Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Médicaments humains'
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Marchand-Pilard, Marie. "Propositions d’évolutions de l’encadrement juridique des rejets de médicaments humains dans l’eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080009.
Full textHuman drugs are chemicals designed to last long enough to have the desired effects on the body while resisting unwanted alterations to avoid adverse effects. These properties, closely studied by European and national authorities, make it possible to guarantee safe, effective, and quality pharmaceuticals but, conversely, pose a challenge for their end of life. These molecules “go through” the human body by undergoing degrees of alteration that can range from complete elimination to an unchanged status, ending up in whole or in part in wastewater (via our excretions). Added to this are unused pharmaceuticals that are improperly disposed of, effluents from industrial drug production sites and healthcare establishments, and WWTP sewage sludge, which can also contains drugs. However, whether under the regulations specific to medicines or those intended for the management of water, waste or sewage sludge, neither France nor the EU have an appropriate regulatory framework to manage these emerging pollutants, which is reflected in the treatments implemented in the WWTPs. As a result, drug residues are found in all European [and global] waters, some of which have harmful effects on aquatic environments. This thesis thus seeks to give recommendations aimed at combating this pollution in the EU and in France without reducing essential access to medicines
Maubant, Sylvie. "Intégrines αv et chimiorésistance dans les carcinomes ovariens humains." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN4013.
Full textPichard, Lydiane. "Modèles "in vitro" humains pour l'étude du métabolisme et des effets secondaires des médicaments." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T023.
Full textLastours, Victoire de. "Impact des fluoroquinolones sur la résistance bactérienne dans les microbiotes humains." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077096.
Full textFluoroquinolones (FQ) are among the most prescribed antibiotics in the vvorld. The significant increase in prescriptions of FQ is accompanied by the alarming emergence of bacterial resistance responsible for clinicat failures and the emergence of mufti- resistant bacteria. FQ diffuse very well in ecosystems, explaining the magnitude of their impact on microbiota. Yet, microbiota are major reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. In a first epidemiological chapter, we determined the prevalence of carriage of FQ resistance in different microbiota of hospitalized patients and the rates of emergence of resistance in microbiotas of patients treated with FQ. We showed that each microbiota behaved independently in terms of risk factors for carriage of resistant strains, as well as in terms of emergence of resistance after treatment. In a second chapter, we showed that in the nasal and intestinal microbiota, the emergence of quinolone resistance was a common phenomenon which dynamics were variable, predominantly the result of acquisition of exogenous resistant strains. Finally, we showed that resistant E. Coli strains could persist in the gut, because they were particularly well adapted to commensalism, conferring them a selective advantage. This probably explains high rates of quinolone-resistant strains found in the intestinal microbiota. These strains seem to be able to persist in the long term with the double effect of increasing the risk of further interindividual transmission and the risk of infections by these resistant strains
Gemin, Olivier. "Activité spécifique des cytochromes P450 humains : moyens d'études et stratégies d'utilisation." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P175.
Full textMaglott-Roth, Anne. "L' intégrine α5β1 dans les gliomes humains : une cible thérapeutique et un acteur de la résistance à la chimiothérapie." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/MAGLOTT-ROTH_Anne_2009.pdf.
Full textIntegrins are transmembrane proteins, part of cell adhesion molecules involved in various physiologic and pathophysiological processes. Their implications in differents stages contributing to tumorigenesis is described in many types of cancer and make them interesting therapeutic targets. Malignant brain tumors are considered among the most aggressive cancers due to their poor responsiveness to classical therapies. We propose α5β1 integrin as a target in the treatment of cerebral tumors. Recent works described a functional network in glioblastoma in which α5β1 integrin play a central role. This integrin is overexpressed in brain tumors relatively to their grading and in newly formed blood vessels. Therefore aims of my study were (1) to characterize the role of α5β1 integrin in glioblastomas, (2) to demonstrate its use as a therapeutic target and (3) to describe its implication in the mechanism of chemoresistance. Our results showed that modulating α5β1 integrin level in glioblastomas has some consequences in cellular parameters relative to tumoral aggressivity (proliferation, clonogenicity). α5 subunit expression and tumorigenicity are not correlated in the same way in the three cell lines studied. α5 repression in U87MG cells and overexpression in U373 cells lead to the induction of premature senescence. α5β1 integrin is highly involved in glioblastomas aggressiveness. α5β1 integrin antagonists are molecules inhibiting cell adhesion to fibronectin. These molecules are able to inhibit proliferation and clonogenicity independently to their effect on cell adhesion. Effects of these antagonists on tumorigenicity increase with α5β1 integrin level. α5β1 integrin antagonists have some anti-tumoral activities. Cell response to chemotherapeutics agents is modulated by α5β1 integrin level and activation state. Treatment with integrin antagonists regulates the balance between senescence and apoptosis in response to ellipticine. This regulation involves modulation of p53 activation and target genes. α5β1 integrin can be considered as an actor of the chemoresistance of human gliomas. Informations obtained here attribute a crucial role for α5β1 integrin in tumorigenicity and control of chemosensitivity of glioblastomas. The relation between α5β1 integrin level and p53 will help to develop new therapeutic strategies for brain tumors according to their α5β1 integrin level and p53 status
Laroche-Traineau, Jeanny. "Caracterisation et production d'anticorps monoclonaux humains anti-plaquettaires." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28317.
