Journal articles on the topic 'Medicine Research Moral and ethical aspects Australia'
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1
Miller, Franklin G. "Research Ethics and Misguided Moral Intuition." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00455.x.
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The term therapeutic misconception was coined by Paul Appelbaum and his colleagues to describe the tendency of patients enrolled in clinical trials to confuse research participation with the personal clinical attention characteristic of medical care. It has not been recognized that an analogous therapeutic misconception pervades ethical thinking about clinical research with patient-subjects. Investigators and bioethicists often judge the ethics of clinical research based on ethical standards appropriate to the physician-patient relationship in therapeutic medicine. This ethical approach to clinical research constitutes a misconception because it fails to appreciate the ethically significant differences between clinical research and clinical care.In this article I argue that the assumption that the ethical principles governing the practice of therapeutic medicine should also apply to clinical research with patient- subjects produces incoherence in research ethics and erroneous guidance concerning certain controversial research designs.
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Koplin, Julian J., and Julian Savulescu. "Moral Limits of Brain Organoid Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 47, no. 4 (2019): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110519897789.
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Brain organoid research raises ethical challenges not seen in other forms of stem cell research. Given that brain organoids partially recapitulate the development of the human brain, it is plausible that brain organoids could one day attain consciousness and perhaps even higher cognitive abilities. Brain organoid research therefore raises difficult questions about these organoids' moral status – questions that currently fall outside the scope of existing regulations and guidelines. This paper shows how these gaps can be addressed. We outline a moral framework for brain organoid research that can address the relevant ethical concerns without unduly impeding this important area of research.
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ASLAMOVA, M. "ACCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF IMPROVING MORAL-ETHICAL QUALITIES OF THE FUTURE DOCTOR." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 20 (November 22, 2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2017.20.209479.
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The author analyzes the problem of upbringing the moral and ethical qualities of the future doctor through the prism of the value perception of professional requirements, reveals the tasks of educational influence on the student in the educational process, ensures the formation of a humanistic, professionally verified system of values as a basis for perfect moral choice in professional activity. With the purpose of research, the criteria (motivational-value, cognitive, procedural-analytical) and levels (elementary, low, medium, high) education of the moral and ethical qualities of the future doctor, which can be achieved in the educational process of medical education, are described and described. requirements for professional activities in the field of medicine. The means of the confirmatory experiment noted how stable the pattern of positive dynamics of education of moral and ethical qualities of future physicians from the first to the graduation course, which was achieved by the traditional means of organizing the educational process in higher education, which allows us to conclude that the orientation of professional training for the education of each student as highly moral, conscious regarding his professional duty of the individual. As a direction of further research, a hypothesis was formulated in relation to the growth of the established dynamics, provided that the future system of exercises that include the axiological aspect of the education of moral and ethical qualities is included in the humanitarian training of future physicians.
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Dahlöf, Carl. "Ethical considerations in biomedical research: A personal view." Cephalalgia 33, no. 8 (May 13, 2013): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102412468674.
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Premise Ethical considerations are made when an experiment is planned and take a regulatory system of moral principles into account. Discussion Ethical considerations should first and foremost be made in order to protect the individual subject/animal from being exposed to any unethical and perhaps even illegal intervention and to ensure that the experimental conditions used are appropriate. Summary The main role of research ethics committees is to assess the scientific and ethical aspects of submitted protocols and follow up the trial until its closure.
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Hyder, Adnan A., Abbas Rattani, and Bridget Pratt. "Research Capacity Strengthening in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Ethical Explorations." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, no. 1 (2017): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703106.
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With developed country governments and high resource institutions engaging in research in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), we argue that these entities have a moral obligation to help build and strengthen research infrastructure and capacity so local scientists and institutions can adequately conduct studies to understand and resolve the health burdens in low and middle income countries. We explore the moral justifications and motivations behind engaging in research capacity strengthening in the health sector in LMIC at multiple levels. In highlighting these issues, this paper aims to initiate a global discourse around why capacity development in LMIC has a moral basis at the individual, institutional and system levels.
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Ohnishi, Kayoko, Kazuyo Kitaoka, Jun Nakahara, Maritta Välimäki, Raija Kontio, and Minna Anttila. "Impact of moral sensitivity on moral distress among psychiatric nurses." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 5 (March 1, 2018): 1473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733017751264.
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Background: Moral distress occurs when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action. Moral distress was found to cause negative feelings, burnout, and/or resignation. Not only external factors such as lack of staff but also internal ones affect moral distress. Moral sensitivity, which is thought of as an advantage of nurses, could effect moral distress, as nurses being unaware of existing ethical problems must feel little distress. Objectives: To examine the impact of moral sensitivity on moral distress among psychiatric nurses, and affirm the hypothesis that nurses with higher moral sensitivity will suffer moral distress more than nurses with less moral sensitivity in two different samples. Ethical consideration: The study obtained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at Mie University (# 1111, 20.4.2010), and by the Turku University Ethics Board (29.5.2012). Permissions to undertake the study was obtained from the in two hospital districts and in one city (§ 48/4.10.2012, § 63/4.9.2012, 51/2012 27.8.2012). Informed consent was not formally obtained, because the questionnaire was anonymously reported by the participants who volunteered to answer. The participants responded voluntarily and anonymously. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire containing the Revised Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Moral Distress Scale for Psychiatric nurses was conducted to 997 nurses in 12 hospitals in Japan, and 974 nurses in 10 hospitals in Finland after obtaining of approval by research ethics committees. Data were analyzed using a multi-group structural equation model analysis. Findings: A set of analyses imply that the association of moral sensitivity with moral distress is significant and similar between Japan and Finland, whereas the factor structures of moral sensitivity and moral distress may be partially different. Discussion: The result of this study may indicate that nurses with high moral sensitivity can sense and identify moral problems, but not resolve them. Therefore, supporting nurses to solve ethical problems, not benumbing them, can be important for better nursing care and prevention of nurses’ resignation. Conclusion: Moral sensitivity and moral distress were positively correlated among psychiatric nurses in both Japan and Finland, although the participating nurses from the two countries were different in qualification, age, and cultural background. Nurses with high moral sensitivity suffer from moral distress.
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Perry, Joshua E., Ilene N. Moore, Bruce Barry, Ellen Wright Clayton, and Amanda R. Carrico. "The Ethical Health Lawyer: An Empirical Assessment of Moral Decision Making." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 3 (2009): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00407.x.
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The empirical literature exploring lawyers and their moral decision making is limited despite the “crisis” of unethical and unprofessional behavior in the bar that has been well documented for over a decade. In particular we are unaware of any empirical studies that investigate the moral landscape of the health lawyer’s practice. In an effort to address this gap in the literature, an interdisciplinary team of researchers at Vanderbilt University designed an empirical study to gather preliminary evidence regarding the moral reasoning of health care attorneys. The primary research question was how health lawyers respond when they encounter ethical or moral dilemmas in their practice for which the law fails to offer a bright-line solution. In exploring this question, we sought to understand better what motivations or influences guide action when health lawyers confront ethical quandaries, and whether there are specific differences, e.g., gender, experience, or religiosity, that are associated with specific responses to situations testing ethical or moral boundaries.
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Litton, Paul, and Franklin G. Miller. "A Normative Justification for Distinguishing the Ethics of Clinical Research from the Ethics of Medical Care." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 3 (2005): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2005.tb00519.x.
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In the research ethics literature, there is strong disagreement about the ethical acceptability of placebo-controlled trials, particularly when a tested therapy aims to alleviate a condition for which standard treatment exists. Recently, this disagreement has given rise to debate over the moral appropriateness of the principle of clinical equipoise for medical research. Underlying these debates are two fundamentally different visions of the moral obligations that investigators owe their subjects.Some commentators and ethics documents claim that physicians, whether acting as care givers or researchers, have the same duty of beneficence towards their patients and subjects: namely, that they must provide optimal medical care. In discussing placebo surgery in research on refractory Parkinson's disease, Peter Clark succinctly states this view: “The researcher has an ethical responsibility to act in the best interest of subjects.”
