Relevant bibliographies by topics / Medical screening Evaluation

Academic literature on the topic 'Medical screening Evaluation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Medical screening Evaluation"

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Spence, Sarah J., Pantea Sharifi, and Max Wiznitzer. "Autism spectrum disorder: Screening, diagnosis, and medical evaluation." Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 11, no. 3 (September 2004): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2004.07.002.

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Murray, P. R., T. B. Smith, and T. C. McKinney. "Clinical evaluation of three urine screening tests." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 3 (1987): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.25.3.467-470.1987.

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Buczyńska, Angelika, Iwona Sidorkiewicz, Anna Trochimiuk, Sławomir Ławicki, Adam Jacek Krętowski, and Monika Zbucka-Krętowska. "Novel Approaches to an Integrated Route for Trisomy 21 Evaluation." Biomolecules 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11091328.

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Trisomy 21 (T21) is one of the most commonly occurring genetic disorders, caused by the partial or complete triplication of chromosome 21. Despite the significant progress in the diagnostic tools applied for prenatal screening, commonly used methods are still imprecise and involve invasive diagnostic procedures that are related to a maternal risk of miscarriage. In this case, novel prenatal biomarkers are still being evaluated using highly specialized techniques, which could increase the diagnostic usefulness of biochemical prenatal screening for T21. From the other hand, the T21′s pathogenesis, caused by the improper division of genetic material, disrupting many metabolic pathways, could be further evaluated with the use of omics methods, which could result in bringing relevant insights for the evaluation of potential medical targets. Accordingly, a literature search was undertaken to collect novel information about prenatal screening for Down syndrome with the use of advanced technology, with a particular emphasis on the evaluation of novel screening biomarkers and the discovery of potential medical targets. These meta-analyses are focused on novel approaches designed with the use of omics techniques, representing the most rapidly developing and promising field in research today. Considering the limitations and progress of these methods, the use of omics techniques in evaluating T21 pathogenesis could bring beneficial results in prenatal screening, simultaneously uncovering novel potential medical targets.
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Bates, David W., Anne C. O??Neil, Laura A. Petersen, Thomas H. Lee, and Troyen A. Brennan. "Evaluation of Screening Criteria for Adverse Events in Medical Patients." Medical Care 33, no. 5 (May 1995): 452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199505000-00002.

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Chanavaz, Manuel. "Patient Screening and Medical Evaluation for Implant and Preprosthetic Surgery." Journal of Oral Implantology 24, no. 4 (October 1998): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/1548-1336(1998)024<0222:psamef>2.3.co;2.

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Chanavaz, Manuel. "Patient Screening and Medical Evaluation for Implant and Preprosthetic Surgery." Implant Dentistry 10, no. 2 (June 2001): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008505-200104000-00002.

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Colombrita, D., G. Ravizzola, F. Pirali, M. Manni, N. Manca, E. Savoldi, and A. Turano. "Evaluation of BACTEC system for urine culture screening." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, no. 1 (1989): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.27.1.118-119.1989.

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Hengstmann, J. H. "Evaluation of Screening Tests for Pheochromocytoma." Cardiology 72, no. 1 (1985): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000173964.

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Congdon, Douglas D., and Daniel P. Fedorko. "Evaluation of Two Rapid Urine Screening Tests." Laboratory Medicine 23, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/23.9.613.

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Thodi, C., M. Parazzini, S. E. Kramer, A. Davis, S. Stenfelt, T. Janssen, P. Smith, et al. "Adult Hearing Screening: Follow-Up and Outcomes1." American Journal of Audiology 22, no. 1 (June 2013): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2013/12-0060).

