Academic literature on the topic 'Medical policy – Social aspects – United States'
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Journal articles on the topic "Medical policy – Social aspects – United States"
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Brown, Mark S., and Cheryl A. Brown. "Circumcision Decision: Prominence of Social Concerns." Pediatrics 80, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.80.2.215.
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Despite policy statements against routine circumcision of newborns by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology more than 10 years ago, there has been virtually no change in circumcision practices in the United States. In addition, controlled trials of programs to educate parents about the lack of medical indications for routine newborn circumcision have shown that parental education has little impact on the circumcision decision. We hypothesized that parents based their circumcision decision predominantly on social concerns rather than on medical ones. We prospectively surveyed parents of 124 newborns soon after they made the circumcision decision to learn their reasons for the decision. The strongest factor associated with the circumcision decision was whether or not the father was circumcised (P.0001). The survey also showed that concerns about the attitudes of peers and their sons' self concept in the future were prominent among parents deciding to circumcise. The circumcision decision in the United States is emerging as a cultural ritual rather than the result of medical misunderstanding among parents. In counseling parents making the circumcision decision, the health care provider should provide a knowledgeable and honest discussion of the medical aspects of circumcision. Until information is available that addresses parents' social concerns about circumcision, it is unreasonable to expect a significant change in circumcision customs in the United States.
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Banks, Dwayne A. "The Economic Attributes of Medical Care: Implications for Rationing Choices in the United States and United Kingdom." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 4 (1996): 546–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007441.
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The healthcare systems of the United States and United Kingdom are vastly different. The former relies primarily on private sector incentives and market forces to allocate medical care services, while the latter is a centrally planned system funded almost entirely by the public sector. Therefore, each nation represents divergent views on the relative efficacy of the market or government in achieving social objectives in the area of medical care policy. Since its inception in 1948, the National Health Services (NHS) of the United Kingdom has consistently emphasized equity in the allocation of medical services. It has done so by creating a system whereby services are universally free of charge at the point of entry. Conversely, the United States has relied upon the evolution of a perplexing array of public and private sector insurance schemes centered more around consumer choice than equity in allocation.
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Pacula, Rosalie L., Anne E. Boustead, and Priscillia Hunt. "Words Can Be Deceiving: A Review of Variation among Legally Effective Medical Marijuana Laws in the United States." Journal of Drug Policy Analysis 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jdpa-2014-0001.
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AbstractWhen voters in two US states approved the recreational use of marijuana in 2012, public debates for how best to promote and protect public health and safety started drawing implications from states’ medical marijuana laws (MMLs). However, many of the discussions were simplified to the notion that states either have an MML or do not; little reference was made to the fact that legal provisions differ across states. This study seeks to clarify the characteristics of state MMLs in place since 1990 that are most relevant to consumers/patients and categorizes those aspects most likely to affect the prevalence of use, and consequently the intensity of public health and welfare effects. Evidence shows treating MMLs as homogeneous across states is misleading and does not reflect the reality of MML making. This variation likely has implications for use and health outcomes, and thus states’ public health.
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Domen, Ronald E. "A survey of ethics committees in national medical organizations in the United States." HEC Forum 7, no. 6 (November 1995): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01789033.
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JOHNSON, NIA, and LANCE WAHLERT. "Urban Bioethics: A Call for the Prestige." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119000434.
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Abstract:Many teaching hospitals in the United States were founded on philanthropic principles and aimed to aid the urban poor and underserved. However, as times have changed, there has been a divide created between the urban poor and teaching hospitals. There is a plethora of reasons why this is the case. This paper will specifically focus on the histories of ten hospitals and medical schools and the effect that white flight, segregation, elitism, and marginalization had on healthcare institutions all over the United States. It will call for a reexamination of the values of Ivy League and Ivy Plus teaching hospitals and medical schools and for them to take an intentional look into their communities.
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Landa, Amy Snow, and Carl Elliott. "From Community to Commodity: The Ethics of Pharma-Funded Social Networking Sites for Physicians." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 3 (2013): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12077.
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In September 2006, a small start-up company in Cambridge, MA called Sermo, Inc., launched a social networking site with an unusual twist: only physicians practicing medicine in the United States would be allowed to participate. Sermo, which means “conversation” in Latin, marketed its website as an online community exclusively for doctors that would allow them to talk openly (and anonymously) about a range of topics, from challenging and unusual medical cases to the relative merits of one treatment versus another. “Sermo enables the private and instant exchange of knowledge among MDs,” the company announced in its first press release. Even better, participation was free and the site carried no advertising.
