Academic literature on the topic 'Medicine Australia Examinations, questions, etc'

<strong>Introduction:</strong> Traditional viva are useful in assessing depth of knowledge and overall communication skill of student but demerits are many such as unequal time distribution for viva, gender bias, non uniformity, examiner's mood and so on. In present study we structured oral examination as an assessment tool for third year MBBS undergraduates in community Medicine and evaluating the process by taking student's as well as faculty's feedback to minimize biases. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Permission from Dean as well as head of department was taken. A batch of 26 students was randomly selected and enrolled in to study after informed consent. Four faculty members were randomly divided in two groups. Faculty members in structured oral examination group were sensitized and trained about it. Each student has undergone same set of questionnaire consisting of simple recall and applied questions. All the students were simultaneously assessed with traditional and structured oral examination without intermixing. Feedback in the form of questionnaire as per Likert's scale was collected for both type of viva and from students and faculties. Appropriate statistical analysis was done. <strong>Results:</strong> Analysis depicted that students were overall satisfied with the structured oral examination and felt it better than the traditional viva. Statistically significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed in terms of uniformity of questions asked, stress, time allotment, topic coverage etc. Faculty also expressed that structured oral examinations are better in terms of reducing bias, minimising luck factor and uniformity of questions.

Over the past 20 years, the number of physicians who focus their practice on wounds and wound care has grown slowly but significantly. It is estimated that there are >13,000 physicians who practice wound care but who have no ‘home’ to nurture their discipline and ensure, through standards and best practices, quality in the care they deliver. Unlike most others, these physicians pursue patient care without a certifying medical board to confirm the quality of their care and the scope of their practice. Because organised medicine correctly insists on quality in the care physicians deliver, it is time to establish a subspecialty in wound care. However, establishing a new subspecialty is a very challenging task. It raises questions of overlapping jurisdiction with other medical boards, about the multiplicity of subspecialties and the challenge of ensuring that enough physicians will seek certification to cover the costs of examinations, etc. All of these issues can be met with satisfactory responses. The time for action is now.

Annotation. The article attempts to highlight the problems that forensic experts face during the examination of victims of a motor trauma, propose a modern classification of this type of traffic accident suitable for experts, list those issues that require expert resolution, and establish a standard algorithm (sequence) of conducting such an examination. The material of the study was archival copies of expert opinions and acts of comprehensive forensic medical and transport- trassological examinations in cases of motor injuries (33 complex examinations and acts in total), for 2008–2018. Expert studies were conducted on the basis of the Odessa Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine expertise. The research method is the analysis of forensic and transport-trassological signs in their interconnection and interdependence, allowing to resolve the basic questions about the mechanism and circumstances of motor trauma. The study suggests that the following main types of motorcycle injuries are currently the most common (this includes injuries when operating a “classic” motorcycle and a moped): injury to driver and passenger due to contact of a motorcycle (moped) – with another vehicle, – with a stationary object, – due to the rollover of a motorcycle (moped) without contact with another vehicle, – as a result of a fall from a motorcycle (moped) until it capsizes without contacting another vehicle, – due to contact of the motorcycle (moped) with a pedestrian (pedestrians); injury to pedestrians due to contact with a moving motorcycle (moped); combined injuries of the driver and passenger of a motorcycle or moped (injury due to the rollover of a motorcycle or moped followed by contact with another vehicle; injury due to successive contact of a motorcycle or moped with a pedestrian and stationary object; injury due to rollover of a motorcycle (moped) and falling into a water body or fire, etc.); combined types of injury to a pedestrian (pedestrians) due to contact with a moving motorcycle or moped (injury due to contact with a moving motorcycle or moped, followed by falling and rolling wheels of another vehicle; injury due to contact with a moving motorcycle or moped, and then dropping another vehicle onto the body funds, etc.). Thus, establishing the exact circumstances of a motorcycle injury is impossible by examining only some object artificially isolated from the rest (for example, a corpse). Such an expert approach should be completely abandoned. The author’s proposed classification of motorcycle injuries, which is based on an integrated approach to the study of the mechanism of accidents, and which reflects its main types, can be used for expert purposes.

