Academic literature on the topic 'Medicine, Preventive – Australia – Decision making'
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Journal articles on the topic "Medicine, Preventive – Australia – Decision making"
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Logeman, Charlotte, Yeoungjee Cho, Benedicte Sautenet, Gopala K. Rangan, Talia Gutman, Jonathan Craig, Albert Ong, et al. "‘A sword of Damocles’: patient and caregiver beliefs, attitudes and perspectives on presymptomatic testing for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a focus group study." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e038005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038005.
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Background and objectivesPresymptomatic testing is available for early diagnosis of hereditary autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). However, the complex ethical and psychosocial implications can make decision-making challenging and require an understanding of patients’ values, goals and priorities. This study aims to describe patient and caregiver beliefs and expectations regarding presymptomatic testing for ADPKD.Design, setting and participants154 participants (120 patients and 34 caregivers) aged 18 years and over from eight centres in Australia, France and Korea participated in 17 focus groups. Transcripts were analysed thematically.ResultsWe identified five themes: avoiding financial disadvantage (insecurity in the inability to obtain life insurance, limited work opportunities, financial burden); futility in uncertainty (erratic and diverse manifestations of disease limiting utility, taking preventive actions in vain, daunted by perplexity of results, unaware of risk of inheriting ADPKD); lacking autonomy and support in decisions (overwhelmed by ambiguous information, medicalising family planning, family pressures); seizing control of well-being (gaining confidence in early detection, allowing preparation for the future, reassurance in family resilience); and anticipating impact on quality of life (reassured by lack of symptoms, judging value of life with ADPKD).ConclusionsFor patients with ADPKD, presymptomatic testing provides an opportunity to take ownership of their health through family planning and preventive measures. However, these decisions can be wrought with tensions and uncertainty about prognostic implications, and the psychosocial and financial burden of testing. Healthcare professionals should focus on genetic counselling, mental health and providing education to patients’ families to support informed decision-making. Policymakers should consider the cost burden and risk of discrimination when informing government policies. Finally, patients are recommended to focus on self-care from an early age.
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Atkinson, Jo-An, Adam Skinner, Sue Hackney, Linda Mason, Mark Heffernan, Dianne Currier, Kylie King, and Jane Pirkis. "Systems modelling and simulation to inform strategic decision making for suicide prevention in rural New South Wales (Australia)." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 9 (June 17, 2020): 892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867420932639.
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Background: The need to understand and respond to the unique characteristics and drivers of suicidal behaviour in rural areas has been enabled through the Australian Government’s 2015 mental health reforms facilitating a move to an evidence-based, regional approach to suicide prevention. However, a key challenge has been the complex decision-making environment and lack of appropriate tools to facilitate the use of evidence, data and expert knowledge in a way that can inform contextually appropriate strategies that will deliver the greatest impact. This paper reports the co-development of an advanced decision support tool that enables regional decision makers to explore the likely impacts of their decisions before implementing them in the real world. Methods: A system dynamics model for the rural and remote population catchment of Western New South Wales was developed. The model was based on defined pathways to mental health care and suicidal behaviour and reproduced historic trends in the incidence of attempted suicide (self-harm hospitalisations) and suicide deaths in the region. A series of intervention scenarios were investigated to forecast their impact on suicidal behaviour over a 10-year period. Results: Post-suicide attempt assertive aftercare was forecast to deliver the greatest impact, reducing the numbers of self-harm hospitalisations and suicide deaths by 5.65% (95% interval, 4.87−6.42%) and 5.45% (4.68−6.22%), respectively. Reductions were also projected for community support programs (self-harm hospitalisations: 2.83%, 95% interval 2.23−3.46%; suicide deaths: 4.38%, 95% interval 3.78−5.00%). Some scenarios produced unintuitive impacts or effect sizes that were significantly lower than what has been anticipated under the traditional evidence-based approach to suicide prevention and provide an opportunity for learning. Conclusion: Systems modelling and simulation offers significant potential for regional decision makers to better understand and respond to the unique characteristics and drivers of suicidal behaviour in their catchments and more effectively allocate limited health resources.
