Journal articles: 'Medicine – History – 19th century'

1

Baptista, Sofia. "O Que Pode “O Médico” de Sir L. Fildes Dizer-nos Hoje." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 4 (June 25, 2015): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.6743.

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Totsuka, Etsuro. "The history of Japanese psychiatry and the rights of mental patients." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 4 (April 1990): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.4.193.

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In ancient Japan, written characters and religions were largely based on Chinese cultures. The first foreign physician was invited from Korea to Japan during the Shiragi Dynasty, when an Emperor became ill at the beginning of the 5th century. Since then, Chinese medicine dominated in Japan until Western medicine was introduced in the middle of the 19th century.

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Weston, Robert. "Whooping Cough: A Brief History to the 19th Century." Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 29, no. 2 (October 2012): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.29.2.329.

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Sakai, Tatsuo, and Yuh Morimoto. "The History of Infectious Diseases and Medicine." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101147.

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From ancient times to the present, mankind has experienced many infectious diseases, which have mutually affected the development of society and medicine. In this paper, we review various historical and current infectious diseases in a five-period scheme of medical history newly proposed in this paper: (1) Classical Western medicine pioneered by Hippocrates and Galen without the concept of infectious diseases (ancient times to 15th century); (2) traditional Western medicine expanded by the publication of printed medical books and organized medical education (16th to 18th century); (3) early modern medicine transformed by scientific research, including the discovery of pathogenic bacteria (19th century); (4) late modern medicine, suppressing bacterial infectious diseases by antibiotics and elucidating DNA structure as a basis of genetics and molecular biology (20th century, prior to the 1980s); and (5) exact medicine saving human life by in vivo visualization and scientifically verified measures (after the 1990s). The historical perspectives that these five periods provide help us to appreciate ongoing medical issues, such as the present COVID-19 pandemic in particular, and remind us of the tremendous development that medicine and medical treatment have undergone over the years.

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Cohen, Ben. "Anton Chekhov (1860–1904) – a 19th century physician." Journal of Medical Biography 15, no. 3 (August 2007): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-24.

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This account of Anton Chekhov's life as a doctor is distinct from the short story writer and playwright on which his fame rests. It describes his school days, the years as a medical student and the period in general practice. In later years he became active in social medicine on a voluntary basis and earned his living purely from his literary work. He died from pulmonary tuberculosis at the age of 44 years.

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Marder, Nancy S. "The Changing Landscape of 19th Century Courts." Reviews in American History 46, no. 3 (2018): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2018.0065.

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Kušeliauskaitė, Irma, and Aistis Žalnora. "The museum of the History of Medicine of Vilnius University." Papers on Anthropology 30, no. 1 (September 29, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2021.30.1.04.

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The museum of medicine of Vilnius university is one of the unique museums devoted to the issues of medicine in Lithuania. It was created out of the clinical practice by Vilnius university physicians. Early museum served as a curiosity cabinet as well as a teaching museum. After the closure of Vilnius university in the mid of 19th century the museum was destroyed by Tsar’s government. In the early 20th century museum was reestablished by the Polish government. The modern collections were added with craniological and osteological specimens as well as pathology exhibition. The contemporary museum was created in the last decade of 20th century. In the last period museum servers both academic and public interest. Museum includes interwar, soviet exhibits and collection of medical books.

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Zuardi, Antonio Waldo. "History of cannabis as a medicine: a review." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28, no. 2 (June 2006): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462006000200015.

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Cannabis as a medicine was used before the Christian era in Asia, mainly in India. The introduction of cannabis in the Western medicine occurred in the midst of the 19th century, reaching the climax in the last decade of that century, with the availability and usage of cannabis extracts or tinctures. In the first decades of the 20th century, the Western medical use of cannabis significantly decreased largely due to difficulties to obtain consistent results from batches of plant material of different potencies. The identification of the chemical structure of cannabis components and the possibility of obtaining its pure constituents were related to a significant increase in scientific interest in such plant, since 1965. This interest was renewed in the 1990's with the description of cannabinoid receptors and the identification of an endogenous cannabinoid system in the brain. A new and more consistent cycle of the use of cannabis derivatives as medication begins, since treatment effectiveness and safety started to be scientifically proven.

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Mikhailov, M. K. "On the history of the development of radiology in the Republic of Tatarstan." Kazan medical journal 76, no. 6 (November 15, 1995): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj90665.

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None of the periods of the entire previous history was as bright and diverse in the manifestation of human genius as the 19th century - the century of science and technology. SP Botkin wrote: "... what a movement forward was then, what an irrepressible current swept the whole society, and at the same time what a thirst for knowledge awoke in it." Society "wanted to learn, to know." The greatest discoveries of the second half of the 19th century, made with seemingly ingenious simplicity or "by accident", acquire true value today.

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Doria, Corinne. "The Right to Write the History: Disputes over the History of Medicine in France – 20th-21st Centuries." Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i3.03.

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This article reflects on the history of medicine as an academic discipline. It analyzes in particular the debates that took place in France between the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The first part recalls the main features of the discussions about the history of medicine since it was identified as an autonomous discipline up to the epistemological turn that, in the middle of the 19th century, opposed partisans of a “philological and scientific” to partisans of a “heroic” history of medicine. The second part deals with the debates that began in France in the 1960s-1970s over the legitimacy of a history of medicine written by physicians, and the foundation of a history of medicine written by professional historians. The third part proposes a reflection on the future of research and teaching in this field in France, and highlights the need for cooperation between physicians and specialists in the human and social sciences.

