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Journal articles on the topic 'Medicine'
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Tolj, Jasmina, Nataša Jermen, and Zdenko Jecić. "Medicina u hrvatskoj leksikografiji i enciklopedici." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 17, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.17.2.9.
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Dok je uloga medicine, posebice humane medicine, u životu čovjeka neupitna, autori žele ispitati koje je značenje medicini posvećeno u hrvatskoj leksikografiji i enciklopedici. Prikazan je razvoj medicinske leksikografije i enciklopedike u Hrvatskoj od začetaka u 16. stoljeću do danas, s posebnim naglaskom na djelatnost Leksikografskoga zavoda Miroslav Krleža (LZMK), kao jedine hrvatske institucije koja se sustavno bavi leksikografijom i enciklopedikom već sedamdesetak godina. Položaj i važnost medicine utvrdili su se kronološkim prikazom zastupljenosti medicinskih naziva i tema u djelima hrvatske leksikografije i enciklopedike od 16. do 19. stoljeća, sistematiziranjem i analizom medicinskih izdanja iz 20. stoljeća, posebice onih LZMK-a, te pregledom zastupljenosti medicine u ostalim izdanjima LZMK-a, s naglaskom na Hrvatsku enciklopediju. Pokazalo se da je medicina u značajnoj mjeri bila zastupljena u hrvatskim leksikografskim i enciklopedijskim djelima koja su imala važnu ulogu u usustavljivanju hrvatske medicinske terminologije i spoznaja iz područja medicine. Autori zaključuju da su leksikografija i enciklopedika u Hrvatskoj zadovoljavajuće pratile zanimanje stručne, ali i šire zajednice za medicinu, odnosno medicinske teme.
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Rehman, Sumbul. "Antimutagenic Effect of Medicinal Plants from Alternative Medicine." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000216.
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Aqueous extracts of Chirayita (Swertia chirayita Linn.) whole herb, Banafshah (Viola odorata Linn.) leaves and flowers and Mameeran (Coptis teeta Roxb.) rhizome were tested for their anti-mutagenic potential by Ames Salmonella Histidine point mutation assay of Maron, et al. with partial modifications as described by Kaur, et al. At a dose of 50 μg/plate, crude drug extracts exhibited the inhibition of His+ revert ants from 36.59% to 96% against direct acting mutagen sodium azide (NaN3) which induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA97a, TA98 and TA100. However, at concentrations (5 and 25 µg/ plate) of the plant extracts, a significant decrease in anti-mutagenic activity was recorded. In the present findings, herbal drug extracts at tested concentrations showed no sign of mutagenicity to the tester strains. Potent anti-mutagenic activity of Banafshah was observed followed by Chirayita and Mameeran. Linear regression analysis of the data shows dose dependent anti-mutagenic activity of the extracts. Qualitative analysis reveals the presence of active phytochemical as amarogentin, mangiferin (Chirayita), Cyclotides (Banafshah), Berberine (Mameeran) along with other phyto-constituents flavonoids, phenols in the tested extracts which are responsible for their anti-mutagenic activity.
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&NA;. "Alternative medicine/herbal medicines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1363 (August 2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113630-00020.
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Kobuszewski, Bartosz. "Biological medicinal products: reference and biosimilar products – selected issues." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.10.005.
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Biological therapies are being used in many chronic conditions. Development of biosimilar medicines gives chances for wider access to biological treatment. The aim of the review was to present legal regulations of the marketing authorisation of biological medicines in the context of biosimilars medicines. The article focuses on the legislation of the European Union, which was established on the beginning of the XXI century and is very complex and strict. In the first part of the article were described basic terms in this field, such as biological medicine, biosimilar medicine, reference medicine and generic medicie. It also shows differnces between biosimilar and generic medicines. Main difference concerns the manufacturing process, because of which biosimilar will never be identical to the reference medicine. Next part concentrates on the proces of registration of new biological medicines, especially in the area of medicines’ indications to use and controversies related to them. The last part presents issues of the safety monitoring of biological medicines on european level. The purpose of european law in that field is to guarantee every registred biologic therapy is safe for the patients.
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Knaggs, Roger. "Personalised medicine and medicines optimisation." British Journal of Pain 10, no. 4 (October 25, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049463716671224.
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J Scott, Stephen. "Medicines optimisation in respiratory medicine." British Journal of Healthcare Management 22, no. 11 (November 2, 2016): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2016.22.11.534.
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Khare, Archana. "A Study on Medicinal Plants with Reference to Traditional Medicine: A Review." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 5 (May 5, 2024): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24506205308.
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BOTOSINEANU, Catalin. "The Role of Professors from the Faculty of Medicine in Imposing Social Medicine in Inter-War Romania. Preliminaries." Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty. Section: SOCIAL SCIENCES 04, no. 01 (June 30, 2015): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumenss.2015.0401.02.
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Hokkanen, Johanna, Anna-Liisa Elorinne, Kirsti Vainio, and Tuula Keinonen. "MEDICINE CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT THE PROBLEMS OF FINNISH HOUSEHOLDS IN MEDICINE CONSUMPTION PRACTICES." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 71, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/16.71.31.
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Medicine education as part of health education aims to educate about rational medicine use: the right medicine taken in the right way at the right time for the right problem. Storage places of medicines are one issue discussed in medicine education. This participative observation research of Finnish households’ (n = 10) medicine storage places was conducted together with interviews of 12 mothers and 12 children concerning medicine consumption habits. Data were analysed using directed content analysis. In all interviewed households (n = 12), children and mothers confirmed the same storage places for the medicines. None of the households locked the medicine storage places even if the cabinets had a lock and key. The number of medicine types varied widely among the studied households (n=10), from 8 to 33. The number of expired medicines ranged from 1 to 10 pieces per household. At home medicines are discussed consciously when the child, family member, relative or a friend has a long-term illness, when being sick and while taking medication. Mothers identified themselves as being responsible for the medicine cabinet at home. Mothers were categorised into four groups − home nurses (2), forgetful (2), reckless (2) and health conscious (4) − based on their medicine consumption and storage practices. Some of these practices do not demonstrate the appropriate use and storage of medicines. Based on the findings, we recommend that educational material should be developed on medicine storage and use. Key words: medicine education, medicine storage, medicine consumption, medicine safety.