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Aleksіeіenko-Lemovska, Lyudmila, and Andrii Kaptiurov. "ETHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF EDUCATIONAL EXPERTS BUSINESS RELATIONS ON CONDUCTING INSTITUTIONAL AUDIT." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 46, no. 3 (November 12, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4601.
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The article considers the basic principles of professional ethics of educational experts in conducting institutional audits of educational institutions, including the rule of law, public interest as the main criteria of professional activity of an expert, professional competence, exclusion of self-profit actions, objectivity and independence, confidentiality of information, etc. The rules of interaction with representatives of educational institutions engaged in educational activities are presented. Emphasis is placed on the psychological aspects of business relations and relationships with colleagues. It is noted, that the work of an educational expert does not only require comprehensive knowledge of legislation in the field of education, but also includes certain moral obligations based on generally accepted norms, which guide the expert in conducting institutional audits in educational institutions. The Code of Professional Ethics of an institutional audit expert in educational institutions is a set of moral and ethical obligations and requirements based on generally accepted norms, which experts have to follow during the institutional audit procedure in educational institutions. The following theoretical research methods were used to solve certain problems: systematic analysis, comparison, systematization, classification and generalization of scientific and methodological literature on the problem; method of systematic analysis of philosophical, psychological-pedagogical, sociological literature for theoretical generalization of leading scientific approaches; interpretation of key provisions of the study.
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Jalili, Fereshteh, Zahra Saeidnejad, and Mohammad Aghajani. "Effects of spirituality training on the moral sensitivity of nursing students: A clinical randomized controlled trial." Clinical Ethics 15, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750919898346.
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Training nurses on spiritual principles and values helps to stimulate moral imagery and a deep understanding of moral problems in them. However, spirituality issue was not included in ethical educational content. There was still no interventional study on the effect of spirituality education on ethical sensitivity. This study was conducted to determine the effect of spirituality training on moral sensitivity of nursing students. A randomized controlled trial design was used. Data were collected by a moral sensitivity questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher, independent and paired t-test in SPSS 13v. This research was performed on 60 nursing students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2018. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. The intervention group was under the spirituality group training in seven 60 min sessions. The control group was traditionally trained. Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant in the moral sensitivity score ( p < 0.0001). A significant difference was observed between the mean of moral sensitivity score of the intervention group, before and after the training ( p < 0.001), while no significant change was observed in the control group, before and after the study ( p = 0.93). The spirituality education increased the moral sensitivity of nursing students. That provides a new perspective on the role and effect of spirituality education on the ethical sensitivity of nursing students.
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Enderle, Cleci de Fátima, Rosemary Silva da Silveira, Graziele de Lima Dalmolin, Valéria Lerch Lunardi, Liziane Iturriet Avila, and Carmen Carballo Dominguez. "Teaching strategies: promoting the development of moral competence in undergraduate students." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, suppl 4 (2018): 1650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0704.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To identify strategies and spaces used by professors to promote the development of the moral competence of nursing undergraduate students. Method: Qualitative research, developed with 20 nursing professors, through a semi-structured interview, from July to October 2016. Data were submitted to discursive textual analysis. Results: Three categories were constructed: Active methodologies as strategies for the development of moral competence; Knowledge and development of clinical reasoning as motivating spaces of moral competence; Attitude of professors as a strategy for dialogue, empathy, recovery of moral values and development of caring skills. Final considerations: The use of strategies and spaces to develop pedagogical actions favors the search for knowledge, clinical reasoning and the approach of ethical and moral aspects that collaborate for the development of the moral competence of nursing undergraduate students.
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Fischer Grönlund, Catarina EC, Anna IS Söderberg, Karin M. Zingmark, S. Mikael Sandlund, and Vera Dahlqvist. "Ethically difficult situations in hemodialysis care – Nurses' narratives." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 6 (August 7, 2014): 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542677.
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Background: Providing nursing care for patients with end-stage renal disease entails dealing with existential issues which may sometimes lead not only to ethical problems but also conflicts within the team. A previous study shows that physicians felt irresolute, torn and unconfirmed when ethical dilemmas arose. Research question: This study, conducted in the same dialysis care unit, aimed to illuminate registered nurses’ experiences of being in ethically difficult situations that give rise to a troubled conscience. Research design: This study has a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Participants: Narrative interviews were carried out with 10 registered nurses working in dialysis care. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University. Results: One theme, ‘Calling for a deliberative dialogue’, and six sub-themes emerged: ‘Dealing with patients’ ambiguity’, ‘Responding to patients’ reluctance’, ‘Acting against patients’ will’, ‘Acting against one’s moral convictions’, ‘Lacking involvement with patients and relatives’ and ‘Being trapped in feelings of guilt’. Discussion: In ethically difficult situations, the registered nurses tried, but failed, to open up a dialogue with the physicians about ethical concerns and their uncertainty. They felt alone, uncertain and sometimes had to act against their conscience. Conclusion: In ethical dilemmas, personal and professional integrity is at stake. Mistrusting their own moral integrity may turn professionals from moral actors into victims of circumstances. To counteract such a risk, professionals and patients need to continuously deliberate on their feelings, views and experiences, in an atmosphere of togetherness and trust.
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den Boer, Maria C., Mirjam Houtlosser, Henriëtte Anje van Zanten, Elizabeth E. Foglia, Dirk P. Engberts, and Arjan B. te Pas. "Ethical dilemmas of recording and reviewing neonatal resuscitation." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 103, no. 3 (January 20, 2018): F280—F284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314191.
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Neonatal resuscitation is provided to approximately 3% of neonates. Adequate ventilation is often the key to successful resuscitation, but this can be difficult to provide. There is increasing evidence that inappropriate respiratory support can have severe consequences. Several neonatal intensive care units have recorded and reviewed neonatal resuscitation procedures for quality assessment, education and research; however, ethical dilemmas sometimes make it difficult to implement this review process. We reviewed the literature on the development of recording and reviewing neonatal resuscitation and have summarised the ethical concerns involved. Recording and reviewing vital physiological parameters and video imaging of neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room is a valuable tool for quality assurance, education and research. Furthermore, it can improve the quality of neonatal resuscitation provided. We observed that ethical dilemmas arise as the review process is operating in several domains of healthcare that all have their specific moral framework with requirements and conditions on issues such as consent, privacy and data storage. These moral requirements and conditions vary due to local circumstances. Further research on the ethical aspects of recording and reviewing is desirable before wider implementation of this technique can be recommended.
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Adams, Sara B. "Empathy as an Ethical Imperative." Creative Nursing 24, no. 3 (August 2018): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.24.3.166.
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Empathy is an often-discussed topic among nurse scientists, educators, and professional practitioners. There is a small, but growing, body of research with a focus on empathy and its direct impact on clinical patient outcomes. However, nurses continue to place value on behavioral aspects of empathy, such as understanding the thoughts and feelings of others, caring, and perspective taking (Hojat, 2016; Kunyk & Olson, 2001). These empathic behaviors are foundational to establishing the nurse–patient relationship. The nurse–patient relationship is also central to the delivery of ethical patient care (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2015). Ethical care directly reflects elements of professional empathy, such as providing compassionate care, understanding the patient’s perspective, and thoughtful consideration of the needs and values of each person (ANA, 2015). Empathy and ethics are connected, and both play a vital role in the decision-making process of nurses, particularly for decisions involving some level of uncertainty that require moral reasoning or values-based judgment (Barlow, Hargreaves, & Gillibrand, 2018).
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Taylor, Holly A., and Summer Johnson. "Ethics of Population-Based Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 2 (2007): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00138.x.