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Jansen, Jesse, Shannon McKinn, Carissa Bonner, Danielle Marie Muscat, Jenny Doust, and Kirsten McCaffery. "Shared decision-making about cardiovascular disease medication in older people: a qualitative study of patient experiences in general practice." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e026342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026342.
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ObjectivesTo explore older people’s perspectives and experiences with shared decision-making (SDM) about medication for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention.Design, setting and participantsSemi-structured interviews with 30 general practice patients aged 75 years and older in New South Wales, Australia, who had elevated CVD risk factors (blood pressure, cholesterol)orhad received CVD-related lifestyle advice. Data were analysed by multiple researchers using Framework analysis.ResultsTwenty eight participants out of 30 were on CVD prevention medication, half with established CVD. We outlined patient experiences using the four steps of the SDM process, identifying key barriers and challenges: Step 1. Choice awareness: taking medication for CVD prevention was generally not recognised as a decision requiring patient input; Step 2. Discuss benefits/harms options: CVD prevention poorly understood with emphasis on benefits; Step 3. Explore preferences: goals, values and preferences (eg, length of life vs quality of life, reducing disease burden vs risk reduction) varied widely but generally not discussed with the general practitioner; Step 4. Making the decision: overall preference for directive approach, but some patients wanted more active involvement. Themes were similar across primary and secondary CVD prevention, different levels of self-reported health and people on and off medication.ConclusionsResults demonstrate how older participants vary widely in their health goals and preferences for treatment outcomes, suggesting that CVD prevention decisions are preference sensitive. Combined with the fact that the vast majority of participants were taking medications, and few understood the aims and potential benefits and harms of CVD prevention, it seems that older patients are not always making an informed decision. Our findings highlight potentially modifiable barriers to greater participation of older people in SDM about CVD prevention medication and prevention in general.
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Dalziel, Kim, Leonie Segal, and Rachelle Katz. "Cost-effectiveness of mandatory folate fortification v. other options for the prevention of neural tube defects: results from Australia and New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 4 (September 17, 2009): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009991418.
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AbstractObjectiveTo provide input to Australian and New Zealand government decision making regarding an optimal strategy to reduce the rate of neural tube defects (NTD).DesignStandard comparative health economic evaluation techniques were employed for a set of intervention options for promoting folate/folic acid consumption in women capable of or planning a pregnancy. Evidence of effectiveness was informed by the international literature and costs were derived for Australia and New Zealand.ResultsPopulation-wide campaigns to promote supplement use and mandatory fortification were the most effective at reducing NTD, at an estimated 36 and 31 fewer cases per annum respectively for Australia and New Zealand, representing an 8 % reduction in the current annual NTD rate. Population-wide and targeted approaches to increase supplement use were cost-effective, at less than $AU 12 500 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted ($US 9893, £5074), as was extending voluntary fortification. Mandatory fortification was not cost-effective for New Zealand at $AU 138 500 per DALY ($US 109 609, £56 216), with results uncertain for Australia, given widely varying cost estimates. Promoting a folate-rich diet was least cost-effective, with benefits restricted to impact on NTD.ConclusionsSeveral options for reducing NTD appear to fall well within accepted societal cost-effectiveness norms. All estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, exacerbated by possible interactions between interventions, including impacts on currently effective strategies. The Australian and New Zealand governments have decided to proceed with mandatory fortification; it is hoped they will support a rigorous evaluation which will contribute to the evidence base.
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Ruegg, Leanne, Mark Faucett, Andrew Clawson, and Shradha Subedi. "Reducing the prevalence of antecubital fossa peripheral intravenous cannulation." Journal of the Association for Vascular Access 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/1557-1289-27.2.47.