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Marković-Denić, Ljiljana. "Hospital infections: Problem of modern medicine and role of infection control nurse in their prevention." Sestrinska rec 21, no. 76 (2018): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sestrec1876004m.
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Krska, Janet, Sarah Corlett, and Barbra Katusiime. "Complexity of Medicine Regimens and Patient Perception of Medicine Burden." Pharmacy 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7010018.
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From the patient perspective, medicine burden is more than the number of medicines, or the complexity of medicine regimens they need to manage. Relationships between the number of medicines, regimen complexity and patient perception of medicine burden are under-researched. This cross-sectional study measured regimen complexity and determined how this and patient perceived burden are affected by the therapeutic group. Regimen complexity was measured in patients presenting prescriptions to six community pharmacies in South-East England. A sub-sample (166) also completed the Living with Medicines Questionnaire which measures patient perceived burden. The 492 patients were prescribed 2700 medicines (range 1 to 23). Almost half used at least one non-oral formulation. Complexity was correlated strongly with the number of medicines (r = 0.94), number of therapeutic groups (r = 0.84) and number of formulations (r = 0.73). Patients using medicines for skin, eye and respiratory conditions had the highest complexity scores. Increasing the number of medicines, frequency of dosing, number of non-oral formulations and number of different therapeutic groups all increased medicine burden. Although cardiovascular medicines were the most common medicines used by the majority of patients (60%), those for neurological, psychiatric and gastro-intestinal conditions were most strongly associated with high burden. Studies are required to determine medicine burden in different conditions, especially neurological conditions, including chronic pain.
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Godlee, F. "Good medicine rather than new medicines." BMJ 344, jun27 1 (June 27, 2012): e4417-e4417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4417.
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Janovská, D., K. Kubíková, and L. Kokoška. "Screening for antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants species of traditional Chinese medicine." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 3 (November 18, 2011): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3485-cjfs.
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The antimicrobial activity of crude ethanolic extracts of 10 medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine was tested against five species of microorganisms: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Of the 10 plants tested, 5 showed antimicrobial activity against one or more species of microorganisms. The most active antimicrobial plants were Chelidonium majus, Sanguisorba officinalis, and Tussilago farfara.
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Xue, Charlie Changli, and David Story. "Chinese Medicine in Australia." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 08, no. 23 (December 2004): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030304002137.
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Pelčić, Gordana, Anamarija Gjuran Coha, Goran Pelčić, and Ana Valković. "Transplantacija organa i religija." Medicina Fluminensis 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21860/medflum2020_245219.
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Darivanje i transplantacija organa jedno je od najvećih dostignuća medicine posljednjih šezdesetak godina. Napredak transplantacijske medicine ovisi o socijalnim, ekonomskim, kulturološkim i religijskim odrednicama pojedinog kraja. Istraživanja su pokazala kako je područje transplantacijske medicine vrlo osjetljivo u odnosu na ostala područja medicine te da neminovno uz sebe veže etičko-moralne dvojbe, ali i zakonodavne, kulturalne i religiozne dvojbe. Transplantacijska medicina uza se veže i pitanje trenutka smrti. Smrt kao pojam, od početaka ljudske civilizacije predstavlja entitet koji zaokuplja umjetnike, znanstvenike, etičare i medicinare. Ulaskom u 21. stoljeće svjedočimo velikim promjenama na globalnom socijalnom planu, te velikim migracijama stanovništva koja sa sobom povlače „sudar“ civilizacija, etike i religije. Stoga je nužno progovoriti o stavu religija prema darivanju i transplantaciji organa u svjetlu sadašnjih socijalnih događanja. Većina svjetskih religija odnosi se pozitivno prema transplantaciji i ksenotransplantaciji. U ovom radu opisat će se stav velikih svjetskih religija prema darovanju i transplantaciji organa, kao i o ksenotransplantaciji. Za buduća istraživanja ostaje istraživanje drugih religija i svjetskih zajednica prema transplantacijskoj medicini.
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Yokoi, Masayuki, and Takao Tashiro. "Prescription, Dispensation, and Generic Medicine Replacement Ratios: Influence on Japanese Medicine Costs." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 1 (May 14, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n1p29.
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This study examined the effect of the separation of dispensing and prescribingmedicines between pharmacies and clinics (the separation system) and thegeneric medicine replacement ratio on the cost of various medicines in Japaneseprefectures. We obtained publiclyavailable data from electronic databases and official web pages of the Japanesegovernment and nonprofit public service corporations. For Japanese medicalinstitutions, participation in the separation system is optional. Consequently,the expansion rate of the separation system for each administrative district ishighly variable. In our multiple regression analysis, various daily medicineswere the objective variable and the expansion rate of the separation system andgeneric medicine replacement ratio were the explanatory variables. The expansion rate of the separation systemshowed a significant negative partial correlation with the daily costs oftotal, internal, single use, and injection medicines as well as medical devices. Moreover,the rate of replacing brand name medicines with generic medicines showed asignificant negative partial correlation with the daily costs of total,internal, and single use medicines. However, the two factors had no significantpartial correlation with external medicine costs. Thus, the separation system was as effective in reducing medicine costs asthe use of generic medicines, except in the case of external medicines. Despitethe latter case, the separation system should be expanded, especially in Asiancountries in which the system is underdeveloped, because the system cancontribute to reduce the total costs of prescriptions.Keywords: generic medicine replacement, economicmotive, multiple regression, separation system
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Gyanwali, Pradip, Neelam Dhakal, Baburam Humagain, and Khem Bahadur Karki. "Medicine Prescribing Pattern and Knowledge on Medicine Use at Different Level of Health Care Settings in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 18, no. 3 (November 14, 2020): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v18i3.2885.