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Multiple scholars and institutions have asked what distinguishes public health research from public health practice. Most often, they ask in order to have a clear definition of what one does in various public health settings to assess oversight and/or regulation of human subjects research. More importantly, however, whether something is considered public health research or public health practice has real ethical implications in terms of the general moral considerations at stake and the obligations of public health researchers/practitioners to the populations they serve or study.Numerous examples in recent history of research ethics, including the Kennedy Krieger Lead Abatement Study and EPA’s Children’s Environmental Exposure Research Study (CHEERS), suggest that an exploration of the ethics of public health, or more generally population-based research, may be warranted. Although we acknowledge that there are important ethical issues to consider in the implementation of public health practice, we leave that discussion for other authors.
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Zorin, K. V. "Medical education under conditions of pandemic of coronavirus infection: social and ethical recommendations." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 2 (February 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.02-21.038.
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Presented are social-ethical recommendations for medical education under conditions of pandemic of coronavirus infection. In the modern world there are many social and ethical problems, that depend on the worldview, philosophical and spiritual and moral positions of the state, society in general and individual in particular. Social and ethical issues of digital learning technologies caused by the new coronavirus infection have not yet been fully studied. The author analyzes a number of these aspects, related to medical education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The following research methods were used in the work, i.e. study and analysis of special literature, synthesis, modeling, comparison, generalization, observation, system analysis and theoretical knowledge. The article contains a number of social and ethical recommendations to help teachers and students better adapt to the distance learning format.
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Dunphy, Jillian L. "Healthcare professionals' perspectives on environmental sustainability." Nursing Ethics 21, no. 4 (October 7, 2013): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013502802.
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Background: Human health is dependent upon environmental sustainability. Many have argued that environmental sustainability advocacy and environmentally responsible healthcare practice are imperative healthcare actions. Research questions: What are the key obstacles to healthcare professionals supporting environmental sustainability? How may these obstacles be overcome? Research design: Data-driven thematic qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews identified common and pertinent themes, and differences between specific healthcare disciplines. Participants: A total of 64 healthcare professionals and academics from all states and territories of Australia, and multiple healthcare disciplines were recruited. Ethical considerations: Institutional ethics approval was obtained for data collection. Participants gave informed consent. All data were de-identified to protect participant anonymity. Findings: Qualitative analysis indicated that Australian healthcare professionals often take more action in their personal than professional lives to protect the environment, particularly those with strong professional identities. The healthcare sector’s focus on economic rationalism was a substantial barrier to environmentally responsible behaviour. Professionals also feared conflict and professional ostracism, and often did not feel qualified to take action. This led to healthcare professionals making inconsistent moral judgements, and feeling silenced and powerless. Constraints on non-clinical employees within and beyond the sector exacerbated these difficulties. Discussion: The findings are consistent with the literature reporting that organisational constraints, and strong social identification, can inhibit actions that align with personal values. This disparity can cause moral distress and residue, leading to feelings of powerlessness, resulting in less ethical behaviour. Conclusion: The data highlight a disparity between personal and professional actions to address environmental sustainability. Given the constraints Australian healthcare professionals encounter, they are unlikely to shift to environmentally responsible practice without support from institutions and professional associations. Professional development is required to support this endeavour. The poor transference of pro-ecological behaviour from one setting to another is likely to have international implications for healthcare practice.
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Pereira Daoud, Ana M., Mina Popovic, Wybo J. Dondorp, Marc Trani Bustos, Annelien L. Bredenoord, Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes, Susanne C. van den Brink, Bernard A. J. Roelen, Guido M. W. R. de Wert, and Björn Heindryckx. "Modelling human embryogenesis: embryo-like structures spark ethical and policy debate." Human Reproduction Update 26, no. 6 (July 26, 2020): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaa027.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Studying the human peri-implantation period remains hindered by the limited accessibility of the in vivo environment and scarcity of research material. As such, continuing efforts have been directed towards developing embryo-like structures (ELS) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that recapitulate aspects of embryogenesis in vitro. While the creation of such models offers immense potential for studying fundamental processes in both pre- and early post-implantation development, it also proves ethically contentious due to wide-ranging views on the moral and legal reverence due to human embryos. Lack of clarity on how to qualify and regulate research with ELS thus presents a challenge in that it may either limit this new field of research without valid grounds or allow it to develop without policies that reflect justified ethical concerns. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific approaches to generate ELS from mouse and human PSCs, as well as discuss future strategies towards innovation in the context of human development. Concurrently, we aim to set the agenda for the ethical and policy issues surrounding research on human ELS. SEARCH METHODS The PubMed database was used to search peer-reviewed articles and reviews using the following terms: ‘stem cells’, ‘pluripotency’, ‘implantation’, ‘preimplantation’, ‘post-implantation’, ‘blastocyst’, ‘embryoid bodies’, ‘synthetic embryos’, ‘embryo models’, ‘self-assembly’, ‘human embryo-like structures’, ‘artificial embryos’ in combination with other keywords related to the subject area. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were also used to systematically search publications on the ethics of ELS and human embryo research by using the aforementioned keywords in combination with ‘ethics’, ‘law’, ‘regulation’ and equivalent terms. All relevant publications until December 2019 were critically evaluated and discussed. OUTCOMES In vitro systems provide a promising way forward for uncovering early human development. Current platforms utilize PSCs in both two- and three-dimensional settings to mimic various early developmental stages, including epiblast, trophoblast and amniotic cavity formation, in addition to axis development and gastrulation. Nevertheless, much hinges on the term ‘embryo-like’. Extension of traditional embryo frameworks to research with ELS reveals that (i) current embryo definitions require reconsideration, (ii) cellular convertibility challenges the attribution of moral standing on the basis of ‘active potentiality’ and (iii) meaningful application of embryo protective directives will require rethinking of the 14-day culture limit and moral weight attributed to (non-)viability. Many conceptual and normative (dis)similarities between ELS and embryos thus remain to be thoroughly elucidated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Modelling embryogenesis holds vast potential for both human developmental biology and understanding various etiologies associated with infertility. To date, ELS have been shown to recapitulate several aspects of peri-implantation development, but critically, cannot develop into a fetus. Yet, concurrent to scientific innovation, considering the extent to which the use of ELS may raise moral concerns typical of human embryo research remains paramount. This will be crucial for harnessing the potential of ELS as a valuable research tool, whilst remaining within a robust moral and legal framework of professionally acceptable practices.
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Bagrationi, Irma. "On the Risks of Ethical Decision-Making from the History of the Political Thought." Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.21.4.9.
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Introduction: We are interested in the theoretical considerations of the actual pragmatic questions about ethical worldview meaning of understanding of the innovation dealings world, the nature of its conceptual risk dilemmas and problems and sententious thinking in the sphere of political business industry. Our viewpoint is dedicated to the most important aspects of the essence and peculiarities of the social moral standards of innovation approaches in the context of a political solution through methodology of modern mental technology - especially: cognitive methods with gnostic wisdom research and utilitarian creative knowledge and axiological methodology with overestimation ethical values and demonstrating intellectual concepts. Into the framework of the main goal of the research are reviewed the basic theoretical paradigms on the background of ethical worldview analysis (through comparative historical technique of thinking) of the leading-edge conceptual theories of the famous contemporary Russian, American and European thinkers. The purpose of the article is to prove, substantiate and confirm the following thesis. In order for the ethical of timely paroemiac responsibility and political freedom to be able to fulfill its axiological tasks, it is necessary to reach some worldview ideas: ??to create an universal model of moral consciousness and high valuable behavior; overcome mental and sociocultural biases regarding the debatable assessment of the convincingness of events and determine the relevant logical reaction of society not only to a certain risk of eatable technical thinking, but also to uncertainty regarding their intellectual decision in relation to approved ethical, operational, empirical and principled notions, proposals, expression views and suggestions. The results. Scientific conceptual alternatives of optimization of practical and urgent ethical valuable dilemmas are given. The issues of the possibility of formation of a worldview system through practical ethical requirements that standard regulates the reactionary politics of intellectual reality to probabilistic hazards are discussed. The ethical standards of universal prohibitions, the moral responsibility of human nature and the ethics of virtue make a conflict of social and political interests through insurmountable cognitive, discussible, reviewable and discursive difficulties are demonstratively shown. Conclusions. Taking into dominant the essence of the main backgrounds of the existential specific theoretical approaches for worldview methods solving moral political problems is integrated some innovation decisions through valuable considerations. The fundamental ethical concepts of utilitarian thought of historical reminiscences synthesize the possibility problematic circumstances into the logical model of making morally important and useful decisions much easier are analyzed, but through in the valuating pragmatic context needs a main transformation in mental formation of ideological metric and social-political structure. Keywords: ethical worldview decision, political industry, innovation approaches, moral values, mental technologies, risk decision methods, conceptual risk dilemmas.
