain spiritual merit, if a perpetual rent was created in order to benefit a church or hospital. They could be used as a form of payment for the life-time use of real property or to facilitate the distribution of an estate among the heirs. Of course, annuities were a risky proposition, a fact which generated a number of individual stipulations to cover various eventualities. The age and the number of beneficiaries may have influenced the level of the rente, which normally ranged between 6 % and 10 % of the capital invested.
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Luttrell, A. T., and T. F. C. Blagg. "VII. The Papal Palace and other Fourteenth-Century Buildings at Sorgues near Avignon." Archaeologia 109 (1991): 161–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261340900014077.
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John XXII, elected as the second of the Avignon popes on 7 August 1316 at the age of seventy-two, built extensively in the territories around that city as well as initiating works in Avignon itself. In 1318 he began the construction of a palace on the edge of the small town of Sorgues, situated some nine kilometres north of Avignon at a point on the line of the old Roman road to Orange where there was a bridge across the river Ouvèze, a major tributary of the Rhône. This paper considers the evidence for the palace, including the surviving remains of the structure which are published here for the first time, and for certain contemporary buildings in Sorgues, in particular the house at 27 Rue de la Tour in which a series of late fourteenth-century frescoes was uncovered in 1936. These researches began with an architectural study of this ‘Maison des Fresques’, but it soon became clear that such investigations raised wider questions involving the interpretation of documentary and archaeological evidence relevant both to the palace and to the medieval topography of the town.
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Karim, Mehtab S. "Changing Demographic, Social, and Economic Conditions in Karachi City, 1959–94: A Preliminary Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4III (December 1, 1995): 1093–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iiipp.1093-1106.
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Kingsley Davis (1961) had argued that the reason that the ancient cities failed to survive was that they were too deadly. He suggested that “three of their (cities) main traits....the crowding of many people in little space, their dependence on widespread contacts (due to in-migration), and their wealth...laid them open to contagious diseases, environmental contamination, occasional starvation and warfare”. Even in the medieval age, some European cities provide examples of such problems; but especially so following the Industrial Revolution. Do the events of the 1980s and the 1990s in Karachi suggest that the city may be heading in the same direction. Recently, The Times London in a lead article in November 1994, labelled Karachi as a “City of Riches and Shattered Dreams”. It further said that Karachi had grown into a megalopolis where life moved fast and street violence had become a norm. Indeed, more than 65 percent of Pakistan’s industries and 80 percent of its finance, banking, and business are concentrated in the city and people come to it from all over the country to find jobs and fulfil their dreams [Husain (1994)]. During the past decade, street violence in the form of ethnic clashes has become a sort of regular event in Karachi. At times, these clashes have been more frequent and even bloodier than the ones before. According to the local newspaper accounts, between 1985 and 1988 (in four years), about 400 people died in Karachi due to violence, which has increased substantially over time. Thus, while the number of violent deaths remained between 350–500 during 1991–93, in 1994 alone the number exceeded 1,100, and during the first three months of 1995, over 300 persons have died due to violence. According to the Karachi Police sources, most of the victims of violent deaths in Karachi during 1994 were men in the age group 13–50.
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Cardinali, V., M. T. Cristofaro, M. Ferrini, R. Nudo, B. Paoletti, and M. Tanganelli. "AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH FOR THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL CENTRES IN MASONRY BUILDING AGGREGATES: APPLICATION TO THE CITY OF SCARPERIA, ITALY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-667-2020.
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Abstract. The seismic vulnerability of masonry building aggregates is very difficult to determine, since it is affected by many uncertainties. The most uncertain quantities concern the historical periodization of structural aggregates. Moreover, the studies made at the urban scale can hardly be thorough, and usually the knowledge achieved on the single units is not fully satisfactory, so that the structural designer has to deal with uncompleted architectonical surveys and partial data; one of the most important problems concerns the lack of knowledge about the boundary conditions between adjacent structures. In order to perform mechanical analyses, an extensive knowledge of materials and techniques adopted is required. In this paper, an integrated methodology for the seismic assessment of building aggregate is presented. It concerns a multidisciplinary knowledge-based approach calibrated over the historical centres and the urban aggregates; the procedure joins different aspects, such as the use of modern technologies for an integrated knowledge, plans reconstructions through archival documents, laser scanner digital survey of urban fronts, non-destructive investigations of the materials. GIS and BIM platforms have been used to implement and collect data in order to perform detailed analyses. The information allowed to assess the seismic vulnerability of the building aggregates and the expected damage scenarios through empirical methodologies. The city of Scarperia, founded a few kilometres from Florence during the Medieval Age and characterized by a medium seismicity, has been chosen as a case study for the presented procedure.