Heads: A medical student completes their Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree after five years of mentally exhausting and back-breaking toil. They then go on to complete one demanding year of internship in a hospital. Now they want to start their clinical practice. The regulatory body of physicians has some other ideas though. It wants them to give yet another exam, covering the same subjects they have cleared during MBBS. When they think they have the right to be practicing independently, they have to study hard and undertake an exam again. Tails: A regulatory body of physicians in the country knows the quality of medical teaching in the country is not uniform. The standard of training during internship also varies greatly. Yet, after attaining MBBS degree and completing internship, every medical doctor is deemed qualified enough to manage the patients without any supervision. The regulatory body, therefore, introduces a uniform licensing exam that every doctor needs to pass before starting independent clinical practice. It believes that only those who had attained a minimum acceptable level of competence will eventually be capable enough to pass the exam and thus be qualified to treat people. Medical licensing examinations are considered a tool to gauge a doctor’s competence for unsupervised clinical practice. The National Licensing Examination (NLE) was announced on 24th September 2020 in Section 20 of the Pakistan Medical Commission (PMC) Act 2020.1 The idea was inspired by similar exams in many other countries.2 Fast forward more than one year, this exam still faces stiff resistance from many medical students and Pakistan Medical Association (PMA).3,4 Broadly, there are two main objections: The nature of the exam itself, and its applicability. The medical students deem it unfair to be asked to appear in another exam after obtaining their MBBS degree. Another point of contention is in including all current medical students. It is argued that only those students should be asked to undertake the exam that began their MBBS education after the PMC Act 2020. A petition filed in Lahore High Court to this effect was dismissed by the adjudicating judge, making it mandatory for all current and future medical students to pass the NLE.5 Is this exam really so flawed that it should be abandoned altogether? Is PMC justified in taking this exam? Are the concerns of the protesting students valid? Is there a middle ground in this conflict? Let us analyze the current format of the NLE and compare it with the two most coveted medical licensing exams in the world. The NLE is designed as a two-step examination. The first step is the multiple-choice questions (MCQ) based theory component containing 70% MCQs from clinical sciences and 30% MCQs from basic sciences. A student has to pass this first step in order to qualify for the second Clinical Skills Examination (CSE). The CSE aims to evaluate essential clinical skills required by a general medical practitioner through a structured clinical examination. The students can appear in the first theory component only after acquiring their MBBS qualification. Both steps need to be passed in order to attain permanent medical license from PMC.6 The United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) is the most well-known medical licensing exam in the world. It is a three-step exam comprising of Step 1, Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), and Step 3. Step 1, an MCQ exam, is attempted by the local students at the end of 2nd year of medical education. It is designed to test the examinee’s aptitude to apply basic and integral science concepts to clinical scenarios. Step 2 CK is an MCQ exam that assesses the examinee’s grasp on the medical knowledge and understanding of clinical sciences that are considered essential for patient care under supervision. Local students appear in this exam in the 4th year of their medical education; passing this exam is essential to receive medical graduation. Step 3 is again an MCQ exam that assesses the candidate’s caliber to apply medical knowledge for unsupervised practice of medicine. This exam is attempted after obtaining medical graduation and passing the exam is necessary to practice independently in the US. After the decision to abandon the Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) examination in February 2021, there is currently no clinical examination in the USMLE. International Medical Graduates (IMGs) need to clear Step 1 and Step 2 CK (not necessarily in order and at no fixed time) to become eligible for Step 3.7 The Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board test (PLAB) is a two-part exam taken by General Medical Council (GMC) of the United Kingdom (UK).PLAB 1 is an MCQ based exam that tests the examinee’s ability to apply the acquired medical knowledge to answer clinical-scenario based questions. PLAB 2 is a clinical exam that tests the candidate’s clinical and communication skills on standardized patients.8 Currently, only IMGs need to appear in the exam in order to practice medicine independently in UK. This is set to change from 2024; GMC has announced Medical Licensing Assessment (MLA) that both UK locals and IMGs will need to pass from 2024 onwards in order to attain the medical registration.9 It is clear from the above discussion that regulatory bodies in many countries including the US test their local students with standardized