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Macpherson, Ignacio, María Victoria Roqué, and Ignacio Segarra. "Moral dilemmas involving anthropological and ethical dimensions in healthcare curriculum." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 1238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020914382.
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Background Currently a variety of novel scenarios have appeared within nursing practice such as confidentiality of a patient victim of abuse, justice in insolvent patients, poorly informed consent delivery, non-satisfactory medicine outputs, or the possibility to reject a recommended treatment. These scenarios presuppose skills that are not usually acquired during the degree. Thus, the implementation of teaching approaches that promote the acquisition of these skills in the nursing curriculum is increasingly relevant. Objective The article analyzes an academic model which integrates in the curriculum a series of specific theoretical concepts together with practical skills to acquire the basic ethic assessment competency. Research design The project includes designing two subjects, General Anthropology and Ethics-Bioethics, with an applied approach in the nursing curriculum. The sequential structure of the curriculum in both subjects is constituted by three learning domains (theoretical, practical, and communicative) with different educational strategies. Ethical considerations No significant ethical considerations as this is a discussion paper. Findings The model was structured from the anthropology’s concepts and decision-making process, applied to real situations. The structure of the three domains theoretical–practical–communicative is present in each session. Discussion It is observed that theoretical domain fosters the capacity for critical analysis and subsequent ability to judge diverse situations. The practical domain reflected two significant difficulties: students’ resistance to internalizing moral problems and the tendency to superficial criticism. The communicative domain has frequently shown that the conflicting points are in the principles to be applied. Conclusion We conclude that this design achieves its objectives and may provide future nursing professionals with ethical competences especially useful in healthcare practice. The three domains of the presented scheme are associated with the same process used in decision making at individual levels, where the exercise of clinical prudence acquires particular relevance.
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Veatch, Robert M. "Research on “Big Ticket” Items: Ethical Implications for Equitable Access." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 22, no. 2 (1994): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1994.tb01288.x.
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“Big ticket” items in medicine pose a moral puzzle. We can call it the “Coby Howard puzzle,” after the boy whose need for an expensive bone marrow transplant forced Oregonians to reassess their policy of prohibiting this and other expensive “big ticket” procedures in favor of more low-tech, apparently cost-efficient interventions. The Oregon rationing debate was stimulated by the concern that expenditures on “big ticket” medical treatments for life-threatening disease were coming at the expense of low-tech, preventive “basic” care like immunizations, wellbaby clinics, and prenatal care.Another recent example was the public controversy over expenditures of over $1,800 per day on a project to try to separate Siamese twins conjoined at the heart. The physicians, prior to the procedure, claimed there was a one percent chance of success. It was reported that 50,000 children in Philadelphia could be immunized at the cost of that innovative therapy. Cost-benefit analysis suggests that much greater good would be done in the long run if we ignored the expensive, long-shot, high-risk projects and focused on basic medical needs.
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Streiffer, Robert. "Chimeras, Moral Status, and Public Policy: Implications of the Abortion Debate for Public Policy on Human/Nonhuman Chimera Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 2 (2010): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00484.x.
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Moral status is the moral value that something has in its own right, independently of the interests or concerns of others. Research using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) implicates issues about moral status because the current method of extracting hESCs involves the destruction of a human embryo, the moral status of which is contested. Moral status issues can also arise, however, when hESCs are transplanted into embryonic or fetal animals, thereby creating human/ nonhuman stem cell chimeras (“chimeras” for short). In particular, one concern about chimera research is that it could confer upon an animal the moral status of a normal human adult, but then impermissibly fail to accord the animal the protections it merits in virtue of its enhanced status. Understanding the public policy implications of this ethical conclusion is complicated by the fact that certain views about the moral status of the embryo cannot legitimately be used to justify public policy decisions. Arguments like those employed in the abortion debate for the conclusion that abortion should be legally permissible even if abortion is not morally permissible also support, to a more limited degree, a liberal policy on hESC research involving the creation of chimeras.
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Prompahakul, Chuleeporn, and Elizabeth G. Epstein. "Moral distress experienced by non-Western nurses: An integrative review." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 778–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019880241.
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Background: Moral distress has been identified as a significant issue in nursing practice for many decades. However, most studies have involved American nurses or Western medicine settings. Cultural differences between Western and non-Western countries might influence the experience of moral distress. Therefore, the literature regarding moral distress experiences among non-Western nurses is in need of review. Aim: The aim of this integrative review was to identify, describe, and synthesize previous primary studies on moral distress experienced by non-Western nurses. Review method: Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review methodology was used to structure and conduct the review of the literature. Research context and data sources: Key relevant health databases included the Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Two relevant journals, Nursing Ethics and Bioethics, were manually searched. Ethical consideration: We have considered and respected ethical conduct when performing a literature review, respecting authorship and referencing sources. Findings: A total of 17 primary studies published between 1999 and 2019 were appraised. There was an inconsistency with regard to moral distress levels and its relationship with demographic variables. The most commonly cited clinical causes of moral distress were providing futile care for end-of-life patients. Unit/team constraints (poor collaboration and communication, working with incompetent colleagues, witnessing practice errors, and professional hierarchy) and organizational constraints (limited resources, excessive administrative work, conflict within hospital policy, and perceived lack of support by administrators) were identified as moral distress’s stimulators. Negative impacts on nurses’ physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being were also reported. Conclusion: Further research is needed to investigate moral distress among other healthcare professions which may further build understanding. More importantly, interventions to address moral distress need to be developed and tested.
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Emanuel, Ezekiel J. "Ending Concerns about Undue Inducement." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 1 (2004): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00453.x.
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For decades, worries about undue inducement have Pervaded clinical research, and are especially common when research is accompanied by payment or conducted in developing countries. Few ethical judgments carry as much moral opprobrium or are thought to undermine the ethical soundness of a clinical trial as thoroughly as undue inducement. Indeed, the admonition to prevent undue inducement is one of the few explicit instructions in the Common Rules requirements for informed consent.Despite their long history and pervasiveness, charges of undue inducement in clinical research are almost always mistaken. Indeed, I will advance an even more radical claim: Aresearch trial that otherwise fulfills the fundamental ethical requirements for human subjects research inherently cannot create the possibility of undue inducement because substantial risk of serious harm isprecluded. Charges of undue inducement tend to express displaced and mislabeled ethical concerns about other aspects of human subjects research. Consequently, claims of undue inducement should rarely be made, and when they are advanced should be treated with skepticism, placing a heavy burden of proofon those advancing such charges.
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Pramana, I. Kadek Adhi, I. Gusti Ayu Nyoman Budiasih Budiasih, Anak Agung Ngurah Bagus Dwirandra, and I. Gusti Ayu Made Asri Dwija Putri. "Insightfully Explore the Ethical Decision Making of Tax Consultants During COVID-19 Pandemic." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Bisnis 17, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jiab.2022.v17.i01.p11.
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Weakening economic performance during COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on state revenues in the tax sector caused dilemma for a tax consultant. This study aims to explore various ethical decisions making by tax consultants. Transcendental phenomenology Husserl's is used to obtain pure consciousness from informants. Data was collected by interview and based on the interpretation, the dilemma caused by non-optimal income and client's internal policies. In addition, several clients experience tax audits during the pandemic. Ethical assessment of decision making is considered into several aspects, such as: moral considerations, commitment to providing optimal services, and awareness that the role of tax consultants is helping the government to gain state revenue in tax sector. This study provides the relevance use of ethical theory and the theory of planned behaviour. For practitioners, this research can be used as advice in making decisions both in pandemic situations and other unexpected events.