Full textDisorders of primary haemostasis highlight the need to detail the function of platelet receptors. Qualitative or quantitative abnormalities of GP IIb-IIIa in patients with Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia (QT) manifest in platelet aggregationabnormalities. The thrombasthenic state has shed light on possible therapeutic manoeuvres in the treatment of thrombotic states. Human monoclonal antibodies directed against the GP IIb-IIIa complex are capable of inhibiting aggregation by blocking interaction of this complex with adhesive proteins. Our aim was to produce "in vitro" human monoclonal specific for GP IIb-IIIa and capable of inhibiting aggregation, from the B lymphocytes of patients producing antibodies against this complex. Sera of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura or GT were screened using the MAIPA technique (Monoclonal Antibody-Immobilization of Platelet Antigens). We then attempted to immortalize the B lymphocytes of these immunised patients ; we achieved this with the use of EBV infecion and stimulation of B lymphocytes, followed by fusion with a myeloma cell line. In the course of our experiments, we performed detailed study of one patient (C. V. ) with ITP. The presence in her serum of an anti-idiotypic antibody against a public epitope was proven. In another patient immortalization of B lymphocytes produced a stable clone which produced an antibody recognising platelet myosin. This antibody fixed strongly to cardiac myosin also. Characterization of the affinity of Fab fragments for human heart myosin and the evaluation by immunoscintigraphy for detection of cardiac myocyte death may permit the use of this antibody in the clinical scenarios of diagnosing of myocardial infarction and surveillance following cardiac transplantation
Silvie, Muriel. "Eléments de pharmacocinétique de l'itraconazole : suivi thérapeutique chez l'enfant et métabolisme "in vitro" sur microsomes hépatiques humains." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P176.
Full textLincet, Hubert. "Potentialisation de l'effet cytotoxique de drogues anti-tumorales par surexpression de la protéine p21 WAF1/CIP1 dans les carcinomes ovariens humains in vitro." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN4042.
Full textBaune, Bruno. "Etude du métabolisme de l'halofantrine et de sa sensibilité aux thérapeutiques à l'aide de microsomes hépatiques humains." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P192.
Full textTaillandier, Luc. "Un modèle de xénogreffes de gliomes humains et son utilisation en recherches pré-cliniques biologique et thérapeutique." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN11309.
Full textVancauwenberghe, Eric. "Rôle du canal TRPA1 dans le microenvironnement tumoral des cancers prostatiques humains." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10210.
Full textProstate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in prostate carcinogenesis and metastasis independently of androgens. There is a close communication between tumor epithelial cells and stroma through the secretion of soluble factors promoting survival and metastasis of cancer cells. Modulating the secretion of these factors could therefore be a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of prostate cancers. Ion channels and the intracellular calcium are known to modulate secretion. In this context, we have shown that the TRPA1 channel is expressed in fibroblasts associated to cancers (CAF) in human prostate. Here, we describe that the activation of TRPA1 channel by epithelial factors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium levels promoting expression and secretion of growth factors. Our data show that these latter induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in cancer cells. Finally, we identified polymorphisms and mutations in TRPA1 channel allowing its activation by environmental factors and secretion of growth factors inducing resistance to apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. All these data suggest that TRPA1 channel constitutes a potential target for future therapies of PCa to interrupt the epithelial-stromal interactions of TME and prevent the development of these cancers
Poirier, Bertrand. "Analyses statistiques appliquées aux contrôles d'activité in vitro des vaccins humains : impact dans le projet d'accréditation d'un laboratoire de contrôles de médicaments biologiques (standard ISO 17025)." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10015.
Full textDeneux, Marie. "Immunosuppresseurs et antistéroïdes dans les cellules de cancers de seins humains : effets sur la prolifération cellulaire, les récepteurs aux oestrogènes et sur la transcription des gênes qu'ils régulent." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0037.
Full textAl, Ali Ahmad. "Le dosage des cytochromes P450 (CYPs) humains par spectrométrie de masse : applications en toxicologie." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P603/document.
Full textCytochromes P450 (CYPs) play a key role in the oxidative metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. The expression of CYPs is extremely variable depending on patho-physiological, genetic and environmental factors. The metabolism of xenobiotics by CYPs depends on the nature the quantity and the activity of CYP isoforms involved. Quantitative analysis of CYP expression in organs such as liver, are of particular importance since the biotransformation performed by CYPs is often a critical factor that affects the efficiency, availability and drug toxicity in humans. The most common technique is the immune-quantitation (Western Blot). This technique is limited by the availability and specificity of the antibody. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics, able to analyze very small amounts of protein in a mixture, are the methods of choice for identification and quantification of CYPs in different organs. We developed and validated a method for dosing 6 CYPs (1A2, 2C9, 2D6, 2J2, 3A4 and 3A5) by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This simple, rapid, low-cost method has an adequate sensitivity, and has been validated in different types of biological matrices (liver and neuronal cell lines, baculosomes). It has been applied at large-scale to analyze these 6 CYPs in 50 human livers samples (microsomes and mitochondria) to study the phenotype/genotype relationship. This method, which could easily be applied to other CYPs, provides an important tool to improve the understanding and prediction of pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile of drugs and other chemicals
Laville, Nathalie. "Évaluation de l'(éco-)toxicité et du potentiel perturbateur endocrinien de contaminants aquatiques à l'aide de modèles cellulaires humains et de poisson." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20208.