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Background: It is imperative to have adequate knowledge about medicines being used for their proper administration so as to obtain desirable therapeutics effects. This study aims to assess the medicine prescribing pattern and patients’ knowledge about medicine use at different level of health care settings in Nepal.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in randomly selected 88 health facilities in Nepal. Altogether 2200 patients, taken randomly after the doctor visit, were interviewed and assessed for the prescription.
Results: Out of total drugs prescribed from 88 health facilities (6,175), 68.91% were essential drugs, 23.74 % were antibiotics and 61 % of medicines were prescribed in generic names. And among patients receiving medicines, adequate response on medicine use was received on 49% of medicines out of 3,806 medicines dispensed.
Conclusions: Greater percentages of medicines were prescribed from essential drug list in health facilities. Knowledge on medicine use was poor among people.
Keywords: Antibiotics use; drug prescribing pattern; knowledge; rational use of drugs
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OES, Valdeolla. "Same and Different to Clinic Diagnosis in Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ayurvedic Medicine." Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000443.
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Rationale: Diagnosis is an important part of the field of medicine in general and natural and traditional medicine in particular. In our country, the process of diagnosing diseases in natural and traditional medicine is carried out in different ways. These include diagnosis by traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda medicine. Between both types of medicines there are common aspects, but at the same time different aspects; However, these characteristics are little known by health professionals. Method: A bibliographic review was carried out on the particularities of the diagnosis between traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda medicine with the aim of showing the elements that are similar and at the same time different. Books, pamphlets and articles on the subject were reviewed. Results: The elements that are similar for the diagnosis between both medicines and at the same time those that are different are presented. Conclusion: Knowledge of the common and different aspects in the diagnostic process between both medicines will allow the interested party to go deeper into determining the disease for subsequent treatment.
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Nair, SunitaR. "Personalized medicine: Striding from genes to medicines." Perspectives in Clinical Research 1, no. 4 (2010): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.71775.
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DIEPPE, P. "Evidence-based medicine or medicines-based evidence?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 57, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.57.7.385.
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Armour, Mike, Carolyn Ee, and Caroline Smith. "Complementary Therapies and Medicines and Reproductive Medicine." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 34, no. 02 (February 11, 2016): 067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1571194.
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Barrett, David. "Responsible use of medicines and medicine recording." Livestock 25, no. 6 (November 2, 2020): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2020.25.6.298.
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In his presentation at the UK-Vet Healthy Herd 2020 Digital Event on 21st October 2020 Professor Barrett spoke to a mixed audience of both farmers and veterinary surgeons. His talk on the ‘Responsible use of medicines and medicine recording’ in livestock, explained the key factors that influence best-practice treatment decisions within the context of legislation, quality assurance and market demand.
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Durán-Arenas, Luis, and Malaquias Lopez Cervantes. "Debates en medicina social (social medicine debates)." Social Science & Medicine 41, no. 9 (November 1995): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)90065-9.
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Annabi, Yosra. "Emotions in contemporary medicine and traditional medicines." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 13, no. 6 (June 24, 2023): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.13.06.2023.p13855.
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Mohammadian Erdi, Ali, Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi, and Faraj Behzad Vakilabad. "The Fundamental Differences Between Iranian Traditional Medicine and Popular Medicine." Complementary Medicine Journal 12, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/cmja.12.3.1179.1.
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Objective One of the important systems of traditional medicine that has grown in the cradle of human civilizations and has always exported doctors, science and medicine to the farthest corners of the world, is the comprehensive system of Iranian Traditional Medicine, which is somehow different from common medicine. This article deals with the differences between Iranian Traditional Medicine and pupular medicine with a logical and philosophical approach. Methods In this review article, which was done with the analytical-descriptive method, using internet and library resources, the basics of common medicine and Iranian traditional medicine are compared. Results The main differences between Iranian traditional medicine and popular medicine is the existence of nature or the administrator power of the body, which manages the activity of all organs and ultimately the whole human body without the intervention of any kind of consciousness, while the popular school of medicine does not believe in such a thing. The second thing that differentiates these two schools from each other is the general attitude of Iranian traditional medicine towards human beings, while the common medicine has a completely mechanical approach to human beings and their health. And in this school, they try to go as deep as possible into the cell or even the molecules and find the defective point. The third point is that in Iranian traditional medicine, individual differences between people, i.e. temperament, are of fundamental importance. Conclusion In order to compare these two schools of medicine, first of all, reforms should be made in the basic and fundamental concepts of these two medicines, at the same time, in order to provide a suitable protocol for the treatment of patients, the combined method of two traditional and popular medicines should be used, which requires a complete understanding of these two medicines.
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Swain, Sujata, and Rajdeep Niyogi. "SmartMedicist: a context-aware system for recommending an alternative medicine." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 14, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-d-18-00021.
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PurposeThis study aims to discuss a context-aware system, SmartMedicist, which can recommend an alternative medicine from a set of available medicines present at a patient’s home for an unavailable medicine. The system is applied to the chronic disease patients only. The system requires only a smartphone, and provides a reminder to the patient to take medicine at appropriate times and to procure medicines from drug store. The system discusses the output method for the physically challenged patient. Although there are existing systems that can remind a patient for taking medicines, the authors are not aware of any such system that has the capability to recommend an alternative medicine for the prescribed medicine.Design/methodology/approachThe study developed a pharmacology knowledge base that consists of a representation of a set of diseases, according to family, type and medicines, in a k-ary tree. An alternative medicine is recommended based on the set of available medicines and knowledge base.FindingsWe considered four diseases: Hypertension, Gastritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson; and performed several experiments for each disease for the different number of available medicines. The execution time to find an alternative medicine (if any) in each case is around four seconds.Originality/valueThe proposed system is cost effective and affordable for most families in India. Although the proposed system is not a substitute of a doctor, this system will enhance the safety golden period for a patient to consult a doctor in the emergency exhaustion of the prescribed medicines.