Keywords: phenomenology, dilemma, tax consultant, explore, ethical decision
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Umah, Siti Rokhmatul. "Etika Eudaimonisme dalam Buddhisme." Panangkaran: Jurnal Penelitian Agama dan Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/panangkaran.2020.0402-07.
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One of the Eastern Philosophy teachings that emphasizes the moral practices and ethical teachings is Buddhism. However, these teachings are still scattered and not yet systemised. So, it is necessary to identify the pattern and form of the ethics. At first glance, ethics in Buddhism has the same pattern as the ethics of eudaimonism that is made by Aristotle which contains several aspects, namely teleological aspects, self-development, and virtue. This studies employs Aristotle's ethical theory as a theoretical framework to dialogue, analyze, and build ethical concepts that is occurred in the teachings of Buddhism. There are three characters in Aristotle's ethical philosophy, namely teleology, self-development, and virtue. The data were gathered through library research and analysed by interpretation and description methods. The approach that is employed in this paper is a philosophical approach that seeks to find the basic philosophical structure of the teachings of Buddhism in the concept of Aristotle's ethics of eudaimonism. This study shows that the ethics of Buddhism contain teleological aspects that in line with the ethics of eudaimonism, namely, self-development aspects, and virtue aspects. According to Buddhism, the goal of all human action is to attain the highest happiness, namely Nibbana (detachment from suffering). To achieve it one must practicing the Noble Eightfold Path.[Salah satu ajaran filsafat Timur yang menekankan praktik-praktik moral serta ajaran etika adalah Buddhisme. Namun, ajaran-ajaran etika tersebut masih berserakan dan belum tersistem. Maka, perlu diidentifikasi corak atau bentuk etikanya. Sekilas, etika dalam Buddhisme memiliki corak yang sama dengan etika eudaimonisme dari Aristoteles yang mengandung beberapa aspek, di antaranya, aspek teleologis, pengembangan diri, dan keutamaan. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis menggunakan teori etika Aristoteles sebagai kerangka teoritis dalam mendialogkan, menganalisis, dan membangun konsep etika yang terdapat dalam ajaran Buddhisme. Dalam filsafat etika Aristoteles, terdapat tiga karakter, yaitu teleologi, pengembangan diri, dan keutamaan. Data-data dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan/library research dengan menggunakan metode analisa yaitu interpretasi dan deskripsi. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini adalah pendekatan filosofis yang berupaya menemukan struktur dasar filosofis dari ajaran Buddhisme dalam konsep etika eudaimonisme Aristoteles. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa etika dalam Buddhisme mengandung aspek yang terdapat dalam etika eudaimonisme, yakni aspek teleologi, yakni pengembangan diri, dan aspek keutamaan. Menurut Buddhisme, tujuan dari segala tindakan manusia adalah untuk mencapai kebahagiaan tertinggi, yaitu Nibbana (terlepasnya dari penderitaan). Untuk mencapainya adalah dengan mempraktikkan Jalan Mulia Beruas Delapan.]
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Oliynyk, N. М. "Problems of bioethics in modern medicine." PROBLEMS OF UNINTERRUPTED MEDICAL TRAINING AND SCIENCE 43, no. 3-4 (December 2021): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31071/promedosvity2021.03-04.033.
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Modern scientific advances in medical science and practice require a new perspective on the life and rights of the individual, starting from its embryo in the womb, and therefore the discussions devoted to the study of various aspects of the human right to health and life are simply condemned to a particular relevance in current conditions. Modern bioethics is designed to address ethical issues of medicine and biology, as well as related technologies, considering social, legal and environmental aspects. The objective of the study is to identify current ethical issues in medicine and biology as well as related technologies, considering social, legal and environmental aspects. The article analyzes the directions for the development of bioethics in the health system, human rights as a source of bioethical principles and behavioral criteria in various fields of its application. The bioethics problems of the major achievements of modern biological and medical sciences – stem cell therapy, human cloning, euthanasia, organ and tissue transplantation, certain aspects of resuscitation, which often conflict with moral and ethical criteria. The problem of emerging infections that create local or international emergencies is discussed. A clear example is the pandemic of a new disease – the COVID-19, which confirms humanity’s unpreparability to resist the spread of respiratory viral infections. Conclusion. Modern biological and medical research requires a rethinking of existing bioethical and legal postulates. They must go through a certain path of transformation to meet the requirements of today. It is important to improve the legal regulation without which the boundary between the subject and the object of study will remain potentially uncertain.
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Tarlier, Denise S. "Beyond caring: the moral and ethical bases of responsive nurse-patient relationships." Nursing Philosophy 5, no. 3 (October 2004): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-769x.2004.00182.x.
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Smith, Caroline A., Ros Priest, Bridget Carmady, Suzannah Bourchier, and Alan Bensoussan. "The Ethics of Traditional Chinese and Western Herbal Medicine Research: Views of Researchers and Human Ethics Committees in Australia." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/256915.
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Despite the growth of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and western herbal medicine (WHM) research in Australia, little is known about how ethics committees (HRECs) assess the ethics of TCM or WHM research. The objectives of this study were to examine the experiences of TCM and WHM researchers and HRECs with the evaluation of ethics applications. Two cross-sectional surveys were undertaken of HRECs and TCM and WHM researchers in Australia. Anonymous self-completion questionnaires were administered to 224 HRECs and 117 researchers. A response confirming involvement in TCM or WHM research applications was received from 20 HRECs and 42 researchers. The most frequent ethical issues identified by HRECs related to herbal products including information gaps relating to mode of action of herbal medicines and safety when combining herbal ingredients. Researchers concurred that they were frequently requested to provide additional information on multiple aspects including safety relating to the side effects of herbs and herb-drug interactions. Overall adherence with the principles of ethical conduct was high among TCM and WHM researchers although our study did identify the need for additional information regarding assessment of risk and risk management.
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Miljeteig, Ingrid, Ingeborg Forthun, Karl Ove Hufthammer, Inger Elise Engelund, Elisabeth Schanche, Margrethe Schaufel, and Kristine Husøy Onarheim. "Priority-setting dilemmas, moral distress and support experienced by nurses and physicians in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway." Nursing Ethics 28, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020981748.
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Background: The global COVID-19 pandemic has imposed challenges on healthcare systems and professionals worldwide and introduced a ´maelstrom´ of ethical dilemmas. How ethically demanding situations are handled affects employees’ moral stress and job satisfaction. Aim: Describe priority-setting dilemmas, moral distress and support experienced by nurses and physicians across medical specialties in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Western Norway. Research design: A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted from 23 April to 11 May 2020. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval granted by the Regional Research Ethics Committee in Western Norway (131421). Findings: Among the 1606 respondents, 67% had experienced priority-setting dilemmas the previous two weeks. Healthcare workers who were directly involved in COVID-19 care, were redeployed or worked in psychiatry/addiction medicine experienced it more often. Although 59% of the respondents had seen adverse consequences due to resource scarcity, severe consequences were rare. Moral distress levels were generally low (2.9 on a 0–10 scale), but higher in selected groups (redeployed, managers and working in psychiatry/addiction medicine). Backing from existing collegial and managerial structures and routines, such as discussions with colleagues and receiving updates and information from managers that listened and acted upon feedback, were found more helpful than external support mechanisms. Priority-setting guidelines were also helpful. Discussion: By including all medical specialties, nurses and physicians, and various institutions, the study provides information on how the COVID-19 mitigation also influenced those not directly involved in the COVID-19 treatment of patients. In the next stages of the pandemic response, support for healthcare professionals directly involved in outbreak-affected patients, those redeployed or those most impacted by mitigation strategies must be a priority. Conclusion: Empirical research of healthcare workers experiences under a pandemic are important to identify groups at risks and useful support mechanisms.