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Purpose To screen hearing and evaluate outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Method Three thousand and twenty-five adults responded to an invitation to be screened by questionnaire, otoscopy, and pure-tone audiometry. Pure-tone average (PTA) >35 dB HL in the worse ear, unilateral hearing loss, or otoscopic findings were the criteria for referral for services. A questionnaire related to compliance with referral recommendations was completed by telephone interview for 160 randomly selected participants after 1–2 years from referral. Results The referral rate for audiologic/hearing aid evaluation was 46%, and referral for cerumen removal/medical evaluation was 17%. Of the people referred for audiologic/hearing aid evaluation, 18% tried a hearing aid; 2 years later, 11% were using a hearing aid. Screening recommendations affected participants' decision to seek help. Study participants stated that the screening was helpful, it should be offered to everybody, and they would participate in future screenings. Conclusion Although adult hearing screening offered timely identification of hearing loss for adults seeking help, follow-up with hearing aid treatment was low.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Medical screening Evaluation"

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Wilcken, Bridget. "Evaluation of newborn screening : studies in cystic fibrosis and disorders detectable by tandem mass spectrometry." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29181.

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I have been involved in several areas of newborn screening, and my thesis deals with two of these: -cystic fibrosis and tandem mass spectrometry. It comprises 36 papers describing work carried out between 1981 and 2008. This is arranged in sections to describe the implementation of screening and the evaluation of outcomes for each of these areas, cystic fibrosis and tandem mass spectrometry, as well as papers reviewing important general aspects of newborn screening -a review of current newborn screening, the problems of evaluation of outcome where disorders are very rare, and the ethical issues involved in screening. I believe my major contributions to knowledge and medical practice have been: • Fostering the recognition that the clinical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was considerably delayed, that newborn screening was feasible in the field, and that patients with pancreatic sufficiency were readily diagnosed by newborn screening; • The evaluation and review of different screening strategies for cystic fibrosis; • The demonstration that identification of cystic fibrosis by screening confers a significant health benefit by greatly reducing hospitalisation in the early years, and providing nutritional and pulmonary benefits later in life; • Initiating screening by tandem mass spectrometry in New South Wales -the first publicly-funded state-wide screening for disorders of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism -and delineating some of the disorders which could and could not be reliably detected by this technology; • Providing the first population-based audit of the rate of diagnosis of these disorders clinically compared with diagnosis by newborn screening; • Providing the first clear demonstration of significant clinical benefits of tandem mass spectrometry screening for the commonest disorder of fatty acid oxidation, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. • Promoting the proper use of newborn screening programmes by examining the rationale for screening, ethical aspects, and what disorders should and should not be included in newborn screening programmes.
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Zaro, Maren Lothyan. "Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: Evaluation of Screening Tools for Genetics Referral." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8824.

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Purpose: This study assessed effectiveness of five tools recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), designed to help primary care clinicians determine which unaffected patients to refer to genetics specialists for breast cancer risk assessment based on concerning family history. Design: This descriptive secondary analysis included 85 women aged 40-74. All participants had a first-degree female relative previously diagnosed with breast cancer who also had uninformative negative BRCA1/2 tests. Methods: Each pedigree was evaluated using the five tools including the Family History Screen-7 (FHS-7), Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT), Manchester Scoring System, Referral Screening Tool (RST), and Ontario-Family History Assessment Tool (Ontario-FHAT). All five tools were applied to each study participant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated to describe each tool’s ability to identify women with elevated risk as calculated by the Claus model. Receiver operating curves (ROC) were also plotted. Differences between areas under the curve (AUCs) for all possible pairs of tools were estimated through logistic regression to assess for differences in tool performance. Results: Claus calculations identified 14 women out of 85 whose lifetime risk of breast cancer was elevated at > 15%. Only two tools, the Ontario-FHAT and FHS-7, identified all 14 women with elevated risk, a sensitivity of 100%. The FHS-7 tool flagged all 85 participants, meaning its specificity was zero. The Ontario-FHAT flagged 59 participants as needing referral (specificity 36.2%) and had a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, indicating that if a woman was not found to need a referral to a genetics professional, it is likely she did not have an elevated lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. AUC values were not significantly different between tools (all p values > .05), and thus were not helpful in discriminating between the tools. Conclusion: In this population, the Ontario-FHAT out-performed other tools in terms of sensitivity and negative predictive value; however, low specificity and positive predictive value must be balanced against these findings. Thus, the Ontario-FHAT can help determine which women would benefit from referral to a genetics specialist.
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Rai, Vijeta. "Screening of large collection of compounds for anti-human parainfluenza virus type-2 activity and evaluation of hit compounds." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-14385.

