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1
Averland, A. M., L. Öjesjö, and K. L. Soothill. "Psychiatric Court Referrals in Sweden." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 1 (January 1987): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700109.
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In an international comparison Sweden has a high proportion of pre-trial psychiatric evaluations. The purpose of the study was to look for the most likely reasons for such a referral in the Linköping region. The basic material came from court records and from medical and social reports. It was found that the courts' knowledge of previous psychiatric treatment was the most important reason (44 per cent), followed by nature of the offence (31 per cent), management problems (14 per cent) and awkward behaviour at the proceedings (12 per cent). The results support the view that forensic psychiatric evaluations may serve different social functions in different countries.
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HANSSON, SVEN OVE. "Medical Ethics and New Public Management in Sweden." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 3 (June 2, 2014): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000868.
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Abstract:In order to shorten queues to healthcare, the Swedish government has introduced a yearly “queue billion” that is paid out to the county councils in proportion to how successful they are in reducing queues. However, only the queues for first visits are covered. Evidence has accumulated that queues for return visits have become longer. This affects the chronically and severely ill. Swedish physicians, and the Swedish Medical Association, have strongly criticized the queue billion and have claimed that it conflicts with medical ethics. Instead they demand that their professional judgments on priority setting and medical urgency be respected. This discussion provides an interesting illustration of some of the limitations of new public management and also more generally of the complicated relationships between medical ethics and public policy.
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Calltorp, Johan. "Consensus Development Conferences in Sweden: Effects on Health Policy and Administration." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003287.
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AbstractSeven consensus development conferences have been held in Sweden since 1982. The conferences, sponsored by the Swedish Medical Research Council and Spri, typically examine social, organizational, and economic aspects of technology, and therefore, generate consensus statements of interest not only to physicians but also to politicians and health administrators.The study presented here examines the influence of the first five consensus development conferences on politicians and health administrators. Data was obtained via a mail questionnaire and personal interviews with leading individuals in these groups. More than half of the respondents indicated that they had found the statements from one or more conferences to be of practical value as a basis for discussing specific technologies with medical staffs. In some cases the statements directly influenced political decisions.
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Carlsson, Per, Egon Jonsson, Lars Werkö, and David Banta. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN SWEDEN." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 2 (April 2000): 560–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300101151.
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Sweden has a welfare system that is based on the fundamental principle that all citizens are entitled to good health and medical care, regardless of where they live or what their economic circumstances are. Health and medical care are considered to be public sector responsibilities. However, there is growing interest in establishing more private alternatives to public care. An important characteristic of the Swedish healthcare system is its decentralization, with a major role for county councils. County councils are now merging into larger administrative units (region). The whole Swedish system is in the process of reform, mainly because of perceptions that it was too rigid and had insufficient patient orientation. An important factor in the reforms is that power in the system will be even more decentralized and will have greater public input. This change is seen as calling for increased central follow-up and evaluation of matters such as social, ethical, and economic aspects. Although the state has decentralized control, it still attempts to control the general direction of the system through regulation, subsidy, recommendations, and guidelines. An important actor in the system is the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU). SBU began in 1987 with assessments of health technologies, but its success has recently led policy makers to extend its coverage to dental care. Health technology assessment is increasingly visible to policy makers, who find it useful in decision making.
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HANSSON, SVEN OVE. "Three Bioethical Debates in Sweden." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 17, no. 3 (May 21, 2008): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108080316.
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Three of the bioethical issues recently discussed in Sweden appear to be particularly interesting also to an international audience. A new law allowing restrictive use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (“savior siblings”) has been implemented, a new recommendation for the cessation of life-sustaining treatment has been issued, and the scope of individual responsibility for medical mistakes has been rather thoroughly discussed.
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APPEL, JACOB. "Sweden Asks: Should Convicted Murderers Practice Medicine?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 4 (August 18, 2010): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180110000514.
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Most reasonable people acknowledge that Karl Helge Hampus Hellekant has committed a grave moral offense: the 33-year-old Swede, also known as Karl Svensson, was convicted of killing trade unionist Björn Söderberg in 1999 at the behest of the Swedish neo-Nazi movement. What is not so clear is whether Hellekant, who is currently free on parole, should be permitted to become a physician. The former extremist was admitted to the medical school at Stockholm’s Karolinska Institute in 2007, but later expelled—following considerable public debate—after school officials discovered that he was temporarily unable to verify his academic records. Sweden’s most prestigious medical school, Uppsala, subsequently confirmed these records and matricatulated him in 2008.
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Goldberg, Ted. "A path forward for Swedish drug policy?" Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 38, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072520978352.