exam in addition to their medical college graduation. The UK has also announced a similar system for their local students from 2024. Therefore, concept of the NLE is a sound one, based on the international practices. The problem may lie in the format and timing of the exam. MBBS curriculum is broadly divided into two categories: Basic sciences and clinical sciences. Basic sciences, as the name suggests, contain core subjects that are essential to understand the basics of human body. These include subjects like anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology etc. These are typically focused more during the first three years of MBBS. Clinical sciences deal with more practical subjects like medicine, surgery, paediatrics, gynaecology etc. These subjects are given more emphasis during the final two years of MBBS. The key to the deadlock may lie in the timing and curriculum of NLE. Currently, a student is asked to study all the subjects again after obtaining MBBS degree for the MCQ based theoretical exam.6 This means studying the basic sciences again, the portions of which they may have studied years ago. The exam may be divided into three separate portions comprising of a) MCQ exam of basic sciences, b) MCQ exam of clinical sciences, and c) a clinical skills exam. The idea is to take the exam when the students are actually studying the examined subjects, rather than taking it all together in the end. Table 1 demonstrates the proposed format and timing of the NLE. TABLE I: PROPOSED FORMAT AND TIMING OF THE NATIONAL LICENSING EXAMINATION Exam Subjects/Skills Format Minimum Qualification NLE Step 1 Basic Sciences MCQ 2nd Year MBBS NLE Step 2 Clinical Sciences MCQ 4th Year MBBS NLE Step 3 Clinical and Communication Skills Structured Clinical Examination 5th Year MBBS NLE=National Licensing Examination; MCQ=Multiple-choice questions; MBBS=Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery Splitting the exam into the three proposed steps will be advantageous for all concerned, i.e. PMC, medical students, and the public. PMC will achieve the desired objective of assessing a physician’s competence before offering registration. Students will be appearing in NLE steps that will be covering subjects in accordance with their current/recent MBBS curriculum. This will reduce the burden for the students and make the exam more agreeable for them. The public will receive healthcare only from those doctors who would have proved their competence. Heads or tails? We win both ways!

When quality is referred to in clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, the focus is mainly on the analytical process. But good professional quality starts with a sound education. In an attempt to describe the practice of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine in the 15 member states of the "old" European Union, it was noticed that (sometimes) large differences existed in the way professionals are being trained (see: Sanders et al, Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40: 196-204). With that outcome, a survey of the Websites of the different Member Societies and Corporate Members of IFCC was conducted. It showed that less than one third of either two groups paid attention to, or offered, education. This led to a series of questions to a non-representative group of colleagues outside the former EU who were willing to give more insight in the educational system of their country. All colleagues were known to be involved actively in clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. The outcome did not give a uniform pattern, since every country regulates health care in its own way, according to its own historical development, needs, social vision, etc. From that a number of conclusions have been drawn: a. Proper University Training is required to enter vocational training b. Regulated Vocational Training seems to be necessary (4 years) c. A clear Syllabus as an indicative guide to the vocational training is important d. Management training should be included since a clinical chemist will have organizational responsibilities as well e. Examinations may help in improving the quality of the education f. Official Register, recognized by Law, is essential, but not always existing h. Re-Registration can be seen as part of the Quality Cycle. Finally, some attention is being paid to the activities of the EMD. This Division of the IFCC provides the membership of IFCC and the health-care community with education which it considers relevant to Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. It is the intention of EMD to improve the quality of the profession by educational activities in molecular biology, evidence based laboratory medicine, quality assurance, distance education, and laboratory management. Specific projects are a Master Course in Laboratory Science, a course in Flowcytometry, and the Visiting Lecturer Program which supports national societies in inviting lecturers on specific topics. More information can be found on the IFCC Web-site (www.ifcc.org). In the future, it is to be expected that emphasis on education in our profession will be on the clinical use of tests, modern media and e-learning, and specific courses in new technologies. EMD works continuously to improve the quality of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. The input from all National Societies is appreciated to discern topics most relevant to the membership of IFCC. .