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ABSTRACT Observational studies have found that placement of peripheral intravenous cannulas (PIVCs) in the antecubital fossa (ACF) is associated with increased risks of infection, including healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (HA-SAB). Avoiding placement of the PIVC in the ACF area along with other preventive measures such as aseptic technique, staff education on documentation, standardised insertion packs and alerts for timely removal, may reduce the overall risk of acquiring an HA-SAB. Aim: To implement a multimodal awareness programme on ACF cannulas and the risk of infection, and to reduce PIVC-associated HA-SAB in one hospital in Australia. Method: The authors performed a baseline digital survey to identify root causes for clinical decision making related to PIVCs and to raise awareness of the project. The authors performed weekly audits and provided feedback on four key wards over 12 weeks. Simple linear regression was used to look at the trend of ACF cannulation rates overtime. HA-SAB rates were calculated per 10000 occupied bed days. Findings: Improved insertion documentation was observed during the intervention period. The ACF cannulation rates decreased by 0.03% per day during the study, although this did not quite reach statistical significance (P=0.06). There were no PIVC-associated SAB events during the intervention period. The SAB rates decreased by 0.02% per day over the period of the study.
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Silverstein, Marc D. "Decision Making in Clinical Preventive Medicine." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 16, no. 1 (March 1989): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)01306-3.
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McCaffery, Kirsten J., Heather L. Shepherd, Lyndal Trevena, Ilona Juraskova, Alexandra Barratt, Phyllis N. Butow, Karen Carey Hazell, and Martin HN Tattersall. "Shared decision-making in Australia." Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen - German Journal for Quality in Health Care 101, no. 4 (May 2007): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zgesun.2007.02.025.
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Pels, R. J., D. H. Bor, and R. S. Lawrence. "Decision Making for Introducing Clinical Preventive Services." Annual Review of Public Health 10, no. 1 (May 1989): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.10.050189.002051.
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Ananthapavan, Jaithri, Gary Sacks, Marj Moodie, Phuong Nguyen, and Rob Carter. "Preventive health resource allocation decision-making processes and the use of economic evidence in an Australian state government—A mixed methods study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): e0274869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274869.
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Context Recommended best practice for resource allocation decisions by governments include a stepwise process guided by economic evidence. However, the use of economic evidence in preventive health decision-making, which often impacts on multiple sectors of government, is under-researched. This study aimed to explore the resource allocation decision-making processes for preventive health interventions in the New South Wales (NSW) Government in Australia, and specifically examined the barriers and facilitators to the use of economic evidence from the perspective of multiple government departments. Methods This mixed methods study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with NSW Treasury representatives (n = 4), a focus group of NSW Ministry of Health representatives (n = 9), and a quantitative questionnaire of all participants. The schedule for the interviews and focus group was based on resource allocation guidance documents from Australian government agencies. Deductive content analysis was undertaken, guided by the Multiple Streams Framework. Findings NSW Treasury participants believed that decision-making processes where economic efficiency was the key guiding principle was the ideal approach. However, the NSW Ministry of Health participants identified that for preventive health decision-making, economic evidence was not used to inform their own choices but was typically only used to convince other agencies of the merits of proposed initiatives when seeking approval. The key barriers to the use of economic evidence were the lack of capacity within the NSW Ministry of Health to understand and undertake economic evaluations; a lack of collaboration between NSW Treasury and preventive health decision-makers within the NSW Ministry of Health; and deficient processes and governance mechanisms that do not facilitate or incentivise effective inter-sectoral decision-making. Conclusions Institutional structures for resource allocation decision-making regarding preventive health result in processes that contrast with best practice recommendations. The multiple challenges to collaborative decision-making across agencies require organisational change to promote a whole-of-government approach.
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KEEFE, CAROLE W., MARGARET E. THOMPSON, and MARY MARGARET NOEL. "Medical Students, Clinical Preventive Services, and Shared Decision-Making." Academic Medicine 77, no. 11 (November 2002): 1160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200211000-00026.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Medicine, Preventive – Australia – Decision making"
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Koo, Fung Kuen. "Disharmony between Chinese and Western views about preventative health : a qualitative investigation of the health beliefs and behaviour of older Hong Kong Chinese people in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1610.