Full textMeunier, Thomas. "Étude des mécanismes d’action de nouveaux inhibiteurs de coronavirus humains." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS057.
Full textCoronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals and birds. Four coronaviruses causing mild diseases, like common cold, have been described in human, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. During the last two decades, three new, highly pathogenic coronaviruses have been identified the SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom) in 2003, the MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) in 2012 and recently the SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019. The COVID-19 global outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2, highlighted the lack of specific antiviral available against this family of virus. The team of Dr Karin SERON from the Cellular and Molecular Virology laboratory of the Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, is specialized in the identification of antiviral compounds from natural origin. Indeed, plants are a source of natural therapeutic compounds and many plants are still being used in traditional medicine. The aim of my thesis was to identify natural antiviral agents against highly pathogenic human coronaviruses with the help of the knowledge and tools developed by the laboratory. My first project was carried out in collaboration with the group of Dr Simon Bordage from the Pharmacognosy laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Lille directed by Pr Sevser Sahpaz. Plant extracts from Ivorian plants used it traditional medicine were tested against the coronavirus HCoV-229E and we selected the most active, the Mallotus oppositifollius extract. After bio-guided fractionation, the active compound was isolated and characterized, the pheophorbide a (Pba). Pba is able to inhibit the infection of HCoV-229E and highly pathogenic coronaviruses MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 = 0.18 μM) as well as other enveloped viruses using a photo-dynamic inactivation mechanism. Pba targets the viral envelop and inhibits the fusion step. Pba is the first described natural antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 with direct photosensitive virucidal activity. This molecule could potentially be used in therapy or as disinfectant. My second project was about an anthocyanidin, the delphinidin, identified in the laboratory for its antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus. We showed that delphinidin is an entry inhibitor of coronaviruses in a dose-dependent manner for HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (IC50 = 16-20 μM). Our results show that delphinidin targets the glycosylation sites on the surface protein S. Thanks to a collaboration with the laboratory of Medicinal and Bioorganic Chemistry of Strasbourg, led by Dr Mourad Elhabiri, delphinidin synthetic derivates were screened in order to identify compounds with higher antiviral capacities. We thereby identify an active compound against HCoV-229E with a lower IC50 than delphinidin (IC50 = 0.06 μM). Surprisingly, its mechanism of action seems to be different than delphinidin with an activity at the replication step.In conclusion, during my thesis I was able to identify new natural antivirals against human coronaviruses, and in particular SARS-CoV-2, with novel mechanisms of action. This work may serve as a basis for obtaining molecules that can be used in the future for the treatment of coronavirus diseases
Ambolet-Camoit, Ariane. "Effets de mélanges de xénobiotiques agissant par des voies de signalisation différentes : conséquences moléculaires dans des modèles hépatiques humains." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05P617.
Full textPoulain, Laurent. "Etude de l'altération des voies de régulation de l'apoptose et du cycle cellulaire au cours de l'acquisition de la chimiorésistance dans les carcinomes ovariens humains : bases moléculaires pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques." Caen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CAEN4053.
Full textMelet, Armelle. "Etude par mutagenèse dirigée de la topologie des sites actifs et des spécificités de substrats des cytochromes P450 2C9 et 2C8 humains." Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P602.
Full textThis manuscript deals with the functional and structural study of two drug metabolism enzymes : human cytochromes P450 CYP2C9 and CYP2C8. Molecular biology tools (site-directed mutagenesis, chimera construction) were used to assess the functional importance of several amino-acids in these hemoproteins. The choice of mutations was based on the in silico analysis of modelled enzyme/substrate complexes, on published X-ray structures and alignment of CYP2Cs sequences. Nine mutants of CYP2C9, 21 mutants of CYP2C8 and 4 CYP2C8/2C9 chimera were thus constructed during this PhD thesis. After expression in the yeast strain W(R), their catalytic properties were compared to those of the wild type enzyme. The overall results, presented in two parts, highlight the critical role of 3 key residues for the CYP2C9 active site (Ser365, Phe114 et Phe476) and of 6 key residues for CYP2C8 (Arg97, Ser100, Ser114, Phe201, Phe205, Arg241
Kanoun, Sonia. "Information médicale et médicaments à usage humain : des essais cliniques à la mise sur le marché du médicament à usage à usage humain." Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA083047.
Full textMedical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors along with the recognition of fundamental principles such as human dignity, respect of the individual or acceptance of some autonomy for subjects – even the most vulnerable – together led to a decline of medical paternalism, which is the direct result of generalized medical information. As a product that is consumed for a particular purpose, medication must be accompanied by extensive information, equally as much during clinical trials as after release on the market. With medication there is a therapeutic goal in which the fundamental principle is "first of all, do not harm". Therefore medication must meet specific guarantees regarding its effectiveness or primacy of benefits over risks. Medication that is more efficient, invasive, and aggressive requires patient consent prior to consumption. In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has been shaken by an impressive number of crises leading to increased questioning of how those products – ostensibly administered for patients' well being – could have such catastrophic repercussions on the health of a few patients. Any information about human life sciences takes a clearly defined position in several respects. For example, the advancement of pharmaceutical development must meet legal requirements, particularly the obligation to publish. It is also imperative that the law distinguishes what information can be made public. Finally, information is inherently ambiguous in advertising. Is it good to know it all?