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Human parainfluenza virus type-2 (HPIV-2) is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease known as laryngotracheobronchitis or croup-like disease in children. No specific vaccine or an antiviral drug is currently approved for treatment of HPIV-2 infections. In this project, a library of 14400 diverse compounds had been screened for anti-HPIV-2 activities in cultures of African green monkey kidney cells. All compounds that inhibited the virus induced syncytium-forming activity in these cells were considered as hit compounds. Three hit compounds showed moderate anti-HPIV-2 activity characterized by the IC50 values of 20 µM and selectivity indices of approximately 5. This suggests that the antiviral activity of these compounds was due to targeting activities of cellular rather than viral components. Another hit compound, referred to as compound 5, showed anti-HPIV-2 activity that was manifested as a reduction of area of the virus-induced plaques in cells at not cytotoxic concentrations. Interestingly, this compound did not inhibit initial infection nor the virus production in infected cells as revealed by the time-of-addition assay. Moreover, it showed no direct the virus-inactivating (virucidal activity) against HPIV-2 particles. However, relatively short pre-treatment (4 hours) of the cells with compound 5 prior to the virus infection was sufficient for its plaque size-reducing activity suggesting that anti-HPIV-2 activity of compound 5 was due to targeting activities of cellular rather than viral components. Further studies are needed to elucidate the anti-HPIV-2 mechanism of activity of hit compounds identified in the present study.
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Bilal, Dejan. "Evaluation of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function during exercise in athletes." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25669.

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Idrottshjärta är ett kardiovaskulärt tillstånd som uppträder under längre perioder av intensiv träning som orsakar strukturella, funktionella och elektriska förändringar hos hjärtat och är en fysiologisk anpassning som svar på ett ökat hemodynamiskt behov under fysisk ansträngning. De fysiologiska anpassningarna har dock blivit ett diagnostiskt dilemma att urskilja från de patologiska förändringarna såsom hypertrofisk kardiomyopati. Det finns därför ett behov av standardisering av kardiovaskulär screening hos idrottare för att upptäcka underliggande eller dolda kardiomyopatier som kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenser under fysisk ansträngning. Studiens ändamål var att undersöka den systoliska och diastoliska vänsterkammarfunktionen under ansträngning hos idrottare och öka förståelsen om vad som händer med de olika variablerna under arbete. Nio friska idrottare genomförde stressekokardiografi där cardiac index, ejektionsfraktion, fyllnadstryck, mitralisklaffplanets longitudinella rörelse (MAPSE), mitralisinflöde, vävnadsdoppler (e´ och s´) och veninflöde undersöktes före, under och efter ett ansträngningstest på ergometercykel. Variablerna under och efter cykeltestet jämfördes sedan med värdena i vila. Resultaten visade en signifikant ökning av cardiac index, MAPSE och vävnadsdoppler under ansträngning. Sammanfattningsvis visade studien att flera av variablerna förbättrades under ansträngning och en del av de visade sig vara relativt okänsliga för störningar och artefakter vilket kan vara användbart för framtida studie protokoll som avser utföra en hjärtstudie under arbete.
Athlete’s heart is a cardiovascular condition that occurs during extended periods of intense exercise that causes structural, functional and electrical changes of the heart and is a physiological adaptation in response to increased hemodynamic needs during physical exertion. However, the physiological adaptations have become a diagnostic dilemma to distinguish from the pathological changes such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, there is a need for standardization of cardiovascular screening in athletes to detect underlying or hidden cardiomyopathies that can lead to severe consequences during physical exercise. The aim of the present study was to investigate the systolic and diastolic left ventricular function during exercise in athletes and to increase the understanding of what happens to the various variables during exertion. Nine healthy athletes conducted stress echocardiography where cardiac index, ejection fraction, filling pressure, mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), mitral inflow, tissue Doppler imaging (e 'and s') and pulmonary venous inflow were examined before, during and after a cycle ergometer test. The variables during and after the cycle test were then compared to baseline. The results showed a significant increase in cardiac index, MAPSE, and tissue Doppler imaging during exertion. In conclusion, the study showed that several of the variables improved during exertion and some of them proved to be quite insensitive to disturbances and artifacts, which may be useful in future study protocols that consider carrying out a cardiac study during work.
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De, Azevedo Moreira Reis Marta. "Evaluation of healthcare management issues in the provision of clinincal services for familial breast/ovarian cancer /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/728.