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Salcudean, Andreea, Marius-Catalin Cosma, Andreea-Georgiana Nan, Monica Kiss, Maria-Melania Lica (Cozma), Cristina-Raluca Bodo, and Gabriela-Elena Strete. "Ethical dilemmas and conflicts in minor patients’ care – general review." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 71, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2022.1.5.
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The aim of this review study is to analyze and describe the main moral and ethical aspects regarding the minor patients' healthcare related procedures. The Pediatric Ethics differentiate from that of the competent adults, such particularities including surrogate decisions, confidentiality issues, genetic testing and research related matters, end-of-life situations and legal framework. An important aspect is that the child is not entirely lacking capacity, in fact, the literature underlines the importance of listening, analyzing and taking into consideration the minor patient’s opinions, statements or judgements according to their age and cognitive development. The approach of the minor patient should always take into account the triad “doctor-parent-child” without neglecting any of the participants and their role. The main responsibility of the healthcare professionals is to act guided by the best interests of the minor patient.
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Huzhva, Olena. "Development of Ideas of Deontology and Professional Ethics in Historical Aspect." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University 1, no. 6 (344) (2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-6(344)-1-17-24.
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The article is devoted to the study of stages of formation and development of deontology and professional ethics, which is relevant in terms of understanding the impact of the historical process of formation and development of deontological ideas on ethical and deontological, psychological and moral aspects of professional activity in various fields. The article presents the evolutionary path of deontology and professional ethics, from the initial understanding of the essence of ethics and moral and ethical norms, to the development of deontology as one of the main components of various professions or activities. The main characteristics of implicit (creation of preconditions for deontology), explicit (delimitation of the concepts «ethics», «morality» and «deontology», image of deontology as a science, formation of ideas about the content of ethics) and institutional (further development) are outlined in the process of the research; the emergence of systems of professional ethical norms set in regulations and documents); stages of formation of deontology as a science; the preconditions for the emergence of deontology as a separate branch of scientific knowledge and the separation of its applied (practical) direction are determined. The essence of deontological views of Immanuel Kant, sources of Jeremy Bentham and Charlie Broad, and their influence on the formation of modern deontological systems and professional ethics are considered.
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Leonova, Olga M., and Alexander N. Salnikov. "Historical aspects and organizational issues of deontology in dental institutions." Medicine and Physical Education: Science and Practice, no. 9 (2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2658-7688-2021-3-1(9)-39-44.
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A large number of works are devoted to the problem of medical ethics and deontology. They mainly consider the relationship between a medical worker and a patient, a medical worker and society. The issue of adherence to medical deontology and ethics between doctors is not often raised in the professional literature. We considered issues of relationship of the health worker and patient, the personal qualities of the doctor and moral installations defining his behavior; relations with colleagues and rationing the vocational and ethical field of medicine in the form of a vocational and ethical code. The key principles of bioethics are the following: the principle of humanism, professionalism, the scientific nature of medical interventions, self-criticism. Modern successes in the field of science and technology, the transfer of their results to medical practice have determined the relevance of the relationship between the doctor and the patient from the point of view of law, morality and religious beliefs. This problem area is the subject of biomedical ethics, the task of which is to solve ethical problems closely related to medical practice and biomedical research. We defined modern medical ethics through correlation with the bioethical model.
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Tsepeleva, Nadezhda V. "“Good and Evil are Like Grave Dust…”: the Image of Artistic Reality in the Poem by A. A. Fet." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 1 (February 2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-1-47-54.
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The article is devoted to one of the “eternal” themes and problems of Russian literature and philosophy ‒ the problem of good and evil. The relevance of the study of the problem of good and evil is determined by some simplified consideration of this topic at school and university. Hence, the purpose of the undertaken research is to reveal the ethical and spiritual aspects of the designated problem through the prism of the work by A. A. Fet, to show the commonality of the artistic and philosophical searches of Russian thinkers of the 19th–20th centuries in this area. On the basis of the research undertaken in the article, which was carried out using the historical-philosophical, comparative, hermeneutic and descriptive methods of studying, the available sources on this issue, as well as the method of reconstruction and the method of literary analysis of the main poetic images and ideas of the poem in question, the author showed the peculiarity of recreating the poet of artistic reality in the analyzed poem, which served as the basis for the poetic solution of the “eternal” theme. The article notes that the readers are presented with the Christian picture of the world and the Christian understanding of the problem of good and evil, with its highlighting of the moral and spiritual aspects. The author of the article, referring to the poem by A. A. Fet as an illustration, shows, on the one hand, the unequal moral and spiritual aspects of the problem of good and evil, and on the other hand, their relationship. The article concludes that the ability to distinguish between the moral and spiritual aspects of this problem allows one to comprehend the issue of good and evil more deeply, to get away from its stereotypical dialectical consideration in the context of the idea of free choice. An example of such a deep disclosure of the ethical and philosophical problem in an artistic context can serve, according to the author, a poem by A. A. Fet, consonant with the spiritual quest of Russian religious philosophers of the 19th–20th centuries.
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Francione, Gary L. "The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research: Necessity and Justification." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 2 (2007): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00132.x.
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Discourse about the use of animals in biomedical research usually focuses on two issues. The first, which I will refer to as the “necessity issue,” is empirical and asks whether the use of nonhumans in experiments is required in order to gather statistically valid information that will contribute in a significant way to improving human health. The second, which I will refer to as the “justification issue,” is moral and asks whether the use of nonhumans in biomedical research, if necessary as an empirical matter, can be defended as a matter of ethical theory.If it is not necessary as an empirical matter to use animals in research, then there is no need to inquire about moral justification. Therefore, I examine the necessity issue first. The argument that it is necessary to use nonhumans in biomedical research, though flawed, is at least plausible, unlike our necessity arguments for other animal uses. I then discuss the justification issue and conclude that we cannot morally justify using nonhuman animals in research.
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Pesotskaya, Elena N., Vera I. Inchina, Svetlana V. Aksyonova, Angelina V. Zorkina, and Lyudmila V. Сhegodaeva. "The problem of the synthesis of pedagogical strategy and moral practice in modern medical education (aspects of integrating international experience)." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 14, no. 33 (February 23, 2021): e15276. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.15276.
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The article is devoted to the phenomenon of "medical humanities" as an independent interdisciplinary area of research, formed on the basis of the international experience integration as a reality. Тhe phenomenon is comprehended simultaneously in the field of Russian patristic tradition and medicine, since it focuses pedagogical strategy and moral practice. In the Russian spiritual tradition, it fits into the processes of educating humanity, which receives a modern consideration both in moral and religious categories, and in the categories of natural science, which are significant for medicine. Spirituality is the category of thinking that changes the idea of a person in the existing reductionist approach to his integrity in medicine. The action of the worldview of the individual is considered as a mandatory constant, which acts as a constructive mechanism for the transformation of the value foundations of thinking and ethical reflection. The fundamentals of spiritual and moral education and patristic experience make complex conditions for the restoration of humanitarian culture in medicine. The purpose of the process is to qualitatively change its anthropological, ethical and psychological components. Systemic humanitarian knowledge is main for medical education. The author reveals the significance of the positive convergence of the humanities for medicine.
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Bagherian, Samaneh, Farkhondeh Sharif, Ladan Zarshenas, Camellia Torabizadeh, Abbas Abbaszadeh, and Payam Izadpanahi. "Cancer patients’ perspectives on dignity in care." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 1 (May 16, 2019): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845126.