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This study explores the health beliefs and preventive health behaviours of older Hong Kong Chinese people resident in Australia. Participation in physical activity was used as the case study. There were two frameworks used to shape the research. Because of their perceived influence on the health beliefs and practices of Hong Kong Chinese people, the traditional Chinese philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism provided the philosophical framework. The Theory of Planned Behaviour provided a theoretical framework for understanding the target group's preventive health behaviour. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, participant observation and case study. Twenty-two informants were interviewed, their transcripts analysed, summarised and typologised, identifying six states of physical activity participation. Findings demonstrated that this target group possessed a holistic view of health, with food taking a special role in preventive care and self-treatment at times of illness. The Cantonese terms used to denote “physical activity” caused confusion among the target group. Most interpreted it as meaning deliberate planned body movement, strength-enhancing activities or exercise, although some did see it as including mundane daily activities and chores. Lack of time, no interest and laziness were reported as the main reasons for low participation in deliberate planned physical activity. Cultural, social and environmental determinants were the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing attitudes toward physical activity, as well as perceived social supports and perceived control over physical activity participation barriers. To a large extent, these interactive determinants of health were rooted in the three traditional Chinese philosophies mentioned above. The thesis concludes by arguing that rather than simply advocating activities designed for other populations, health promotion strategies and education need to create links to the traditions of this target group and also clarify their conception of physical activity.
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Koo, Fung Kuen. "Disharmony between Chinese and Western views about preventative health : a qualitative investigation of the health beliefs and behaviour of older Hong Kong Chinese people in Australia." University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1610.
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Doctor of PhilosophyThis study explores the health beliefs and preventive health behaviours of older Hong Kong Chinese people resident in Australia. Participation in physical activity was used as the case study. There were two frameworks used to shape the research. Because of their perceived influence on the health beliefs and practices of Hong Kong Chinese people, the traditional Chinese philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism provided the philosophical framework. The Theory of Planned Behaviour provided a theoretical framework for understanding the target group's preventive health behaviour. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, participant observation and case study. Twenty-two informants were interviewed, their transcripts analysed, summarised and typologised, identifying six states of physical activity participation. Findings demonstrated that this target group possessed a holistic view of health, with food taking a special role in preventive care and self-treatment at times of illness. The Cantonese terms used to denote “physical activity” caused confusion among the target group. Most interpreted it as meaning deliberate planned body movement, strength-enhancing activities or exercise, although some did see it as including mundane daily activities and chores. Lack of time, no interest and laziness were reported as the main reasons for low participation in deliberate planned physical activity. Cultural, social and environmental determinants were the intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing attitudes toward physical activity, as well as perceived social supports and perceived control over physical activity participation barriers. To a large extent, these interactive determinants of health were rooted in the three traditional Chinese philosophies mentioned above. The thesis concludes by arguing that rather than simply advocating activities designed for other populations, health promotion strategies and education need to create links to the traditions of this target group and also clarify their conception of physical activity.
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Shepherd, Heather. "Involving patients in treatment decision-making : the views and attitudes of Australian cancer doctors to shared decision-making." Phd thesis, Sydney Medical School, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14990.
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Ho, Kwok Ming. "Use of prognostic scoring systems to predict outcomes of critically ill patients." University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0101.
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[Tuncated abstract] This research thesis consists of five sections. Section one provides the background information (chapter 1) and a description of characteristics of the cohort and the methods of analysis (chapter 2). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system is one of commonly used severity of illness scoring systems in many intensive care units (ICUs). Section two of this thesis includes an assessment of the performance of the APACHE II scoring system in an Australian context. First, the performance of the APACHE II scoring system in predicting hospital mortality of critically ill patients in an ICU of a tertiary university teaching hospital in Western Australia was assessed (Chapter 3). Second, a simple modification of the traditional APACHE II scoring system, the 'admission APACHE II scoring system', generated by replacing the worst first 24-hour data by the ICU admission physiological and laboratory data was assessed (Chapter 3). Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians constitute a significant proportion of the population in Western Australia (3.2%) and have marked social disadvantage when compared to other Australians. The difference in the pattern of critical illness between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians and also whether the performance of the APACHE II scoring system was comparable between these two groups of critically ill patients in Western Australia was assessed (Chapter 4). Both discrimination and calibration are important indicators of the performance of a prognostic scoring system. ... The use of the APACHE II scoring system in patients readmitted to ICU during the same hospitalisation was evaluated and also whether incorporating events prior to the ICU readmission to the APACHE II scoring system would improve its ability to predict hospital mortality of ICU readmission was assessed in chapter 10. Whilst there have been a number of studies investigating predictors of post-ICU in-hospital mortality none have investigated whether unresolved or latent inflammation and sepsis may be an important predictor. Section four examines the role of inflammatory markers measured at ICU discharge on predicting ICU re- 4 admission (Chapter 11) and in-hospital mortality during the same hospitalisation (Chapter 12) and whether some of these inflammatory markers were more important than organ failure score and the APACHE II scoring system in predicting these outcomes. Section five describes the development of a new prognostic scoring system that can estimate median survival time and long term survival probabilities for critically ill patients (Chapter 13). An assessment of the effects of other factors such as socioeconomic status and Aboriginality on the long term survival of critically ill patients in an Australian ICU was assessed (Chapter 14). Section six provides the conclusions. Chapter 15 includes a summary and discussion of the findings of this thesis and outlines possible future directions for further research in this important aspect of intensive care medicine.