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Kärkkäinen, Sirpa, Katri Hämeen-Anttila, Kirsti Vainio, Sirpa Kontturi, Risto Patrikainen, and Tuula Keinonen. "Fourth graders’ perceptions about medicines and medicine use." Health Education 114, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-03-2013-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the development of medicine education by examining pupils’ perceptions of medicines and medicine use. Design/methodology/approach – Fourth graders’ (n=51, aged 10-11) perceptions about medicines and their use were collected in one school through mixed-methods using a questionnaire, a drawing and discussions. Findings – Listing several over-the-counter medicines, pupils most frequently perceived that medicines are meant for treating headaches, wounds or temporarily when they are sick or have some pain, and that medicines help to ease symptoms and speed recovery. Pupils mentioned getting information about medicines from the pharmacist, the internet, the physician, as well as from medical packages. Research limitations/implications – This study was carried out in one school context and is therefore not necessarily generalizable, it does, however, bring an awareness of concrete pedagogical needs to the debate on health education and was conducted using methods that, to some extent, can be transferred to any school setting. Practical implications – These results show that medicine education should already be started in primary school, along with critical thinking skills related to use of the internet. Social implications – The development of medicine education may help improve the wellbeing of pupils. Originality/value – The triangulation of data used in the paper are in the authors’ awareness unique in the context of medicine education. The results particularly highlight the role of the internet in medicine education, thus suggesting the importance of critical thinking.
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Taglione, Michael Sergio, and Nav Persaud. "Assessing variation among the national essential medicines lists of 21 high-income countries: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e045262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045262.
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ObjectiveEssential medicines lists have been created and used globally in countries that range from low-income to high-income status. The aim of this paper is to compare the essential medicines list of high-income countries with each other, the WHO’s Model List of Essential Medicines and the lists of countries of other income statuses.DesignHigh-income countries were defined by World Bank classification. High-income essential medicines lists were assessed for medicine inclusion and were compared with the subset of high-income countries, the WHO’s Model List and 137 national essential medicines lists. Medicine lists were obtained from the Global Essential Medicines database. Countries were subdivided by income status, and the groups’ most common medicines were compared. Select medicines and medicine classes were assessed for inclusion among high-income country lists.ResultsThe 21 high-income countries identified were most like each other when compared with other lists. They were more like upper middle-income countries and least like low-income countries. There was significant variability in the number of medicines on each list. Less than half (48%) of high-income countries included a newer diabetes medicines in their list. Most countries (71%) included naloxone while every country including at least one opioid medicine. More than half of the lists (52%) included a medicine that has been globally withdrawn or banned.ConclusionEssential medicines lists of high-income countries are similar to each other, but significant variations in essential medicine list composition and specifically the number of medications included were noted. Effective medicines were left off several countries’ lists, and globally recalled medicines were included on over half the lists. Comparing the essential medicines lists of countries within the same income status category can provide a useful subset of lists for policymakers and essential medicine list creators to use when creating or maintaining their lists.
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Schwabl, Herbert. "It is Modern to be Traditional: Tradition and Tibetan Medicine in the European Context." Asian Medicine 5, no. 2 (2009): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342109x568865.
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Europe takes a rather cautious approach to herbal medicines. Traditional Herbal Medicines are regulated via European Union-directive 2001/83/EC, especially articles 16a‐h. For Asian medicines, this new regulation poses several challenges, specifically the requirements on medicine ‘quality’ and on requirements of a proven record of at least 15 years of tradition or use within the EU. This makes it very hard for most of the medicines of Asian tradition to enter the EU market as medicines. The notion of ‘tradition’ in this directive may have been taken from a definition given by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on Traditional Medicine or from the existing label Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Both concepts, although labelled as ‘traditional’, link themselves to a modernised and standardised practice of complementary medicine in a globalised setting. This essay investigates the function of the label ‘traditional’ in the European frame in connection with Tibetan medicine.
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Jenslin, J. Esther, P. Sahaya Jenitha, and S. Sri Selva Meenakshi. "Authentication of Unused Medicine Domination for NGOs." International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2021.100233.
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This project aims to donate medicines which are unused. The unused medicine can be donated for further utilization by a needy person. This application helps the user to donate unused medicines to NGO. Admin will login and manage members by deleting and blocking the users providing improper or expired medicines. Admin has to verify the uploaded image for their expiry date.NGO manages the stock which helps to maintain a record of the available medicine. Members can also check their previous data of medicine transactions. The donation of unused medicines is not accepted worldwide, although it is legal in some countries. A constant increase in the rate of prescription writing has prompted several charity organizations to collect a growing number of unused medicines. WHO guidelines for drug donations discourage donation of unused medicines, as this may create a number of problems. Detrimental effects of drug donations for use in emergency situations have been reported, as the arrival of unsorted, useless and expired medicines requires management and sorting, which may take up the time of health workers and eventually lead to the appearance of these drugs on the black market. However, cases of regulated donations have been reported in the USA, where several states have adopted laws in order to facilitate the redistribution of unused drugs to indigent and uninsured patients.This project aims to donate medicines which are unused. The unused medicine can be donated for further utilization by a needy person. This application helps the user to donate unused medicines to NGO. Admin will login and manage members by deleting and blocking the users providing improper or expired medicines. Admin has to verify the uploaded image for their expiry date.NGO manages the stock which helps to maintain a record of the available medicine.Members can also check their previous data of medicine transactions.
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Borodin, E. A. "PERSONIFIED MEDICINE – MEDICINE OF THE 21ST CENTURY." Amur Medical Journal, no. 3 (2017): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22448/amj.2017.3.13-15.