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Babushko, Svitlana, Maiia Halytska, and Nataliia Rekun. "Ukrainian pedagogues of the 19th century: contribution to modern pedagogy." Pedagogical Education:Theory and Practice, no. 30 (June 14, 2021): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-9763.2021-30-85-99.

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The article aims at revealing the contribution of 19th century Ukrainian pedagogues to the development of pedagogy as a science. The most prominent cultural figures of that time and their pedagogical legacy were under the consideration from the following aspects: their social and pedagogical activity; peculiar features of their pedagogical theories; their impact on the development of pedagogical ideas in forthcoming centuries. To achieve it, there were used methods of historiography, identification, analysis and systematization. The choice of the 19th century was determined by its great educational role in the social life which was reflected in its name “Enlightenment”. The lack of native land, national identity, integrity of Ukrainians as a people did not prevent the intellectual elite of the nation to search the ways of cultural unity and revival. The effective tool in it was the introduction of national education into masses of people. In their educational activity they applied the didactic principles: visibility of learning, conscious and active learning, consecutive and systematic learning, firmness of knowledge acquisition, connection with real life, the use of both synthetic and analytical methods of learning and teaching. The research proved that Ukrainian pedagogy was developing according to the major European trends in education, e.g. secularization of education, attention to family education, expanding the content of general education. Yet, there were unique national pedagogical ideas of using the Ukrainian language, a mother tongue, for teaching Ukrainian children; introducing Ukrainian folklore into the educational process; liquidating the class inequality; nursing the child’s soul. Their achievements are still important today. Addressing the origins of Ukrainian pedagogy can assist in achieving the goal of educating and upbringing younger generation who respects their native land and tries to preserve their history. Thus, the argument of the outmost importance in this research is that the current state of modern pedagogy greatly depends on its historical background.

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Arminjon, Mathieu. "The American Roots of Social Epidemiology and its Transnational Circulation. From the African-American Hypertension Enigma to the WHO’s Recommendations." Gesnerus 77, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24894/gesn-en.2020.77002.

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In 2008, the Commission on Social Determinants of Health at the World Health Organisation published a report demonstrating the existence of a socio-economic gradient for health. Though health inequalities had been apparent since at least the 19th century, the report introduced a bio-psycho-social aetiological model that was absent from 19th century social medicine, as well as from former WHO documents. To bio-psycho-social epidemiologists stress associated with social status is the main cause of morbidity and death. Here I begin by noting that the history social epidemiologists have written for their fi eld tends to inscribe their work in continuity with 19th century social medicine. This contributes towards minimizing the epistemological and contextual transformations that led bio-psycho-social epidemiology to initiate a profound transformation in international health policy. Adopting an epistemological and transnational perspective, I fi rstly argue that bio-psycho-social epidemiology emerged from René Dubos’ historical and epistemological critique of the foundation of 19th century social medicine. I secondly show how the political and epistemological research program elaborated by Dubos developed in the US context, which was characterized both by a growing concern for chronic diseases and for racial inequalities. Finally, I show that through its transnational circulation in the United Kingdom, bio-psycho-social epidemiology was “de-racialized”. This step was a prerequisite for its aetiological model to be integrated into international public health strategies and to transform them.

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13

Bickel, Marcel H. "Medizingeschichte und Pharmakologie." Gesnerus 58, no. 1-2 (December 3, 2001): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-0580102006.

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Both boundaries and communication exist between medical disciplines. Chairs for the combination of pharmacology and medical history were ereated in the 19th century. Some medical historians have dealt with pharmacology and its history (Heischkel, Sigerist, Temkin, Ackerknecht, Lesky, Mettler). In turn, individual pharmacologists have contributed to the history of medicine (Kobert, Leake, Binz, Hans Fischer), the last two particularly to its institutionalization.

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Nicolson, Malcolm. "Germ warfare – the laboratory and the clinic in 19th century British medicine." Endeavour 27, no. 1 (March 2003): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(03)00010-3.

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15

Healy, D. "Book: On the History of Lunacy: The 19th Century and After." BMJ 319, no. 7201 (July 3, 1999): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7201.63a.

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16

Gruia, Ana-Maria. "“Engel Pharmacy “La Coróna”, near the gate of the royal court, Jassy”." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.2.03.

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"The paper reconstructs the history of the 19th-20th-century Engel pharmacy in Iaşi starting from a lot of items preserved in the History of Pharmacy Collection in Cluj-Napoca. The lot includes numerous drug jars, measuring cups, apothecary working tools, financial documents, prescriptions, correspondence, and various other documents, some of which were recently identified during the renovation of the pharmacy museum in Cluj. The analysis allows one to see the transformation of pharmaceutical practice in Moldavia and Romania between the end of the 19th century and the Second World War and to reconstruct the history of a successful family business. Keywords: history of pharmacy, Iaşi, museum studies, Engel family "

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17

Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio, and Alfredo Coppa. "Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.

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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.