Ceccaldi-Carp, Pierre-François. "Médicaments et parturition humaine : influences réciproques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114851.
Full textEffects of a xenobiotic or drug on human gestation are difficult to approach. This is due tonecessary ethical considerations with regards to research on pregnant women as well as thecomplexity of physiological processes involved in the case of induced parturition. While thereis a relative experimental consensus with animal models to assess their impact on fertility andembryogenesis, there is currently no method to assess the risk of induced preterm labor.Preterm labor is the leading cause of newborn deaths at the rate fifteen million births per yearglobally. The etiologies are multiple: infectious including HIV, multiple pregnancies,addictions. Recent publications also discuss this issue in the context of necessary drugs suchas protease inhibitors for HIV infected pregnant women. We realised three studies specificallyin pregnant women: modulation of the placental transfer of protease inhibitors of the HIV,modulation of the feto-maternal and placental steroid hormones by mifepristone, and a studyabout variation of the maternal serum proteins in the previous days of the parturition. Also,regarding our studies and the literature, we make several hypotheses on possible interferencesbetween drugs and human parturition, disturb its signal, and methods proposed for its study ina minimally invasive manner
Al-Yasiri, Mohammed Hashim Yasir. "Réservoirs environnementaux des champignons pathogènes humains : effet de l'anthropisation sur les communautés fongiques chez Larus michahellis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5012/document.
Full textThe yellow-legged gull is endemic in the French Mediterranean area. Their gut mycobiota has never been studied. This work aimed to describe their role in the spreading of potentially human pathogenic fungi with antifungal resistance. Therefore, we sampled 177 yellow-legged gull’s faecal samples in five sites along the Mediterranean littoral South of France; La Grande-Motte, Palavas-les-Flots, Pierre-Blanche, Frioul and Riou archipelagos. We identified seventeen yeast species; the most frequent were Candida krusei, Galactomyces geotrichum, C. glabrata, C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The frequency of the anthropic yeast species C. glabrata and C. albicans increased with the synanthropy of the gull’s colonies and antifungal resistance was found in each of the five most frequent yeast species. We further analyzed the airborne filamentous fungi species isolated from the same sample cultures. We identified 35 filamentous fungi species in 16 genera including 35 species. Both fungal diversity and abundance were low in urban area when compared to suburban ecocline or environments that were little affected by anthropogenic impact and particular fungal species were clearly associated with distinct environments. Finally, we analyzed the population genetic of the human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata, which were isolated from gulls (111 isolates) and from patients (79 isolates) in Nimes, Montpellier and Marseille hospitals, via MLVA analysis. We found that the C. glabrata populations isolated from gulls or humans shared a similar genetic diversity. Antifungal-resistant C. glabrata isolates were evenly distributed in both gull and human populations
Arnaud, Ophélie. "Étude fonctionnelle de la région intracellulaire d’ABCG2 et modulation d’ABCG2 et ABCB1 humains par des petidomimétiques non compétitifs." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10091/document.
Full textResistance to chemotherapy is partly due to efflux pumps expressed in the plasma membrane which prevent the accumulation of anticancer drugs in the tumour cells. Three human ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) transporters are particularly involved in this phenotype: P-gp/ABCB1, MRP1/ABCC1, and the last discovered BCRP/ABCG2. Because of their involvement in chemoresistance, it is critical to understand the mechanism by which those ABC transporters recognize and transport drugs. The mutagenesis study of the intracellular loops, ICL0 and 1 shows that these loops are involved in this mechanism. Two amino acids were particularly remarkable: W379 which act as a substrate filter and H457 which can be involved in substrate recognition and binding. In order to restore the cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, we have developed a new class of peptide inhibitors, specific to one transporter. A structure-activity relationship study has been performed and made it possible to develop a second generation of molecules. The most efficient compound inhibiting ABCB1 (CT1347) or ABCG2 (CT1364) have none or limitated cytotoxic effects. These compounds restore the activity of chemotherapeutic drugs and act as non competitive inhibitors. Moreover, CT1364 inhibits the ATP hydrolysis activity and lead to a rapid reduction of ABCG2 expression. Initial in vivo tests that have been carried out with CT1364 associated with irinotecan allow to observe a growth reduction of small mice xenografts
Kaguelidou, Florentia. "Optimiser l'évaluation des médicaments en néonatologie : l'exemple des médicaments anti-infectieux." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717477.
Full textAnkri, Joël. "Médicaments et personnes âgées : facteurs de modulation des comportements." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMM203.