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Schneiderman, Lawrence J., and Sharyn Manning. "The Baby K Case: A Search for the Elusive Standard of Medical Care." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6, no. 1 (1997): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100007556.
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An anencephalic infant, who came to be known as Baby K, was born at Fairfax Hospial in Falls Church, Virginia, on October 13, 1992. From, the moment of birth and repeatedly thereafter, the baby's mother insisted that aggressive measures be pursued, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and ventilator support, to keep the baby alive as long as possible. The physicians complied. However, following the baby's second admission for respiratory failure, the hospital sought declaratory relief from the court permitting it to forgo emergency life support on the grounds that “a requirement to provide respiratory assistance would exceed the prevailing standard of medical care,” and that “because any treatment of their condition is futile, the prevailing standard of medical care for infants with anencephaly is to provide warmth, nutrition, and hydration.” The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled in favor of the baby's mother, citing the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (popularly known as the “anti-dumping” act), which contained no “standard of care” exception to the requirement to provide “treatment necessary to prevent the material deterioration of the individual's condition.” An appeal to the United States Supreme Court was rejected. The baby died some two and one-half years later of cardiac arrest during her sixth visit to the emergency department of Fairfax Hospital for respiratory failure.
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Somerville, Martha H., Laura Seeff, Daniel Hale, and Daniel J. O'Brien. "Hospitals, Collaboration, and Community Health Improvement." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, S1 (2015): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12217.
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Medical care in the United States traditionally has focused on the treatment of disease rather than on its prevention. Heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases are the primary drivers of American health care costs; compared to other high-income countries, U.S. health indices are lowest and costs are highest.A “triple aim” — “improving the individual experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing the per capita costs of care for populations” — has gained traction, as the social determinants of health (non-genetic, non-clinical factors including health behaviors, social and economic factors, and the physical environment) are recognized as having significant effects on health outcomes.
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White, Mary Terrell. "Guidelines for IRB Review of International Collaborative Medical Research: A Proposal." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 1 (1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1999.tb01440.x.
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The increase in the scope of international collaborative medical research involving human subjects is raising the problem of whether and how to maintain Western ethical standards when research is conducted in countries with very different social and ethical values. Existing international ethical guidelines for research largely reflect Western concepts of human rights, focusing on the bioethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. However, in countries and societies where these values are understood differently or are not expressed in local cultures and institutions, it may be impossible or of no practical value to insert them into the research setting.In the United States, individual informed consent is considered ethically imperative for research involving human subjects. However, this imperative may be difficult to instill in societies that define persons by their relations to others, and important decisions are commonly made by heads of households or group leaders rather than by individuals. The baseline economic and health care conditions in foreign communities may also create ethical conflicts.
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Im, Yong Jin, and Kyu Dong Park. "The Deviation and Responses in the Construction of Criminal Policy System Algorithm." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 31, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 161–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2022.31.2.161.
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A discussion is urgently needed to identify the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice algorithm, which is intended to develop and operate in an automated decision-making form and to reduce the bias that is understood as a negative effect of the algorithm. In the method of Active Crime Prediction, which comprehensively analyzes current data and accessible public data and transmits the predicted and analyzed information to the on-site police in real-time, it utilizes pure social data rather than on-site information or front-line information. It is defined as a predictive police activity that determines the target of crime prevention or police intervention through statistical prediction and is facing a change to the establishment of criminal justice procedures through an algorithmic system as a type.
Overseas, systems such as DAS, PredPol, and COMPAS are being produced and operated by private companies. However, in Korea, it is only at the stage of technical discussion and testing of the evolved method so far, and there are many issues and issues regarding the elements and algorithms that must be equipped legally and institutionally. Nevertheless, the realm of these debates and issues is obscured by technological advances. Therefore, it is important to exclude technical aspects and identify the problems and issues through the examples of the United States and the United Kingdom, which are leading countries in introducing criminal justice algorithm systems in the humanities and social sciences.
In this study, the problems that appeared through previous studies and cases were classified and explored according to the system operation stage (construction, utilization, management). The various issues and problems analyzed are ultimately problems that appeared in the use of the algorithm. It also had a structure that reduced it to a problem created by the person using the technology. It is interpreted as a limitation in that it cannot provide a clear solution to the ongoing debate or reflect it in the field. Therefore, in the field of criminal policy dealing with predictive policing and recidivism prediction, we examine the bias accompanying the automated judgment of algorithms, and envision the prerequisite for detailed complementation and construction in terms of normative aspects and data collection and utilization to solve problems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Medical policy – Social aspects – United States"
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Palmedo, P. Christopher. "Equality, Trust and Universalism in Europe, Canada and the United States: Implications for Health Care Policy." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1929.