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Yang, Yuanzheng. "TAOTIE, DRAGON, PHOENIX, AND FARMER: A HIGHLY DECORATED QIN EXCAVATED FROM JIULIANDUN." Early China 38 (2015): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2015.6.
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AbstractThe mythical origins of the Chinese qin have been forged by ancient literature ever since the age of Confucius, nevertheless, very little is known about the morphology of the ancient qin and its embodied symbolism. This article, by analyzing a most recently discovered ancient qin found in a fourth-century b.c.e. tomb in Jiuliandun, Zaoyang city, Hubei province, in 2002, will explore the relief carving and lacquered drawings found on the instrument itself and their symbolic significance as a representation of the worldview and philosophical state of mind of the Warring States period. I will suggest that a qin contemporaneous to Confucius and played by him looks distinctly different from the version produced by the fertile imagination of the medieval Chinese; instead, it was divided into five registers, and it is this segmented subdivision which defines the ancient qin and differentiates it fundamentally from its classical counterpart. Strikingly, the symbolic depictions in which it was clad represent not only the fertile imagination of the Chu aristocracy, but also include portrayal of the more menial tasks of the ordinary Chu farmer and herdsman as he proceeds through the cycle of the agricultural year, and thus provide the modern scholar with an extraordinarily vivid insight into contemporary Chu life.
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Konieczny, J., K. Labisz, K. Głowik-Łazarczyk, J. Ćwiek, and Ł. Wierzbicki. "Microstructure of Archaeological 17th Century Cast Copper Alloys." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0073.
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Abstract In Poland, researchers have a very strong interest in archaeometallurgy, which, as presented in classical works, focuses on dating artefacts from the prehistoric and early medieval periods in the form of cast iron and copper castings. This study, extending the current knowledge, presents the results of a microstructure investigation into the findings from the Modern era dating back to the late Middle Ages. The investigated material was an object in the form of a heavy solid copper block weighing several kilograms that was excavated by a team of Polish archaeologists working under the direction of Ms Iwona Młodkowska-Przepiórowska during works on the marketplace in the city of Czestochowa during the summer of 2009. Pre-dating of the material indicates the period of the seventeenth century AD. The solid copper block was delivered in the form of a part shaped like a bell, named later in this work as a “kettlebell”. To determine the microstructure, the structural components, chemical composition, and homogeneity, as well as additives and impurities, investigations were carried out using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including analysis of the chemical composition performed in micro-areas, and qualitative X-ray phase analysis in order to investigate the phase composition. Interpretation of the analytical results of the material’s microstructure will also help modify and/or develop new methodological assumptions to investigate further archaeometallurgical exhibits, throwing new light on and expanding the area of knowledge of the use and processing of seventeenth-century metallic materials.
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Fladerer, Florian A., Reinhard Roetzel, and Kristof Veitschegger. "A Middle Pleistocene steppe bison find within the Dürnstein Castle (Wachau, Lower Austria)." Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 113, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2020): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2020.0015.
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Abstract In the course of foundation works in the Dürnstein Castle cervical and front leg bones of a large Bison priscus bull were discovered in fluvial sediments. The small city of Dürnstein with its medieval centre is part of the UNESCO Wachau Cultural Landscape and is built mainly on Palaeozoic basement rocks. The find location is completely overbuilt, but remnants of fluvial sediments on the bones together with the altitude of the site approximately 17 m above the Danube point to a Middle Pleistocene fluvial aggradation level not younger than ca. 240,000 years, and the maximum age is 400,000 years. The fossil bearing location is interpreted as a small sandy bay of the Pleistocene Danube, protected from later degradation and erosion. Morphometric comparisons and taphonomic analyses of the bones allow the reconstruction of a scenario in which the bison probably had drowned in a flood and its carcass was buried quickly before destruction by scavengers or erosion. The study includes a comparison with bison specimens of an unpublished small megafaunal assemblage from adjacent Krems-Kreuzbergstraße. Processing marks on parts of these bones point to an anthropogenic Middle Palaeolithic influence and translocation. In addition, a tentative chronological sketch of the regional Bison species succession (B. menneri, B. schoetensacki, B. priscus) from the Early to the Late Pleistocene is presented.