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18

Abashin, Victor G., and Yuri V. Tsvelev. "То history of organization of obstetrics assistance in the Russian Army." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 52, no. 1 (January 20, 2003): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd88807.

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Until now, it was believed that the first experience of using female labor in military medicine dates back to the middle of the 19th century, when during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. a detachment of sisters of mercy under the leadership of N. I. Pirogov worked in the theater of military operations. However, some documents indicate that in peacetime, female personnel in domestic military medicine began to be used much earlier.

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19

Morris, David B. "An Invisible History of Pain: Early 19th-Century Britain and America." Clinical Journal of Pain 14, no. 3 (September 1998): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-199809000-00004.

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20

Юрій Миколайович Поліщук. "THE «POLISH QUESTION» IN THE POLITICS OF RUSSIAN TSARISM ON THE RIGHT-BANK OF UKRAINE (LATE 18TH - MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY)." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111811.

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Annotation: In the article, taking into account the achievements of Ukrainian and foreign historiography, the results of the research of the policy of Russian tsarism concerning the Polish population of the Right-Bank Ukraine since the annexation of the land to the Russian Empire and the Polish uprising of 1863 - 1864 were presented.It is established that in the late XVIII century on the territory of the Right-Bank Ukraine lived icon is the number of poles, which the vast majority belonged to the nobility which has been characterized by economic and social equality. However, all of them were Polish patriots. The Poles in the region were the second largest after the Ukrainians. They occupied a dominant position in both economic and political and cultural life. Therefore, immediately after the annexation of the region, "the Polish question" became a priority problem of the Russian tsars. Because the Empire was desperately needed to blow up on the Right Bank of Ukraine, the economic position of the Polish nobility, to eliminate its political clout, cultural opportunities, and to destroy even the memory of the existence of the Polish state.The author distinguishes five periods of activity of the institutes of state administration of the Russian Empire in the ethnopolitical space of the Right Bank Ukraine and analyzes three of them that fall into the chronological boundaries of this study. In particular, the steps taken by St. Petersburg to limit the access of the Poles to the authorities of the province, and to reduce the economic potential by reducing their land tenure have been analyzed. On the basis of the analysis of the legislative framework, the steps of the Russian tsarist regime have been defined for the transfer of the vast majority of the Polish gentry to tax regimes, the attraction of the Russian population to the right bank of the Russian Federation and an increase in its land tenure at the expense of the lands of the Polish nobility. It was established that the result of such a policy was the practice of leaving a part of the Polish elite of the territory of the Right-bank Ukraine. As a rule, they were representatives of the gentry, who did not abandon the idea of restoration of the Polish state. All this led to a decrease in the number of Polish population in the region. However, as evidenced by further events, the spirit of Poles failed to break. A large part of them supported a new uprising against the rule of the Russian Empire.

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Stowe, Steven M. "Patients' Voices in Early 19th-Century Virginia (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 81, no. 2 (2007): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2007.0052.

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22

Sigusch, Volkmar. "SEXUAL MEDICINE HISTORY: The Birth of Sexual Medicine: Paolo Mantegazza as Pioneer of Sexual Medicine in the 19th Century*." Journal of Sexual Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00648.x.

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Lazovic, Biljana, Sanja Mazic, Marina Djelic, Jelena Suzic-Lazic, Radmila Sparic, and Zoran Stajic. "History of sports medicine in east European countries." Medical review 68, no. 1-2 (2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1502059l.

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The purpose of this article is to provide a historical background of medicine, science and sports with the focus on the development of modern sports medicine in European countries, with an accent on Eastern European countries that have a long sports medicine tradition. The development of modern sports medicine began at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, and it has been associated with social and cultural changes in the world of medicine, science and sports. Advanced medical knowledge, skills and practices, and the progress of scientific achievements enabled sports people to improve their performance level. Increased popularisation and commercialisation of sports have resulted from urbanization and city lifestyle, leading to the lack of physical activity and increased psychological pressure. In addition, the growing need and interest in sports and successes in professional sports have become a symbol of international recognition and prestige for the nations.

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Kerr, P. Benjamin, Anthony J. Caputy, and Norman H. Horwitz. "A history of cerebral localization." Neurosurgical Focus 18, no. 4 (April 2005): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2005.18.4.2.

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The brain has been known to be the center of voluntary movement, sensation, and intelligence for centuries. Nevertheless, it was not until the latter third of the 19th century that the functions of its different areas were discovered. It was the labor of several key men that made possible the accurate localization and, furthermore, the resection of brain neoplasms.

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ARKUSHA, Olena. "HISTORY OF UKRAINE OF THE 19TH CENTURY: CONTENT LINES OF MODERN RESEARCH." Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 14 (2021): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2021-14-45-66.

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Fenwick, D. "The History of Anaesthetic Mortality Reporting." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 35, no. 1_suppl (June 2007): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0703501s04.