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A number of theoretical explanations seek to describe the factors that have led to the position of the United States as the last industrialized Western nation without a universal health care program. Theories focus on institutional arrangement, historic precedent, and the influence of the private sector and market forces. This study explores another factor: the role of underlying social values. The research examines differences in values among ten European countries, the United States and Canada, and analyzes the associations between the values that have been seen to contribute the individualism-collectivism dynamic in the United States. The hypothesis that equality and generalized trust are positively associated with universalism is only partially true. Equality is positively associated (B = .301, p < .001), while generalized trust is negatively associated with universalism (B = -.052, p < .001). Not only do Americans show lower levels of support for income equality and universalism than Europeans, but the effect of being American holds even after controlling for socio-demographic and religious variables (B = .044, p < .01). When the model tests the association of equality and trust on universalism in each region, it explains approximately 17 percent of the variance of universalism for the United States, and approximately 13 percent in Europe and Canada.
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Dean, Robert Dale. "Manhood, reason, and American foreign policy: The social construction of masculinity and the Kennedy and Johnson administrations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187268.
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This dissertation explores the ways that specific constructions of "masculinity" and related "gendered" discourses of political power helped shape the foreign policy decisions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. I argue that both prescriptive and proscriptive aspects of an elite "ideology of masculinity" played an important role in Kennedy administration innovations like counterinsurgency programs or the Peace Corps. The U.S. intervention in Vietnam under both Presidents was shaped in significant ways by a decision-making process embedded in a gendered discourse that equated negotiation with "appeasement," "softness," feminized weakness, and the collapse of boundaries; the use of force was construed as "tough-minded," a pragmatic "hardness" to buttress vital imperial and domestic political boundaries. This dissertation places analytical and interpretive emphasis on the heretofore largely unexamined role of gender and culture in American foreign policy of the Cold War. The study has two aspects. The first focuses on the creation of elite masculine "identity-narratives"; I examine the patterns of masculine socialization common to Kennedy and the elite "establishment" figures he recruited to staff his national security bureaucracy. I discuss patterns of experience in sex-segregated educational, fraternal, and military institutions, and the ritual ordeals employed by those institutions to create overlapping brotherhoods of privilege and power. I examine their experience of the gendered and sexualized political discourse of the nineteen-fifties, and the lessons they learned from the government purges which equated "subversion" and "sex perversion" when targeting victims. The second aspect of the study examines the "real world" consequences of the prescriptive and proscriptive ideology of masculinity shared by the national security staff of Kennedy and Johnson. I look at the ways that programs like counterinsurgency or the Peace Corps were shaped by ideals of masculine strenuousness and heroism, and in turn used as a political theater of masculinity for domestic political purposes. Decision-making about Vietnam was inextricably bound up with "private" identity-narratives of masculine power, and a public political discourse revolving around questions of "strength" or "weakness" in leaders. The politics of masculinity shaped the cost-benefit reason of U.S. policy-makers.
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Thomson, Ian 1965. "Inhaling : the changing significations of marijuana in hegemonic and subcultural discourses, from antiquity through its prohibition." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21271.
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This thesis is an examination of the various ways in which marijuana, its use, and its users have historically been signified, within both hegemonic and subcultural discourses, from marijuana's origins in antiquity through its North American prohibition in the earlier part of the twentieth century. Attention is given to how this history, and prohibition in particular, has informed contemporary North American significations of the drug, its use and its users.
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Withers, Elizabeth Melissa. "Black/White Health Disparities in the U.S. The Effect of Education over the Life-Course." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/42.
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In the United States there exists a clear and disconcerting racial disparity in the distribution of good health, which can be seen in differential levels of morbidity and mortality affecting blacks and whites. Previous research has examined the role of SES in shaping racial health disparities and recent studies have looked specifically at the effect of education on health to explain the racial disparity in health. Higher levels of education are robustly associated with good overall health for both blacks and whites and this association has been examined over the life-course. This research explores racial differences in the effect of education on health in general as well as over the life-course. Specifically, this paper examines race differences in the effects of education on health over the life-course. Pooled data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to estimate the effects of race, education and age on health. The results of these analyses indicate that blacks receive lower education returns on their health than whites. The effect of education on health was shown to grow in the beginning of the life-course and diminish at the end of the life course in accordance with the mortality-as-leveler hypothesis. The black white health disparity was shown to grow over the life-course among the highly educated, whereas the disparity was consistent over the life-course for the poorly educated.