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Olsson, Anna, and Denise Nordlöf. "Early screening diagnostic aid for heart disease using data mining : An evaluation using patient data that can be obtained without medical equipment." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-166593.

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Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Being able to conduct an early screening diagnosis of heart disease at home, could potentially be a tool to reduce the amount of people who lose their lives to the disease in the future. This report aims at investigating if an early screening diagnostic aid using no attributes requiring advanced medical equipment to be measured can be created, that acquires the same level of accuracy as previous data sets and studies. A litera- ture study of medical background, patient data sets and attributes, as well as data mining was conducted. A unique home data set consisting of attributes that can be obtained from home was created and data mining experiments were run in WEKA, using classification algorithms Naive-Bayes and Decision Trees. The results are compared to the Cleveland data set in regards to accuracy. The study shows that the home data set does not deliver the same accuracy level as the Cleveland data set. The idea that similar accuracy can be obtained for the dierent sets has not been disproven and more exhaustive research is encouraged.
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Jagtap, Vinayak. "Cyber Physical System for Continuous Evaluation of Fall Risks to Enable Aging-In-Place." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/508.

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Every year, one out of three adults over the age of 65 falls, and about 30% of the falls result in moderate to severe injuries. The high rate of fall-related hospitalizations and the fact that falls are a major source of morbidity and mortality in older adults have motivated extensive interdisciplinary clinical and engineering research with a focus on fall prevention. This research is aimed at developing a medical Cyber Physical System (CPS) composed of a human supervised mobile robot and ambient intelligence sensors to provide continuous evaluation of environmental risks in the home. As a preventive measure to avoid falls, we propose use of mobile robots to detect possible fall risks inside a house. As a step-up to that, we also define a control framework for intelligent, networked mobile robots to semi-autonomously perform assistive and preventive tasks. This framework is integrated in a smart home that provides monitoring and control capabilities of environmental conditions such as objects blocking pathways or uneven surfaces. The main outcome of this work is the realization of this system at Worcester Polytechnic Institute's (WPI) @Home testbed.
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Collett, DeShana Ann. "THE INFLUENCE OF RACE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ON ROUTINE SCREENING PRACTICES OF PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/epe_etds/13.

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Health disparities in minorities and those of low socioeconomic status persist despite efforts to eliminate potential causes. Differences in the delivery of services can result in different healthcare outcomes and therefore, a health disparity. Some of this difference in care may attribute to discrimination resulting from clinical biases and stereotyping which may provide a possible source for the persistence of health disparities. Health disparities may occur because the delivery of services at some level is inadequate. Disparities resulting from the quality and quantity of care delivered by a practitioner result in differentiated delivery of healthcare, thus unequal health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and identify potential disparities in routine screening practices of physician assistants.A randomized sample of practicing physician assistants in Kentucky were analyzed (N= 112) to determine if the race or socioeconomic status of a patient influenced their likelihood of offering different routine screening recommendations and screening test recommendations. Clinical vignettes were created with only the race and socioeconomic status of the patient modified, resulting in four separate vignettes. Through the use of a survey instrument, participants were randomly assigned to one of four written clinical vignettes. Statistical analysis using a MANOVA revealed that the race of a patient had a statistically significant multivariate effect on differences in screening recommendations and race and socioeconomic status had significant multivariate effects on screening test recommendations.Study results suggest that race and socioeconomic status continues to be a significant factor in the prevalence of healthcare disparities. More importantly, this study reveals that Physician Assistants may provide differentiated care based on a patient’s race. Limitations and future directions for this study may be used to examine PA educational curriculums for the inclusion of health disparities and possible continuing medical education opportunities for practicing PAs.
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Nestleroth, Pamela Foy. "Evaluation of the Fetal Heart at 14 – 18 Weeks Gestation in Fetuses with a Screening Nuchal Translucency Greater than or Equal to the 95th Percentile." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337817349.