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Stapleton, Jerod L., Elliot J. Coups, and Joel J. Hillhouse. "The American Suntanning Association: A “Science-First Organization” With a Biased Scientific Agenda." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/56.
Full textBooks on the topic "Medicine, Preventive – Australia – Decision making"
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Management of Solid Health-care Waste a Primary Health Care Centres: A Decision-making Guide. World Health Organization, 2006.
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Prevention effectiveness: A guide to decision analysis and economic evaluation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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(Editor), Anne C. Haddix, Steven M. Teutsch (Editor), Phaedra A. Shaffer (Editor), and Diane O. Dunet (Editor), eds. Prevention Effectiveness: A Guide to Decision Analysis and Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, USA, 1996.
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Prevention Effectiveness: A Guide to Decision Analysis and Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.
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C, Haddix Anne, Teutsch Steven M, and Corso Phaedra S, eds. Prevention effectiveness: A guide to decision analysis and economic evaluation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Ірина Дмитрівна, Садов’як. CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19. “LIVE” CLINICAL INSTRUCTION (2021). ДЕРЖАВНА НАУКОВА УСТАНОВА «НАУКОВО-ПРАКТИЧНИЙ ЦЕНТР ПРОФІЛАКТИЧНОЇ І КЛІНІЧНОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ», 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31612/covid.
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SUMMARY. In response to the challenges posed by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, Ukraine has undergone the necessary legislative changes, harmonized with international approaches, which in turn have led to significant changes in health care practices. The Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Provision of Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)” № 539-IX, the Order of the Ministry of Health “On Approval of the Procedure for Prescribing and Using Medicines for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)” of 30.06.2020 № 1482, registered in the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on July 08, 2020 for № 641/34924, establish the conditions of use of registered medicines according to the indications not specified in the instructions for medical use (off label), and unregistered medicines, recommended by the relevant official bodies outside Ukraine for the treatment of COVID-19. In pursuance of legislative acts, the Standard of Emergency Care “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)”, the Standards of Medical Care “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)”, the Standard of Pharmaceutical Care “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)”, the Protocol “Provision of medical care for the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)” were developed, approved and updated in accordance with the established procedure. At the same time, in order to assist the doctor and the patient in making a rational decision in different clinical situations, a clinical guideline “CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19. “LIVE” CLINICAL INSTRUCTION” was developed – a document containing systematic provisions on medical and medico-social assistance, developed using the methodology of evidence-based medicine on the basis of reliability and proof confirmation. The basis of this clinical guideline is the WHO guideline “Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance” (27.05.2020), supplemented by the provisions of other WHO documents, as well as clinical guidelines of Great Britain, Belgium, USA and Australia. This guideline, as a living guideline, is a WHO innovation driven by the urgent need for global collaboration to provide reliable data and guidance emerging in the world as the result of numerous randomized clinical trials on COVID-19. The clinical guideline reflects the sequence of evidence on COVID-19 treatment in the world during a pandemic, on the basis of which the treatment strategy depending on the stage of the disease was formed and the decisions to include and exclude drugs in the protocol for COVID-19 treatment were justified, and will be further updated.
Book chapters on the topic "Medicine, Preventive – Australia – Decision making"
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Yourman, Lindsey C., Jean Y. Guan, and Roopali Gupta. "Individualized Decision-Making for Preventive Medicine in Older Adults." In Geriatric Practice, 345–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19625-7_28.