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Fontana, Luciane, Mingjie Sun, Xiaozhong Huang, and Lixiong Xiang. "The impact of climate change and human activity on the ecological status of Bosten Lake, NW China, revealed by a diatom record for the last 2000 years." Holocene 29, no. 12 (July 31, 2019): 1871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619865586.
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We present a 2000-year high-resolution diatom record from Bosten Lake (Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang), which is the largest inland freshwater lake in China. Our aims were to investigate the influence of climate change and human activity on its aquatic ecology during the late Holocene. During AD 280–480, a low water level and high salinity occurred, based on the dominance of epipelic and brackish diatoms. In addition, the diatom stratigraphy, combined with records of mean grain size and carbonate content, suggests that the lake experienced a high level of eolian input from the surrounding dunes. We hypothesize that during this interval, Loulan Kingdom, an important city of the Han Dynasty, located downstream of Bosten Lake, was abandoned due to the increasing scarcity of water resources and related harsh environmental conditions, including stronger eolian activity, which were the consequences of climate change. The dominance of meso-eutrophic small fragilarioid diatoms coincides with warm and arid intervals which also correspond to intensified human activity. These intervals correspond to the development of the Tang Dynasty (from ~AD 600), the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (AD 1000–1200), and the last ~200 years. A shift from meso-eutrophic/benthic diatoms to oligotrophic/planktonic diatoms occurred during an interval of enhanced precipitation throughout the humid ‘Little Ice Age’ (AD 1600–1800). A return to markedly eutrophic conditions and a decreasing lake level occurred after the ‘Little Ice Age’, reflecting the more arid regional environment of the last 200 years. The high variability of the proxies suggests that both climate change and human activity were the major drivers of the ecological status of Bosten Lake during the late Holocene. We suggest that both the continuous increase of human activity and ongoing global warming will cause the major eutrophication or salinization of the freshwater lakes in the arid zone of northwest China.
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Maiste, Juhan. "Artistic Genius versus the Hanse Canon from the Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern Age in Tallinn." Baltic Journal of Art History 20 (December 27, 2020): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2020.20.02.
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In the article, the author examines one of the most outstanding andproblematic periods in the art history of Tallinn as a Hanseatic city,which originated, on the one hand, in the Hanseatic tradition andthe medieval approach to Gothic transcendental realism, and onthe other, in the approach typical of the new art cities of Flanders,i.e. to see a reflection of the new illusory reality in the pictures. Acloser examination is made of two works of art imported to Tallinnin the late 15th century, i.e. the high altar in the Church of the HolySpirit by Bernt Notke and the altarpiece of Holy Mary, whichwas originally commissioned by the Brotherhood of Blackheadsfor the Dominican Monastery and is now in St Nicholas’ Church.Despite the differences in the iconography and style of the twoworks, their links to tradition and artistic geography, which in thisarticle are conditionally defined as the Hanse canon, are apparentin both of them.The methods and rules for classifying the transition from theMiddle Ages to the Modern Era were not critical nor exclusive.Rather they included a wide range of phenomena on the outskirtsof the major art centres starting from the clients and ending with
the semantic significance of the picture, and the attributes that wereemployed to the individual experiences of the different masters,who were working together in the large workshops of Lübeck, andsomewhat later, in Bruges and Brussels.When ‘reading’ the Blackheads’ altar, a question arises of threedifferent styles, all of them were united by tradition and the waythat altars were produced in the large workshops for the extensiveart market that stretched from one end of the continent to the other,and even further from Lima to Narva. Under the supervision ofthe leading master and entrepreneur (Hans Memling?) two othermasters were working side by side in Bruges – Michel Sittow, whowas born in Tallinn, and the Master of the Legend of Saint Lucywere responsible for executing the task.In this article, the author has highlighted new points of reference,which on the one hand explain the complex issues of attributionof the Tallinn Blackheads’ altar, and on the other hand, placethe greatest opus in the Baltics in a broader context, where, inaddition to aesthetic ambitions, both the client and the workshopthat completed the order, played an extensive role. In this way,identifying a specific artist from among the others would usuallyremain a matter of discussion. Tallinn was a port and a wealthycommercial city at the foregates of the East where it took decadesfor the spirit of the Renaissance to penetrate and be assimilated.Instead of an unobstructed view we are offered uncertain andoften mixed values based on what we perceive through the veil ofsemantic research.