Among the main determinants that form a holistic view of the health of the population are the following: lifestyle, influence of genetic factors, state of health care delivery system and socio-economic status of the country. In the article, we proposed a self-administered questionnaire on self-assessment of self-esteem, the importance of prevention and risk-taking behavior at primary level, and analyzed the main results that help characterize patients' perceptions of healthy lifestyles and health. Purpose – to study attitudes towards one's own health, to undergo periodic preventive examinations, to be responsible for one's own health among the contingent assigned to the service of the SIS “RPC PCM” SAD, and to identify the main factors of influence. Material and methods. Analysis of literary sources, sociological and system analysis. The survey was conducted at the pre-doctoral counseling stage on equal terms for all patients by way of active interviewing by the same interviewer. Results of the study and their discussion. 349 patients participated in the survey, including 159 (45.6%) men and 190 (54.4%) women. The average age of the respondents is 40.8±9.8 year (min 19 years, max 83 years). The survey questionnaires have 7 main blocks of questions, which are designed to determine the patient's level of awareness and identify him or her as accurately as possible. Conclusions. Analyzing the results of a sociological survey conducted among a contingent attached to the service of the State Institution of Science "Research and Practical Centre of Preventive and Clinical Medicine" State Administration Department, it was found that more than 95% of the respondents are aware of the concepts of "healthy lifestyle", "risk factors for chronic diseases", "foul" preventive medical checkup», etc. With regard to the assessment of one's own health, it should be noted that more than half (62.8%) of the respondents consider it satisfactory, while noting that they have one or more chronic diseases (mainly in the stage of persistent remission). The prospects for further research are to analyze the results of the questionnaire and to correlate it with the data of the objective study, which will allow to determine, besides the attitude to the medical prophylaxis and psychological type of person, the level of patient's commitment to the doctor's appointments.

The article deals with certain medico-legal aspects of trauma in the salon of bus as one of the types of road traffic accidents with a large number of dead and injured. Are shown the typical causes of such incidents and the nature of the victims injury. Was developed and proposed a modern approach to optimization of expert research in case of appearance a large number of victims in the bus. Circumstances of injury in case of personal injury people in the bus are very diverse:− rollover of the bus when transporting a large number of people while driving;− bus falling from height;− a massive collision with a fixed roadside objects; − collision with other vehicles; among the latter is the most fatal bus collision with a moving train.Naturally, in these cases, the massive injuries have affected depends on the intensity of injury to passengers in the bus, and the mechanism of damage is determined by the specific form of an accident involving a bus. In such cases, the experts faced, usually with mechanical trauma inside the cabin, and mixed types of injuries passengers (e.g. in case of fire). For in-car trauma characterized by formation damage from the following mechanisms:− shock bodies on the inner part of the interior (interior);− injuries from the shards of broken glass.Basically, the nature of injury is determined by the structural features of the bus, the presence of foreign objects, the location of the victims. If the vehicle rolls over, the occupants people are numerous additional impact. Formed characteristic for the driver damage to the hands, fractures of the sternum fractures of the hips, legs and feet. For passengers is characteristic fractures of the lower limbs, bruised head wounds, fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine when using the seat belts − stripe-like bruises and abrasions ofthe chest and abdomen, broken ribs, collarbone, sternum, in the projection of the belts. Shards of broken glass caused by the multiple linear abrasions and (or) surface or deep cut wounds mainly in the face and upper extremities. In the case of deformation of the bus body can be compression of the bodies are formed by damage to several areas, primarily the chest, abdomen, extremities, accompanied by multiple bilateral rib fractures, ruptures of internal organs. If in the future there is a fire or explosion of the vehicle, the nature of thedamage detected on the bodies will correspond to the combined injury.In cases of injuries in the bus to work with the bodies of the victims begins at the scene. Thus, the Protocol of inspection of the scene and of the corpse in the first place should reflect the data about the mutual position of bodies and (or) their fragments relative to the vehicle and other parts, the distance between them; the condition of clothing, odors from it, the presence of different overlays, damage; contamination of the skin; localization and nature of the injuries on the bodies, the presence of deformations of its individualparts; the presence of traces of biological origin on the vehicle in comparison with the nature of the deformation (damage) of the body.Be sure to note the results of the inspection of the road where there was a traffic accident, a bus traces of blood, and fragments of various things, etc. Despite the small percentage of bus injured in world General statistics of fatal injuries, it presents certain difficulties in planning, organization, execution and coordination of forensic work on multi-step liquidation of medical consequences of the accident, usually associated with a large number of victims, gross impact of factors affecting on the bodies of the victims, the need to quickly address some specific issues: establishing at autopsy pathological symptoms that indicate the status of the health of drivers in the period priorto the tragic event; the existence of facts pointing to the use of intoxicating and medicinal substances that depress the nervous system and many others), early identification of all victims. According to the results of