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Wilkinson, Anne Marguerite. "A Preliminary Analysis of Beneficiary Discharge Status and Post-Hospital Placement Before and After the Implementation of Medicare's Prospective Payment System." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1359.
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In recognition of the inherently inflationary nature of retrospective reimbursement, the Reagan Administration enacted legislation that substantially changed Medicare's hospital reimbursement system. The Prospective Payment System (PPS) mandated paying hospitals a fixed payment, set in advance, based on the patient's diagnosis rather than retrospectively paying for all services delivered to a patient. Critics contend that PPS introduces incentives for hospitals to conserve resources during the hospital stay and to shift care to less costly settings, both potentially affecting quality of care to the elderly. The question addressed by this dissertation is whether there were changes in the discharge health status and post-hospital placement of Medicare beneficiaries as a result of the implementation of PPS.
Using a quasi-experimental time-series PRE/POST design, data was collected from the medical records of 2,619 Medicare beneficiaries (1,258 in the PRE-PPS period; 1,361 in the POST-PPS period) hospitalized between 1981 and 1986. Two large (300+ beds) and two medium-sized (100-300 beds) hospitals, representative of hospitals in the Portland metropolitan area, served as data collection sites. Medical records were selected from five Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs): three medical DRGs (stroke, heart failure, and pneumonia) and two surgical DRGs (hip replacement and major joint pinning).
Analysis of the data show that overall length of stay declined from 11.3 days in the PRE-PPS period to 8.6 days in the POST-PPS period, a reduction of 2.7 days and significant at the p = $<$.001 level and a significant increase in Dependency between the PRE and POST periods for four of the five DRGs studies (Stroke, Pneumonia, Heart Failure, and Hip Replacement).
Finally, an analysis of differences in post-hospital placements shows a significant increase in POST-PPS placements to home alone (p = $<$.05), home health (p =.01), and for hospital transfers (p = $<$.001). Though limited in its generalizability, the data presented in this dissertation support the contention that Medicare patients are leaving the hospital sooner, in more dependent states of health than before PPS, and that greater numbers of potentially high care patients are being discharged to home and to home health.
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Keyes, Laura Marie. "Age Friendly Cities: The Bureaucratic Responsiveness Effects on Age Friendly Policy Adoption." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984140/.
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Challenging a long-held attachment to the medical model, this research develops a cultural model placing local governments at the center of policy making and refocusing policy attention on mobility, housing, the built environment and services. To examine the phenomenon of age friendly policy adoption by cities and the magnitude of adoption, a 21-question web-based survey was administered to a sample of 1,050 cities from the U.S. Census having a population over 10,000 and having at least 14% of their population aged 65 years and over. The goal of the questionnaire was to help identify what kind of policy objectives cities establish to facilitate the opportunity for older adults to live healthy and independent lives in their communities as they age. Multiple linear and ordinal regression models examined the likelihood of policy action by cities and provide evidence as to why some cities support more age friendly policy actions than others. Evidence illustrates theoretical advancement providing support for a cultural model of aging. The cultural model includes multiple factors including bureaucratic responsiveness reflected in the management values of the administration. Findings show variation in the integration of a cultural awareness of aging in the municipality's needs assessment, strategic goals, citizen engagement strategies, and budgetary principles. Cities with a cultural awareness of aging are more likely to adopt age friendly policies. Findings also provide support for the argument that the public administrator is not the driving sole factor in decision making. A shared spaced with mobilized citizen need of individuals 65 and over is identified.
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Carpenter, Joshua David. "Democracy and the disengaged : a multi-dimensional study of voter mobilization in Alabama." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2c1f070-db85-465c-b3e5-f55ddbe01438.
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This thesis investigates if and how poor, mostly minority citizens can be mobilized by a campaign whose principal policy objective would materially enhance their lives by including them in a major public program. The question is put to the test through a multi-dimensional study of voter mobilization in Alabama during the 2014 election for Governor. At stake in the election was whether Alabama would expand Medicaid through the Affordable Care Act in Alabama, an issue emblematic of "submergedness" (Mettler, 2011). In order to understand the extent to which the policy was submerged - measured by knowledge and awareness of the policy, along with its key provisions - I distributed a survey to 868 Alabamians weeks before the election. The survey used the experimental design of conjoint analysis to test which aspects of the policy were most persuasive among the target population. Additionally, I performed a randomized field experiment across the four major metropolitan areas of Alabama, micro-targeting 6,021 registered voters living in the "Coverage Gap," citizens who could gain health insurance if Medicaid were expanded. The campaign yielded negligible effects on voter turnout among subjects in the Coverage Gap, even though the interventions shifted voter knowledge, 'surfacing' the policy. In addition to the survey and field experiments, this research benefits from qualitative insights gathered in 22 semi-structured interviews conducted among poor Alabamians, many of whom were uninsured. From these interviews, it became clear that the political disengagement of the poor is deeply entrenched, prohibitive of policy-based mobilization. Disengagement is driven by a complex mix of barriers to registration and perceptions of political inefficacy based on interpretations of extant policy designs. These results have important implications for our understanding of the limitations of policy-based mobilization, suggesting that more attention must be paid to how current policies shape predispositions for mobilization.