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Elangovan, Saravanan, Ashley Brown, Molly Harman, Shannon Bramlette, and Diana Wilson. "Examining the Effectiveness of Training Protocols of Universal Newborn Hearing Screeners in the Appalachia region of the United States." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/164.

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Universal Newborn Hearing Screenings have largely been successful since the National Institute if Health Consensus Development recommended, in 1996, that all infants should receive a newborn hearing screening prior to hospital discharge. Currently, the implementation of newborn hearing screening programs is varied across states and hospitals in the U.S. Due to this high variability, it is the responsibility of each individual hospital to formulate and consistently maintain a protocol for their newborn hearing screening program. This can create a great burden among hospitals as they must obtain the appropriate equipment, as well as employ and train screeners. However, national medical groups may be utilized to alleviate this burden. These medical groups supply the equipment, and more importantly, employ and train the screeners. This not only alleviates the burden on hospitals, but also provides a degree of standardization across newborn hearing screening programs which may reduce lost-to-follow-up statistics. Hospitals who do not utilize a national medical group may not have the expertise to formulate a comprehensive newborn hearing screening protocol. Our study is interested in examining if birthing hospitals that utilize a national medical group have more standardized medical protocols and have better (lower) lost-to-follow-up statistics. A survey was administered to current universal newborn hearing screeners employed at five hospitals across the eastern region of Tennessee. The survey examined various aspects of a typical newborn hearing screening program including training protocols and requirements, screening equipment, data recording and tracking, and methods of delivery of test results. In our presentation, we will be sharing the results of this study and interpret the data in light of determining best practices for newborn hearing screenings.
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Books on the topic "Medical screening Evaluation"

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Jocelyn, Chamberlain, and Moss Sue 1952-, eds. Evaluation of cancer screening. London: Springer, 1996.

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W, Duffy Stephen, Hill Catherine, and Estève Jacques, eds. Quantitative methods for the evaluation of cancer screening. London: Arnold, 2001.

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Young, K. C. Mammographic dose and image quality in the UK Breast Screening Programme. Sheffield: NHSBSP, 1995.

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National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB monitoring and evaluation plan: 2006-2010. [Lusaka]: National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council, 2006.

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Nutritional screening and assessment tools. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2005.

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Shikles, Janet L. Screening mammography: Federal quality standards are needed : statement of Janet L. Shikles, Director, Health Financing and Policy Issues, Human Resources Division, before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1992.

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Screening in chronic disease. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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Screening in chronic disease. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

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Statistical evaluation of diagnostic performance: Topics in ROC analysis. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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Patlak, Margie. Developing biomarker-based tools for cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment: The state of the science, evaluation, implementation, and economics : workshop summary. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Medical screening Evaluation"

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Polo, Edoardo Maria, Marco Zanet, Alessia Paglialonga, and Riccardo Barbieri. "Preliminary Evaluation of a Novel Language Independent Speech-in-Noise Test for Adult Hearing Screening." In 8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference, 976–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64610-3_109.

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Jin-ling, Tang, and Li Li-ming. "Medical screening." In Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, edited by Roger Detels, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Fran Baum, Liming Li, and Alastair H. Leyland, 623–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0098.

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Screening is early detection and early treatment of increased risk of chronic disease with the ultimate goal of improving the health of the screened. Today, early detection and early treatment occur often ‘haphazardly’ in routine clinical practice and general health checks rather than in systematic screening programmes. The success of a screening programme depends on the characteristics of the disease, testing, and treatments of early diagnosed patients. Screening can be made more cost-effective by screening in high-risk people, choosing a relatively high specificity, screening less frequently, and high management standards. The ultimate evaluation of the benefits and harms of screening must be drawn from randomized controlled trials. Randomized trials of various screening programmes and health checks in the past 50 years showed disappointingly screening was often ineffective or barely effective. This re-emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the criteria for introduction of new technologies for early diagnosis of disease.
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Hoffman, Julien I. E. "Probability, Bayes' Theorem, Medical Diagnostic Evaluation, and Screening." In Biostatistics for Medical and Biomedical Practitioners, 307–33. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802387-7.00021-4.