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Anaesthetists are acutely aware of the legal constraint of reporting to the coroner deaths in association with anaesthesia. The evolution of the office of the coroner in England is presented and the relationship with the discovery and evolution of anaesthesia is examined. The legal and medical climate in the 19th century is described, with some of the key participants named and their roles explained. The 19th century was an age of questioning and exploration, which led to the elucidation of the problems with chloroform and set the path for progress in monitoring in anaesthesia. Comments are made on the development of anaesthetic mortality reporting into its current system and some of the benefits flowing from it. The collaboration of the various state mortality committees in producing a triennial national report is an important way to ensure that the lessons of the past are kept in mind in the present. The author believes that mortality reporting, the analysis of data and the dissemination of information is a valuable field of research, monitoring and educational tool. Primum non nocere is particularly pertinent in anaesthesia.

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Novella, Enric J. "Alexandre Brierre de Boismont and the limits of the psychopathological gaze." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (May 27, 2018): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118768375.

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One of the most remarkable implications of psychological medicine in the transition from the 18th to the 19th century was the advent of a new way of looking at the human being and new tools for analysing not only behaviour and individual experience, but also historical events, collective behavioural patterns or complex cultural achievements. Unsurprisingly, the deployment of this gaze could not advance without there being a series of disputes and controversies about its reach and the limits to its indiscriminate application. Focusing on the figure of French alienist Alexandre Brierre de Boismont and on the controversial cases of hallucinations and suicide, this article addresses the conflicts generated by the use of certain emblematic concepts and categories present in French psychological medicine throughout the central decades of the 19th-century, as well as the essentially ambivalent relationship of the psychopathological point of view with the criticism of a culture that was made responsible, then, as now, for a great number of psychological disorders and illnesses.

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Hammond, D. Corydon. "A Review of the History of Hypnosis Through the Late 19th Century." American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 56, no. 2 (September 5, 2013): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2013.826172.

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Sayfullin, Muhammad, Evgenia Fateeva, and Nadezhda Zvereva. "Epidemiological risks in international travel in the 19th century." History of Medicine/ru 7, no. 1 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17720/2409-5834.v7.1.2021.10j.

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Koh, Won. "The Rise and Fall of Women’s Football in Britain, 1881-1921." Korea Association of World History and Culture 64 (September 30, 2022): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2022.09.64.231.

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This paper examines the early history of British women’s football from 1881 to 1921. The history of women’s football during this period has not yet been seriously studied by Korean historians. There are many people who do not even know the existence of women's football at the end of the 19th century. Many people believe that the football is traditionally a ‘men’s sport’ and that women have entered the male realm as women’s social activities have recently expanded. However, women’s football has a history as long as men’s football. Women’s football first appeared in Britain at the end of the 19th century, the dawn of modern football as we know it now, and developed with great popularity until the early 20th century. The early history of women’s football has significance not only for the history of sports but also for women. It is the women’s own efforts to change traditional perceptions of women and to improve the unfair situation that were the main driving force behind the development of women’s football in the 19th century. These efforts appeared even before the emergence of women’s own political struggles which claim to improve women’s social status and rights. A Study on the early history of women’s football will be of help in understanding the process of women forming themselves as modern subjects.(Kyung Hee University)

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Sergeyev, Tikhon, Vitaly Orlov, and Valery Andreev. "Chuvash Nikita Bichurin (Iakinf) and Buryat Dorzhi Banzarov — famous researchers of ethnic culture of Mongols in the 19th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2020): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi61.

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The article shows the contribution of two representatives of multinational Russia of the 19th century to the study of the ethnic culture of the Mongols: the first corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the Chuvash, the founder of Sinology, an outstanding scientist-monk N. Ya. Bichurin (Fr. Iakinfa) (1777-1853) and the first Buryat scientist, the Buryat “Lomonosov”, Dorzhi Banzarov (1822-1855). Coming from the lower classes of the people, they became prominent representatives of the Russian democratic intelligentsia of the 19th century.

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Adeyemi, Akande. "Introduction of Glass as Fenestration in 19th Century Lagos, Nigeria: A Brief History." African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 4, no. 3 (June 12, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-p8hrbcij.

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While glass as a material has been known to the people of western Nigerian for hundreds of years, it was only in the late 19th century that it became integrated into building and construction practice in Lagos. For the most part, early local architecture made little effort, if any at all, at covering window spaces with any material of permanence as the primary purpose of these orifices was more to let air in rather than light. Early European missionaries and colonial agents saw the situation differently. Their horrid fear for tropical bugs and matters of security and privacy necessitated a response and modification to the philosophy of tropical architecture. Using qualitative methods and visual analysis of archival images, this study takes a historical look at the beginnings of the integration and use of glass as fenestration and argues that so significant was the introduction in the late 19th and early 20th century in Lagos, that the innovation re-engineered the culture of architecture and living as we know it. The study identified the first building in Lagos to use glass as fenestration and discusses the role of missionaries in the development of innovation. It argues that missionary activity in the coastal city of Lagos, created a broad new industry and trade opportunities and concludes that the introduction of glass as a building material in 19th century Lagos, was not a mere development, but a significant innovation, both in construction and creativity.

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Brierley-Jones, Lyn. "Talking therapy: The allopathic nihilation of homoeopathy through conceptual translation and a new medical language." History of the Human Sciences 34, no. 3-4 (March 15, 2021): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120967872.