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Jahromi, Behdad, Iulia Pirvulescu, Kenneth D. Candido, and Nebojsa Nick Knezevic. "Herbal Medicine for Pain Management: Efficacy and Drug Interactions." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020251.
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Complementary and alternative medicines such as herbal medicines are not currently part of the conventional medical system. As the popularity of and global market for herbal medicine grows among all age groups, with supporting scientific data and clinical trials, specific alternative treatments such as herbal medicine can be reclassified as a practice of conventional medicine. One of the most common conditions for which adults use herbal medicine is pain. However, herbal medicines carry safety concerns and may impact the efficacy of conventional therapies. Unfortunately, mechanisms of action are poorly understood, and their use is unregulated and often underreported to medical professionals. This review aims to compile common and available herbal medicines which can be used as an alternative to or in combination with conventional pain management approaches. Efficacy and safety are assessed through clinical studies on pain relief. Ensuing herb–drug interactions such as cytochrome modulation, additive and synergistic effects, and contraindications are discussed. While self-management has been recognized as part of the overall treatment strategy for patients suffering from chronic pain, it is important for practitioners to be able to also optimize and integrate herbal medicine and, if warranted, other complementary and alternative medicines into their care.
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Bagley, Nicholas. "Medicine as a Public Calling." Michigan Law Review, no. 114 (2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.114.1.medicine.
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The debate over how to tame private medical spending tends to pit advocates of government-provided insurance—a single-payer scheme—against those who would prefer to harness market forces to hold down costs. When it is mentioned at all, the possibility of regulating the medical industry as a public utility is brusquely dismissed as anathema to the American regulatory tradition. This dismissiveness, however, rests on a failure to appreciate just how deeply the public utility model shaped health law in the twentieth century— and how it continues to shape health law today. Closer economic regulation of the medical industry may or may not be prudent, but it is by no means incompatible with our governing institutions and political culture. Indeed, the durability of such regulation suggests that the modern embrace of market-based approaches in the medical industry may be more ephemeral than it seems.
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Yang, Bo, Yun Xie, Maojuan Guo, Mitchell H. Rosner, Hongtao Yang, and Claudio Ronco. "Nephrotoxicity and Chinese Herbal Medicine." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 10 (April 3, 2018): 1605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.11571017.
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Chinese herbal medicine has been practiced for the prevention, treatment, and cure of diseases for thousands of years. Herbal medicine involves the use of natural compounds, which have relatively complex active ingredients with varying degrees of side effects. Some of these herbal medicines are known to cause nephrotoxicity, which can be overlooked by physicians and patients due to the belief that herbal medications are innocuous. Some of the nephrotoxic components from herbs are aristolochic acids and other plant alkaloids. In addition, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and glycosides from herbs also are known to cause kidney toxicity. The kidney manifestations of nephrotoxicity associated with herbal medicine include acute kidney injury, CKD, nephrolithiasis, rhabdomyolysis, Fanconi syndrome, and urothelial carcinoma. Several factors contribute to the nephrotoxicity of herbal medicines, including the intrinsic toxicity of herbs, incorrect processing or storage, adulteration, contamination by heavy metals, incorrect dosing, and interactions between herbal medicines and medications. The exact incidence of kidney injury due to nephrotoxic herbal medicine is not known. However, clinicians should consider herbal medicine use in patients with unexplained AKI or progressive CKD. In addition, exposure to herbal medicine containing aristolochic acid may increase risk for future uroepithelial cancers, and patients require appropriate postexposure screening.
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Salsabila, Salsabila, and Aflahun Fadhly Siregar. "SWOT ANALYSIS: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS ON INCREASING CONSUMPTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN MEDAN CITY." International Journal of Economic, Technology and Social Sciences (Injects) 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53695/injects.v2i2.500.
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The level of public awareness of the importance of maintaining health is increasing. In addition, it also affected the standards and quality of medicine that people consumed. As a result, the need for medicines was getting higher, including traditional medicines, where the use of traditional medicines was generally considered safer and hereditary. In fact, the level of public consumption of traditional medicine was lower than traditional medicine. The objective of the study was to analyze internal and external factors in increasing the consumption of traditional medicine in Medan City. Respondents in this study were sellers of traditional medicine, the consumer of traditional medicine, the leader of Jamu’s enterpreneur Association, and the supervisor of food and medicine in The National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NA-DFC). The data analysis method used is SWOT analysis. The results show that the strategic position of increasing the consumption of traditional medicines in Medan is in quadrant I. Under these conditions, in general the strategy to increase the consumption of traditional medicines in the city of Medan is an aggressive strategy, namely by maximizing strengths to take advantage of existing opportunities. In detail, there were 11 alternative strategies that could be done which consist of SO strategy, WO strategy, ST strategy and WT strategy
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Lalawmpuii, Lucy, Lalbiakngheti Tlau, P. B. Lalthanpuii, and K. Lalchhandama. "Exploration of the Mizo Traditional Medicine: Pharmacognostic Studies of the Indigenous Medicinal Plant, Erythrina stricta." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 16, sp1 (October 3, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v16sp1.msc1.
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MANI, DAYA N., SEEMA SHUKLA, and YOGENDRA N. SHUKLA. "Medicinal plant-derived therapeutics for treatment of neoplasms in modern and traditional systems of medicine." Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 42, no. 2020 (July 1, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v42i1.mani.
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Lee, Georgie B., Christopher Etherton-Beer, Sarah M. Hosking, Julie A. Pasco, and Amy T. Page. "The patterns and implications of potentially suboptimal medicine regimens among older adults: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 13 (January 2022): 204209862211001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20420986221100117.