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Kensicki, Linda Jean. "Media construction of an elitist environmental movement new frontiers for second level agenda setting and political activism /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034551.
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Cantón, Federico Alberto. "The Fourth Amendment and Cyberspace: Conflict or Cohesion?" PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/336.
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The purpose of the study was to determine how the Fourth Amendment is treated in the age of the internet. To determine the degree of the significance of this relationship a comparative approach is used. Court opinions from cases involving other technological innovations and the Fourth Amendment were examined and their reasoning was compared to that of cases involving the internet and the Fourth Amendment. The results indicated that contrary to some fears that the internet would require a different approach with respect to the law it actually did not present many novel barriers to its application. The principle conclusion was that the reasoning used in cases involving older technologies, namely the test outlined in Katz v. United States, was consistently applied even in the age of the internet.
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Freeland, Lisa New. "The medicalization of oral aesthetics: an application of structuration theory." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2722/.
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Medicalization has been discussed at length in the sociology of health and illness literature. Typically, dialogue has centered on the effects of medicalization and the process as a phenomenon in professional fields alone. This work is an attempt to study medicalization using a theoretical model, structuration, that allows for inclusion of the larger social system in understanding health system changes and to include consumers of health services in the process as active agents. The example of oral aesthetics provides an opportunity to identify the agents of change, the process of medicalization in the larger social context, and possible indicators of the phenomenon. An attempt to operationalize the complex concept of medicalization marks a move toward creating testable theoretical models for the variety of behaviors and conditions under study as medicalized. Using content analysis of professional dental journals and lay magazines and a review of system rules and resources, shifts in language use and the emergence of medical frameworks were documented to determine if a medicalization of oral aesthetics had occurred. Results show two distinct periods within the last century when oral aesthetics have been medicalized in the United States. Evidence of turn-taking behavior among the agents is noted as well as the relationship of technology and technological language to the process. A model for future testing is suggested that encompass the identified agents, the language and framework, and the elements of social context.
Books on the topic "Medical policy – Social aspects – United States"
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social and Statistical Sciences., ed. The social impact of AIDS in the United States. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1993.
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Green, Judith. Analysing health policy: Sociological approaches. London: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.
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The politics of health policy: The US reforms, 1980-1994. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994.
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The body politic: The battle over science in America. New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2011.
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1952-, Andrews Lori B., ed. Assessing genetic risks: Implications for health and social policy. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1994.
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1928-, Brickner Philip W., ed. Under the safety net: The health and social welfare of the homeless in the United States. New York: Norton, 1990.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space. Prenatal genetic testing technology: Science, policy, and ethics : hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, November 17, 2004. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.
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R, Colten Harvey, Altevogt Bruce M, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research, eds. Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 2006.
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Who shall live?: Health, economics, and social choice. London: World Scientific Publishing, 1998.
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Who shall live?: Health, economics, and social choice. Singapore: World Scientific, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Medical policy – Social aspects – United States"
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Parolin, Zachary, and Rosa Daiger von Gleichen. "Family Policy in the United States: State-Level Variation in Policy and Poverty Outcomes from 1980 to 2015." In The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy, 459–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2_18.
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AbstractThis chapter investigates the diversity and divergence of three sets of family policy indicators across the 50 United States: money, services, and time. Our findings show that the 50 United States vary considerably in their family policy packages. States have become more dissimilar over time with respect to social assistance transfers and statutory minimum wages, but have become more similar in their subsidization of low-pay employment. Moreover, states vary greatly in their levels of support for early childhood education and healthcare. State-level variation in out-of-pocket medical spending has more than doubled from 1980 to 2015, in large part due to some states deciding to expand Medicaid access from 2009 onward. Despite large diversity and some divergence in states’ family policy packages, post-tax/transfer poverty rates have remained relatively stable over time. This is partially due to an increase in federally funded transfer programs mitigating the social consequences of state-level diversity.