the analysis made it impossible to offer modern, optimal, evidence-informed, and until only itremains to be reliable in practice the system approach to the organizational model of forensic activities, while ensuring the interests of the investigation of an accident involving a bus and a large number of victims:1. The preliminary stage of organization expert services. It can conditionally enough be divided into 2 phases:− advance (pre-) phase;− the immediate phase.To the basic questions of the early phases include: early development, coordination and approval of the optimal legislative and other regulatory framework; preliminary methodological, administrative and organizational, theoretical-practical, logistical, software and applied training; exercise reasonable estimates of projected short and long term needs and costs with regard to the peculiarities specified by the tragic events; creation, storage, use and replenishment of the trust reserves, logistical and financial resources areinviolable, is intended solely for use in such emergencies. It also includes the creation, maintenance and continuous improvement of a Single centralized situation center on a temporary or permanent basis, with a good system of departmental and interdepartmental cooperation, primarily containing a - operational information-Supervisory and analytical center for the collection, processing, storage, information exchange and joint action with the threat, occurrence and prevention of emergencies with a large number of victims.Immediately with the receipt of the news of the accident involving a bus and a large number of victims for forensic services begin immediate phase, the main elements of which include:− prompt notification and collection of employees and expert institutions;− an emergency conference call to discuss the organizational, theoretical and practical questions and short specialized trainingon occupational safety, including use of personal protective equipment depending on the nature of the accident and actions are potentially dangerous to health and life of employees and expert institutions factors.All plans of measures are necessarily coordinated and agreed with appropriate representatives of structures of fast reaction, especially when conducting urgent investigative actions in the emergency areas, primarily the inspection of the scene. 2. The inspection of the crime scene it is advisable to start with a preliminary review («intelligence»), which finally determined the necessity of application of those or other technical means, and the number of specialists who will participate in the inspection.The static phase of scene examination with the participation of forensic doctors is accompanied by clear mapping; mapping, photo - and video fixing of vehicle, various objects; it is noted the exact relative positions of the bus (its parts) and discovered the corpses, fragments of human remains and other biological material. During dynamic examination of the scene produce a detailed external examination of the human remains, their fragments, biological material, perform primary medical sorting, their careful packaging,clear detailed marking. Then performed the proper loading, transportation and unloading. In case of need in a temporary Deposit of biological material, can be used in railway wagons refrigerators, refrigerated trailers, mobile camera with a refrigeration unit, and in the absence or lack of volume for the total number of remains and the biomaterial deploys heat-resistant boxes, fit the space with the use of outdoor mobile air conditioning systems, large amounts of ice obtained from specialized industrial ice makers, etc., which is especially important for braking processes of rotting corpses, their fragments and biomaterial in the warm season.3. After the initial registration and a secondary sort examine corpses, their fragments and biological material collection for postmortem identification of significant information, determine the cause of death, nature, mechanism and prescription of formation damage and address other special issues. At this stage also produce the identification of fragmented body parts and (or) tissues that or another body. In expert identification work on the fragments of human remains or biological material, preference is given to genetic research providing highly accurate results. Depending on the extent of influence of damaging factors on the bodies of the victims and their degree of preservation, only after the completion of the necessary is judicial-medical research with a full range of fence material for additional research, producing restoration of the exterior, embalming, sanitary and cosmetic processing of human remains and give them to relatives (relatives, authorized representatives, etc.) for burial. 4. Issued the final results of examinations; establishes data that may be useful for later investigative and judicial actions aimed at gathering and verification of evidence in a criminal case.5. The penultimate stage consists of conducting sanitary-and-hygienic, treatment-and-prophylactic, rehabilitation (including a full psychological) of interventions for physical and mental health of employees and expert institutions involved in this work.6. After the conclusion of the criminal proceedings in general, with the official opening of data access, it is advisable to analyze the material, and publish the relevant data in the scientific literature, with the goal of widespread study and use of gained experience.CONCLUSIONS.1. Research platform forensic activities in cases of accidents involving buses and a large number of victims to date have not been developed.2. The effectiveness of forensic medical groups in this situation is in direct proportion to the degree of readiness for quick response and timely quality completion of tasks.3. Based on this, very urgent is the development of modern optimal evidence-based systemic approach to the organizational model of forensic activities in the presence of a large number of injured persons in the bus; the solution to this problem and sent the above recommendations.4. The recommendations, in principle, can be applied not only in cases of injuries in the bus, but also to similar situations in which there is a massive injury and loss of life.5. It is necessary to continue scientific and practical research aimed at improving this algorithm works experts.

