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Rood, Sarah, and Katherine Sheedy. "Frank Macfarlane Burnet." Microbiology Australia 30, no. 3 (2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma09s10.
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Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet was born in Traralgon, Victoria, in 1899. He received his medical degree in 1924 from the University of Melbourne and performed research (1925-27) at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London. After receiving his PhD from the University of London (1928), Burnet ? usually known as Mac ? became Assistant Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research at Royal Melbourne Hospital. From 1944-65 he was Director of the Institute and Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Melbourne.
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Tabrizi, Sepehr N., Barbara A. Paterson, Christopher K. Fairley, Francis J. Bowden, and Suzanne M. Garland. "Comparison of tampon and urine as self-administered methods of specimen collection in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis in women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 9, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462981922386.
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1 Department of Microbiology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, 2 Menzies School of Health Research, Rocklands Drive, Tiwi, 3 Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria and 4 AIDS/STD Unit, Centre for Disease Control, Territory Health Services, Darwin, Australia Summary: Self-administered sampling techniques for the detection of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are particularly useful due to their ease of collection and better patient compliance. Urine specimens, and recently tampons, have been described as methods of specimen collection for the detection of some STDs in women. In this study, 660 women had both first-void urine (FVU) and tampon specimens analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis . Overall 6.5%, 10.1% and 17.9% of urine samples were positive whereas 7%, 21.2% and 22% of tampon specimens were positive for C. trachomatis , N. gonorrhoeae and T. vaginalis respectively. Tampon-collected specimens tested by PCR were more sensitive than urine specimens for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae and T. vaginalis ( P 0.001) and equally sensitive for the detection of C. trachomatis ( P =0.45). <
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Krasilnikov, I. V., A. V. Ivanov, A. M. Nikolaeva, O. V. Belyakova, E. K. Shevchenko, N. A. Mikhailova, I. A. Leneva, and V. V. Zverev. "Preclinical study of immunogenicity of adjuvanted quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 99, no. 3 (July 28, 2022): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-244.
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Background. Preventive vaccination is a vitally important strategic aspect of protection of the population against severe effects of influenza epidemics. The priority attention is given to development of effective tetravalent vaccines containing antigens of two influenza A lineages (H1N1, H3N2) and two influenza B lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) in combination with immunoadjuvants.The aim of the work was to conduct the preclinical study of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the innovative tetravalent subunit vaccine containing antigens of influenza A and B viruses as well as a corpuscular adjuvant.Materials and methods. The study was conducted using female BALB/c mice. The tetravalent vaccine and monovalent intermediate vaccines combined with a betulin adjuvant were injected intraperitoneally two times at a 14-day interval. The immunogenic activity was measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. The protective activity of the vaccine was assessed by changes in the viral load, body weight and survival rates using the mouse model of fatal influenza A H1N1 virus infection.Results. The mice vaccinated with the adjuvanted quadrivalent subunit influenza vaccine produced antibodies against all four influenza viruses included in the vaccine; the mean antibody titers in the hemagglutination inhibition assay were above 1 : 40. The second-dose vaccination induced a significant increase in levels of antibodies against all four influenza viruses. The dose of the quadrivalent subunit adjuvanted vaccine containing 5 µg of each antigen and 200 µg of the adjuvant provided a 100% survival rate in mice and significantly decreased lung viral titers (more than 3 lg TCID50) in the mouse model of influenza pneumonia.Conclusion. The quadrivalent subunit vaccine with the betulin-based corpuscular adjuvant demonstrates high immunogenicity in laboratory mice and provides protection against fatal pneumonia caused by the influenza A virus subtype H1N1.
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O'Malley, Pat, Garry Coventry, and Reece Walters. "Victoria's “Day in Prison Program”: An Evaluation and Critique." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 26, no. 2 (December 1993): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589302600206.
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The use of “Day in Prison” programs to deter young adult offenders is a concept which originated in the United States and was replicated in Australia during the late 1970s. After almost a decade of uncertainty this model of ‘crime prevention’ re-emerged in Victoria with the introduction of a pilot “Day in Prison” program. This article traces the development and operation of the Victorian experience and provides evaluation research findings which conclude that coercive, intimidatory and degrading aversion techniques should not be utilised by the criminal justice system for the purposes of individual deterrence.
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Ranson, David L., and Lyndal Bugeja. "Medicolegal Death Investigation: Coroner and Forensic Pathology Functions and Processes in Victoria, Australia." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 4 (December 2017): 567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.048.
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The medicolegal death investigation in Victoria, Australia is a traditional coroner system based on the model in England and Wales in the early 20th Century. In 1985, the first of a series of legislative amendments were made that proved the vanguard of reform of the coroners' jurisdictions in Australia. The Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (the Institute) was established by the Coroners Act 1985 (Vic.), now the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine Act 1985 (Vic.), to provide forensic pathology, medical, and related scientific services needed by the justice system. In addition to death investigation, other forensic and scientific services are performed by the Institute including: clinical medical examinations and support services for assault victims and perpetrators, forensic toxicology services and molecular biology, and anthropology and odontology services in relation to human identification. Medical and nursing staff provide medical information and support to families in a therapeutic setting, as well as direct referral to clinical medical specialists. This takes place where a medical death investigation procedure uncovers genetic or familial disease that may place other family members at risk of future illness. A donor tissue bank ensures that a death also provides the opportunity for families to donate organs and tissues from the deceased for transplantation. Today, the traditional autopsy is one of several modalities of death investigation with postmortem radiology and imaging playing a significant role. This paper describes the principles and new processes at the Institute that support the coroner in death investigation and prevention as well as the therapeutic services designed to relieve the burden of disease on the community.
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Smith, Elise Juzda. "‘Cleanse or Die’: British Naval Hygiene in the Age of Steam, 1840–1900." Medical History 62, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2018.3.
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This article focuses on the consolidation of naval hygiene practices during the Victorian era, a period of profound medical change that coincided with the fleet’s transition from sail to steam. The ironclads of the mid- to late- nineteenth century offered ample opportunities to improve preventive medicine at sea, and surgeons capitalised on new steam technologies to provide cleaner, dryer, and airier surroundings below decks. Such efforts reflected the sanitarian idealism of naval medicine in this period, inherited from the eighteenth-century pioneers of the discipline. Yet, despite the scientific thrust of Victorian naval medicine, with its emphasis on collecting measurements and collating statistics, consensus about the causes of disease eluded practitioners. It proved almost impossible to eradicate sickness at sea, and the enclosed nature of naval vessels showed the limitations – rather than the promise – of attempting to enforce absolute environmental controls. Nonetheless, sanitarian ideology prevailed throughout the steam age, and the hygienic reforms enacted throughout the fleet showed some of the same successes that attended the public health movement on land. It was thus despite shifting ideas about disease and new methods of investigation that naval medicine remained wedded to its sanitarian roots until the close of the nineteenth century.
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Giummarra, Melita J., Katharine S. Baker, Liane Ioannou, Stella M. Gwini, Stephen J. Gibson, Carolyn A. Arnold, Jennie Ponsford, and Peter Cameron. "Associations between compensable injury, perceived fault and pain and disability 1 year after injury: a registry-based Australian cohort study." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e017350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017350.