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Hoffman, Julien I. E. "Probability, Bayes Theorem, Medical Diagnostic Evaluation, and Screening." In Basic Biostatistics for Medical and Biomedical Practitioners, 311–38. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-817084-7.00021-8.

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LIU, QING. "STATISTICAL METHODS IN THE EFFECT EVALUATION OF MASS SCREENING FOR DISEASES." In Advanced Medical Statistics, 741–75. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812388759_0020.

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LIU, QING. "STATISTICAL METHODS IN THE EFFECTIVE EVALUATION OF MASS SCREENING FOR DISEASES." In Advanced Medical Statistics, 469–504. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814583312_0013.

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Joseph, Madeline. "Medical Legal Aspects." In Pediatric Emergencies, 656–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190073879.003.0054.

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Children and adolescents may present to the emergency department (ED) without a guardian for several reasons, such as emergencies occurring during school or lack of guardian availability so that relatives, family friends, or day care or school personnel must accompany children to the ED. Concern about providing evaluation and treatment without formal consent is one of the challenges that emergency physicians face when minor patients present to the ED without parents or guardians. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act mandates that all patients, including minors, presenting to the ED receive a medical screening examination to determine if an emergency medical condition exists. This chapter reviews who can provide consent for minors; cases in which minors can be treated without consent in the ED, including minors involved in the juvenile justice system; and adolescent emancipation.
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"Genitourinary medicine." In Oxford Handbook for Medical School, edited by Kapil Sugand, Miriam Berry, Imran Yusuf, Aisha Janjua, Chris Bird, David Metcalfe, Harveer Dev, et al., 349–68. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199681907.003.0017.

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Genitourinary medicine specializes in the management of sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and encompasses elements of medicine, surgery, and microbiology. Common presentations include pelvic pain, genital irritation or discharge, testicular pain, or following exposure to potential infections (e.g. needle-stick injuries or sexual assaults). A full sexual history is important, as well as a multisystem evaluation and contraception counselling; these are described in detail in the chapter. HIV is a medical specialty in its own right, with multiple complications including opportunistic infections (such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, candidiasis, tuberculosis, and toxoplasmosis) or opportunistic malignancies (Kaposi sarcoma). The screening, diagnosis, and management of HIV and its related conditions are described.
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Jagota, Vishal, Vinay Bhatia, Luis Vives, and Arun B. Prasad. "ML-PASD." In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care, 82–93. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7460-7.ch006.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is growing faster than ever before. Autism detection is costly and time intensive with screening procedures. Autism can be detected at an early stage by the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML). While a number of experiments using many approaches were conducted, these studies provided no conclusion as to the prediction of autism characteristics in various age groups. This chapter is therefore intended to suggest an accurate MLASD predictive model based on the ML methodology to prevent ASD for people of all ages. It is a method for prediction. This survey was conducted to develop and assess ASD prediction in an artificial neural network (ANN). AQ-10 data collection was used to test the proposed pattern. The findings of the evaluation reveal that the proposed prediction model has improved results in terms of consistency, specificity, sensitivity, and dataset accuracy.
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Bundale, Sunita, and Aashlesha Pathak. "Anti-Quorum Sensing Compounds from Rare Actinobacteria." In Actinobacteria - Diversity, Applications and Medical Aspects. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106526.

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Actinobacteria have exceptional metabolic diversity and are a rich source of several useful bioactive natural products. Most of these have been derived from Streptomyces, the dominant genus of Actinobacteria. Hence, it is necessary to explore rare actinobacteria for the production of novel bioactive compounds. Amongst the novel metabolites, anti-quorum-sensing agents, which can curb infection without killing pathogens, are gaining importance. Not many studies are targeting anti-quorum-sensing agents from rare actinobacteria and this research area is still in its infancy. This field may lead to novel bioactive compounds that can act against bacterial quorum-sensing systems. These agents can attenuate the virulence of the pathogens without challenging their growth, thereby preventing the emergence of resistant strains and facilitating the elimination of pathogens by the host’s immune system. Therefore, this chapter describes the general characteristics and habitats of rare actinobacteria, isolation and cultivation methods, the methods of screening rare actinobacteria for anti-quorum sensing compounds, methods of evaluation of their properties, and future prospects in drug discovery.
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Conference papers on the topic "Medical screening Evaluation"

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Madzivire, Mambidzeni, Jon J. Camp, John Lane, Robert J. Witte, and Richard A. Robb. "Semi-automated evaluation of high-resolution MRI preoperative cochlear implant screening." In Medical Imaging 2003, edited by Robert L. Galloway, Jr. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.479625.