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The 19th century saw the development of an eclectic medical marketplace in both the United Kingdom and the United States, with mesmerists, herbalists and hydrotherapists amongst the plethora of medical ‘sectarians’ offering mainstream (or ‘allopathic’) medicine stiff competition. Foremost amongst these competitors were homoeopaths, a group of practitioners who followed Samuel Hahnemann (1982[1810]) in prescribing highly dilute doses of single-drug substances at infrequent intervals according to the ‘law of similars’ (like cures like). The theoretical sophistication of homoeopathy, compared to other medical sectarian systems, alongside its institutional growth after the mid-19th-century cholera epidemics, led to homoeopathy presenting a challenge to allopathy that the latter could not ignore. Whilst the subsequent decline of homoeopathy at the beginning of the 20th century was the result of multiple factors, including developments within medical education, the Progressive movement, and wider socio-economic changes, this article focuses on allopathy’s response to homoeopathy’s conceptual challenge. Using the theoretical framework of Berger and Luckmann (1991[1966]) and taking a Tory historiographical approach (Fuller, 2002) to recover more fully 19th-century homoeopathic knowledge, this article demonstrates how increasingly sophisticated ‘nihilative’ strategies were ultimately successful in neutralising homoeopathy and that homoeopaths were defeated by allopaths (rather than disproven) at the conceptual level. In this process, the therapeutic use of ‘nosodes’ (live disease products) and the language of bacteriology were pivotal. For their part, homoeopaths failed to mount a counter-attack against allopaths with an explanatory framework available to them.

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Zelinskaya, Elena. "The origins of Crimean winemaking of the 19th century: Sudak." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 04 (April 1, 2020): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202004statyi24.

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Stanisławska, Dorota. "The history of Polish viola literature – the 19th and 20th centuries." Notes Muzyczny 2, no. 16 (December 30, 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5493.

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After the Romanticism era, when virtuoso music was dominated by the violin, cello and piano, there was a noticeable tendency among composers to search for new and fresh sound inspired by instruments previously functioning mainly in an orchestra. One of the instruments which acquired a new glory back then was the viola. Even though Western European literature earned a permanent place in the repertoire of violists worldwide, Polish pieces representing this genre are lesser-known and performed not as often, except for a few compositions. The library of Polish 20th century viola works is quite rich, but many compositions did not stand the test of time and we would look for them in vain within the performance canon; others were not published in print or recorded, and their manuscripts are owned by private collections. Some autographs of compositions have gone missing and only their titles have been preserved to this day. The present article is an attempt to systematise the state of knowledge about Polish viola compositions written before the end of the 20th century.

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Motuz, Valeria. "The history of the transformation of women of Naddnipryansk Ukraine from an object into a subject of the political process: from idea to practical implementation." Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, no. 28-29 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-99-108.

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The article substantiates the theoretical and practical foundations of the development of the women’s movement in Naddnipryan Ukraine in the conditions of active politicization of society in the late 19th – early 20th century. When the object of the study is the increase by women from Naddnipryanskaya Ukraine of their social status in society, and the subject is their transformation from an object into a subject of political activity. This process is revealed from the standpoint of the influence of the politicization of Ukrainian society in the late 19th – early 20th century on the movement of socially active women in Nadnipryansk Ukraine towards achieving the modernization of the system of power and management from the point of view of gender equality and is presented as a transitional stage to this.

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Mironov, Boris. "Saint Petersburg at the Forefront of Demographic Transition in Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 3 (2022): 709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.303.

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In post-reform Russia, a demographic transition began — a replacement of the traditional type of population reproduction with the modern one. A significant part of the population had rationalized demographic behavior; demographic indicators had improved; the efficiency of population reproduction had increased; intra-family relations had been humanized; and individual birth control had been developed — mainly in cities. The demographic transition began earlier than is commonly thought — among the townspeople of the Saint Petersburg province, where obvious signs of birth control and a decrease in mortality and marriage were already revealed in the first half of the 19th century. The province was in the lead because it was the most urbanized and one of the most cosmopolitan, and Saint Petersburg was the most cosmopolitan city in Russia, which had intensive economic and cultural ties with the West, where demographic transition had already begun at the end of the 18th century in France. In the second half of the 19th century, it spread among the entire urban population, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries — among the entire rural population of Russia, but to varying degrees in individual provinces. Demographic indicators had improved because of the progress of medicine and sanitation, the expansion of free medical care, an increase in the cultural level of the population, a change in demographic mentality, and the beginning of birth control, as well as due to an increase in the standard of living of the general population.

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Chaney, Sarah. "The action of the imagination." History of the Human Sciences 30, no. 2 (April 2017): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695116687225.

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Histories of dynamic psychotherapy in the late 19th century have focused on practitioners in continental Europe, and interest in psychological therapies within British asylum psychiatry has been largely overlooked. Yet Daniel Hack Tuke (1827–95) is acknowledged as one of the earliest authors to use the term ‘psycho-therapeutics’, including a chapter on the topic in his 1872 volume, Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease. But what did Tuke mean by this concept, and what impact did his ideas have on the practice of asylum psychiatry? At present, there is little consensus on this topic. Through in-depth examination of what psycho-therapeutics meant to Tuke, this article argues that late-19th-century asylum psychiatry cannot be easily separated into somatic and psychological strands. Tuke’s understanding of psycho-therapeutics was extremely broad, encompassing the entire field of medical practice (not only psychiatry). The universal force that he adopted to explain psychological therapies, ‘the Imagination’, was purported to show the power of the mind over the body, implying that techniques like hypnotism and suggestion might have an effect on any kind of symptom or illness. Acknowledging this aspect of Tuke’s work, I conclude, can help us better understand late-19th-century psychiatry – and medicine more generally – by acknowledging the lack of distinction between psychological and somatic in ‘psychological’ therapies.