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ObjectivesCompensable injury increases the likelihood of having persistent pain after injury. Three-quarters of patients report chronic pain after traumatic injury, which is disabling for about one-third of patients. It is important to understand why these patients report disabling pain, in order to develop targeted preventative interventions. This study examined the experience of pain and disability, and investigated their sequential interrelationships with, catastrophising, kinesiophobia and self-efficacy 1 year after compensable and non-compensable injury.DesignObservational registry-based cohort study.SettingMetropolitan Trauma Service in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsParticipants were recruited from the Victorian State Trauma Registry and Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. 732 patients were referred to the study, 82 could not be contacted or were ineligible, 217 declined and 433 participated (66.6% response rate).Outcome measuresThe Brief Pain Inventory, Glasgow Outcome Scale, EuroQol Five Dimensions questionnaire, Pain Catastrophising Scale, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Injustice Experience Questionnaire and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia.MethodsDirect and indirect relationships (via psychological appraisals of pain/injury) between baseline characteristics (compensation, fault and injury characteristics) and pain severity, pain interference, health status and disability were examined with ordinal, linear and logistic regression, and mediation analyses.ResultsInjury severity, compensable injury and external fault attribution were consistently associated with moderate-to-severe pain, higher pain interference, poorer health status and moderate-to-severe disability. The association between compensable injury, or external fault attribution, and disability and health outcomes was mediated via pain self-efficacy and perceived injustice.ConclusionsGiven that the associations between compensable injury, pain and disability was attributable to lower self-efficacy and higher perceptions of injustice, interventions targeting the psychological impacts of pain and injury may be especially necessary to improve long-term injury outcomes.
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Whelan, Jillian, Joshua Hayward, Melanie Nichols, Andrew D. Brown, Liliana Orellana, Victoria Brown, Denise Becker, et al. "Reflexive Evidence and Systems interventions to Prevention Obesity and Non-communicable Disease (RESPOND): protocol and baseline outcomes for a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised prevention trial." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e057187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057187.
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IntroductionSystems science methodologies have been used in attempts to address the complex and dynamic causes of childhood obesity with varied results. This paper presents a protocol for the Reflexive Evidence and Systems interventions to Prevention Obesity and Non-communicable Disease (RESPOND) trial. RESPOND represents a significant advance on previous approaches by identifying and operationalising a clear systems methodology and building skills and knowledge in the design and implementation of this approach among community stakeholders.Methods and analysisRESPOND is a 4-year cluster-randomised stepped-wedge trial in 10 local government areas in Victoria, Australia. The intervention comprises four stages: catalyse and set up, monitoring, community engagement and implementation. The trial will be evaluated for individuals, community settings and context, cost-effectiveness, and systems and implementation processes. Individual-level data including weight status, diet and activity behaviours will be collected every 2 years from school children in grades 2, 4 and 6 using an opt-out consent process. Community-level data will include knowledge and engagement, collaboration networks, economic costs and shifts in mental models aligned with systems training. Baseline prevalence data were collected between March and June 2019 among >3700 children from 91 primary schools.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval: Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 2018-381) or Deakin University’s Faculty of Health Ethics Advisory Committee (HEAG-H_2019-1; HEAG-H 37_2019; HEAG-H 173_2018; HEAG-H 12_2019); Victorian Government Department of Education and Training (2019_003943); Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne (Catholic Education Melbourne, 2019-0872) and Diocese of Sandhurst (24 May 2019). The results of RESPOND, including primary and secondary outcomes, and emerging studies developed throughout the intervention, will be published in the academic literature, presented at national and international conferences, community newsletters, newspapers, infographics and relevant social media.Trial registration numberACTRN12618001986268p.
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Young, Jesse T., Cheneal Puljević, Alexander D. Love, Emilia K. Janca, Catherine J. Segan, Donita Baird, Rachel Whiffen, Stan Pappos, Emma Bell, and Stuart A. Kinner. "Staying Quit After Release (SQuARe) trial protocol: a randomised controlled trial of a multicomponent intervention to maintain smoking abstinence after release from smoke-free prisons in Victoria, Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e027307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027307.
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IntroductionSmoke-free policies have been introduced in prisons internationally. However, high rates of relapse to smoking after release from prison indicate that these policies typically result in short-term smoking cessation only. These high rates of relapse, combined with a lack of investment in relapse prevention, highlight a missed opportunity to improve the health of a population who smoke tobacco at two to six times the rate of the general population. This paper describes the rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial, testing the effectiveness of a caseworker-delivered intervention promoting smoking cessation among former smokers released from smoke-free prisons in Victoria, Australia.Methods and analysisThe multicomponent, brief intervention consists of behavioural counselling, provision of nicotine spray and referral to Quitline and primary care to promote use of government-subsidised smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. The intervention is embedded in routine service delivery and is administered at three time points: one prerelease and two postrelease from prison. Control group participants will receive usual care. Smoking abstinence will be assessed at 1 and 3 months postrelease, and confirmed with carbon monoxide breath testing. Linkage of participant records to survey and routinely collected administrative data will provide further information on postrelease use of health services and prescribed medication.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Corrections Victoria Research Committee, the Victorian Department of Justice Human Research Ethics Committee, the Department of Human Services External Request Evaluation Committee and the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee. Results will be submitted to major international health-focused journals. In case of success, findings will assist policymakers to implement urgently needed interventions promoting the maintenance of prison-initiated smoking abstinence after release, to reduce the health disparities experienced by this marginalised population.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000072213; Pre-results.
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Paskin, R. "Surveillance and prevention in a non-affected state: Victoria." Australian Veterinary Journal 89 (June 29, 2011): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00757.x.
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Rich, David. "Victorian Sports Injury Prevention Program: An overview." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 3, no. 2 (June 2000): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80071-7.
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McIlvenna, Kathleen, Douglas H. L. Brown, and David R. Green. "‘The Natural Foundation of Perfect Efficiency’1: Medical Services and the Victorian Post Office." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky123.
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Summary This article explores the creation of the Post Office medical service. Working for the Post Office was relatively well-paid and an increasing number of doctors were employed. Medical provision expanded with the introduction of non-contributory pensions from mid-century and developed into a comprehensive and nationwide service that was involved at all stages of employment, from initial recruitment through to receiving a pension. Post Office doctors assessed candidates’ fitness for work, checked on sick absences, provided free medicine and advice and visited workers’ homes. Doctors were responsible for determining whether or not a worker should be pensioned off on grounds of ill health. The career of the first Chief Medical Officer, Dr Waller Lewis, also illustrates the range of other areas in which the Post Office medical service became involved, including the clinical assessment and relief of sickness as well as identifying preventative measures to improve health outcomes.
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Amin, Muhammad, Mukhtar Ahmad, Malik Muhammad Naeem, and Muhammad Amir Ramzan. "Pneumothorax in neonates with meconium aspiration." Professional Medical Journal 26, no. 11 (November 10, 2019): 1844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.11.2430.
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Objectives: Recent years have seen advances in respiratory supports for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) but pneumothorax (PTX) still stands a significant indicator of disease severity. This study was aimed to determine the frequency of PTX in newborn with meconium aspiration. Study Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Medicine, Unit 1, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, and Department of Pediatric Medicine, Ghazi Khan Medical College/Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan. Period: 1st June 2017 to 30th September 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 736 patients with meconium aspiration of age 1-28 days and both genders were included. Patients with congenital heart anomalies and preterm infants were excluded. Presence or absence of PTX in each patient was noted. Results: Age range in this study was from 1 to 28 days with mean age of 12.80 ± 6.52 days. Majority of the patients 434 (58.97%) were between 1 to 14 days of age. Out of the 736 patients, 394 (53.53%) were male and 342 (46.47%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Frequency of PTX in newborn with meconium aspiration was found in 176 (23.91%) patients. Conclusion: Frequency of PTX in newborn with meconium aspiration is quite high. In every newborn with meconium aspiration, proper management should be done for early prevention as well as taking therapeutic measures in this particular population.
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Ichinose, Yoshio. "Kenya Research Station and its Research Activities." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0807.