Full text@Medicine's consumption by elderly over 65 years is often considered as a public health problem because excessive, not adapted and having a high risk of iatrogenic effects. For public authorities this problem is important because of its cost. If this consumption may be related to morbidity data, few studies have explored factors modulating the actors' behaviors (doctors and elderly) in this consumption. The knowledge of these factors may allow to a better understanding this phenomenon. Our research focuses on behaviors towards drugs of elderly suffering from chronic diseases in relation with psychosocial characteristics. To understand attitudes and representations of these patients, to analyze their behavior and their strategies towards drugs became a key step for prevention of a too higher consumption and iatrogenic risk
Derme, Assetou. "Les usages sociaux des médicaments à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT3019.
Full textPatillon, Blandine. "Différenciation génétique des populations humaines pour les gènes de la réponse aux médicaments." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062047.
Full textDuclaux, Joëlle. "L' expérimentation du nouveau médicament sur l'homme : étude de droit comparé." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CLF1D025.
Full textRichard, Carole. "Etude de la toxicité cardiaque des médicaments anti-cancéreux." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00938753.
Full textVianello, Sara. "N-Butyryl arginine and 3-Hydroxybutyrate arginine, for the treatment of DMD through oral administration." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T046/document.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy is a X-linked progressive neuromuscular disease affecting 1:3500 boys at birth. It is caused by the absence of dystrophin, a subsarcolemmal protein that confers membrane stability linking cytoskeletal actin to the extracellular matrix. It is part of a multi-protein complex called dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC), which contains, among the other components, -dystroglycan and nitric oxide synthase (NOS).The consequences of the absence of dystrophin are: deregulation of calcium homeostasis, tissues necrosis, progressive accumulation of fat and fibrosis, inability of the movements and cardiac and respiratory failures that lead to patient’s death, around the age of 20-30 years.The objective of my PhD work is to ameliorate different aspects of dystrophic phenotype. In particular I have tested two different ways of administration of arginine butyrate (AB), the reference drug, through feeding-force and intraperitoneal injection. Meanwhile I have studied two new pharmacological molecules, AB derived, which could be administered orally to DMD patients. These compounds are: 3-Hydroxybutyrate arginate (refer as ABE) and N-butyryl arginine (refer as ABA). All of these molecules partially restore dystrophic phenotype activating two independent pathways (both the nitric oxide pathway and the inhibition of the histone deacetilase), which are known to be beneficent for mdx mice.AB, ABE and ABA have been tested in vitro on human DMD myotubes and in vivo on the mdx mice. The first goal of my project is the observation that the positive effects obtained after intraperitoneal injections of AB can be detected also after oral protocol, promoting the idea that the oral way has to be developed for future clinical trials. I have focused my attention on heart defaults; in particular, starting from the 8th month, a monthly study on heart activity based on echocardiography has been performed on mdx mice treated with AB. We addressed the potential profits of the oral administration of arginine butyrate on vertebral column deformation and electromyogram defaults, with a non-invasive automatized method developed in clinic and then applied to animals. The results collected from these experiments show that AB preserve heart activity, reverse vertebral column deformity and all the axonal excitability parameters that were modified in saline-treated mdx mice.In complement, I have tested different concentrations of ABE and ABA in vivo. The positive effects on many structural and functional dystrophic parameters, previously obtained with high dose of AB administered per os (800 mg/kg/d), has been observed with doses 10 times lower with both new compounds.In parallel, both products were tested in vitro on human muscular cells cultures to investigate their capacity to increase utrophin level. Moreover, the potential ability of histone deacetylase inhibitors (byturate, valproic acid, trichostatin A and isobutyramide) to increase the expression of utrophin and related proteins (-dystroglycan and embryonic myosin) has been studied. Finally, the alteration of calcium homeostasis, largely implicated in the cascades resulting in muscle necrosis/degeneration, was investigated. The spontaneous Ca2+ activity recorded in patient myotubes, i.e. without sarcolemmal integrity was strongly reduced after treatment acting on the NO-pathway activation and/or with HDAC inhibitors. All together, these data constitute a proof of principle of the beneficial effects of arginine butyrate and its derivates on muscular dystrophy, by enhancing NO pathway and inhibiting HDAC
Sculier, Jean-Paul. "L'administration thérapeutique et la pharmacologie de médicaments insolubles dans l'eau et incorporés dans des liposomes ultrasoniques chez le patient cancéreux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213201.
Full textLamotte, Suzanne. "Analyses pharmacologiques et génétiques de la régulation épigénétique dans le pathogène humain Leishmania." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC319.