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Pauli, Regina, Sean M. Hammond, and Janet Ansell. "Radiographers as film readers: an evaluation of performance in breast screening." In Medical Imaging 1995, edited by Harold L. Kundel. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.206843.

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Madzivire, Mambidzeni, Jon J. Camp, John Lane, Robert J. Witte, and Richard A. Robb. "Evaluation of high-resolution MRI for preoperative screening for cochlear implantation." In Medical Imaging 2002, edited by Seong K. Mun. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.466921.

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Leader, Joseph K., Denise Chough, Ronald J. Clearfield, Marie A. Ganott, Christiane Hakim, Lara Hardesty, Betty Shindel, et al. "Teleradiology and screening mammography: a telemammography system evaluation and comparison to clinical results." In Medical Imaging, edited by Miguel P. Eckstein and Yulei Jiang. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.592823.

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Sinsuat, Marodina, Ichiro Shimamura, Shinsuke Saita, Mitsuru Kubo, Yoshiki Kawata, Noboru Niki, Hironobu Ohmatsu, et al. "Comparative evaluation of physicians' pulmonary nodule detection with reduced slice thickness at CT screening." In Medical Imaging, edited by Xiaoping P. Hu and Anne V. Clough. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.770405.

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Leader, J. Ken, Luisa P. Wallace, Christiane M. Hakim, Todd M. Hertzberg, Lara A. Hardesty, Jules H. Sumkin, Cathy Cohen, et al. "Preliminary clinical evaluation of a multi-site telemammography system in a screening mammography environment." In Medical Imaging 2003, edited by H. K. Huang and Osman M. Ratib. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.480470.

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Nelson, David A., Saeed I. Latif, Chad Austin, and Jeremy Chatham. "Feasibility of Using a Printed Microstrip Antenna in Evaluation of Peripheral Microcirculation." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6912.

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a widespread and often undiagnosed condition associated with increased incidence of serious cardiovascular events. Current diagnostic tests for PAD may not be adequate for screening the large at-risk population. A new skin blood flow measurement technique using RF heating in the millimeter wave band, with simultaneous surface temperature measurement offers a potential method for screening individuals at risk for PAD quickly and easily. The feasibility of a transducer design incorporating a microstrip antenna and one or more infrared temperature sensors was evaluated in vitro, using a phantom skin material and a custom flow chamber. Results demonstrate the ability to heat the unperfused phantom by up to 7°C in less than 60 s, depending on antenna separation distance from the target surface. At a distance of 2 mm, preliminary results indicate the rate of temperature increase is sensitive to flowrate. These results suggest a possible method for noninvasive screening of individuals for PAD that is quick, easy and inexpensive.
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"Isolation, Screening and Evaluation of Methionine Producing Probiotics on Production Performance of Giriraja Chicks." In International Conference on Food, Biological and Medical Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0114555.

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Gunvant, P., and R. Darner. "Evaluation of agreement in corneal thickness measurements obtained using optical coherence tomography and ultrasound technique and determination of its specificity in keratoconus screening." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by David J. Manning and Craig K. Abbey. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.877246.