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The Institute of Tropical Medicine Kenya Research Station of Nagasaki University (NUITM) was established in 2005 with Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) funds. The station involves clinical and epidemiological research programs focusing on tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases based on education and research exchanges between Africa and Japan. This project is supported by about 22 Japanese staff members, including short-termers, in addition to 85 Kenyan staff members. It has at least 12 research groups studying the prevention of tropical and emerging diseases in collaboration with stakeholder institutions. The station also implements a JICA grassroots technical cooperation project since 2012. In April 2010, the Nagasaki University Africa Research Station was incorporated into the Kenya Research Station, enabling other faculties to conduct research in Kenya. The Nagasaki University School of Dentistry then started an oral health survey in Mbita and the Schools of Fisheries, Engineering, and Health Sciences have started joint research projects conserving and managing Lake Victoria basin water and fishery resources. Our aim is to develop a foundation enabling researchers from all different fields to conduct research for improving local community health and living standards. The NUITM was invited to become an associate member of the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) in 2011.
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Dunbar, James A., Abirami Jayawardena, Greg Johnson, Karen Roger, Amy Timoshanko, Vincent L. Versace, Jane Shill, et al. "Scaling Up Diabetes Prevention in Victoria, Australia: Policy Development, Implementation, and Evaluation." Diabetes Care 37, no. 4 (December 6, 2013): 934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2647.
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Connellan, Mary, and Euan M. Wallace. "Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: screening practice in public hospitals in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 172, no. 7 (April 2000): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb123977.x.
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Powers, Pauline S., and Craig Johnson. "Small victories: Prevention of eating disorders among athletes." Eating Disorders 4, no. 4 (December 1996): 364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640269608249195.
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Pauly, Bernadette, Bruce Wallace, Flora Pagan, Jack Phillips, Mark Wilson, Heather Hobbs, and Joann Connolly. "Impact of overdose prevention sites during a public health emergency in Victoria, Canada." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): e0229208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229208.
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Waters, Eliza beth B., Michelle M. Haby, Melissa Wake, and Louisa Salmon. "Public health and preventive healthcare in children: current practices of Victorian GPs and barriers to participation." Medical Journal of Australia 173, no. 2 (July 2000): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2000.tb139244.x.
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Dietze, Paul, Craig Fry, Greg Rumbold, and Jim Gerostamoulos. "The Context, Management and Prevention of Heroin Overdose in Victoria, Australia: The Promise of a Diverse Approach." Addiction Research & Theory 9, no. 5 (January 2001): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/16066350109141763.
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Cyril, Sheila, Julie Green, Jan M. Nicholson, Kingsley Agho, and Andre M. N. Renzaho. "Exploring Service Providers' Perspectives in Improving Childhood Obesity Prevention among CALD Communities in Victoria, Australia." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (October 13, 2016): e0162184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162184.
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Wiebrecht, S., J. Blitvich, and P. Swan. "Drowning prevention and aquatics education in Victorian schools—is it “just too hard”?" Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2010): e31-e32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.064.
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MALIK, GULZAR AHMAD, KASHIF KURSHID QURESHI, IMTIAZ AHMAD, and Muhammad Afzal. "PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 01 (March 10, 2007): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.01.3640.
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Objectives: To observe the prevalence & presentation and to review the noninvasive approaches for the evaluation and treatment of patients presenting with peripheral vascular diseases at Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Design: Prospective randomized study. Place and Duration: This study was conducted from July 2003 to June 2005 at the department of Surgery Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Patients & Methods: Twenty patients, 2 females and 18 males admitted with peripheral vascular diseases (PVD) fulfilling the inclusion criteria were evaluated and treated medically and surgically. A standard noninvasive approach for the evaluation of these patients was adopted by history & thorough clinical examination, Doppler USG of the vessels, Ankle Brachial Indices (ABI), Duplex Scanning and MRI in a few cases. Results: The relative frequency of PVD at BVH Bahawalpur was 1.2%. The majority of patients (60%) were in the 4th decade of life and male (90%). The smoking was exclusively the major predisposing risk factor (90%). The common (90%) presentation of patients was intermittent claudication with 60% gangrenous disease with an average duration of 4years, The lower limbs were involved in 90% cases with 70% bilateral disease. Majority (90%) of the patients was diagnosed clinically and the objective severity of the disease was assessed with Doppler sonography in all the patients. The ABI was <0.5 in 85% cases. The duplex scanning was needed only in 10% patients. The treatment procedures carried out were primary amputation in 45% followed by conservative on medicines 20%, atherectomy in 15%, lumbar sympathectomy in 10% and resection or repair of pseudoaneurysms in 10% of cases. The ultimate rate of amputation at various levels was seen to be 75%. Conclusion: The prevalence of PVD is rapidly increasing in our society which is causing a horrible threat in the form of physical disabilities at a younger age group of poor class mostly. Smoking remains exclusively the only major risk factor. Much time and money can be saved by evaluating and treating these patients by noninvasive approaches but prevention is the besttherapeutic strategy achieving by abstinence from the smoking.
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Ride, Jemimah, Heather Rowe, Karen Wynter, Jane Fisher, and Paula Lorgelly. "Protocol for economic evaluation alongside a cluster-randomised controlled trial of a psychoeducational intervention for the primary prevention of postnatal mental health problems in first-time mothers." BMJ Open 4, no. 10 (October 2014): e006226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006226.
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IntroductionPostnatal mental health problems, which are an international public health priority, are a suitable target for preventive approaches. The financial burden of these disorders is borne across sectors in society, including health, early childhood, education, justice and the workforce. This paper describes the planned economic evaluation of What Were We Thinking, a psychoeducational intervention for the prevention of postnatal mental health problems in first-time mothers.Methods and analysisThe evaluation will be conducted alongside a cluster-randomised controlled trial of its clinical effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness and costs-utility analyses will be conducted, resulting in estimates of cost per percentage point reduction in combined 30-day prevalence of depression, anxiety and adjustment disorders and cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Uncertainty surrounding these estimates will be addressed using non-parametric bootstrapping and represented using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Additional cost analyses relevant for implementation will also be conducted. Modelling will be employed to estimate longer term cost-effectiveness if the intervention is found to be clinically effective during the period of the trial.Ethics and disseminationApproval to conduct the study was granted by the Southern Health (now Monash Health) Human Research Ethics Committee (24 April 2013; 11388B). The study was registered with the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (30 April 2013; CF12/1022-2012000474). The Education and Policy Research Committee, Victorian Government Department of Education and Early Childhood Development approved the study (22 March 2012; 2012_001472). Use of the EuroQol was registered with the EuroQol Group; 16 August 2012.Trial registration numberThe trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 7 May 2012 (registration number ACTRN12613000506796).
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Smaija, Shahid, Feroze Nawaz, Sajjad Noor, Habib Ullah, Faisal Bokhari, and Mumtaz Ahmad. "Post-Operative Complications of Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma (SDH) and Prevention." Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery 25, no. 2 (June 14, 2021): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v25i2.536.
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Objective: The study aimed to determine the rate and type of complications during surgery for treatment of chronic subdural hematoma and assess ways for their prevention.
Material and Methods: A total of 50 patients of chronic SDH were selected from the Neurosurgery Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital. Patients were treated surgically with a single burr hole evacuation under local anesthesia, introduced a subdural drain, nursed in a head-down position for 24 hours, and given plenty of fluids orally and intravenous route. The surgical technique involved a formation of a single burr hole at the point of maximum density.
Results: Out of 50, 43 patients recovered smoothly postoperatively and discharged on the 7th postoperative day. Two patients were re-operated due to inadequate evacuation or reaccumulation. One patient developed subdural empyema post-operatively and expired in spite of good antibiotic cover. In one patient subdural drain penetrated the brain parenchyma resulting in dysphasia. Another patient formed an intracerebral hematoma due to irrigation of the cavity with pressure. One patient with GCS 4/15 developed seizures postoperatively and expired after one hour. One patient developed gross subdural tension pneumocephalus after removing the subdural drain was re-operated and recovered.