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In the context of an ageing population, the burden of disease and medicine use is also expected to increase. As such, medicine safety and preventing avoidable medicine-related harm are major public health concerns, requiring further research. Potentially suboptimal medicine regimens is an umbrella term that captures a range of indicators that may increase the risk of medicine-related harm, including polypharmacy, underprescribing and high-risk prescribing, such as prescribing potentially inappropriate medicines. This narrative review aims to provide a background and broad overview of the patterns and implications of potentially suboptimal medicine regimens among older adults. Original research published between 1990 and 2021 was searched for in MEDLINE, using key search terms including polypharmacy, inappropriate prescribing, potentially inappropriate medication lists, medication errors, drug interactions and drug prescriptions, along with manual checking of reference lists. The review summarizes the prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes of polypharmacy, underprescribing and potentially inappropriate medicines. A synthesis of the evidence regarding the longitudinal patterns of polypharmacy is also provided. With an overview of the existing literature, we highlight a number of key gaps in the literature. Directions for future research may include a longitudinal investigation into the risk factors and outcomes of extended polypharmacy, research focusing on the patterns and implications of underprescribing and studies that evaluate the applicability of tools measuring potentially inappropriate medicines to study settings. Plain Language Summary A review on potentially inappropriate medicine regimens Medicine use in older age is common. Older adults with more than one chronic condition are likely to use multiple medicines to manage their health. However, there are times when taking multiple medicines may be unsafe and the number of medicines, or the combination of medicines used, may increase the risk of poor health outcomes. The term medicine regimens is used to describe all the medicines an individual takes. There are several ways to measure when a medicine regimen may be inappropriate and, therefore, potentially harmful. Much research has been published looking into potentially inappropriate medicine regimens. To bring together the current research, this review provides a background on the different measures of potentially inappropriate medicine regimens. It also summarizes how many people may experience potentially inappropriate medicine regimens, the impact it is having on their health and who may be at greater risk. In doing so, we found a number of gaps in the existing evidence, indicating that our understanding of potentially inappropriate medicine regimens is incomplete. This review highlights gaps in knowledge that can be addressed by future research. With an improved understanding of potentially inappropriate medicine regimens, we may be able to better identify those at greater risk to prevent or minimize the impact of poorer health outcomes related to unsafe medicine use.
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Pratiwi, Rimadani, Ratu Hanifa Fayza Dipadharma, Ishmat Jati Prayugo, and Olivia Angelina Layandro. "Recent Analytical Method for Detection of Chemical Adulterants in Herbal Medicine." Molecules 26, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 6606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216606.
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Herbal medicine has become popular in recent years as an alternative medicine. The problem arises when herbal medicines contain an undeclared synthetic drug that is illegally added, since it is a natural product that does not contain any chemical drugs due to the potential cause of harmful effects. Supervision of herbal medicines is important to ensure that these herbal medicines are still safe to use. Thus, developing a reliable analytical technique for the determination of adulterated drugs in herbal medicine is gaining interest. This review aims to provide a recent analytical method that has been used within the past 5 years (2016–2021) for the determination of chemical adulterants in herbal medicine.
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Džidić, Miroslav, and Nikolina Maleta. "Insurance of No-fault Responsibility in Medicine." Medicine, Law & Society 11, no. 2 (October 22, 2018): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/mls.11.2.137-152.2018.
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Professional liability insurance in medicine based on the no-fault principle is not a novel legal concept, but it has gained popularity in recent years. The reason for this is because the classic professional liability system that exists in most European countries is obsolete. The basic shortcomings of the traditional insurance model are the overwhelming amount of litigation before the courts and the associated costs that are associated with it. At a time when modern medicine emphasizes the importance of patient education and awareness, which includes also informing patients of both their legal rights and obligations in connection with the medical treatment process, it is very difficult to retain the traditional insurance model where the physician's liability is premised solely on the physician's fault. Medicine is a humane profession and as such requires the greatest possible protection for health care users as well as for those who perform this extremely important activity for the society. This paper emphasizes the advantages of the no-fault liability insurance model and compares it with other insurance models in the field of medicine. The authors make suggestions for possible reforms to the classic medical professional liability insurance model in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Zavarovanje poklicne odgovornosti v medicini, ki temelji na nekrivdnem načelu, ni nov pravni koncept, a je v zadnjih letih pridobil na priljubljenosti. Razlog za to je, ker je klasični sistem poklicne odgovornosti, ki obstaja v večini evropskih držav, zastarel. Osnovne pomanjkljivosti tradicionalnega zavarovalnega modela so velika količina sodnih sporov pred sodišči in z njimi povezani stroški. V času, ko sodobna medicina poudarja pomen izobraževanja in ozaveščenosti pacientov, kar vključuje tudi obveščanje pacientov o njihovih pravicah in obveznostih v zvezi s postopkom zdravljenja, je zelo težko ohraniti tradicionalni model zavarovanja, kjer je odgovornost zdravnika vezana zgolj na krivdo zdravnika. Medicina je humani poklic in kot taka zahteva največjo možno zaščito za uporabnike zdravstvenega varstva in za tiste, ki opravljajo to izjemno pomembno dejavnost za družbo. Ta članek poudarja prednosti modela zavarovanja nekrivdne odgovornosti in ga primerja z drugimi zavarovalnimi modeli na področju medicine. Avtorja podajata predloge za morebitne reforme modela klasičnega zdravstvenega zavarovanja poklicne odgovornosti v Bosni in Hercegovini.
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Nugraha, Joanna Ardhyanti Mita. "Medicine Inventory Grouping using Clustering Data Mining." Indonesian Journal of Information Systems 2, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/ijis.v2i1.2340.
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One of the main factors in health services is adequate medicine supplies. Puskesmas is one of the health services that is managed under the district and city health offices to serve patients every day. However, there are obstacles in the process of medicine supply at the Puskesmas. Puskesmas still uses medicine supply techniques manually by looking at the minimum medicine stock. In this way, many medicines are unused and even lacking. The application of data mining can be used as an analysis to determine the medicine supply according to the patient's needs. In the data mining method, the clustering algorithm is one of the most popular to use where the data belonging to the same cluster will be close to each other and will be far from the data about another cluster. For this reason, this study used clustering to classify types of medicines based on the number of medicine uses and requests. The results are obtained in the form of information on the type of medicine with rapid use and model of m with extended usage every month taken from three years of data. Also, information on the types of medicines from the clustering process can be used to improve better patient service.