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Aims and premise: The primary aims of this article are to: describe some major aspects of the theoretical basis of the Swedish drug policy model, present alternative theoretical understandings which may pave the way for changes in drug policy, depict some problems with the Swedish model, introduce the primary principles for “the experimenting society”, and give concrete examples of when these have/have not been applied in Sweden. Some findings: Sweden’s predominantly biochemical approach should be replaced by a biopsychosocial model. The idea that all non-medical consumption of drugs is abuse is counterproductive. Differences between recreational and problematic consumers are discussed. The question of people’s motives for taking drugs has not been incorporated into Swedish drug policy. The stepping-stone hypothesis is examined. It was found that recreational and problematic consumption do not co-vary, indicating that these are two essentially different phenomena. Conclusion: After four decades with the current Swedish drug policy model we are further from our pronounced goal of striving towards becoming a drug-free society than when we started. Access to, and demand for, drugs has continually increased, and our drug policies have caused serious collateral damage. Consequently, there is good reason to re-think the course we have chosen. The Swedish version of the war on drugs has failed to achieve its goals and it is time to make peace. It is time to accept that we will never be drug-free and therefore must learn to live with narcotics. As nobody knows what is the best way to achieve this, we should approach the task with humility. We need to put prestige aside and become “the experimenting society”; that is, one that would vigorously try out possible solutions and make stringent, multidimensional evaluations of outcomes. When the evaluation of a reform shows it to have been ineffective or harmful, we should try other measures.
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Blomqvist, Jan. "What is the Worst Thing you could get Hooked on?: Popular Images of Addiction Problems in Contemporary Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 4 (August 2009): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250902600404.
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Aims To investigate potentially crucial aspects of Swedes' perceptions of nine different addictions. Data and Methods Population survey, sent out to 2,000 adult Swedes (18–74 years), focusing on the perceived severity of, responsibility for, options to recover from, and character of addiction to cigarettes, snuff, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, medical drugs, and gambling. Results There are large differences in the ways in which various addiction problems are perceived. Whereas tobacco use, and to some extent gambling, are seen as relatively harmless “habits”, not particularly easy to get hooked on but easy to quit, the use of drugs such as heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine is seen as a major societal problem, and users are seen both as “sinners” who need to mend their ways and as powerless “victims”. In between comes the use and misuse of alcohol, cannabis and medical drugs, about which perceptions are more divided. Conclusions Respondents tend to downplay the risks and dangers with addictive habits that are common and familiar in mainstream culture, and to dramatise the risks and dangers with such habits that are uncommon or “strange”. This may have unfortunate consequences for addicts' options to find a path out of their predicaments.
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Kjellström, Sofia, Gunilla Avby, Kristina Areskoug-Josefsson, Boel Andersson Gäre, and Monica Andersson Bäck. "Work motivation among healthcare professionals." Journal of Health Organization and Management 31, no. 4 (June 19, 2017): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-04-2017-0074.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore work motivation among professionals at well-functioning primary healthcare centers subject to a national healthcare reform which include financial incentives. Design/methodology/approach Five primary healthcare centers in Sweden were purposively selected for being well-operated and representing public/private and small/large units. In total, 43 interviews were completed with different medical professions and qualitative deductive content analysis was conducted. Findings Work motivation exists for professionals when their individual goals are aligned with the organizational goals and the design of the reform. The centers’ positive management was due to a unique combination of factors, such as clear direction of goals, a culture of non-hierarchical collaboration, and systematic quality improvement work. The financial incentives need to be translated in terms of quality patient care to provide clear direction for the professionals. Social processes where professionals work together as cohesive groups, and provided space for quality improvement work is pivotal in addressing how alignment is created. Practical implications Leaders need to consistently translate and integrate reforms with the professionals’ drives and values. This is done by encouraging participation through teamwork, time for structured reflection, and quality improvement work. Social implications The design of the reforms and leadership are essential preconditions for work motivation. Originality/value The study offers a more complete picture of how reforms are managed at primary healthcare centers, as different medical professionals are included. The value also consists of showing how a range of aspects combine for primary healthcare professionals to successfully manage external reforms.
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Edman, Johan. "What's in a Name?: Alcohol and Drug Treatment and the Politics of Confusion." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 4 (August 2009): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250902600402.