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Sakly, Houneida, Mourad Said, and Moncef Tagina. "Medical Decision-Making: Incompressible Blood Flow Simulation for the Coronary Artery and Bifurcation Stenosis with CFD Module." In Digital Health in Focus of Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, 39–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49815-3_6.
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Plebani, Mario, Ada Aita, and Laura Sciacovelli. "Patient Safety in Laboratory Medicine." In Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management, 325–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59403-9_24.
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AbstractLaboratory medicine in the healthcare system has recently been recognized as a fundamental service in the clinical decision-making process. Therefore, the notion of patient safety in laboratory medicine must be recognized as the assurance that harm to patients will be avoided, safe care outcomes will be enhanced through error prevention, and the total testing process (TTP) will be continuously improved.Although the goal for patient safety is zero errors, and although laboratory professionals have made numerous efforts to reduce errors in the last few decades, current research into laboratory-related diagnostic errors highlights that: (a) errors occur at every step of the TTP, mainly affecting phases at clinical interfaces; (b) despite the improvement strategies adopted, analytical quality remains a challenge; (c) errors are linked not only to clinical chemistry tests, but also to new, increasingly complex diagnostic testing.Medical laboratories must therefore implement effective quality assurance tools to identify and prevent errors in order to guarantee the reliability of laboratory information. Accreditation in compliance with the International Standard ISO 15189 represents the first step, establishing processes with excellence requirements and greater expectations of staff competency. Another important step in preventing errors and ensuring patient safety is the development of specific educational and training programs addressed to all professionals involved in the process, in which both technical and administrative skills are integrated. A wide variety of information is provided by a robust quality management system and consensus-approved Quality Indicators (QI) that identify undesirable events, evaluate the risk to the patient, and call for corrective and preventive actions. However, the effectiveness of the system depends on the careful analysis of data collected and on staff awareness of the importance of laboratory medicine to the healthcare process. The main task of the new generation of laboratory professionals should be to gain experience in “clinical laboratory stewardship.” In order to safeguard patients, laboratory professionals must assist clinicians in selecting the right test for the right patient at the right time and facilitate the interpretation of laboratory information.
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Şirin, Hülya, and Seçil Özkan. "Risk Communication and Media in Pandemics." In Handbook of Research on Representing Health and Medicine in Modern Media, 140–49. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6825-5.ch009.
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Pandemics as global crises affect our daily routines and practices nowadays. On 11 March 2020, WHO announced the COVID-19 as a pandemic. As the COVID-19 is a communicable disease, public health practices constitute the major preventive mechanism as primary protection besides treatment. Risk communication is essential for public awareness, preventive measures, and containing the outbreak during the pandemic. In a broader aspect, “crisis and risk communication” corresponds to a greater frame that consists of urgent crisis communication, empowering the decision-making process, and building a communication network between the experts and the common. The media plays an important role in conveying information amongst the risk communication experts, administrators, and the common. Pandemic is a dynamic period. In this period, changes are possible in human perception, sensitivity levels, and behaviors. Uncertainty is present in this course. To overcome this uncertainty, correct risk communication with media collaboration is essential.
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Kottow, Miguel H. "Healthcare Digitalized." In Multidisciplinary Approaches to Ethics in the Digital Era, 60–78. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4117-3.ch005.
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Ever since medicine became a recognized profession, the relationship between patients and physicians was marked by authoritarian paternalism. With the advent of bioethics in the 1970s, patients' right to participate in decision making led to proclaim autonomy as the primary principle in clinical medicine and biomedical research, practically exercised as informed consent; yet, the issue remains contended and poorly regulated. Healthcare digitalization disassembles persons into clouds of data. Individual decision making is interfered with and replaced by dominant algorithms, supposedly delivering a P4 composite of precision medicine: personalized, preventive, predictive, participatory. Biomedicine develops into medicalization, marketization contractual client/provider relationship, and neglect of personal care for the ill and frail. These trends become dominant in digitalized healthcare as personal healthcare relationships, and ethically unsatisfactory medical services replace the psychosocial, existential elements of health/disease.