Conclusion: Single burr hole evacuation of chronic SDH under local anesthesia is the most accepted surgical treatment. Using proper aseptic surgical techniques, the introduction of the minimum necessary length of the subdural catheter to avoid penetration into the brain parenchyma, followed by careful irrigation of the subdural cavity can help prevent complications.
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Pirkis, Jane, Philip Burgess, and Damien Jolley. "Suicide Among Psychiatric Patients: A Case-Control Study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (February 2002): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00993.x.
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Objective: To examine patient- and treatment-based differences between psychiatric patients who do and do not die by suicide. Method: By linking databases of deaths and psychiatric service use in Victoria, we compared 597 cases who suicided over 5 years with individually matched controls. Results: Cases and controls could not be distinguished on the majority of patient- or treatment-based characteristics. The exceptions were that cases were more likely to be male, less likely to be outside the labour force, more likely to have recent contact with inpatient and community services, and more likely to have a registration as their last contact. Conclusions: Patients who suicide ‘look’ similar to those who do not, suggesting prevention approaches should ensure that all psychiatric patients receive optimal care, including appropriate detection, diagnosis, assessment and treatment of mental health problems, and careful, individualised assessment of suicide risk.
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Finch, Caroline F., Shannon E. Gray, Muhammad Akram, Alex Donaldson, David G. Lloyd, and Jill L. Cook. "Controlled ecological evaluation of an implemented exercise-training programme to prevent lower limb injuries in sport: population-level trends in hospital-treated injuries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 8 (September 14, 2018): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099488.
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ObjectiveExercise-training programmes have reduced lower limb injuries in trials, but their population-level effectiveness has not been reported in implementation trials. This study aimed to demonstrate that routinely collected hospital data can be used to evaluate population-level programme effectiveness.MethodA controlled ecological design was used to evaluate the effect of FootyFirst, an exercise-training programme, on the number of hospital-treated lower limb injuries sustained by males aged 16–50 years while participating in community-level Australian Football. FootyFirst was implemented with ‘support’ (FootyFirst+S) or ‘without support’ (FootyFirst+NS) in different geographic regions of Victoria, Australia: 22 clubs in region 1: FootyFirst+S in 2012/2013; 25 clubs in region 2: FootyFirst+NS in 2012/2013; 31 clubs region 3: control in 2012, FootyFirst+S in 2013. Interrupted time-series analysis compared injury counts across regions and against trends in the rest of Victoria.ResultsAfter 1 year of FootyFirst+S, there was a non-statistically significant decline in the number of lower limb injuries in region 1 (2012) and region 3 (2013); this was not maintained after 2 years in region 1. Compared with before FootyFirst in 2006–2011, injury count changes at the end of 2013 were: region 1: 20.0% reduction (after 2 years support); region 2: 21.5% increase (after 2 years without support); region 3: 21.8% increase (after first year no programme, second year programme with support); rest of Victoria: 12.6% increase.ConclusionEcological analyses using routinely collected hospital data show promise as the basis of population-level programme evaluation. The implementation and sustainability of sports injury prevention programmes at the population-level remains challenging.
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Donaldson, A., H. Tyrikos, M. Bizzini, A. Jowett, P. Keyzer, and M. Nicholson. "Improving awareness and use of the 11+ injury prevention programme among coaches of adolescent female football teams in Victoria." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21 (November 2018): S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.049.
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Midford, Richard, Johanna Mitchell, Leanne Lester, Helen Cahill, David Foxcroft, Robyn Ramsden, Lynne Venning, and Michelle Pose. "Preventing alcohol harm: Early results from a cluster randomised, controlled trial in Victoria, Australia of comprehensive harm minimisation school drug education." International Journal of Drug Policy 25, no. 1 (January 2014): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.05.012.
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Koritsas, Stella, Malcolm Boyle, and Jan Coles. "Factors Associated with Workplace Violence in Paramedics." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 5 (October 2009): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000724x.
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AbstractIntroduction:The majority of research that has explored workplace violence has focused on establishing the prevalence of violence in different settings. In general, there is a paucity of research that explores factors that may predict or increase the risk of experiencing violence in the workplace.Objective:The aim of this research was to determine predictors of violence for paramedics.Methods:A questionnaire was developed that focused on paramedics' experi-ences with six forms of violence: verbal abuse, property damage/theft, intimi-dation, physical abuse, sexual harassment, and sexual assault.The questionnaire was distributed randomly to paramedics throughout rural Victoria and metropolitan South Australia, and completed and returned anonymously.Results:Predictors emerged for verbal abuse, intimidation, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse. Specifically, gender was the only predictor of intimidation, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. Paramedic qualifications, how they responded to a call-out, and hours per week in direct patient contact emerged as a predictor of verbal abuse.Conclusions:Certain factors predict or predispose paramedics to workplace violence. The need for workplace violence education and training is impera-tive for the prevention of violence, as well as for its management.
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Lockwood, Randall. "Reexamining the Great Meddler." Journal of Animal Ethics 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21601267.12.2.08.
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Abstract Most previous biographies of Henry Bergh, founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Western hemisphere's first animal protection organization, give little attention to the very mixed reaction his efforts received from the media, legislators, fellow social reformers, the general public, and the large number of enterprises that benefitted from the exploitation and even abuse of animals during America's Gilded Age. A Traitor to His Species provides a detailed analysis of Bergh's life and times and explores both the victories and defeats he had while devoting most of his adult life to what he considered to be a moral crusade, building a foundation of a movement that has expanded beyond his expectations.
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Liesenkötter, Klaus Peter, Wolfgang Göpel, Ulrich Bogner, Barbara Stach, and Annette Grüters. "Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy." European Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 4 (April 1996): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1340443.
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Liesenkötter KP, Göpel W, Bogner U, Stach B, Grüters A. Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;134:443–8. ISSN 0804–4643 During pregnancy complex changes of maternal thyroid function occur and they are influenced by the maternal iodine supply. It has been demonstrated that with decreasing iodine supply maternal goiter and hypothyroxinemia as well as fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism become more prevalent. Therefore iodine supplementation during pregnancy is now strongly recommended also in areas of moderate iodine deficiency. To monitor the success of iodine supplementation and its theoretical risk of increasing the frequency of thyroid autoantibodies, we have investigated the thyroid volume, thyroid function, urinary iodine excretion and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase at 10–12 weeks of gestation and postpartum in 38 mothers receiving 300 μg potassium iodide/day and in 70 mothers without iodine supplementation. In all of their newborns thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound. The thyrotropin (TSH) levels and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO-ab) in the neonates were measured in dried blood spots on filter paper from their newborn screening. Urinary iodine excretion was increased significantly after iodine supplementation in mothers (p < 0.001) and their newborns (<0.05). No hypo- or hyperthyroidism was observed in the mothers or newborns. Interestingly, no difference of maternal thyroid volumes was observed between the two groups after pregnancy, but the volumes of the thyroid glands in newborns of mothers who received iodine were significantly (p < 0.004) lower (0.7 ± 0.4 ml) than in the control group (1.5 ± 1.1 ml). There was no change in the frequency of TPO-ab in either group after pregnancy. In four mothers transplacental passage of these antibodies was documented by positive measurement in the blood sample of the newborn. This study documents that iodine supplementation during pregnancy in an area of moderate iodine deficiency results in a lower size of neonatal thyroid volume and that this supplementation was not accompanied by an increase in the frequency of TPO-ab. Klaus Peter Liesenkötter, Kinderklinik Kaiserin Auguste Victoria Haus (KAVH), Virchow-Klinikum der Medizinische Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Heubnerweg 6, 14059 Berlin, Germany
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Beauchamp, Alison, Jason Talevski, Stephen J. Nicholls, Anna Wong Shee, Catherine Martin, William Van Gaal, Ernesto Oqueli, et al. "Health literacy and long-term health outcomes following myocardial infarction: protocol for a multicentre, prospective cohort study (ENHEARTEN study)." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e060480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060480.