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Sozina, Elena K. "Epoch / Period vs Generation in the Literary and Critical Consciousness of the 19th Century." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 3 (2022): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.041.

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This article analyses the functioning of the concepts of “epoch”, “period”, and “generation” in nineteenth-century literature, criticism, and literature studies. The concept of “epoch” presupposes a linear stage understanding and interpretation of history, and “period” can also be used within other concepts of historical development. The “epoch”, sometimes replaced by the “century”, and the “period” were traditionally used as measurement units of literature and culture history (cf. works of A. Bestuzhev, I. Kireevsky, V. Belinsky, etc.). One of the first periodisations of the history of Russian literature which employed these concepts was given by I. M. Born. The concept of “generation” in its meaning contains a biological, natural connotation, and therefore is not necessarily associated with the linear stage understanding of historical time. As S. N. Zenkin puts it, “a generation is time embodied in people, in their dramatic destiny”. The concept of “generation” is often used in periods of historical time which require a person to comprehend themselves and their place in history. A good example is Romanticism in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Another factor that actualises generational problems is the influence of biological and naturalistic ideas when a community motif of people doomed to be born and live with this influence “in their blood” emerges in this quite unfavorable time. This situation is considered by the author of this paper regarding the functioning of the “generation” concept in A. P. Chekhov’s works, who actively marked himself as belonging to the eighties’ “artel” (generation) in the 1880s. This concept as a subject of his characters’ argument subsequently recurs in Chekhov’s works of fiction. All the concepts mentioned are also analysed in the History of the Russian Literature of the 19th Century (1908–1911, ed. D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky), which summed up the achievements of the nineteenth-century cultural and historical school. The author emphasises how this book (History...) develops a method of working with these concepts, and this method later comes in demand with the twentieth-century humanities.

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Machinis, Theofilos G., Kostas N. Fountas, Vassilios Dimopoulos, and Joe Sam Robinson. "History of acoustic neurinoma surgery." Neurosurgical Focus 18, no. 4 (April 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2005.18.4.10.

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The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the development of surgery for acoustic neurinomas throughout the years. The significant contribution of surgical authorities such as Cushing, Dandy, and House are discussed. The advances in surgical techniques from the very first operations for acoustic tumors at the end of the 19th century until today are described, with special emphasis on the technological and diagnostic milestones that preceded each step of this development.

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Ruffieux, Christiane. "Les méthodes d’évaluation de nouveaux remèdes dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle: l’exemple des médecins genevois." Gesnerus 77, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24894/gesn-fr.2020.77001.

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Recent research on the history of medicine has shown that during the 18th century, the pharmacological market has steadily expanded. For medical practitioners, this influx of novelties triggered constant challenges to the process of cure assessment. This study analyses six historical controversies surrounding new remedies in Geneva during the first half of 19th century. The overview of fifty years of therapeutic questioning shows how Genevan practitioners managed to judge the usefulness of a specific remedy on the basis of observations – usually quite numerous – and how they started to elaborate methodological principles underlying a populational approach.

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Cherhik, Nataliia. "MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY IN THE RESEARCH OF NATIVE SCIENTISTS." Chornomors’ka Mynuvshyna, no. 16 (December 24, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2519-2523.2021.16.245741.

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The article presents publications of the late 19th – early20th centuries, in which museum materials of Ukrainian originare studied and published. This refers to museum catalogs,albums and reports. The purpose of this article is to trace thedynamics of the use of these publications in scientific researchof colleagues during the late 19th – early 21th centuries. Theproposed analysis proved the fact that museographicpublications have acted an important role in scientificresearch for a long time, starting from the moment they werepublished until the present time. It was also found that as ahistorical source, museography was emphasized in threedirections: the basis for conclusions about historical facts; thefoundation for the protection of objects of history and museumresearch; and for museum attribution work. The context of theuse of museum publications has changed. In the 19th century,they were used to show the development of museums in thesouth of the Russian Empire. In the Soviet period, "prerevolutionary" museum publications were perceived as tracesof "bourgeois science." Modern researchers consider museumcatalogs, albums, reports of the late 19th – early 20th centuries as one of the aspects of themanifestation of the process of national revival in Ukraine at the frontier of the century. It was alsonoted that at the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century, publications of archaeologicalcollections were more popular, especially materials found in the south of Ukraine. In the 21st century,the attention of researchers was attracted by materials from the period of the Cossacks. In general,there was a stable interest in Ukrainian museum publications of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

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Popova, Ludmila. "The Vision of a Human in the History of the Concept of «Law»: Lexicographic and Functional Aspects." Philology & Human, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)3-09.