Full textThe incidence of leishmaniases is steadily increasing, mainly due to the lack of preventive measures, a limited therapeutic arsenal, and appearance of resistant parasites to all current treatments. My thesis research consisted, on one hand, to develop new techniques for selecting efficient anti-leishmanial molecules and screening various compounds libraries, and on the other hand, to determine if epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of Leishmania gene expression and Leishmania host cell subversion and intracellular survival. The pharmacological approach was based on assays measuring anti-leishmanial activity on the clinically relevant stage, the intramacrophagic amastigote, and on the extracellular stage present in the phlebotome, the promastigote. Combination of assays applied on different stages and different species, one dermotropic and one viscerotropic, allowed the identification of pan-active compounds without toxicity against the host cell. Among 722 tested compounds, 225 showed interesting anti-parasitic activity depending on Leishmania species and stages at different concentrations between 4 and 10 µM, some of which were classified as epigenetic inhibitors. This pharmacological approach highlighted a possible role of epigenetics in two aspects of Leishmania biology that I have investigated in the following. First, applying a phylogenetic approach, I revealed a potential role of epigenetics in Leishmania biology. I analyzed genomes of 4 Leishmania species and found genes encoding for putative histone modifying enzymes, regulating the level of methylation (5 demethylases and 48-49 methyltransferases, depending on species) and acetylation (7 deacetylases and 15-17 acetyltransferases, depending on species). I next focused on potential post-transcriptional modifications of histone H3. The multiple sequence alignment of H3 from different mammals and Leishmania showed 60% homology, with important differences in the N-terminal tail, suggesting parasite specific DNA compaction and gene expression regulation in Leishmania. In contrast, some amino acid modifications of H3 were conserved and revealed in immunofluorescence analyses in promastigotes using commercially available antibodies against methylation of H3K4, H3K23, H3K27 and H3K36. Parasite-specific and conserved epigenetic modifications could be interesting drug targets in Leishmania, a possibility I investigated by studying the mode of action of two selected categories of epigenetic inhibitors (i.e. DNA and histone methylation inhibitors). Second, screening epigenetic inhibitor libraries, I discovered compounds that show activity only against intracellular amastigotes, suggesting an implication of epigenetic mechanisms in the intramacrophagic survival of Leishmania. I revealed by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses different histone methylation levels between non-infected and infected macrophages, suggesting that intracellular Leishmania can modulate host cell epigenetic regulation to promote its intramacrophagic survival. To assess this hypothesis, I conducted RNAseq analyses to address the mode of action of histone demethylases inhibitors, which could act on macrophage epigenetic regulation mechanisms restoring its leishmanicidal properties. This work should allow the discovery of new therapeutic targets in host-Leishmania interaction, some of which may have a host-directed mode of action, which may incite the development of new treatment options that are more refractory to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites
Boubal, Anne. "Les entraves non tarifaires appliquées aux médicaments à usage humain et leurs effets sur le marché." Toulouse 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU10052.
Full textChu, Céline. "Etude de l'effet sur la P‐glycoprotéine (ABCB1) de deux médicaments dirigés contre le récepteur de facteur de croissance épithélial (EGFR), le cétuximab et le lapatinib et conséquence sur la pharmacocinétique et l'efficacité anti‐tumorale de médicaments substrats de ABCB1." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868797.
Full textHoang, Thi Thang Huong. "Développement et évaluation de médicaments à usage pédiatrique : masquage de goût du principe actif et fabrication de minigranules à désintégration rapide." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786310.
Full textCoppry, Maïder. "Bon usage des antibiotiques à l’hôpital : analyse des causes profondes et indicateurs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0324.
Full textExcessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to individual and collective consequences, including antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic stewardship programs are implemented in health care facilities (HCF) with contrasting results on antibiotic use, probably due to unidentified or unaccounted for local factors. These local factors could be explored using a specific tool for root cause analysis (RCA) of inappropriate use of antibiotics. The objectives of this thesis work were: 1) to identify the human (prescriber and patient) and organizational factors influencing antibiotic use to be included in an RCA tool; 2) to identify situations that are consequences of inappropriate antibiotic use and that are monitored in hospitals, which would be eligible for a RCA; and 3) to define relevant indicators to measure the effect of performing RCA on the appropriate use of antibiotics. Our literature review identified 34 factors influencing antibiotic use to be included in a RCA tool: six prescriber-related, ten patient-related and 18 organizational factors. Our second work showed that pharmacovigilance reports would detect the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) following inappropriate antibiotic use. The study showed that half of the ADRs attributable to co-trimoxazole were preventable, of which 70% were serious, two thirds were not in compliance with the SPC, and 30% of the prescriptions were not justified. A third work showed that apart from exposure to carbapenems, exposure to β-lactam inactive on P. aeruginosa, molecules frequently used for empirical treatments in intensive care units, was a significant risk factor for the acquisition of carbapenem resistance. Thus, laboratory results could help identifying the acquisition of resistance resulting from inappropriate antibiotic use. Finally, our work on indicators consisted in comparing three indicators, based on antibiotic consumption, for HCF benchmarking: ANSM, AWaRe-like and ECDC indicators. Across all types of ES, all three indicators were correlated, with a stronger correlation between the ANSM and AWaRe-like indicators. According to HCF type, the indicators were not always correlated, resulting in differences in HCF ranking. Our results suggested the use of two complementary indicators: the ECDC indicator more reflective of antibiotic selection pressure and the AWaRe-like indicator more perceived as being related to the quality of the prescription. The next step will be to elaborate the RCA tool and implement it in different eligible situations to guide the choice of interventions to improve antibiotic use in hospitals. The usefulness of the new indicators to measure improvements resulting from interventions and their ability to be understood by local stakeholders should be assessed. Finally, beyond the use at hospital level, findings from our work will inform decision makers to guide national policies on appropriate use of antibiotics and to adapt national surveillance systems to include new relevant indicators
Alquier-Bousquet, Yolène. "Nouveaux concepts pour des médicaments anti-VIH : protéonanoparticules de poly méthylidène malonate 2.1.2. recouvertes de serum albumine humaine." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P168.