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IntroductionLow health literacy is common in people with cardiovascular disease and may be one factor that affects an individual’s ability to maintain secondary prevention health behaviours following myocardial infarction (MI). However, little is known about the association between health literacy and longer-term health outcomes in people with MI. The ENhancing HEAlth literacy in secondary pRevenTion of cardiac evENts (ENHEARTEN) study aims to examine the relationship between health literacy and a number of health outcomes (including healthcare costs) in a cohort of patients following their first MI. Findings may provide evidence for the significance of health literacy as a predictor of long-term cardiac outcomes.Methods and analysisENHEARTEN is a multicentre, prospective observational study in a convenience sample of adults (aged >18 years) with their first MI. A total of 450 patients will be recruited over 2 years across two metropolitan health services and one rural/regional health service in Victoria, Australia. The primary outcome of this study will be all-cause, unplanned hospital admissions within 6 months of index admission. Secondary outcomes include cardiac-related hospital admissions up to 24 months post-MI, emergency department presentations, health-related quality of life, mortality, cardiac rehabilitation attendance and healthcare costs. Health literacy will be observed as a predictor variable and will be determined using the 12-item version of the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-Q12).Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for this study has been received from the relevant human research ethics committee (HREC) at each of the participating health services (lead site Monash Health HREC; approval number: RES-21-0000-242A) and Services Australia HREC (reference number: RMS1672). Informed written consent will be sought from all participants. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and collated in reports for participating health services and participants.Trial registration numberACTRN12621001224819.
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Woodruff, Madeleine Eloise, Rebecca Doyle, Grahame Coleman, Lauren Hemsworth, and Carolina Munoz. "Knowledge and attitudes are important factors in farmers’ choice of lamb tail docking length." Veterinary Record 186, no. 10 (January 20, 2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105631.
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BackgroundTail docking is common practice in the sheep industry to prevent soiling of the breech and flystrike. To ensure optimal healing after tail docking and reduce the risk of arthritis, perineal cancers and prolapses, it is recommended to dock tails equivalent to the length of the vulva. However, recent studies have found that some tails are docked too short (24–86 per cent).MethodsTo address this issue, this study aimed to identify key drivers behind tail docking length decisions. Two focus groups, phone (n=30) and online surveys (n=21) were conducted in regional Victoria, Australia to examine farmer knowledge of and attitudes towards appropriate lamb tail length and barriers to best practice. The focus group data were analysed qualitatively, and the surveys were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively.ResultsIn total, 57 per cent of farmers were classed as docking tails short. Short tail docking appeared to be influenced by unawareness of the recommended length and docking at a length that shearers approve of. Other potential factors included lack of knowledge of negative health consequences associated with short tails, importance placed on dag and flystrike prevention, and impracticality of measuring where to dock.ConclusionAddressing these factors in future education and intervention programmes may improve tail docking practice and sheep welfare.
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Crawford, David A., Kylie Ball, Verity J. Cleland, Karen J. Campbell, Anna F. Timperio, Gavin Abbott, Johannes Brug, Louise A. Baur, and Jo A. Salmon. "Home and neighbourhood correlates of BMI among children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 7 (August 9, 2011): 1028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003801.
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A detailed understanding of the underlying drivers of obesity-risk behaviours is needed to inform prevention initiatives, particularly for individuals of low socioeconomic position who are at increased risk of unhealthy weight gain. However, few studies have concurrently considered factors in the home and local neighbourhood environments, and little research has examined determinants among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. The present study examined home, social and neighbourhood correlates of BMI (kg/m2) in children living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Cross-sectional data were collected from 491 women with children aged 5–12 years living in forty urban and forty rural socioeconomically disadvantaged areas (suburbs) of Victoria, Australia in 2007 and 2008. Mothers completed questionnaires about the home environment (maternal efficacy, perceived importance/beliefs, rewards, rules and access to equipment), social norms and perceived neighbourhood environment in relation to physical activity, healthy eating and sedentary behaviour. Children's height and weight were measured at school or home. Linear regression analyses controlled for child sex and age. In multivariable analyses, children whose mothers had higher efficacy for them doing physical activity tended to have lower BMI z scores (B = − 0·04, 95 % CI − 0·06, − 0·02), and children who had a television (TV) in their bedroom (B = 0·24, 95 % CI 0·04, 0·44) and whose mothers made greater use of food as a reward for good behaviour (B = 0·05, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·09) tended to have higher BMI z scores. Increasing efficacy among mothers to promote physical activity, limiting use of food as a reward and not placing TV in children's bedrooms may be important targets for future obesity prevention initiatives in disadvantaged communities.
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Zhang, Cheng, Huan Cui, Zhongyi Wang, Shishan Dong, Chunmao Zhang, Jiaming Li, Keyin Meng, et al. "Pathogenicity and transmissibility assessment of two strains of human influenza virus isolated in China in 2018." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 1 (January 2021): 030006052098283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520982832.
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Objective Influenza season occurs every year in China, but its presentation was unusual in the period from December 2017 to early 2018. During this period, influenza activity was increasing across the country and was much greater than during the same period in previous years, with great harm to people’s health. Methods In this study, we isolated two human influenza virus strains—A/Hebei/F076/2018(H1N1) and B/Hebei/16275B/2018—from patients with severe influenza in Hebei, China, during the flu season in January 2018, and explored their genetic characteristics, pathogenicity, and transmissibility. Results A/Hebei/F076/2018(H1N1) belongs to the human-like H1N1 influenza virus lineage, whereas B/Hebei/16275B/2018 belongs to the Victoria lineage and is closely related to the World Health Organization reference strain B/Brisbane/60/2008. Pathogenicity tests revealed that A/Hebei/F076/2018(H1N1) replicated much more strongly in mice, with mice exhibiting 40% mortality, whereas B/Hebei/16275B/2018 was not lethal. Both viruses could be transmitted through direct contact and by the aerosol route between guinea pigs, but the H1N1 strain exhibited higher airborne transmissibility. Conclusions These results may contribute to the monitoring of influenza mutation and the prevention of an influenza outbreak.
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Whitworth, Hilary S., Joyce Pando, Christian Hansen, Natasha Howard, Amen Moshi, Otto Rocky, Happiness Mahanga, et al. "Drowning among fishing communities on the Tanzanian shore of lake Victoria: a mixed-methods study to examine incidence, risk factors and socioeconomic impact." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e032428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032428.
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ObjectivesTo estimate the incidence of unintentional fatal drowning and describe associated risk factors among Lake Victoria fishing communities, and to assess perceived social, financial and other impacts among families and colleagues of persons who drowned.DesignA retrospective, observational mixed-methods study, conducted between September 2017 and February 2018.SettingEight Tanzanian fishing communities on Lake Victoria.ParticipantsPersons who drowned in the preceding 24 months were identified using an extensive community networking approach. Adult family members, colleagues or community members familiar with the habits and behaviours of people who drowned and/or circumstances of drowning incidents participated in surveys (n=44) and in-depth interviews (n=22).Main outcome measuresPooled drowning incidence, with sensitivity analyses allowing for uncertainties in population estimates. Risk factors were identified through the evaluation of behavioural characteristics of persons who drowned and circumstances of drowning incidents. Perceived socioeconomic impacts were assessed through semi-structured interviews with their family members and colleagues.ResultsThe estimated drowning incidence was 217/100 000 person-years (95% CI 118 to 425/100 000). Of 86 victims identified, 70 (81%) were fishermen (79% aged 18–40 years; all men) and 9 were children (all ≤10 years). All deaths occurred in the lake. Most adults (65/77; 84%) were fishing from a boat when they drowned; 57/77 (74%) died in the evening (from ~5 pm) or at night. Six children (67%) drowned while swimming/playing at the lakeshore unsupervised. Few victims (2/86; 2%) were wearing a life jacket at the time of death. Reported socioeconomic impacts of these deaths ranged from income loss to family break-up.ConclusionsDrowning is a significant risk in Tanzanian lakeside fishing communities, with estimated mortality exceeding national incidence rates of fatal malaria, tuberculosis or HIV, but preventative strategies appear uncommon. Socioeconomic impact at the family level may be substantial. Intervention strategies are required to reduce the drowning burden among this neglected at-risk population.