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Erdeljan, Jelena. "Belgrade as new Jerusalem: Reflections on the reception of a topos in the age of despot Stefan Lazarevic." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 43 (2006): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0643096e.
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In the Vita of despot Stefan Lazarevic, Belgrade is compared to Jerusalem The use of this topos is aimed at a social construction of meaning within the framework of historically determined cultural discourse, based on the premise that culture itself can be observed as a complex system of signs constantly open to redefinition. This implies that the approach to its more profound understanding must rely on a method based on reconceptualization of the problem of text and context. Therefore, the true object of investigation becomes the relation between text and society whose activities are themselves perceived as a sort of behavioral text, in which that relation functions as two homologous systems of signs. As a result, our attention is focused on activities which produce social and cultural phenomena and objects ? actually on the means by the use of which a world filled with meaning is created. Apart from texts, those means, as real as the text itself, belong to the instruments of creating sacred space or hierotopy, a phenomenon historically recognized as translatio Hierosolymi. Beyond any doubt, in the eyes of homo medievalis, the absolute paradigm of hierotopic activity is Constantinople the capital of the Empire and universal model through the emulation of which or through the appropriation of whose elements of identity (ranging from cults of saints to visual identity) throughout history, and in particular in the later middle ages (especially following the events of 1204), a growing number of other points in the Christian oikoumene gains the status of center as a God-chosen and God-protected place ? Arta, Trebizond and Nicea, Paris and Venice, Novgorod and Moscow, to name just the most prominent examples In investigating the case of Belgrade, attention is focused on the modes and vehicles of hierotopy which in the days of despot Stefan Lazarevic (1402-1427) were laid as the foundation of likening Belgrade and Jerusalem as the utmost example of sacral space and their relation to the universal prototype of translatio Hierosolymi realized in Constantinople. Although related to that of Trnovo (relics of Agia Paraskevi were translated from Bulgaria to Serbia and encomiastic rhetoric developed within the Trnovo literary school was adopted in the Serbian milieu through the engagement of Constantine the Philosopher from Kostenec as the author of the highly learned and sophisticated text of the despot's Vita), the program of Belgrade appears to have more universal pretensions. Its emulation of Constantinople as a means of sacralisation is corroborated by a considerable number of phenomena in its hierotopy: the dedication of the city to the Virgin, the presence of her miracle working icon of the Hodegetria type (possibly even relics related to Mary), visions of her intercession and protection in the skies above the city, but above all the presence of imperial relics of the highest rank namely those of the first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great, and the holy empress Theophano (wife of Leo VI the Wise, dynastic saint of the Macedonians). As for topography, in the text of the despot's Vita the entire city is referred to as eptalophos polls, a notable Constantinopolitan epithet, while the location of its metropolitan see with the church of the Dormition of the Virgin is, in accordance with its dedication, likened to the Valley of Kidron and Gethsemane. Thus, although it is not the first sacral focus of the Serbian medieval state, Belgrade, as opposed to its monastic predecessors in that role ? Chilandar, Studenica and Zica, is the first such center created on an urban matrix and with a program of hierotopy focusing not on national but rather universal cults, a locus envisaged as the point of salvation drawing all the nations of the oikoumene. Such a concept of Belgrade as the capital of the Serbian state in the days of despot Stefan Lazarevic is only one constituent part of a broader phenomenon of appropriating Constantinopolitan models as instruments in the process of sacralisation of the entire space of his state aimed at welcoming the eschatological reality expected to arrive with the year 7000. At the same time, this process was perceived as a political instrument, a true shield of divine protection against imminent Turkish threat. In the act of translating and mapping of sacred space, in asserting the occurrence and circulation of divine presence throughout the despot's land, other places, alongside Belgrade, also played an important role. Belgrade, politically certainly of utmost importance, together with its holy mountain located in its immediate vicinity, on Mt. Kosmaj, marks the northernmost point of that hallowed ground. Its southern perimeter is marked by Krusevac, Kalenic, Ljubostinja and other sacral focuses of so-called Morava Serbia while its ideal center so to speak, could be located in Manasija itself, despot Stefan's mausoleum or, in the words of Constantine the Philosopher, that other city which has the path towards celestial Jerusalem and is its likeness. .
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McGregor, Francine. "Preface: The Medieval City." Essays in Medieval Studies 24, no. 1 (2007): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ems.0.0006.