The article deals with the problematic issues of the forensic medical definition of the concept of automobile trauma. An analysis of various literature sources has been carried out, according to which it can be concluded that, on the one hand, there is no single definition of car trauma for today, on the other - that any of the available definitions suffers from a certain incompleteness. With this in mind, the author developed a universal definition of car injuries for the needs of forensic doctors, and a more extensive - for both forensic doctors and experts - transport routeologists; The latter can be used for the development of issues of a related (forensic and transport-investigative) character. Introduction. The concept of «car trauma» is firmly embedded in the structure of forensic medicine, this kind of injury is devoted to many scientific works. And, nevertheless, as the analysis of various literary data testifies, for today there is no single generally accepted forensic medical definition of automobile trauma. This situation can hardly be considered normal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the analysis of various literature sources on car trauma, own practice, and the formulation of the most optimal concept of car trauma.Material and methods of investigation. The material of this study is various literature sources devoted to the problems of forensic medical examination of car injuries, their comprehensive analysis in terms of completeness and validity of the proposed forensic medical definitions of this type of injury.Results and its discussion. It seems that in order to avoid the artificial and unnecessary narrowing of the concept of car trauma, it is possible to offer the following purely forensic medical definition: «Trauma is a complex of injuries that result from various traumatic effects on the human body during a road traffic accident «. But to give a modern forensic medical definition of car trauma is not the whole solution of the problem. The fact is that, perhaps, irretrievably passes those times when, solely on the basis of the nature of bodily injuries, the victims made profound conclusions about the form and exact mechanism of contact interaction between the car and the victim’s body, without due analysis of other data, for example, research of clothes and shoes (Which causes obvious bewilderment - after all, the clothes and shoes affected by modern expert practice are usually researched by forensic doctors!), The results of expert car research, study Results of the inspection of the scene. Meanwhile, in the existing definitions of car injuries it is only a matter of bodilyharm, other objects (at least clothes and shoes, as «standard» for forensic researchers) are not even mentioned. But today the most reliable data on the circumstances of injuries to victims during an accident are obtained as a result of joint work of experts of several specialties - forensic doctors, transport specialists, and others. That is why the author of this work took the liberty to offer not narrow, only forensic, the concept of car trauma, but broader (forensic and transport-tracological) definition of the concept of the mechanism of traumatic effects on the human body during an accident. It seems that this concept, although it goes beyond the generally accepted forensic concepts of car trauma, nevertheless more closely meets the needs of expert practice.So, the synthesis of available scientific data and a comprehensive understanding of the problems of the transport trauma allows us to conclude that under the mechanism of traumatic impacts on the human body in case of an accident in expert activity one should understand, more often than not, the process (often complex) of mechanical contact interaction between the human body, Shoes and parts of a moving car, usually resulting in the formation of bodily injuries, injuries and marks on clothing and shoes and the corresponding parts of the car.This definition is not exhaustive - based on the specific type and specific circumstances of the accident, in addition to the listed objects, the objects, parts of the pavement, parts of other vehicles, which lead to the formation of corresponding damages and traces, and These objects. In addition, not only mechanical factors, but also other factors (thermal, chemical, etc.) that affect the bodies of victims directly related to road accidents can act on the bodies of victims during an accident, and is an essential component of the accident.In addition, it should be borne in mind that in practice there are often situations when the process of contact interaction between the listed objects does not cause the formation of visible and pathologically significant damages and traces on a part of these objects. So, with a low intensity of the contact interaction between the car and the pedestrian’s body, there may not be any tracologically significant damage and traces from such contact. In turn, if there are obvious traces of contact with a pedestrian of the corresponding visible bodily injuries, a pedestrian may not form.In addition, in practice, during the same accident there is not one, but much more participants. Some of them received visible bodily injuries, some did not. And in any case, no matter what the participant of an accident states about the absence of bodily injuries - he must be examined by an expert, and therefore is an independent object of expert investigation, regardless of whether or not he will be found bodily injuries.Sometimes the fact of the presence of bodily injuries in one participant in an accident and the fact that the other does not have a valuable differential-diagnostic criterion that allows to locate these persons inside the car. And it often happens that the injured party has no physical injuries, but nevertheless, the damage and traces valuable for expert diagnosis are formed on his clothes and shoes. All this should be taken into account by experts.Conclusion.1. The analysis of the literature data suggests that there is no generally accepted definition of an automobile trauma.2. The various definitions of car trauma that are available suffer from significant shortcomings, primarily incompleteness.3. Based on the analysis of literature data and the generalization of existing expert practice, the author proposes a universal definition of car trauma for the needs of forensic doctors and an expanded - forensic and transport-tracological definition of this type of injury for use by both forensic doctors and transport routeologists during the development of questions Complex examinations.