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Consumi, Vanni, Lukas Lindenroth, Danail Stoyanov, and Agostino Stilli. "Design and experimental evaluation of the SOFTScreen Capsule System in a Colon Phantom." In The Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics: "MedTech Reimagined". The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2022.2.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is nowadays one of the deadliest cancer but the high surviving rate is achievable if the disease is diagnosticated and treated at the early stage. However, the standard procedure represents a discomfortable treatment for many patients at the point that many are discouraged in undergoing routine screening program. In fact, the clinician has to insert and guide by hand a semi-flexible tubular colonoscope and might apply significant forces and torques on the colon walls, with the complications of creating loops in the intestine, tissue damage or even perforation. For this reason, research in capsule robotic colonoscopy is in high demand [1]; the main objective of robotics in this field is to design a system capable of navigating inside the large intestine in order to provide visual inspection of the lumen, possibly, carrying surgical tools required in the colonoscopy procedure, i.e. polypectomy, without the creation of large pushing forces and loops. Human colon is about 130 cm long and composed by 4 consecutive tracts, joint at different angles, named sigmoid, descending, transverse and ascending colon. The diameter the tubular organ can changes from 25 mm to 70 mm, reaching up to 80 mm if insufflated with CO2 gas, often adopted in colonoscopy. Nonetheless, colon wall is a multilayers membrane that consists of four main layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa) which makes the membrane very compliant to large deformation and very slippery, being the internal wall of the colon characterized by continuous secretion of mucus Due to both the morphology and the frictional behaviour of the colon, the design of robots that are able to crawl the intestine and perform the screening of the organ is a challenge. Various locomotion strategies for micro robotic devices have been explored, such active capsules inspired by bio-mimetic locomotion strategies, such insect or caterpillar, or by use of locomoting members to self- propel once inside the colon such wheels or tracks [2]. Nonetheless, current robotic solutions are still far away to replace the standard colonoscopy due to the challenges in integrating reliable locomotion strategy in small size robots able to face the complex environment represented by the colon. In this work, we discuss the design and the features of the SOFTScreen system [3], discussing the testing of its locomotion capability inside a silicone phantom resembling the colon surface.
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Reports on the topic "Medical screening Evaluation"

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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Nikhil K. Mull, Shazia M. Siddique, S. Ryan Greysen, Meghan B. Lane-Fall, and Amy Y. Tsou. Interventions To Decrease Hospital Length of Stay. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb40.

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Background. Timely discharge of hospitalized patients can prevent patient harm, improve patient satisfaction and quality of life, and reduce costs. Numerous strategies have been tested to improve the efficiency and safety of patient recovery and discharge, but hospitals continue to face challenges. Purpose. This Technical Brief aimed to identify and synthesize current knowledge and emerging concepts regarding systematic strategies that hospitals and health systems can implement to reduce length of stay (LOS), with emphasis on medically complex or vulnerable patients at high risk for prolonged LOS due to clinical, social, or economic barriers to timely discharge. Methods. We conducted a structured search for published and unpublished studies and conducted interviews with Key Informants representing vulnerable patients, hospitals, health systems, and clinicians. The interviews provided guidance on our research protocol, search strategy, and analysis. Due to the large and diverse evidence base, we limited our evaluation to systematic reviews of interventions to decrease hospital LOS for patients at potentially higher risk for delayed discharge; primary research studies were not included, and searches were restricted to reviews published since 2010. We cataloged the characteristics of relevant interventions and assessed evidence of their effectiveness. Findings. Our searches yielded 4,364 potential studies. After screening, we included 19 systematic reviews reported in 20 articles. The reviews described eight strategies for reducing LOS: discharge planning; geriatric assessment or consultation; medication management; clinical pathways; inter- or multidisciplinary care; case management; hospitalist services; and telehealth. All reviews included adult patients, and two reviews also included children. Interventions were frequently designed for older (often frail) patients or patients with chronic illness. One review included pregnant women at high risk for premature delivery. No reviews focused on factors linking patient vulnerability with social determinants of health. The reviews reported few details about hospital setting, context, or resources associated with the interventions studied. Evidence for effectiveness of interventions was generally not robust and often inconsistent—for example, we identified six reviews of discharge planning; three found no effect on LOS, two found LOS decreased, and one reported an increase. Many reviews also reported patient readmission rates and mortality but with similarly inconsistent results. Conclusions. A broad range of strategies have been employed to reduce LOS, but rigorous systematic reviews have not consistently demonstrated effectiveness within medically complex, high-risk, and vulnerable populations. Health system leaders, researchers, and policymakers must collaborate to address these needs.
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