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Hills, Danny J. "Differences in risk and protective factors for workplace aggression between male and female clinical medical practitioners in Australia." Australian Health Review 41, no. 3 (2017): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16003.
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Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in prevalence, as well as risk and protective factors, for exposure to workplace aggression between male and female clinicians in Australian medical practice settings. Methods In a cross-sectional, self-report study in the third wave of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life survey (2010–11), 16 327 medical practitioners were sampled, with 9449 (57.9%) respondents working in clinical practice. Using backward stepwise elimination, parsimonious logistic regression models were developed for exposure to aggression from external (patients, patients’ relatives or carers and others) and internal (co-workers) sources in the previous 12 months. Results Overall, greater proportions of female than male clinicians experienced aggression from external (P < 0.001) and internal (P < 0.01) sources in the previous 12 months. However, when stratified by doctor type, greater proportions of male than female general practitioners (GPs) and GP registrars experienced external aggression (P < 0.05), whereas greater proportions of female than male specialists experienced external (P < 0.01) and internal (P < 0.01) aggression. In logistic regression models, differences were identified in relation to age for males and experience working in medicine for females with external and internal aggression; working in New South Wales (vs Victoria) and internal aggression for females; a poor medical support network and external aggression, and perceived unrealistic patient expectations with internal aggression for males; warning signs in reception and waiting areas with external aggression for males; and optimised patient waiting conditions with external and internal aggression for females. Conclusions Differences in risk and protective factors for exposure to workplace aggression between male and female clinicians, including in relation to state and rural location, need to be considered in the development and implementation of efforts to prevent and minimise workplace aggression in medical practice settings. What is known about the topic? Workplace aggression is prevalent in clinical medical settings, but there are conflicting reports about sex-based differences in the extent of exposure, and little evidence on differences in risk and protective factors for exposure to workplace aggression. What does this paper add? Differences in workplace aggression exposure rates between male and female clinicians are highlighted, including when stratified by doctor type. New evidence is reported on differences and similarities in key personal, professional and work-related factors associated with exposure to external and internal aggression. What are the implications for practitioners? In developing strategies for the prevention and minimisation of workplace aggression, consideration must be given to differences between male and female clinicians, including with regard to personality, age and professional experience, as well as work locations, conditions and settings, as risk or protective factors for exposure to aggression in medical work.
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Kaehler, Nils, Bipin Adhikari, Phaik Yeong Cheah, Nicholas P. J. Day, Daniel H. Paris, Marcel Tanner, and Christopher Pell. "The promise, problems and pitfalls of mass drug administration for malaria elimination: a qualitative study with scientists and policymakers." International Health 11, no. 3 (November 3, 2018): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihy079.
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Abstract Background The emergence of artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has prompted urgent containment measures. One possible approach is mass drug administration (MDA). This article explores attitudes towards and perceptions of MDA for malaria elimination among policymakers and leading malariologists. Methods Thirty-two semistructured interviews (SSI) were conducted with policymakers (n=17) and principal investigators (n=15) selected based on their involvement in malaria prevention, control and elimination in the GMS. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for qualitative content (thematic) analysis using NVivo (QSR International, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia). Results Researchers and policymakers described reluctance and consequently delays to pilot MDA for malaria elimination. Most policymakers and some researchers reported concerns around the evidence base, citing a lack of data on its effectiveness and appropriate target populations. There were also worries about promoting resistance. Other issues included a previous lack of support from the World Health Organization, past MDAs, the remoteness of target populations and challenges explaining the rationale for MDA. Conclusions The complex rationale for MDA for malaria elimination, mistaking pilot studies for implementation, past experiences with MDA, difficulties in selecting appropriate sites and the WHO’s lack of clear backing undermined the support for MDA for malaria elimination.
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Tracy, Lincoln M., Cheng Hean Lo, Heather J. Cleland, Warwick J. Teague, and Belinda J. Gabbe. "Early Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Burn Injuries, Admissions, and Care in a Statewide Burn Service." European Burn Journal 3, no. 3 (September 12, 2022): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ebj3030039.
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Anecdotal evidence from specialist burn clinicians suggested patient numbers and workloads increased during lockdown periods. This study aimed to describe the impact of the early COVID-19-related public health control measures (i.e., lockdowns) on burn injuries, hospital admissions, and care in a statewide burn service. We examined admissions data from The Victorian Adult Burns Service (located at the Alfred Hospital) and the Royal Children’s Hospital Burns Service—both of which contribute to the Burns Registry of Australia and New Zealand—during lockdown periods between March and October 2020, compared to the same periods in previous years. There were 714 patients admitted during the control period and 186 during the COVID-19 period. Burns sustained during COVID-19 lockdowns were larger in size. During COVID-19 lockdowns a greater proportion of patients were admitted to intensive care. Although the number of burn-related admissions did not increase during lockdowns, burn injuries that did occur were more severe (i.e., affected a greater percentage of body surface area). These more severe injuries placed an additional and significant burden on an already strained healthcare system. Future public health messaging should include prevention information to minimize the number of injuries occurring during lockdowns and other responses.
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Benítez-Martínez, Josep C., Pablo Martínez-Ramírez, Fermín Valera-Garrido, Jose Casaña-Granell, and Francesc Medina-Mirapeix. "Comparison of Pain Measures Between Tendons of Elite Basketball Players With Different Sonographic Patterns." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0240.
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Context: The prevalence and negative consequences of the symptoms surrounding patellar tendinopathy constitute an important problem for sports medicine professionals. The identification of potential pain mediators is, therefore, of major interest to improve both the prevention and management of this injury. Objective: To compare the pain experienced by elite male adult basketball players and patterns of patellar tendon abnormalities. Also, to identify whether structural and vascular sonographic abnormalities (focal area of hypoechogenicity, thickening, and neovascularization [NV]) are equal in determining pain perceptions. Design: An observational study with professional basketball teams (ACB—Spanish league). Participants: A total of 73 male basketball players (mean age 26.8 y). Main Outcome Measures: Patellar tendon ultrasonography images. Pain scores were compared between the identified patterns. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relative importance of abnormalities. Results: Of the 146 tendons, 91 had some degree of sonographic abnormality. Three main patterns were identified: I (1 structural abnormality without NV), II (2 structural abnormalities without NV), and III (2 structural abnormalities and NV). A total of 31 tendons (21.2%) exhibited pattern I, 46 (31.5%) presented pattern II, and 13 tendons (8.9%) exhibited pattern III. The mean visual analog scale and the Victorian Institute of Sport assessment questionnaire—patellar tendon (VISA-P) scores for pattern III were significantly different (P < .05) compared with patterns I and II; however, the pain pressure threshold (PPT) scores were not. NV was significantly associated with worsened scores for all pain measures; however, the focal area of hypoechogenicity was only associated with PPT scores. Conclusion: Patterns of sonographic abnormalities, including NV, demonstrated greater pain. Although NV determined scores for the visual analog scale, VISA-P, and PPT, the presence of focal area of hypoechogenicity on its own is a determining factor for the PPT. This study suggests that the combination of 2 or more sonographic abnormalities may help explain pain variations among basketball players.