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Dayé, Christian, Armin Spök, Andrew C. Allan, Tomiko Yamaguchi, and Thorben Sprink. "Social Acceptability of Cisgenic Plants: Public Perception, Consumer Preferences, and Legal Regulation." In Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences, 43–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10721-4_3.
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AbstractPart of the rationale behind the introduction of the term cisgenesis was the expectation that due to the “more natural” character of the genetic modification, cisgenic plants would be socially more acceptable than transgenic ones. This chapter assesses whether this expectation was justified. It thereby addresses three arenas of social acceptability: public perception, consumer preferences, and legal regulation. Discussing and comparing recent studies from four geographical areas across the globe—Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia and New Zealand—the chapter shows that the expectation was justified, and that cisgenic plants are treated as being more acceptable than other forms of genetic modification. Yet, there are considerable differences across the three arenas of social acceptability. In Australia, Canada, and the United States of America, the legal regulation of cisgenic plants is less restrictive than in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand. Also, the public perceptions are rather diverse across these countries, as are the factors that are deemed most influential in informing public opinion and consumer decisions. While people in North America appear to be most interested in individual benefits of the products (improved quality, health aspects), Europeans are more likely to accept cisgenic plants and derived products if they have a proven environmental benefit. In New Zealand, in contrast, the potential impact of cisgenic plants on other, more or less related markets, like meat export and tourism, is heavily debated. We conclude with some remarks about a possible new arrangement between science and policy that may come about with a new, or homogenized, international regulatory regime.
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Baldwin, Peter. "Th e Rest of the Welfare State." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0007.
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If We Turn to Other forms of Social Policy, how does the United States care for its old, its poor, its unemployed, and its disabled? Here, most outcomes place the United States in the lower half of the spectrum, but within European norms and standards. The primary weakness of American social policy is its reluctance to deal resolutely with poverty. If we measure outcomes before redistribution, the United States starts with an economy that produces less poverty than most European nations. According to one calculation, only Finland and the Netherlands have lower “natural” poverty rates. But after taxes, social benefits, and other mechanisms of redistribution have worked their magic, the American poverty rate (as measured relatively, i.e., as a fraction of median income) is higher than anywhere in Western Europe. We will come back in more detail to the question of poverty and inequality. In what one might call the middle-class entitlement aspects of the welfare state, however, America is less of an anomaly. As is widely known, the American state is more modest in size and scope than its European peers. Yet as an employer of civil servants, it ranks in the middle of the European scale (figure 50). France and Finland employ proportionately more civil servants, but at least five other countries, including Germany, hire fewer. Correspondingly, the percentage of America’s GDP spent on government employee salaries is higher than in six of the nations we are examining. The size of the American state, as measured by government expenditure as a percentage of GDP, also fits into the European span. Ireland and Switzerland spend less (figure 51). For most social policies and benefits— which together make up what is usually called the welfare state—the picture is analogous: the United States ranks low, but within the bottom half of the European spectrum. All figures given here and elsewhere (unless otherwise indicated) are phrased in internationally comparable terms. Sometimes this means benefits rates are measured as a percentage of median income, allowing a sense of what proportion of a standard of living is maintained. Sometimes they are calculated in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms, which means that differences between the cost of living in poorer and richer nations have been factored in.
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Somanathan, T. V., and Gulzar Natarajan. "Addressing Execution Challenges—I." In State Capability in India, 311–48. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856616.003.0013.
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This chapter offers some suggestions on improving policy and program execution. It includes ideas to strengthen supervision by improving on traditional methods of monitoring, the application of electronic monitoring systems, and the use of delivery units, through greater delegation, social media, and consultants and advisors. It has a detailed examination of the challenges and distortions associated with e-governance and digital monitoring systems. The chapter draws attention to the importance of the qualitative aspect of accountability, and how greater delegation and discretion can enhance ownership among stakeholders. It also discusses the challenge of designing enforcement regimes that limit the likelihood of harassment and of corruption.
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Tomori, Cecilia. "Changing cultures of night-time breastfeeding and sleep in the US." In Social Experiences of Breastfeeding, 115–30. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338499.003.0009.
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This chapter looks at the cultural assumptions that childbearing requires specialised medical knowledge in the United States, where expectant parents usually receive advice on all aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, and infant care from multiple medical experts. This guidance divides the care of mothers and infants under the supervision of separate medical experts, and further fragments various aspects of infant care, including feeding and sleep. The chapter uses historical and ethnographic research to explore the origins of these assumptions and their consequences for American parents who embark on breastfeeding. It suggests that severing the links between these evolutionarily and physiologically connected domains has had a significant detrimental impact on night-time infant care. Parents have been left without adequate community cultural knowledge about the interaction of breastfeeding and sleep, and assume that these processes are separate. As a result, they are frequently surprised by infants' night-time behaviour and have difficulties navigating night-time breastfeeding and sleep. These challenges constitute an important element of an already formidable set of barriers to breastfeeding in the United States, where structural support is extremely limited and breastfeeding remains a controversial practice.