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Desye, Belay. "Perspective Chapter: Application of Environmental Epidemiology for Exposure and Health Risk Assessment." In Emerging Issues in Environmental Epidemiology and Its Reflection [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105684.
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Environmental epidemiology seeks to understand how various external risk factors may cause or protect against disease, illness, injuries, abnormalities, or death. Environmental epidemiology evidences suggested that there is the links between COVID-19 pandemic and environmental exposures. Environmental epidemiology provide information that can contribute to rational decision-making and resource allocation by providing quantitative estimates of risks. The environmental health issues are increasing attention and emerging globally, thus raising the environmental epidemiology concept as preventive medicine. Exposure can be assessed by using direct and indirect method approaches. Exposure assessment is important for the identification, evaluation, and control of health risks in the workplace and in the general environment. Ingenstion, inhalation, and skin contact are the main pathways for individuals to be exposed to hazardous contaminants. Exposure to biological, physical, and chemical agents in the environment can cause a wide range of adverse health consequences. Health risk assessment is the process used to estimate the nature and probability of adverse health effects in the past, current, and in the future about certain pollutants. Health risk assessment is conducted in accordance with hazard identification, dose–response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments are used to estimate health effects due to exposure to pollutants.
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Rodger, James A. "Using Continuous Voice Activation Applications in Telemedicine to Transform Mobile Commerce." In Advances in Mobile Commerce Technologies, 258–97. IGI Global, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-052-3.ch012.
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This chapter is designed to relate the rationale used by the Department of Defense (DoD), for the military to adapt the principles of Mobile and Voice Commerce to meet increasing global crises and to find ways to more effectively manage manpower and time. A mobile Telemedicine package has been developed by the Department of Defense to collect and transmit near-real-time, far-forward medical data and to assess how this Web-based capability enhances management of the battlespace. Telemedicine has been successful in resolving uncertain organizational and technological military deficiencies and in improving medical communications and information management. The deployable, mobile teams are the centerpieces of this telemedicine package. These teams have the capability of inserting essential networking and communications capabilities into austere theaters and establishing an immediate means for enhancing health protection, collaborative planning, situational awareness, and strategic decision making through Web-based internet applications. In order to supplement this mobile commerce aspect of telemedicine, U.S. Navy ships have been utilized to integrate voice commerce interactive technologies to improve medical readiness and mobility. An experimental group was tasked to investigate reporting methods in health and environmental surveillance inspections to develop criteria for designing a lightweight, wearable computing device with voice interactive capability. This chapter is also designed to relate the rationale used by the Department of Defense and the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Integrated Product Team, in order to determine the military utility of the Joint Medical Operations—Telemedicine Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (JMO-T ACTD) and continuous voice activation applications. Voice interactive computing devices are used to enhance problem solving, mobility and effectiveness in the battlespace. It improves efficiency through automated user prompts, enhanced data analysis, presentation, and dissemination tools in support of preventive medicine. The device is capable of storing, processing, and forwarding data to a server. The prototype devices have enabled quick, efficient, and accurate environmental surveillance. In addition to reducing the time needed to complete inspections, the device supported local reporting requirements and enhanced command-level intelligence. This chapter further focuses on developing a holistic model of implementing a strategy for mobile telemedicine. The model synthesizes current thinking on transformation into a holistic model and also explains the integrative influence of vision on the other four model components: environment, people, methodology, and IT perspective. The model was tested by Testing and Evaluating (T&E) the JMO-T ACTD. JMO-T ACTD has developed a very successful training program and is very aware of the importance of planned change. Top military officials, such as the Commander in Chief (CINC), are actively involved in change and are committed to people development through learning. The model served an applied purpose by allowing insights into how well the military organization fit current theory. The model also fit a theoretical purpose by organizing a holistic, comprehensive framework. Accordingly, we have organized and synthesized the literature into five interrelated components that act as a fundamental guide for research. The model also helped to identify a theoretical link and apply it to the internal operations of the military and its adaptation of mobile e-commerce principles to more effectively deliver telemedicine benefits to military personnel.
Reports on the topic "Medicine, Preventive – Australia – Decision making"
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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky, and Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.
Full textAbstract:
In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.