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Adhikari, Partha Pradip, and Satya Bhusan Paul. "HISTORY OF INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: A MEDICAL INHERITANCE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v11i1.21893.
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Objective: Indian Traditional Medicine, the foundation of age-old practice of medicine in the world, has played an essential role in human health care service and welfare from its inception. Likewise, all traditional medicines are of its own regional effects and dominant in the West Asian nations; India, Pakistan, Tibet, and so forth, East Asian nations; China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and so forth, Africa, South and Central America. This article is an attempt to illuminate Indian traditional medical service and its importance, based on recent methodical reviews.Methods: Web search engines for example; Google, Science Direct and Google Scholar were employed for reviews as well as for meta-analysis.Results: There is a long running debate between individuals, who utilize Indian Traditional Medicines for different ailments and disorders, and the individuals who depend on the present day; modern medicine for cure. The civil argument between modern medicine and traditional medicines comes down to a basic truth; each person, regardless of education or sickness, ought to be educated about the actualities concerning their illness and the associated side effects of medicines. Therapeutic knowledge of Indian traditional medicine has propelled various traditional approaches with similar or different theories and methodologies, which are of regional significance.Conclusion: To extend research exercises on Indian Traditional Medicine, in near future, and to explore the phytochemicals; the current review will help the investigators involved in traditional medicinal pursuit.
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Adhikari, Partha Pradip, and Satya Bhusan Paul. "HISTORY OF INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: A MEDICAL INHERITANCE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i1.21893.
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Objective: Indian Traditional Medicine, the foundation of age-old practice of medicine in the world, has played an essential role in human health care service and welfare from its inception. Likewise, all traditional medicines are of its own regional effects and dominant in the West Asian nations; India, Pakistan, Tibet, and so forth, East Asian nations; China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and so forth, Africa, South and Central America. This article is an attempt to illuminate Indian traditional medical service and its importance, based on recent methodical reviews.Methods: Web search engines for example; Google, Science Direct and Google Scholar were employed for reviews as well as for meta-analysis.Results: There is a long running debate between individuals, who utilize Indian Traditional Medicines for different ailments and disorders, and the individuals who depend on the present day; modern medicine for cure. The civil argument between modern medicine and traditional medicines comes down to a basic truth; each person, regardless of education or sickness, ought to be educated about the actualities concerning their illness and the associated side effects of medicines. Therapeutic knowledge of Indian traditional medicine has propelled various traditional approaches with similar or different theories and methodologies, which are of regional significance.Conclusion: To extend research exercises on Indian Traditional Medicine, in near future, and to explore the phytochemicals; the current review will help the investigators involved in traditional medicinal pursuit.
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Santanello, Catherine, and Ashlyn Carr. "Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices Regarding Herbal Medicine." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i3.2059.
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Introduction: With the increase of herbal medicine sales and a lack of reliable information available to consumers, it is important for pharmacists to be knowledgeable about these products and have the ability to effectively counsel on their uses and risks. The purpose of this study was to: 1) assess community pharmacists’ knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding herbal medicines, 2) understand the impact pharmacists may have on their patients’ herbal medicine use, and 3) gauge what practices could be improved.
Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to community pharmacists through email, social media, and in-person at local pharmacies. The survey consisted of general background questions, questions assessing perceptions and practices regarding herbal medicine, and a ten-question true/false quiz to assess knowledge. Survey data was collected and assessed using Qualtrics and Excel.
Results: Of the 127 community pharmacists who completed the survey, only 34% were confident in their ability to effectively counsel patients on herbal medicines. Approximately 50% of pharmacists reported never or rarely asking patients about herbal medicine use and 80% reported never or rarely documenting herbal medicine use. Only 25% of pharmacists reported that they always discuss side effects and 19% reported that they always discuss herb-drug interactions when patients are using herbal medicines. The average quiz score assessing knowledge of herbal medicines was 6.06 out of 10.
Conclusions: It is important for community pharmacists to be knowledgeable about herbal medicines and prepared to educate patients to ensure safe medication use. Pharmacists need to acknowledge the use of herbal medicine in their patients and always discuss potential side effects and herb-drug interactions. It is also important that pharmacists know where they can find reliable information on herbal medicines and use evidence-based resources when possible.
Article Type: Student Project
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Maria I. Dalamagka. "Integrating traditional medicine into a modern health care system." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 2372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.12.1.1046.
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Traditional Medicine collectively referred to as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) when commonly used outside their traditional context, alongside other medical systems, including Western biomedicine.The World Health Organization officially promoted traditional medicine in developing countries in 1978, there have been increasing interests among developing countries in integrating traditional medicine into a national health care system. Integrating traditional medicine into a modern health care system, moreover, can benefit industrialized nations as well. The contributions of Traditional and Modern Scientific Medicines to health care delivery have attracted a great deal attention in most communities worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, Kampo, traditional Korean medicine, and Unani have been practiced in some areas of the world and have blossomed into orderly-regulated systems of medicine. More than 80% of the world’s population in over 170 of WHO’s 194 Member States currently use some form of traditional medicine, such as herbal medicine, yoga, Ayurveda, acupuncture and acupressure, and indigenous therapies.To generate awareness about traditional medicine, since the 1980s, a number of publications on self-health care have been developed to inform people about the benefits and uses of traditional medicine. Some of the areas of focused research include studies on the development of anticancer drugs, cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and angina pectoris, respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma, obesity, diabetes and other metabolic disorders, and basic studies on acupuncture therapeutic mechanisms for various bone and joint and spinal disorders, and on different kinds of composition of the human body. To ensure the safety, standardization, efficacy and quality of traditional medicines, the practitioners must follow the same stringent standards and regulations for production and use of traditional medicines as are followed for allopathic medicines. This study aims to summarize the advancements made in understanding the efficacy, effectiveness of Traditional Medicine. Traditional and local knowledge systems need to be protected, preserved, and studied as different ways to approach modern healthcare, science, and technology at large. Significant challenges exist in integrating the differing perspectives. Traditional knowledge is derived from years of history and experience and is preserved through long, complex narrations lacking the traditionally rigorous scientific scrutiny required by modern medicine. Modern scientists are prone to quickly dismiss its merit, considering it to be irrelevant as a result. For many, traditional medicine is the first port of call, and practitioners of traditional medicine have played an important role in treating chronic illnesses. These traditional medicines and practices have been preserved, organized and modernized during the past several decades, and have been fully integrated into the national health-care delivery systems from the central to the most peripheral administrative levels.