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The vision of a person in the historical structure of the concept of «law» is considered on the basis of subject nominations in the lexical family «law» as the core of the concept. In the language of the 11th–19th centuries the thematic groups of nominations are singled out in lexicography as follows: subjects establishing laws; subjects implementing laws and subjects monitoring the implementation of laws; subjects aware of laws and interpreting them; subjects violating the law; household members in relation to the law. The predominantly religious nature of the nominations until the 18th century is noted. Since the 18th century a tendency to differentiation of religious and legal semantics was recorded as well as a decrease in the number religious nominations. In the 18th–19th centuries the dominance of nominations with legal semantics is revealed. The use of many nominations of the 18th century for the political-legal and religious realias of other nations is noted. A different scope of the nominations of subjects in relation to the law of the 18th–19th centuries is revealed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the tendency to transfer the nominations to non-religious spheres is confirmed.

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Intigam Ahadova, Omriyya. "XIX əsrdə İran immiqrasiyasının arxasında dayanan iqtisadi amillər." SCIENTIFIC WORK 82, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/82/35-42.

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One of the main reasons for migration can be the economic conditions at any time. The Gajar era in the history of Iran was the beginning of political, social, cultural, and economic developments in the face of Western civilization, and Azerbaijan was the main center for exporting immigr ants to the Caucasus, which in turn was the result of Iran's nationwide economic stagnation on the one hand, and the result of attractive fields on the other hand. Employment was beyond the borders, especially in the Caucasus. Therefore, the current research, relying on the social, economic, and historical situation prevailing in Iran in the 19th century, examines the economic conditions of Iranian migration to the South Caucasus with two different approaches. In the first approach, it deals with the role of internal factors in Iran's economy, the ruling tyranny, the state of society, industry, and trade, and the second approach includes the role of external factors, the development of foreign trade, and the influence of foreign capital in Iran's economy. The focus of the historiographical analysis of the articles is what dimensions of the identity of Iran's economy in the first half of the 19th century. How the historiographical sources played the social economic role in representing its meanings and concepts? Based on reliable domestic and foreign sources, in response to issues such as the reason for the migration of Iranians to the South Caucasus and the prevailing social and economic conditions in the 19th century. Keywords: Iranian history, Gajar, economy, economic factors, industry oil, trade and immigration Ömriyyə İntiqam qızı Əhədova XIX əsrdə İran immiqrasiyasının arxasında dayanan iqtisadi amillər Xülasə Miqrasiyanın əsas səbəblərindən biri kimi daim iqtisadi şəraiti ön plana çəkmək olar. İran tarixində Qacar dövrü Qərb mədəniyyəti ilə qarşılıqlı şəkildə iqtisadi, mədəni, siyasi dəyişikliklərin başlanğıcı idi və Azərbaycan mühacirlərin Qafqaza emiqrasiyasının əsas mərkəzi olmuşdur ki, bu da öz növbəsində bir tərəfdən İranı öz cənginə alan iqtisadi tənəzzülün, digər tərəfdən isə sərhəddən o tərəfdə, xüsusilə Qafqazda cəlbedici məşğulluq sahələrinin mövcudluğunun nəticəsi idi. Odur ki, bu məqalədə XIX əsrdə İranda hakim olan iqtisadi, ictimai və tarixi vəziyyətə əsaslanaraq iranlıların Cənubi Qafqaza emiqrasiyasının iqtisadi zəmini iki fərqli yanaşma çərçivəsində tədqiqata cəlb edilir. Birinci yanaşmada İran iqtisadiyyatının daxili vəziyyəti, hakim zümrənin zorakılığı, sosial şərait, sənaye və ticarət məsələləri təhlil edilir, ikinci yanaşma isə İran iqtisadiyyatında xarici amillərin rolu, xarici ticarətin inkişafı, xarici kapitalın İran iqtisadiyyatındakı təsirinə əsaslanan tədqiqatı özündə ehtiva edir. Məqalə müəllifinin tarixi təhlilinin diqqət mərkəzində XIX əsrin birinci yarısında İranın iqtisadi kimliyinin hansı sərhədlərə malik olması və ona məxsus məna və məfhumların yenidən ifadə edilməsində tarixi mənbələrin hansı iqtisadi-ictimai rolu oynaması problemi yer almışdır. Bu baxımdan adıçəkilən tədqiqat iranlıların Cənubi Qafqaza mühacirətinin səbəbləri və XIX əsrdə hökm sürən iqtisadi və sosial vəziyyət haqqında mötəbər daxili və xarici mənbələrə əsaslanaraq, təsviri və analitik təhlil metodları əsas alınmaqla hazırlanmışdır. Açar sözlər: İran tarixi, Qacar, iqtisadiyyat, iqtisadi faktor, neft sənayesi, ticarət və emiqrasiya

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Organ, Michał. "“The Boundary of the World” – The Beginnings of Tourism in the Bieszczady Mountains in the 19th Century." Galicja. Studia i materiały 7 (2021): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2021.7.6.

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The article fills the gap in the knowledge of the history of tourism in the Western Bieszczady, presenting its beginnings in the 19th century. This area was rarely visited, as it was not perceived as attractive; the beginnings of tourist “exploration” date back to the 19th century. The analysis is based on diary accounts, memoirs, press articles and the first travel guides. In the preserved reports, the Bieszczady Mountains appear as a wild, inaccessible area, devoid of the road infrastructure necessary for travelers. The wilderness of Bieszczady was traversed for sentimental, social, commercial, religious and health reasons, initially on foot or on horseback.