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Akobi, William Kala, John Paul Oyore, and George Ochieng Otieno. "Effects of behavioural change communication on HIV and AIDS related high risk behaviour among fishermen in Homabay and Siaya Counties, Kenya." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20221503.
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Background: Risky sexual behaviors such as sexual concurrency, sexual networks (fish for sex exchange) and unprotected sex, have been reported as the main cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) /HIV infections among fisher folks. Behavioral change mechanisms as condom use and abstinence are some of interventions used in prevention HIV/AIDS spread in Kenya. Risky sexual behaviors increase risk of contracting STIs including HIV/AIDSMethods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 246 randomly selected fisher folks in Mbita- and Usenge along Lake Victoria. The survey used questionnaires to collect data among respondents. Using a sample frame in the beach management unit offices, fisherfolks were identified and invited to participate. Consent was obtained from participantsResults: The mean age of respondents was 31 years old. The 72% of the participants were directly involved in fishing. Participants who had extra marital relationship though married were 56.1% in Mbita and 47% in Usenge. Respondents who took alcohol with friends were 94.1% in Mbita and 96.2% in Usenge. Respondents who indicated that they had unprotected sex under influence of alcohol were 48.3% in Mbita and 77.1% in Usenge. Those who were sexually taken advantage of while under the influence of alcohol were 23.8% in Mbita and 38.3% in Usenge while those had sexually taken advantage of under the influence of alcohol were 18.3% in Mbita and 37.8% in Usenge.Conclusions: Targeted behaviour change communication (BCC) strategies designed specifically for fisherfolks is needed to curb high incidences of risky sexual behaviours noted among the fishermen.
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Lazareva, N. B. "Influenza in the COVID-19 era: principles of modern pharmacotherapy." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 16 (October 30, 2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-16-100-108.
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Influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases and a significant public health problem. Every year, the influenza virus causes 3–5 million severe cases, millions hospitalizations and approximately 650,000 deaths. According to WHO four new influenza strains are projected to circulate in the 2020–2021 epidemic season. Influenza A and B strains are: A/Guangdong-Maonan/ SWL1536/2019 (H1N1) pdm09, A/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2), B/Washington/02/2019 (Victoria lineage), B/ Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage). In this context, the problem of prescribing rational antiviral therapy is particularly importance. COVID-19, along with influenza, is a group of respiratory viral infections, but important differences exist in terms of viral agents and the spread of infection. Important differences include the rate of transmission. The average incubation period and generation time (the time between infecting one person and infecting another) for influenza are shorter. COVID-19 may be more severe, causing complications and deaths in 3–4% of cases. The estimated generation time for COVID 19 is 5-6 days, while for influenza it is 3 days. According to the latest data, the reproductive number, i.e., the number of people who can be infected by one patient, is in the range of 2 to 2.5 in COVID 19, which is higher than in influenza. Only a laboratory test can accurately identify the type of pathogen and distinguish it from influenza and other respiratory viruses. Neuraminidase inhibitors are currently first-line drugs recommended by WHO for the treatment and prevention of influenza.
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Solanki, Pravik, Stella May Gwini, Renata Libianto, Genevieve Gabb, Jimmy Shen, Morag J. Young, Peter J. Fuller, and Jun Yang. "Risky business: a single-centre cross-sectional analysis of calculated cardiovascular risk in patients with primary aldosteronism and essential hypertension." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e062406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062406.
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ObjectivesPrimary aldosteronism (PA), the most common endocrine cause of hypertension, is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than blood pressure (BP)-matched essential hypertension (EH). We aimed to compare the calculated risks of CVD in patients who had hypertension with PA or EH using CVD risk calculators, hypothesising that they will fail to recognise the increased CVD risk in PA.DesignCross-sectional analysis.SettingAn endocrine hypertension service in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsPatients who had hypertension without CVD referred for the investigation of hypertension.Outcome measuresCalculated 5-year or 10-year CVD risk as predicted by the National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance (NVDPA) algorithm, Framingham Risk Score, Pooled Cohort Equations and QRISK3.ResultsThose with PA (n=128) and EH (n=133), did not differ significantly in their calculated CVD risks with the NVDPA algorithm (moderate-to-high 5-year risk 36/100 vs 45/99, p=0.17); the Framingham Risk Score (median 10-year risk 7.72% (4.43%–12.95%) vs 6.84% (3.85%–10.50%), p=0.14); the Pooled Cohort Equations (median 10-year risk 9.45% (4.36%–15.37%) vs 7.90% (2.09%–14.73%), p=0.07); and QRISK3 (median 10-year risk 11.31% (7.22%–20.29%) vs 12.47% (5.10%–19.93%), p=0.51). Similarities persisted on regression analyses accounting for systolic BP.ConclusionsCVD risk algorithms do not reflect the increased risk of CVD in patients with PA, and likely underestimate the true risk of CVD among those with PA. Screening for PA, in addition to using the CVD risk algorithm in patients who had hypertension, may facilitate the targeted treatment of PA and minimisation of cardiovascular risk in affected individuals.
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Akobi, William Kala, John Paul Oyore, and George Ochieng Otieno. "Interventional behavioural change communication on HIV and aids related high risk behaviour among fishermen in Homabay and Siaya Counties, Kenya." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 4368. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223194.
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Background: Risky sexual behaviors such as sexual concurrency, sexual networks (fish for sex exchange) and unprotected sex, have been reported as the main cause of STIs/HIV infections among the fisher folks. Behavioural change mechanisms such as condom use, and abstinence are some of the interventions used in the prevention HIV/AIDS spread in Kenya.Methods: This was a follow up study on a three tie quasi-experimental study involving 246 randomly selected fisher folks in Mbita and Usenge along Lake Victoria. The study had three phases. baseline, intervention and endline. The survey used questionnaires to collect data among respondents. Using a sample frame in the beach management unit offices, fisherfolks were identified and invited to participate. Consent was obtained from participantsResults: Various variables were influenced by behavior change communication strategies used. These includes use of condom every time of sexual encounter p>0.000, risk associated with non-condom use p>0.004, stopping using condom and fear of getting HIV/AIDS p>0.009, Sexual intercourse without condom use is dangerous p>0.000, whether remembering to use condom every time of sex is difficult P.0.000, whether they are keeping many sexual partners p=0.004, receiving fish/money in exchange for sex in last six months p=0.006.Conclusions: Multiple sexual partners, non-condom use, fish for sex, alcohol consumption and circumcision were significantly associated with risky sexual behavior among the Fisherfolks, therefore other existing interventions need to be intensified to supplement behavior change communication to curb sexually transmitted diseases and further spread of HIV and AIDS.
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Hesketh, Kylie, Melissa Wake, Elizabeth Waters, John Carlin, and David Crawford. "Stability of body mass index in Australian children: a prospective cohort study across the middle childhood years." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003537.
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AbstractObjective:To investigate the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity, the frequency of overweight resolution and the influence of parental adiposity during middle childhood.Design:As part of a prospective cohort study, height and weight were measured in 1997 and 2000/2001. Children were classified as non-overweight, overweight or obese based on standard international definitions. Body mass index (BMI) was transformed into age- and gender-specific Z-scores employing the LMS method and 2000 growth chart data of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parents self-reported height and weight, and were classified as underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese based on World Health Organization definitions.Setting:Primary schools in Victoria, Australia.Subjects:In total, 1438 children aged 5–10 years at baseline.Results:The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased between baseline (15.0 and 4.3%, respectively) and follow-up (19.7 and 4.8%, respectively; P < 0.001 for increase in overweight and obesity combined). There were 140 incident cases of overweight (9.7% of the cohort) and 24 of obesity (1.7% of the cohort); only 3.8% of the cohort (19.8% of overweight/obese children) resolved to a healthy weight. The stability of child adiposity as measured by BMI category (84.8% remained in the same category) and BMI Z-score (r = 0.84; mean change = −0.05) was extremely high. Mean change in BMI Z-score decreased with age (linear trend β = 0.03, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.05). The influence of parental adiposity largely disappeared when children's baseline BMI was adjusted for.Conclusions:During middle childhood, the incidence of overweight/obesity exceeds the proportion of children resolving to non-overweight. However, for most children adiposity remains stable, and stability appears to increase with age. Prevention strategies targeting children in early childhood are required.