Full textKlimek, Cassandra Y. "Le Financement optimal des investissements en ressources humaines : le cas des médicaments dans les pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOE003.
Full textThis thesis has for objective the analysis of one the principal problems in the health sector of african countries, the supply of drugs. It sets out to answer four questions : what are the factors that influence the drug market in developing countries; what is the drug production situation in weathy western countries and in the third, and especially the unavoidable dependence of the latter; what are the solutions that gobernments have chosen to deal with the problem of drug supply and its cost; and finally, what obstacles do countries face in implementing an essential drug policy and in financing such a system. A practival solution to the problems is put forward based on the concept of essential drugs, purchase on open international markets, creation of national and international financing mechanisms and limitation of the number of drugs in use. The second volume describes a number of concrete problems that countries face when applying an coherent drug policy. It examines the situation in three countries, chad, benin and madagascar but the development and conclusion are in no way limited to these three countries
Besse, Jean-Philippe. "Impact environnemental des médicaments à usage humain sur le milieu récepteur : évaluation de l'exposition et des effets pour les écosystèmes d'eau douce." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ023S/document.
Full textA high number of pharmaceuticals are used in France and can reach the aquatic environment. This observation have contributed to a growing concern for authorities in targeting and quantifying these substances in freshwaters. Considering the high number of molecules used in France, it is necessary, prior to implement any comprehensive monitoring survey in freshwaters, to build a list of priority pharmaceuticals in terms of their risk for the aquatic environment. The work conducted here aims at proposing reliable lists of priority pharmaceuticals, based on expected environmental concentrations and biological effects on aquatic non-target organisms. Several methodologies were implemented, depending on the type of pharmaceuticals assessed and the availability of data. Finally, 300 parent molecules and 50 human metabolites were screened and scientifically sound priority lists were built. Moreover, this work allowed to draw the following conclusions : The issue of pharmaceutical mixtures and their interactions with other environmental polutants needs to be addressed. Preventing the rejection of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment should be a priority. For a good management of the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, an agreement between public health authorities, environment authorities on one hand, and pharmaceutical industries and professionals on the other hand, is necessary
Verrecchia, Thierry. "Mise au point et caractérisation immunochimique de nanoparticules de poly(acide lactique) associées à la serum albumine humaine." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114810.
Full textAl, Jawhari Mustafa. "Intégration génomique de l’herpèsvirus humain de type 6 (HHV-6) : étude des modifications chromosomiques associées et de l’éventuelle réactivation en présence de drogues." Limoges, 2014. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f6317566-3244-4bf2-84eb-b2e52647ba8a/blobholder:0/2014LIMO330B.pdf.
Full textHuman herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus that exists as 2 types A and B. This virus is able to integrate in human chromosome telomeres, with globally 1% of prevalence; the impact of this integration is not yet known. HHV-6 reactivation was associated to the Drug hypersensitivity syndrome or DRESS. We show that detection and monitoring of human herpesvirus reactivation in DRESS patients are possible via quantitative PCR technic applied on saliva. The interpretation of results can be different according to the type of analyzed virus. With the purpose of knowing if the HHV-6 can be reactivated from an integrated virus and so be the cause of DRESS symptoms, a B cell line, established from a patient who has the CIHHV-6, was treated by four molecules incriminated in the DRESS. Two HHV-6 transcripts were detected randomly and independently of treatment. The protein p41 was not detected, which shows that these molecules do not cause any reactivation since the integrated virus and do not use this mechanism to cause the DRESS. The study of a wide cohort of 414 patients with hematological and nephrological diseases revealed a prevalence of 2% of CIHHV-6 (5/249 hematology; 0/165 nephrology). 3 patients had the integration into the chromosome 17. The site of integration using a double labeling viral probe/subtelomeric probe was found to be more precisely in subtelomeric region, regardless of the chromosome in question. The effect of the integration of HHV-6 on the cell was studied by FISH technics. We have detected repeatedly a loss in the subtelomeric region and a telomeres amplification in chromosome which carrying the CIHHV-6. A telomeric dysfunction and chromosomal instability have been demonstrated. We reported that two of our lines carrying the CIHHV-6 likely use the two known ways to maintain telomeres: the telomerase expression and a profile of ALT
Sandeau, Julien. "Modélisation physique et résolution numérique du transport et du dépôt des particules d'aérosols médicaments dans les voies respiratoires extrathoraciques humaines." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461695.
Full textRoché, Henri. "Etablissement et caractérisation de lignées tumorales humaines. Applications à la réversion pharmacologique de la résistance pléiotropique aux médicaments anti-cancéreux." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30130.
Full textLegendre, Claire. "Adaptation cellulaire et moléculaire des cellules d'hépatome humain HepaRG à un environnement hypoxique." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S055.