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Hoshko, Tetiana. "THE VISION OF THE CHILDHOOD IN THE CODES OF THE URBAN LAW IN THE RZECZPOSPOLITA IN XVI - EARLY XVII CENTURY." City History, Culture, Society, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.04.037.
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As the people of the Middle Ages thought in symbolic categories, this symbolism was imposed on the notion of human life. In Europe, it had a distinct Christian colouration and was associated with the symbolism of numbers. This was reflected as well in the idea of the stages of human life, the number of which ranged from three to seven. Childhood, which was the first in this scheme, lasted from birth to adolescence, that is until reaching puberty. For the medieval people who thought concretely, just tangible things were important. It is not surprising, therefore, that the notion of attaining adulthood was not so much based on the formal number of years as on the real external physiological features. However, over time, such a ‘visual’ determination of the age of the personrecedes into the background.Childhood has been linked to a guardianship that has received much attention in the city law codes of the early modern period. Anyone who could not manage their lives and property could count on it.In the Middle Ages, childhood had no place, and until the 12th century, children were hardly depicted. The appearance of the post-mortem images of children in the 16th century was evidence of a change in the emotional attitude to them. This change was reflected in the city law codes of the late 16th century. They protected the right of a child to life and property, even of the unborn or born but not survived child. The born and baptized child was already a complete person with soul and likeness of God.The German town law protected children from too severe punishment, first of all from execution. It was believed that before reaching a certain age the children were unconscious creatures, so they could not deliberately commit crimes. And punishment to death was unacceptable for unconscious wrongdoing. The city law codes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 16th and early 17th centuries reflected the evolution of ideas about childhood from the late Middle Ages to the early modern era. Although they refer to the legal norms of previous epochs, they contain many provisions which appeared under the influence of Humanism and the Reformation. As a result of deeper Christianization of morality at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern era, a new attitude to childhood appears, as to a special and important stage in human life. Therefore, as of the 16th century, there were special articles about children in legal codes. The city law begins to protect the interests of children by considering various aspects, in particular, the rights of the unborn but conceived child, of the children of ‘righteous bed’, orphans, etc., the children’s property interests, their lives and future.
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Pererva, Evgeny. "Paleopathology of Skulls from Golden Horde Settlement Shareny Mound." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2020): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.5.12.
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Introduction. The paper is devoted to the examination of craniological materials of the late middle age originating from the Shareniy Bugor archaeological complex. Methods and materials. A complete series which includes 33 individual remains is now kept by the Research Institute and the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University. The access to scientific information on the series has been opened for the first time. The series consists of 24 male skulls, 4 female brain capsules, two childrens and 3 adolescent craniums. Analysis. The standard assessment program of pathological conditions on postcranial skeleton and skull bones developed by A.P. Buzhilova (1995, 1998) was applied in the course of examination of the anthropological material. Results. A wide range of cranium anomalies, various dentition diseases, endocrine disease markers, signs of exposure to low temperatures, episodic stress traces and numerous injuries were recorded as a result of the examination of the bone material. Conclusions. The series under consideration does not meet the paleopopulation criteria, i.e. cannot be a prototype of a really existing group of medieval urban population. Signs of unintentional artificial deformity of the occipital type were recorded on the skulls of the studied sample. The identified stress markers indicate that the urban population of the Volga Delta was exposed to the pressure of negative factors due to the natural and social environment including cold temperatures, hunger, war, etc. The population group originating from Shareniy Bugor settlement probably specialized in living in the river area, which led to a specific diet and the appearance of cases of diseases typical for people spending a long time in a cold water environment. Extremely high rates of injuries, including combat near-death and lethal ones, wounds to the skull facial area characterize the studied part of the population as a group that actively participated in hostilities. A series of skulls originating from Shareniy Bugor settlement probably belongs to a specific social stratum or the handicraft part of the population of the Golden Horde city of Khadzhi-Tarkhan which was engaged in river fishing and whose appearance (hairstyle and constantly worn headdress) was very different from most townspeople; they probably actively defended the city during the raids of enemies.
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Vann, Theresa M., Ivy A. Corfis, and Michael Wolfe. "The Medieval City Under Siege." Journal of Military History 60, no. 2 (April 1996): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944418.
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Lochrie, K. "SEX IN THE MEDIEVAL CITY." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 11, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-11-2-313.
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McCrank, Lawrence J. "A Medieval “Information Age”." Primary Sources & Original Works 2, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 19–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j269v02n01_02.
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