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Background: Since “dignity” is one of the fundamental rights of every patient, consideration for patients’ dignity is essential. Unfortunately, in many cases, especially in cancer patients, dignity is not fully respected. Dignity is an abstract concept, and there are only a few comprehensive studies on the dignity of cancer patients in Iran. Research objective: This study aimed to evaluate the perception of Iranian cancer patients on human dignity. Research design: A qualitative research approach was used as the study design. The data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Participants and research context: This study was conducted on cancer patients in internal medicine wards in Iran. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews from May 2017 to February 2018. Ethical considerations: The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of medical universities located in Southwest of Iran. The ethical principles were carefully followed throughout the study. Findings: Based on the results of the interviews, 3 main themes and 11 categories were determined. The main themes were identified as the “personal space and privacy,” “respect for human values,” and “moral support.” Discussion: The results of the present study showed the necessity of care for cancer patients in a respectful manner. The key elements in such care were the preservation of their personal space and privacy, respect for their values, and the provision of adequate moral support. These measures will have a positive effect on the perception of such patients on human dignity. Conclusion: Considering the special care required by cancer patients, the Iranian healthcare and hygiene managers should design and implement a care plan that includes the ethical principles related to human dignity.
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Sugarman, Jeremy. "The Future of Empirical Research in Bioethics." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 2 (2004): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00469.x.
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Empirical research in bioethics can be defined as the application of research methods in the social sciences (such as anthropology, epidemiology, psychology, and sociology) to the direct examination of issues in [bioethics]. As such, empirical work is a form of descriptive ethics, focused on describing a particular state of affairs that has some moral or ethical relevance. For example, empirical research can help to describe cultural beliefs about the appropriateness of providing health-related information, such as the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, which informs deliberations about the extent to which it is morally important for clinicians to provide comprehensive information to patients in different cultural contexts. Similarly, empirical research can delineate popular attitudes and experiences related to contentious issues such as abortion, cloning, stem-cell research, and physician-assisted suicide to enlighten discussions and policy formulations regarding them.
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Ries, Nola M., Elise Mansfield, and Rob Sanson-Fisher. "Ethical and legal aspects of research involving older people with cognitive impairment: A survey of dementia researchers in Australia." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 68 (January 2020): 101534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101534.
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Johnstone, Megan-Jane, Helen Rawson, Alison Margaret Hutchinson, and Bernice Redley. "Fostering trusting relationships with older immigrants hospitalised for end-of-life care." Nursing Ethics 25, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 760–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664978.
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Background: Trust has been identified as a vital value in the nurse–patient relationship. Although increasingly the subject of empirical inquiries, the specific processes used by nurses to foster trust in nurse–patient relationships with older immigrants of non-English speaking backgrounds hospitalised for end-of-life care have not been investigated. Aims: To explore and describe the specific processes that nurses use to foster trust and overcome possible cultural mistrust when caring for older immigrants of non-English speaking backgrounds hospitalised for end-of-life care. Research design: A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Twenty-two registered nurses were recruited from four metropolitan health services in Melbourne, Australia. Ethical considerations: Research approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committees of the host institution and four participating health services. Findings: Thematic analysis revealed that fostering trust encompassed the following three commensurate stages: establishing trust, strengthening trust and sustaining trust. Underpinning the successful achievement of these stages was the nurses’ moral commitment (reflected in their intentional, conscious and conscientious approach) to fostering trust as an essential ingredient of quality end-of-life care. Discussion: This study has shown that while professional competencies are important to providing quality end-of-life care to older immigrant patients of non-English speaking backgrounds, it is a nurse’s moral commitment to fostering trust that may ultimately lay the foundations for a trusting quality care relationship to be established and sustained. Conclusion: This study has captured the processes used by nurses to foster trust as an essential element of quality end-of-life care in older immigrants. The characteristics of trust and the different factors influencing its expression in diverse cultural contexts are, however, under-researched. Accordingly, gaps remain in the knowledge and understanding of the specific cultural nuances and manifestations of trust across and within different cultures. This is an area that is germane to further cross-cultural and international collaborative scholarly inquiry and research.
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Tuffaha, Haitham W., Najwan El Saifi, Suzanne K. Chambers, and Paul A. Scuffham. "Directing research funds to the right research projects: a review of criteria used by research organisations in Australia in prioritising health research projects for funding." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e026207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026207.
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ObjectivesHealthcare budgets are limited, and therefore, research funds should be wisely allocated to ensure high-quality, useful and cost-effective research. We aimed to critically review the criteria considered by major Australian organisations in prioritising and selecting health research projects for funding.MethodsWe reviewed all grant schemes listed on the Australian Competitive Grants Register that were health-related, active in 2017 and with publicly available selection criteria on the funders’ websites. Data extracted included scheme name, funding organisation, selection criteria and the relative weight assigned to each criterion. Selection criteria were grouped into five representative domains: relevance, appropriateness, significance, feasibility (including team quality) and cost-effectiveness (ie, value for money).ResultsThirty-six schemes were included from 158 identified. One-half of the schemes were under the National Health and Medical Research Council. The most commonly used criteria were research team quality and capability (94%), research plan clarity (94%), scientific quality (92%) and research impact (92%). Criteria considered less commonly were existing knowledge (22%), fostering collaboration (22%), research environment (19%), value for money (14%), disease burden (8%) and ethical/moral considerations (3%). In terms of representative domains, relevance was considered in 72% of the schemes, appropriateness in 92%, significance in 94%, feasibility in 100% and cost-effectiveness in 17%. The relative weights for the selection criteria varied across schemes with 5%–30% for relevance, 20%–60% for each appropriateness and significance, 20%–75% for feasibility and 15%–33% for cost-effectiveness.ConclusionsIn selecting research projects for funding, Australian research organisations focus largely on research appropriateness, significance and feasibility; however, value for money is most often overlooked. Research funding decisions should include an assessment of value for money in order to maximise return on research investment.
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AKIN, Selami Mahmut, and Nihal SÜTÜTEMİZ. "NÖROPAZARLAMA ve UYGULAYICILARIN PERSPEKTİFİYLE ETİK YÖNÜ." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 2, no. 1 (November 20, 2014): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v2i1.48.
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Neuromarketing which emerged in recent years assumes that brain contains information that hidden personal preferences and has a relationship between brain activity and verbal preferences. Based on that relationship, neuromarketing utilize the various techniques used in medicine to figure out consumers and create consumer marketing strategies. The techniques utilized in neuromarketing causes moral concerns about gain commercial purposes of the data obtained from consumers. In this context, the purpose of this study is examine neuromarketing and discuss it’s ethical aspects through practitioner’s perpective. For this purpose, the field of research constitute marketing research companies that apply neuromarketing techniques which located in Istanbul. Of the aforementioned companies, since Thinkneuro and Affectspots agreed to participate in this research, were determined as the sample of the study. The data obtained by interview with the managers of the two companies and descriptive analysis result has been observed that different approaches. As a result of research, the statements of companies has overlapped with literature. The assessments of companies’ about ethical aspects of neuromarketing discussed according to teleological and deontological approach of ethics.
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Fedorin, Vladimir Vladimirovich. "Human genetic modification: prospects, inevitability, and the question of moral-ethical justification." Философская мысль, no. 12 (December 2020): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2020.12.34403.
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The subject of this research is the genetic engineering of a human, risks it produces, prospects, and moral-ethical aspects. Technological progress inevitably leads to infiltration of cultural sphere into human corporeality through genetic engineering. The development of innovative technologies in the area of manipulation with the genetic code necessitates to choose how these technologies would be used. In this regard, there is a possibility of transition towards a new type of corporeality, not limited by biological predetermination alone, but rather culturally substantiated, being a result of implementation of the human-created project, which underlines the need for socio-humanitarian analysis conducted in this article. Viewing medicine as one of the fields of culture allows concluding that humanity to some extent has already faced certain projection with regards to human corporeality. In this aspect, medicine manifests as a tool for implementation of the project of a “healthy human”, and genetic engineering, as its part, would inevitably implement this project, and gradually expand the field of culture and fulfill the project of an “improved human” as a natural advancement of the idea of expansion of freedom through modification of corporeality.
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DeGrazia, David. "Moral Status, Human Identity, and Early Embryos: A Critique of the President's Approach." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 1 (2006): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00008.x.