Full textReduced oxygen level, or hypoxia, is frequently encountered in solid tumours and contributes to drug resistance. Hypoxia is also associated with invasive phenotype and correlated to poor prognosis and mortality. The role of hypoxia in hepatocellular carcinoma biology is not fully understood. Therefore, there is a need for developing in vitro models mimicking hypoxic conditions find within solid tumours using hepatic tumour cells. Highly differentiated human hepatoma HepaRG cells respond to hypoxia by a switch from aerobic to anaerobic glycolysis. Moreover, we showed that hypoxia also repressed drug-metabolizing enzymes expression. These repressions could therefore strongly compromise chemotherapy effectiveness on tumour cells within hypoxic environment. Furthermore, HepaRG cells cultured under hypoxic versus normoxic conditions might represent a new strategy to test different types of therapeutic molecules in order to predict their effectiveness
Zhu, Lan. "Le préconditionnement et le postconditionnement induits par les médicaments de l'anesthésie sur le myocarde humain in vitro et in vivo." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN3089.
Full textWe studied the effects of anesthetics on contractile properties of human myocardium, in vitro, submitted to a sequence of hypoxia-reoxygenation. We first reported that sufentanil and remifentanil continuous administration before and during hypoxia-reoxygenation preserved human myocardium contractility. Secondly, we performed a “double” study combining the experimental in vitro model and a clinical investigation. The results showed that in vivo administration of sevoflurane preconditioned human myocardium against the effects of hypoxia measured in vitro and produced a cardioprotection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery leading to a reduction of both TnIc release and inotropic support on postoperative period. Desflurane administered in vivo induced also a preconditioning effect in myocardium in vitro. Then, we showed, in vitro, that sevoflurane and desflurane preconditioned human myocardium against hypoxia through a ROS-dependent mechanism. Finally, we demonstrated that sevoflurane and desflurane postconditioned human myocardium against hypoxia through activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
Alahmad, Youssef. "Développement et validation de méthodes reposant sur l'électrophorèse capillaire pour le contrôle qualité de protéines thérapeutiques : de l'albumine humaine issue du fractionnement plasmatique à l'interleukine-7 humaine recombinante." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114811.
Full textTherapeutic proteins are an important class of biopharmaceuticals. Proteins are prone to structural modifications due to a variety of degradation mechanisms. In addition, a protein may undergo during its biosynthesis numerous posttranslational modifications that induce a significant functional and structural heterogeneity. Thus, development of analytical methods able to distinguish similar structurally (related) forms must be implemented for the quality control (QC) of these biomolecules. In this context, a dramatic expands of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is observed in the biopharmaceutical industries. The aim of this thesis, focused on two therapeutic proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) from plasma fractionation and recombinant human interleukin-7 (rhIL-7, a glycoprotein), was to develop CE-based separation methods. These methods should be powerful and able to separate and quantify degraded forms of HSA, or rhIL-7 glycoforms for batch to batch consistency assessment
Charuaud, Lise. "Résidus de médicaments vétérinaires dans les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine en zone d'élevage intensif : cas de bassins versants bretons." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B066.
Full textThe Water Framework Directive (2000) refers to the deterioration of freshwater quality. The emergent pollutants of concern include pharmaceutical residues that represent a diffuse and potentially persistent threat in hydrosystems. To date, few studies have focused specifically on veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs). Brittany is an intensive husbandry in France. 75% of tap water is produced from surface waters, which are particularly vulnerable. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis are to (i) select high-risk sites and RMVs of interest, (ii) develop analytical methods for the list of selected compounds, (iii) acquire data on the occurrence of VPRs in water resources and tap water in Brittany and (iv) identify the sources of VPRs through the investigation of associated fecal contamination in water resources. This thesis consists of three chapters: a review of the literature on VPRs occurrence and fate in raw waters and tap waters, as well as a review of existing tools for addressing faecal contamination; the materials and methods including sampling strategy, selection of VPRs of interest and description of the methods of analysis developed according to this list; the results of VPRs occurrences in water resources and tap water in Brittany. This work concludes on a broader context by providing perspectives to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing VPRs occurrences and to assess population exposure
Ahmed, Naveed. "Elaboration de nanoparticules pour application thérapeutiques : Imagerie in vivo et vectorisation de médicaments." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00980587.
Full textDubois, Anne. "Tests de bioéquivalence basés sur les modèles non linéaires à effets mixtes : application à la pharmacocinétique des médicaments biologiques." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077188.
Full textThis thesis considers bioequivalence tests to analyse crossover trials using nonlinear mixed effects modelling (NLMEM). AH proposed applications concern biologic drugs. We first compared the usual bioequivalence tests based on the individual parameters estimated by non compartmental analysis (NCA) to those based on the empirical Bayes estimates (EBE) obtained from NLMEM. We observed an inflation of the type I error of the EBE-based tests which is linked to the shrinkage and thus limits the use of such tests. Then, we studied the Wald test and the likelihood ratio test (LRT) based on a NLMEM including the treatment, period, and sequence effects, in top of the between and within-subject variability. We proposed a method to perform the Wald test on a secondary parameter of the structural model. For the small sample size designs, the type I error of the Wald test and LRT is inflated. For the Wald test, this inflation can be corrected using the empirical estimation standard error or an approach based on the weighting of the estimation variance. These results were applied to the analysis of two bioequivalence trials comparing different formulations of somatropin or erythropoietin. Finally, we demonstrated that the use of the Fisher information matrix allows the evaluation and the optimisation of designs of bioequivalence crossover trials which will be analysed by NLMEM. To conclude, this work underlines the interest of the bioequivalence analysis based on NLMEM and applied to clinical trials on biologic drugs