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Beer, André-Michael, Bernhard Uehleke, and Karl Rüdiger Wiebelitz. "The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/521879.

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We describe historic developments of inhouse facilities for natural healing in this paper, which were mainly located in German speaking regions. The naturopathic movement is a relabeling of the hydropathic movement in Germany, which was supported by a considerable proportion of the population in Germany during the mid 19th century. Due to the fact that hydropathic treatments were provided by nonmedical healers, discriminated as “quacks”, there was continuous hostility between hydropathy/naturopathy and medicine. However, among the many establishments providing inhouse treatment for acute and chronic diseases over weeks there were some which were controlled by medical doctors in the 20th century and some which were implemented by government. In many of the establishments there were approaches for measuring usefulness of the treatments, some of which have been initiated explicitly for that purpose.

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Cole, Joshua. "The chaos of particular facts: statistics, medicine and the social body in early 19th-century France." History of the Human Sciences 7, no. 3 (August 1994): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269519400700301.

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Kaspruk, Lyudmila Ilyinichna. "On the history of midwifery." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2202-07.

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January 8th is Midwife Day. On this day, it is customary to honor the so-called «midwives». In the history of obstetrics in the first half of the 19th century, the activity of midwives was firmly entrenched namely for women who dominated in obstetric activities due to established views on birth as the female area and the existing kind of «taboo» on «unpopularity» of this specialization among male doctors during the study period. At the same time, the very definition of «midwife» was applied both to those who received a special education, and to «uneducated rural midwives». The midwife in rural areas occupied the main place in maternity rituals and in obstetric practice. In the activities of the midwife, rational and irrational methods of traditional medicine were used. A sociological portrait of a midwife is presented.

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Savchenko, Irina Stepanovna. "«Аlphabetic» polemic in Ukraine in the 19th ‒ early 21st century." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 14, no. 24 (2021): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2021-14-24-133-141.

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After numerous discussions, the 2019 «Ukrainian Orthographic Norms» took effect. The innovations proposed in it necessitated turning the pages of the history of Ukrainian graphics and spelling for understanding why «alphabetic wars» in Ukraine continue today and the consequences of such scholarly battles. The purpose of the paper is to give a brief overview of the «spelling wars» in Ukraine in the 19th ‒ early 21st centuries, to expose the causes and consequences of the lingering struggle for the affirmation of specific language norms. In the first half of the 19th century the struggle between the phonetic and etymological traditions of writing was evidenced by O. Pavlovsky’s orthography of the Ukrainian language grammar (1818), the works of M. Maksymovych (1827), and the almanac Rusalka Dnistrova (The Mermaid of the Dniester) in 1837. In the second half of the 19th century new orthographic norms appeared: «kulishivka», «drahomanivka», «zhelekhivka», etc. The early 20th century was crowned by the appearance of «grinchenkivka», the academic publication «The principal rules of the Ukrainian spelling» in 1920, and the «skrypnykivka» spelling in 1928. The reasons of the tragic fate of «skrypnykivka» and the appearance of the Ukrainian spelling systems of the Soviet period in Ukraine in 1933, 1946, and 1960 were found. The attempts to restore the lost national features of the Ukrainian graphics and spelling after the proclamation of Ukraine as an independent state (Orthographic norms of 1989, the drafts of its new editions of 1999 and 2003) proved to be unsuccessful. In the conditions of constant disputes and confrontations the current orthographic code was approved only with some surface changes. There is not a single country in the world with a spelling system the «fate» of which would literally be shot, whose development would be blocked, which would experience political intrusions, and suffer the extermination of national language features. The author of the paper emphasizes that for a long historical period these «alphabetic wars» involved Ukrainians in a negative program of the perception and understanding of spelling rules: one aggression gave rise to a number of others and the internal revolt (primarily – with the introduction of certain features of «skrypnykivka»). According to the author of the article, the norms in the «Ukrainian Orthographic Norms» of 2019 are far from the real life, some formulations are too complicated for an average speaker. 1. We would recommend reducing the number of capitalization rules by listing the concepts that should be written in capital letters. We propose to set some capitalization rules (see §§ 45–48) along with the material on the punctuation of sentences with quotations, remarks, appeals, rubrics, etc. 2. In the media we would like to hear more information about the evolution of language norms and the history of their appearance. Only the wide popularization of the history of spelling and the peaceful solution of spelling problems will help to return to the Ukrainians the distinctive features of orthography. 3. In the search for new grammatical forms, it is important not to push the content into the background. To prevent this from happening, the Ukrainians must learn to think differently, make decisions without fuss, avoid any manifestations of aggression and negative involvement in problems, and seek compromises. In the following scientific investigations, we plan to analyze the punctuation rules of the mother tongue, presented in the current orthographic norms of 2019.

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Hong, Cheng, and Wang Xu. "Chinese emigration to Russia from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202101statyi27.

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The article examines the key problems of the history of Chinese emigration to Russia from the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown, that, for a number of reasons, the Russian Empire became one of the important channels of emigration from the late Qing Empire. The conclusion is substantiated, that, in the presence of political migrants, for example, from among the Dungan rebels, the main reason for attracting a large number of Chinese to Russia was purely economic, not political factors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medicine – History – 19th century'

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