To ensure the quality learning of students, course outcome assessment is vital element of outcome based education. To achieve course outcomes, various modes of pedagogy and assessment are essential. There are different modes of assessment for In-semester examination like multiple choice questions, time bound pen and paper, presentations, seminars, assignment etc. This paper explains the use of assignment mode for effective assessment of students. This paper highlights how assignment mode helps students to apply concepts taught in classroom to solve various problems on applications of engineering mathematics. We had done assessment of 610+ F. Y. B. Tech students by giving different assignment to each student which included different set of questions for the course Linear Algebra and Univariate Calculus with time bound submission. This ensured that students have to solve the assignment independently without taking help of peers. This paper describes how assignment mode has improved various competencies of students. This paper is illustrated with responses of F. Y. B. Tech students. The proposed method is useful for online and offline mode of examinations.

ABSTRACTObjectivesRecently concerns have been expressed regarding the cancer risk to patients undergoing CT scanning prompting the development of dose-reducing software. Experimental studies using phantoms, have shown the potential to significantly reduce radiation dose without compromising diagnostic accuracy. However since dose reduction requires acceptance of more noise in the image the findings from these studies may not be representative of the impact in routine clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of introduction of iterative reconstruction software on radiation dosimetry in routine clinical practice over a range of CT examinationsApproachRandom samples of CT scans pertaining to 10 commonly performed CT examination types undertaken at two hospitals in Western Australia (WA), before and after the introduction of iterative reconstruction software were extracted from the WA centralised Picture Archiving Communication System. Technical information about the scanning parameters used and radiation dose metrics were extracted from the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) information contained in the meta-data for each examination. Changes in the mean dose length product and effective dose were evaluated along with estimations of associated changes to annual cancer incidence using established radiation dosimetry techniques.ResultsWe observed statistically significant reductions in the effective radiation dose for head CT (22-27%) consistent with those reported in the literature. In contrast the reductions observed for non-contrast chest (37-47%); chest pulmonary embolism study (28%), chest/abdominal/pelvic study (16%) and thoracic spine (39%) CT were lower than expected based on experimental studies. Statistically significant reductions in radiation dose were not identified in angiographic CT. Dose reductions translated to substantial lowering of the lifetime attributable risk, especially for younger females, and estimated numbers of incident cancers. ConclusionsOur study has demonstrated a reduction in radiation dose for some scanning protocols, but not to the extent experimental studies had previously shown or in all protocols expected, raising questions about the extent to which iterative reconstruction achieves dose reduction in real world clinical practice. In addition, our study showcases a practical application of the use of technical meta-data from CT scanning examinations to monitor radiation dose and evaluate the impact of dose reduction initiatives. These readily available data provide the ability to routinely monitor CT radiation dose (within and between providers) and, when linked to other administrative data, the opportunity to conduct large scale whole-of-population epidemiological studies evaluating the effect policies and practice on population radiation dose and cancer risk.

The project developed a web-based application that provides a user-friendly interface to assist practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine in determining the correct diagnosis. Traditional Chinese Medicine On-line Diagnosis System (TCMODS) allows a diagnostician to enter a patient's symptoms using a series of questionnaires to determine health status, which will then be stored in the database as part of the patient's medical records. The database will also differentiate among the patterns of syndromes known in traditional Chinese medicine and search and match these with the patient's data to the known uses of Chinese herbs. TCMODS will then generate that patient's medical record, including the symptoms of the ailment, the syndrome, and a prescription. User identification and access privileges were differentiated in order to maintain the integrity of the patient medical data and the information needed to make the diagnoses. The project was designed to function across platforms and was written using HTML, JSP, and MySQL.