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Hameed, Fawad, Javeria Afzal, Ahmad Rafique, M. Khurram Jameel, Khurram Niaz, Humiara Alam, and Muhammad Shoaib. "The Importance of Clinical Data & Prevalence of Breast Tumors in South Punjab, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2022161185.
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Background: In Western countries, middle-aged women are more vulnerable to breast cancer. Globally, almost a million new cases were identified in 1998. One in 12 women in England and Wales will get the disease at some point.1 Even 5,000 years after it was first reported, the etiology of breast cancer is still unclear, and effective preventative measures are even further off. Aim: To characterize the varied ways in which breast cancer has presented itself among patients at Bahawal Victoria Hospital in Bahawalpur. Methods: This investigation employed a descriptive case series research design. This research was conducted at Bahawal Victoria Hospital's Surgery Department in Bahawalpur (Pakistan). From March 13th, 2020 through March 12th, 2021, the study was conducted (12 months). With their assent, 100 women with definite cases of breast cancer were enrolled in the study. Results: Cancer of the breast most commonly affected women between the ages of 31 and 50 (59%). Seventy-six patients arrived from the outlying rural areas of Bahawalpur and the neighboring districts. Only 18 patients had completed high school after 10 years and 5 patients were discovered to be college graduates. The single rate was 12%, with 12 patients. Eighty-one percent of patients reported having a breast lump. 56% of breast cancers involve the left breast, while 43% involve the right. One patient alone had breast cancer that had spread to both of her breasts. Illness duration varied from 1 month to 5 years. Stage III was the most prevalent presentation, with 46 instances, and Stage IV was the least common, with 16 patients. The histological hallmark most frequently attested by examination of slides was infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and this was the case in 87% of the cases. Conclusion: Breast cancer is very common cancer in the females, and most commonly it presented as a lump in the breast, because of some social aspects, lack of awareness, poverty, no proper screening programs and above all the fear of diagnosis, females try to hide this problem and often it presented at late and more advance stage. Keywords: Breast, Nipple, Cancer, Lump, Surgery, Tumor
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Goose, Annie, and Dorothy Badry. "Healing through Photography – A reflection on the Brightening Our Home Fires Project in the remote hamlet of Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories." First Peoples Child & Family Review 8, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1071414ar.
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This creative piece of work and writing showcases the work of a woman participant from the community of Ulukhaktok in the Northwest Territories (NT). Ulukhaktok is located on Victoria Island above the Arctic Circle. This community shares land with its neighbors in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut; located on the north end of the island. The hamlet of Ulukhaktok, NT and many small, remote and isolated places in the territories reflect a rich cultural Inuit heritage in regions, settlement areas and communities. There is a deep sense of interconnectedness within the North in a vast landscape that is known as home to Inuit culture. The purpose of the Brightening Our Home Fires Project (BOHF) was to work in four communities in the NT on a project related to prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the north. A co-researcher living in the NT suggested the community of Ulukhaktok (formerly known as Holman Island, NT) as a place to visit and invite participation Annie Goose supported this project through participation, acted as a translator and supported us by facilitating meetings within the community. Annie is the primary author of the work shared in this paper. It was my privilege to share in this work and support the knowledge development and exchange that deeply highlights the impact of the Brightening Our Home Fires Project. This work speaks to the possibility of Photovoice in giving voice to unheard experiences in a creative and innovative way on complex areas of health. This article will be of interest to people who are interested in topics such as Northern Canada, qualitative research, women’s perspectives on health and healing, and those interested in Photovoice as a methodology.
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Jacobs, Jane, Nic Crooks, Steven Allender, Claudia Strugnell, Kathryn Backholer, and Melanie Nichols. "Is the physical activity environment surrounding primary schools associated with students’ weight status, physical activity or active transport, in regional areas of Victoria, Australia? A cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e045785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045785.
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ObjectivesTo explore whether the physical activity (PA) environment (walkability, greenspace and recreational facilities) surrounding regional primary schools is associated with children’s PA levels, active transport and weight status. Limited research on this topic has been conducted outside of major cities.DesignCross-sectional ecological study using baseline data from two large-scale obesity prevention interventions.SettingEighty (n=80) primary schools across two regional areas in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsStudents aged 8–13 years (n=2144) attending participating primary schools.Outcome measuresMeasured weight status (body mass index z-score, proportion overweight/obese) and self-reported PA behaviours (meeting PA recommendations and active travel behaviour).ResultsWhen adjusted for student and school demographics, students had significantly increased odds of using active transport to or from school when the school neighbourhood was more walkable (OR 1.21 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.35), had a greater number of greenspaces (OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.53)) and a greater number of recreational facilities (OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.31)). A higher cumulative PA environment score was also associated with a higher proportion of children using active transport (OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.51)). There were no significant associations between the PA environment measures and either weight status or meeting the PA recommendations in adjusted models.ConclusionsThis study is the first of its kind exploring school neighbourhood environments and child weight status and PA in regional areas of Australia. It highlights the potential of the environment surrounding primary schools in contributing to students’ active travel to and from school. Further research with the use of objective PA measurement is warranted in regional areas that have been under-researched.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR.org.au) identifier 12616000980437; Results.
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Chamberlain, Catherine, Graham Gee, Stephanie Janne Brown, Judith Atkinson, Helen Herrman, Deirdre Gartland, Karen Glover, et al. "Healing the Past by Nurturing the Future—co-designing perinatal strategies for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents experiencing complex trauma: framework and protocol for a community-based participatory action research study." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e028397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028397.
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IntroductionChild maltreatment and other traumatic events can have serious long-term physical, social and emotional effects, including a cluster of distress symptoms recognised as ‘complex trauma’. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Aboriginal) people are also affected by legacies of historical trauma and loss. Trauma responses may be triggered during the transition to parenting in the perinatal period. Conversely, becoming a parent offers a unique life-course opportunity for healing and prevention of intergenerational transmission of trauma. This paper outlines a conceptual framework and protocol for an Aboriginal-led, community-based participatory action research (action research) project which aims to co-design safe, acceptable and feasible perinatalawareness, recognition, assessmentandsupportstrategies for Aboriginal parents experiencing complex trauma.Methods and analysisThis formative research project is being conducted in three Australian jurisdictions (Northern Territory, South Australia and Victoria) with key stakeholders from all national jurisdictions. Four action research cycles incorporate mixed methods research activities including evidence reviews, parent and service provider discussion groups, development and psychometric evaluation of a recognition and assessment process and drafting proposals for pilot, implementation and evaluation. Reflection and planning stages of four action research cycles will be undertaken in four key stakeholder workshops aligned with the first four Intervention Mapping steps to prepare programme plans.Ethics and disseminationEthics and dissemination protocols are consistent with the National Health and Medical Research Council Indigenous Research Excellence criteria of engagement, benefit, transferability and capacity-building. A conceptual framework has been developed to promote the application of core values of safety, trustworthiness, empowerment, collaboration, culture, holism, compassion and reciprocity. These include related principles and accompanying reflective questions to guide research decisions.