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On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush delivered a statement that would have a great effect on bioethics policy in the United States. The President stated his belief that human life is a sacred gift from the Creator, expressed his strong opposition to any type of human cloning, and announced a policy of restricting federal funds for embryonic stem cell research to studies on stem cell lines already in existence at the time of his statement. He also announced his intention to create the President's Council on Bioethics (PCB), headed by Leon Kass, “to monitor stem cell research, to recommend appropriate guidelines and regulations, and to consider all of the medical and ethical ramifications of biomedical innovation.” On November 28, 2001, President Bush formally created the PCB, which began its deliberations the following January.
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Ficek, Ryszard. "The Critique of Liberal Capitalism in the Light of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński’s Personalistic Concept of Socio-Economic Life." Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne, no. 38 (December 10, 2021): 161–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pst.2021.38.08.
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The subject of the presented article is the analysis of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński’s personalistic vision of social life in the context of the liberal capitalism concept. The author’s interpretation of the source materials aims to display Wyszyński’s praxeological and ethical reflection and place it in the context of the socio-economic aspects of human life, characteristic of liberal capitalism. The exploration of the above research will analyze the source texts and their reinterpretation using the inductive-deductive method. The above paper’s primary research goal is to show the moral message of Cardinal Wyszyński in the context of the Christian vision of involvement in socio-economic life and its application to the specific reality of contemporary public life. The author of the article asks whether the moral message rooted in the personalistic vision of the human person presented by Cardinal Wyszyński can be applied to the contemporary reality of social, political, and economic life, where liberal capitalism seems to be the dominant ideology of the Western world? The answer to such questions is essential, especially in the context of the revival of “collectivist” populism, which, combined with the ideas of the so-called “Ideological pluralism,” emphasizing the moral ambivalence of “liquid” postmodernity, becomes a severe challenge to the entire modern world
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Prictor, Megan, Sharon Huebner, Harriet J. A. Teare, Luke Burchill, and Jane Kaye. "Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collections of Genetic Heritage: The Legal, Ethical and Practical Considerations of a Dynamic Consent Approach to Decision Making." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 1 (2020): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520917012.
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Dynamic Consent (DC) is both a model and a specific web-based tool that enables clear, granular communication and recording of participant consent choices over time. The DC model enables individuals to know and to decide how personal research information is being used and provides a way in which to exercise legal rights provided in privacy and data protection law. The DC tool is flexible and responsive, enabling legal and ethical requirements in research data sharing to be met and for online health information to be maintained. DC has been used in rare diseases and genomics, to enable people to control and express their preferences regarding their own data. However, DC has never been explored in relationship to historical collections of bioscientific and genetic heritage or to contexts involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (First Peoples of Australia).In response to the growing interest by First Peoples throughout Australia in genetic and genomic research, and the increasing number of invitations from researchers to participate in community health and wellbeing projects, this article examines the legal and ethical attributes and challenges of DC in these contexts. It also explores opportunities for including First Peoples' cultural perspectives, governance, and leadership as a method for defining (or redefining) DC on cultural terms that engage best practice research and data analysis as well as respect for meaningful and longitudinal individual and family participation.
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Benatar, Solomon R. "Towards Progress in Resolving Dilemmas in International Research Ethics." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 4 (2004): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb01963.x.
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Interest in the ethics of research on human subjects, stimulated by atrocious human experimentation during WWII and the resultant Nuremberg Code, has been sustained by examples of unethical research in many countries and by proliferation of codes and guidelines. Such interest has intensified in recent years in association with expanding international collaborative research endeavors. The ongoing controversy in international research ethics takes place at two levels. At the practical level it is about the competing concerns of those predominantly interested in doing research to advance knowledge and those who, while supporting the need for research, are more acutely aware of the potential to exploit vulnerable participants, especially in developing countries. At the level of theory the controversy pits ethical universalism against moral relativism.In her recent review of agreements and controversies in international research ethics, Ruth Macklin has concluded that, despite seeming agreement on several issues, many different viewpoints persist. In her view it is unlikely that these will be resolved easily.
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Temnyakov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich. "The formation of the moral culture of the police management." Полицейская деятельность, no. 3 (March 2022): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2022.3.38323.
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The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the formation of the moral culture of managers.The object of the study are the basic principles and methods of forming the moral culture of the heads of police units. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the scientific understanding of the principles of the formation of the moral culture of the heads, reveals how the moral appearance of the head of police departments affects his relationship with subordinates in professional activity. The author focuses special attention on practical recommendations for improving the moral culture of the heads of police units. The author offers brief recommendations to the heads of various levels of police units. The work specifies normative legal acts regulating the observance of moral and ethical standards by police officers. The main conclusions of the study are the principles proposed by the author of the formation of the moral culture of the heads of police units, practical recommendations on the observance of moral and cultural norms by the heads and his relationship with subordinates in the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. A special contribution of the author to the research of the topic is the consideration of specific principles of education of the best moral qualities in subordinates, characteristic only for employees of internal affairs bodies. The author defines the professional and moral education of police officers. The novelty of the study lies in the consideration of social factors affecting the moral and cultural properties of the personality of the head of police units.
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Skirbekk, Helge, Marit Helene Hem, and Per Nortvedt. "Prioritising patient care: The different views of clinicians and managers." Nursing Ethics 25, no. 6 (January 29, 2017): 746–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664977.
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Background: There is little research comparing clinicians’ and managers’ views on priority settings in the healthcare services. During research on two different qualitative research projects on healthcare prioritisations, we found a striking difference on how hospital executive managers and clinical healthcare professionals talked about and understood prioritisations. Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore how healthcare professionals in mental healthcare and somatic medicine prioritise their care, to compare different ways of setting priorities among managers and clinicians and to explore how moral dilemmas are balanced and reconciled. Research design and participants: We conducted qualitative observations, interviews and focus groups with medical doctors, nurses and other clinical members of the interdisciplinary team in both somatic medical and mental health wards in hospitals in Norway. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Ethical considerations: Basic ethical principles for research ethics were followed. The respondents signed an informed consent for participation. They were assured anonymity and confidentiality. The studies were approved by relevant ethics committees in line with the Helsinki Convention. Findings: Our findings showed a widening gap between the views of clinicians on one hand and managers on the other. Clinicians experienced a threat to their autonomy, to their professional ideals and to their desire to perform their job in a professional way. Prioritisations were a cause of constant concern and problematic decisions. Even though several managers understood and empathised with the clinicians, the ideals of patient flow and keeping budgets balanced were perceived as more important. Discussion: We discuss our findings in light of the moral challenges of patient-centred individual healthcare versus demands of distributive justice from healthcare management. Conclusion: The clinicians’ ideals of autonomy and good medical and nursing care for the individual patients were perceived as endangered.
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Sanderson, Christine, Linda Sheahan, Slavica Kochovska, Tim Luckett, Deborah Parker, Phyllis Butow, and Meera Agar. "Re-defining moral distress: A systematic review and critical re-appraisal of the argument-based bioethics literature." Clinical Ethics 14, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750919886088.
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The concept of moral distress comes from nursing ethics, and was initially defined as ‘…when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action’. There is a large body of literature associated with moral distress, yet multiple definitions now exist, significantly limiting its usefulness. We undertook a systematic review of the argument-based bioethics literature on this topic as the basis for a critical appraisal, identifying 55 papers for analysis. We found that moral distress is most frequently framed around individual experiences of distress in relation to local practices and constraints, and understood in terms of power relations and workplace hierarchies. This understanding is directly derived from, and often still seen as specific to, nursing. Frequently the perspective of the morally distressed individual is privileged. Understandings of moral distress have evolved towards an ‘occupational health approach’, with the assumption that moral distress should be measured and prevented. Counter-perspectives were identified, highlighting conceptual problems. Based on our review, we propose a redefinition of moral distress: ‘Ethical unease or disquiet resulting from a situation where a clinician believes they have contributed to avoidable patient or community harm through their involvement in an action, inaction or decision that conflicts with their own values’. This definition is specific enough for research use, anchored in clinicians’ professional responsibilities and concerns about harms to patients, framed relationally rather than hierarchically, and amenable to multiple perspectives on any given morally distressing situation.