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Kusmaul, Nancy. "The Influence of Policy on End-of-Life and Palliative Care." In The Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work, edited by Terry Altilio, Shirley Otis-Green, and John G. Cagle, 867–76. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197537855.003.0096.
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End-of-life and palliative care in the United States is influenced by a web of policies that impact access to—and payment for—curative, life-extending, and comfort-based treatments. This chapter examines three specific sets of policies: Medicare Part A and its influence on access to curative, restorative, and hospice services; the Patient Self-Determination Act and its role, and related policies in healthcare decision-making; and state-specific policies that allow access to medical aid in dying for people who meet specific criteria. The chapter concludes with an overall view of the ways social workers and other healthcare workers can influence policy to eradicate barriers and enhance care along the continuum of illness and at end of life.
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Abdrabo, Amal Adel. "Third-Spaces and the Creation of Socio-Spatial Identity." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 144–72. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4948-3.ch008.
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This chapter provides a polite critique of the conventional ways of thinking about space and the intertwined dialectics of the socio-spatial narratives. Conventionally, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) main document on the Creative Cities Network (UCCN) emphasizes two crucial pillars of sustainable development and urban regeneration which are creativity and culture. The first term deals with creative cities and urban areas, while the second addresses culture as the human product that takes either a tangible or an intangible form. Regarding the meaning of activities in contemporary human society, one of the aims of this chapter is to decode the cultural activities in the city of Basel in Switzerland. In other words, this chapter is about exploring some aspects of the cultural life and creativity in the ancient city of Basel from a sociological perspective. Theoretically, Basel's culture of festivals and carnivals could be seen as the fundamental quality that brings the people of the city together. For instance, the cultural features of Basel Fasnacht, Morgenstreich, and Basel Herbstmesse reveal highly important aspects of the tangible and intangible dimensions of the culture of Basel as an ancient, medieval European city dating back to the 4th century AD. Methodologically, this chapter aims to represent and produce anthropological knowledge using visual media of research through the methodology of the “Actor-Network Theory”. This method of research comprises three main steps: 1) collecting visual ethnography, 2) designing the Actantial model based on Aristotle's semiotic square, 3) creating visual storyboarding to finalize the Actantiality map through analyzing power dynamics among the human narratives, the historical and cultural narratives, the spatial-environmental narratives, and the official narratives of the state. The main findings of this chapter may confirm or rebut the author's two hypotheses, stating “the city's identity is a mutual manifestation of human-spatial interaction,” and “not all creative cities have to be modern ones; some ancient cities are indeed creative cities based on their cultural, historical and social uniqueness.”
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Liwei, Zhang. "On the Question of Language Competition in the Republic of Tajikistan." In Modern Language Policy: Theory and Practice, 216–28. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0707-6-216-228.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of language policy and language competition in the Republic of Tajikistan in synchronic and diachronic aspects. The phenomena and factors influencing the modern language competition are analyzed. A comparative description of the activities performed by Russia, the United States and China to promote the Russian, English and Chinese languages in the Republic of Tajikistan is presented. An overview of the measures taken by the government of Tajikistan to accelerate the implementation of the “Law on Language: of October 21, 1997 is presented along with the characteristics of the language situation in Tajikistan. The problems of promoting the Chinese language in Tajikistan are identified and reasonable solutions are proposed to increase the competitiveness of the Chinese language. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the language situation in Tajikistan represents a complex social and communicative system, where a multicomponent model of language policy operates, combining a competing language policy with different varieties of the Tajik, Russian, English and Chinese languages.
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Ramon, Shulamit. "Social work approaches to mental health work: international trends." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1408–13. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0178.