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Yuslianti, Euis Reni, Boy M. Bachtiar, Dewi Fatma Suniarti, and Afifah B. Sutjiatmo. "NATURAL PRODUCTS PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION TOWARDS PHYTOPHARMACA FOR INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE DEVELOPMENT." Dentika Dental Journal 19, no. 2 (December 12, 2016): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/dentika.v19i2.463.
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There is a tendency back to nature treatment in Indonesian community because modern/synthetic medicines is expensive and have a various alarming side effects. That is why natural products medicine becomes more popular, aside from mass media promotions. Researches on natural products such as herbal medicine increases along with the desire to get phytofarmaca that can compete with modern medicines. The aims of this literature review are to discuss and provides information on pharmaceutical standardization of natural products toward phytopharmaca for developing Indonesian traditional medicine. Pharmaceutical standardization will strengthen the basic of pharmaceutical science in producing safe, efficacy, and qualify traditional medicine products. The pharmaceutical standardization consists of standardizing simplicial quality, safety, efficacy, and stable formulation of medicines for use in health services.
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P, Ajmal Rasi K., and Puneeth Vishnukeerthy K. "Personalized Medicine Revolution Medicine based on Genomics Makeup." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd12982.
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Mufadhol, Mufadhol, Mustafid Mustafid, Ferry Jie, and Yuni Noor Hidayah. "The new model for medicine distribution by combining of supply chain and expert system using rule-based reasoning method." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i1.pp295-304.
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The medicine distribution supply chain is important, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, because delays in medicine distribution can increase the risk for patients. So far, the distribution of medicines has been carried out exclusively and even some medicines are distributed on a limited basis because they require strict supervision from the Medicine Supervisory Agency in each department. However, the distribution of this medicine has a weakness if at one public Health center there is a shortage of certain types of medicines, it cannot ask directly to other public Health center, thus allowing the availability of medicines not to be fulfilled. An integrated process is needed that can accommodate regulations and leadership policies and can be used for logistics management that will be used in medicine distribution. This study will create a new model by combining supply chains with information systems and expert systems using the rule-based reasoning method as an inference engine that can be developed for medicine distribution based on a mobile hybrid system in the Demak District Health Office, Indonesia. So that a new framework model based on a mobile hybrid system can facilitate the distribution of medicines effectively and efficiently.
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Tordoff, June, Michael Bagge, Farina Ali, Samira Ahmed, Jie Ning Choong, Rowena Fu, Annie Joe, and Prasad Nishtala. "Older people's perceptions of prescription medicine costs and related costs: a pilot study in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 6, no. 4 (2014): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc14295.
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INTRODUCTION: Older people tend to take more medicines and prescription medicine costs may influence medicine adherence. AIM: The aim of this pilot study was to identify older people's perceptions of prescription medicine costs and related costs in four major cities across New Zealand. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to people aged 65 years and older visiting pharmacies in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin to identify their perceptions of costs relating to prescription medicines and related pharmacy and general practice services. Data were compared between cities and examined for associations between participants' views on costs and age, sex, income, ethnicity, number of medicines, and monthly cost. RESULTS: Participants (N=107) received a median of five prescription medicines (range 1–15), at a median cost of NZ$8.00 (range 0–55.30). Median part-charges for medicines only partly funded by the government were NZ$6.25 (range 0.60–100.00), and GP consultations ranged from NZ$0–60.00. Of the participants, 89 (83.2%) thought medicine costs and 63 (58.9%) thought GP consultation costs were reasonable. Participants with median monthly medicine costs of NZ$8.33–87.00 more commonly perceived medicines as expensive or very expensive (p=0.001, Fisher's exact test). DISCUSSION: Older people in this study mostly viewed their prescription medicines and related costs as reasonable; however, 17% and 41%, respectively, found medicines costs and GP consultation costs expensive. Larger, in-depth studies across New Zealand are needed to determine the sections of the population that find these costs expensive, and to explore how this might affect medicine adherence. KEYWORDS: Aged; community health services; costs and cost analysis; New Zealand; pharmaceutical preparations
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Murayama, Tsugiya, Nobuo Yamaguchi, Hideo Matsuno, and Yoshito Eizuru. "In VitroAnti-Cytomegalovirus Activity of Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 1, no. 3 (2004): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh045.
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We examined the effect of three types of Kampo medicines on human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in the human embryonic fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. Treatment of cells with at least 0.01 μg/ml of Kampo medicines inhibited the cytopathic effects of CMV-infected MRC-5 cells. Moreover, Kampo medicine decreased the replication of CMV without affecting the inhibition of host cells, with a concomitant decrease in CMV DNA levels. However, Kampo medicine demonstrated no virocidal effect on cell-free CMV. Furthermore, western blotting analysis demonstrated that the Kampo medicine decreased the amount of 65 kDa late antigen expression in the infected cells. These results suggest that Kampo medicine may be sufficient to inhibit viral DNA replication and late protein synthesis, resulting in anti-CMV effects. Therefore, these three Kampo medicines have the potential of being a source of new powerful anti-CMV compounds.