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Mental health social work is a broad, rather than a rigorous, church. Since the 1980s social workers have gained in professional status by the introduction of the roles of the approved social worker (or licensed to carry out civil commitment in the American context), care co-ordinators, managers of managed care facilities, or psychotherapists. These gains have come at a price outlined in the text above. Often the cost of closer collaboration within the multi-disciplinary framework has led to the risk of giving up the attempt to hold on to, and further develop, an alternative and complimentary perspective from that of psychiatrists, nurses, or psychologists, as well as raising doubts as to the uniqueness of MHSW. The increased narrowness of the role is not simply the byproduct of the legal framework. It is also due to increased specialization within mental health on the one hand, and the effects of neo- liberal policies globally on public sector funding on the other hand. The move to privately contracted work, either in managed care or in psychotherapy so apparent in the United States, is yet another outcome of neo-liberal policies which fragments MHSW. As a trend we are likely to see growing beyond the United States, the increased concentration of mental health social workers within the private sector does not bode well for a profession whose value base focuses on the need to protect the more vulnerable and stigmatized populations, and to provide the dual perspectives of psychosocial input. Mainly due to governmental pressure related to fear of risk and its potential political fallout, the focus on working exclusively with people experiencing long-term severe mental illness has contributed to the increasing narrowness of the role of social workers in most First World countries. The paralleled withdrawal of social work involvement with people who have milder forms of mental distress within public sector and not-for-profit services, and its increased availability only to those who can afford it, is a reflection of this situation. The core qualities of belief, optimism, and caring of MHSWs identified in a cross-national research coupled with the ability of MHSW to innovate as highlighted in this chapter, illustrate the optimistic scenario for positive change within this branch of social work. However, unless theory building and research aspects are given the importance they deserve within MHSW globally, including an inevitable critical dimension of the existing system, mental health social work is likely to be no more than a reflection of the developments in other professions. This will not only mean curtailing its autonomous potential, but also the impoverishment of the multi-disciplinary framework as a whole of a crucial dimension necessary for its comprehensive work, as exemplified in some recent work on the social aspects of MHSW. In addition, mental health social work will have to develop a much stronger policy making function, if it is to provide a more responsive, effective, and comprehensive service to users, relatives, and the communities in which these people live.
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Yennurajalingam, Sriram. "Hospice Approach to Palliative Care." In Hospice and Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care Flashcards. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190633066.003.0017.
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For the provision of palliative care in the hospice setting in the United States, Medicare covers any care that is reasonable and necessary to manage palliative and hospice care at end of life. To be eligible for this Medicare hospice benefit, a beneficiary must be entitled to Medicare Part A and be certified by a physician to have a life expectancy of 6 months or less if the illness runs its expected course. Medicare covers medications, nursing care, and medical services including care by a physician, physical therapy, social work. This chapter briefly reviews the various aspects of the Medicare hospice benefit.
Conference papers on the topic "Medical policy – Social aspects – United States"
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Grigalashvili, Vephkhvia, and Khatuna Abiashvili. "CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE: POLICY, LAW AND ADMINISTRATION." In Proceedings of the XXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25042021/7522.
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The United States` Critical Infrastructure System (CIs) represents an umbrella concept grouping all those resources that are essential for national economic, financial, and social system. These critical infrastructures are vital and without them, or with any damages to them, would cripple the nation, states, and/or local communities and tribes. Based on a systematic review approach (methodology), this paper aims to review the United States’ Critical Infrastructure Protection System (USCIPS) at tree aspects. In section one, the policy pillars of USCIPS are outlined based on studding Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) and National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). Section two discusses the interdependent nature of the sixteen critical infrastructure sectors and identified the further designation of life-line sectors. Final sector introduces USCIPS stakeholders, collaboration and partnership across between the private sector and public sector stakeholders.
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Weinstein, Andrew, and Clayton Neighbors. "Marijuana Beliefs." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.10.
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Cannabis has routinely been identified as one of the most frequently used illicit substances among adolescents, young adults, and the general adult population in the United States by epidemiological studies. Recent policy changes in legal status have inspired calls for replication and further research on the biopsychosocial relationships between cannabis use and related outcomes. Theoretical psychological perspectives of behavior, such as outcome expectancies, social norms, and motivation, have found success in explaining aspects of why substance use occurs. Previous studies suggest that there are also underlying motivations, expectancies, and social norms for discontinuing use and maintaining abstinence-oriented behaviors. The present study sought to identify beliefs about cannabis as a substance in the process of constructing a measure of cannabis-related beliefs able to evaluate populations of cannabis users and non-users. We will examine two important types of validity for new measures in unique content areas; distinguishing them from existing measures, (i.e. construct validity) and evaluating the ability to predict meaningful scores on other measures (i.e. predictive validity). We will examine the relationships among cannabis-related beliefs in the context of social norms, expectancies, and motivation as well as the associations with indicators of psychosocial well-being and cannabis-related consequences. Thus, results will indicate if the proposed cannabis beliefs scale possesses validity as another approach to evaluating this area of substance-related perceptions among more general populations than substance users alone.
Reports on the topic "Medical policy – Social aspects – United States"
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.