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Aims The aim of this article is to investigate the use of a rather vague medical conceptual framework within the compulsory treatment of alcohol and drug users in Sweden during the 20th century. The focus lies on exploring how a phenomenon came to be described as pathological, what the causes are for certain actions being suddenly interpreted in medical terms, and what consequences that might lead to. Design Supported by theoretical speculations on medicalization processes and conceptual history, two empirical cases (the compulsory care of alcohol abusers in the 1950s and the legislative process leading to psychiatric compulsory care of drug users in the late 1960s) are investigated. The first case draws mainly upon official reports and archive material from alcohol treatment institutions, whilst the second case is built from reading official reports and parliamentary material. The research task for the two empirical cases has not quite been the same: whereas the first case is illustrated by the discrepancies between the labelling of treatment activities and the treatment actually carried out, the second case rather draws upon the enlargement of the field of signification of the disease concept to cover most aspects of drug use. Results A medicalization process on different levels is traced both in the post-war compulsory treatment of alcohol abusers as well as the compulsory psychiatric care for drug abusers that was introduced from the late 1960s onwards. Conclusion The investigated cases show how the medicalization processes benefited from conceptual vagueness, leading to a widening of the conceptual dimensions of both the treatment and disease concepts. In this, the medicalization of alcohol abuse in the 1950s and drug abuse in the 1960s made way for a paternalistic justification of compulsory care measures that might otherwise have become politically troublesome.
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Holgersson, Annelie, Dzenan Sahovic, Britt-Inger Saveman, and Ulf Björnstig. "Factors influencing responders’ perceptions of preparedness for terrorism." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 520–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-12-2015-0280.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors influencing perceptions of preparedness in the response to terrorist attacks of operational personnel in Swedish emergency organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to operational personnel from the police, rescue and ambulance services in eight Swedish counties; 864 responses were received and analysed. Findings – Three aspects of the perception of preparedness for terrorist attacks among Swedish emergency responders were studied: willingness to respond; level of confidence with tasks; and estimated management capability. Factors which positively influenced these perceptions were male sex, training in first aid and dealing with mass casualty incidents, terrorism-related management training (MT), table-top simulations, participation in functional exercises, and access to personal protective equipment (PPE); work experience was inversely related. Occupation in police or rescue services was positively associated with willingness to respond whereas occupation within the emergency medical services was positively associated with estimated management capability. Practical implications – These findings show that terrorism-related MT and access to PPE increase the perceptions of preparedness for terrorism among the emergency services, aiding judgements about investments in preparedness by crisis management planners. Originality/value – Limited research in disaster management and hazard preparedness has been conducted in a European context, especially regarding terrorism. Little is known about aspects of preparedness for terrorism in Sweden, particularly from the perspective of the emergency responders.
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Juárez, Sol Pia, Helena Honkaniemi, Amy F. Heshmati, Enrico Debiasi, Andrea Dunlavy, Anders Hjern, Mikael Rostila, Eleonora Mussino, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, and Ann-Zofie Duvander. "Unintended health consequences of Swedish parental leave policy (ParLeHealth): protocol for a quasi-experimental study." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e049682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049682.
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IntroductionSweden has long been praised for a generous parental leave policy oriented towards facilitating a gender-equitable approach to work and parenting. Yet certain aspects of Swedish parental leave could also be responsible for the maintenance of (or even the increase in) health inequalities. Using a ‘Health in All Policies’ lens, this research project aims to assess the unintended health consequences of various components of Sweden’s parental leave policy, including eligibility for and uptake of earnings based benefits.Methods and analysisWe will use individual-level data from multiple Swedish registers. Sociodemographic information, including parental leave use, will be retrieved from the total population register, Longitudinal Integration Database for Health Insurance and Labour Market Studies and Social Insurance Agency registers. Health information for parents and children will be retrieved from the patient, prescribed drug, cause of death, medical birth and children’s health registers. We will evaluate parents’ mental, mothers’ reproductive and children’s general health outcomes in relation to several policy reforms aiming to protect parental leave benefits in short birth spacing (the speed premium) and to promote father’s uptake (the father’s quota) and sharing of parental leave days (the double days reform). We will also examine effects of increases in basic parental leave benefit levels. Using quasi-experimental designs, we will compare health outcomes across these reforms and eligibility thresholds with interrupted time series, difference-in-difference and regression discontinuity approaches to reduce the risk of health selection and assess causality in the link between parental leave use and health.Ethics and disseminationThis project has been granted all necessary ethical permissions from the Stockholm Regional Ethical Review Board (Dnr 2019-04913) for accessing and analysing deidentified data. The final outputs will primarily be disseminated as scientific articles published in open-access, high-impact peer-reviewed international journals, as well as press releases and policy briefs.
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Mudrolyubova, Nataliya, Liudmyla Golovko, Tetiana Shevchenko, Artur Zamryha, and Maksym Kutsevych. "Features of legal regulation of social protection in Sweden." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 74 (October 25, 2022): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.06.
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The purpose of the research was to determine Sweden’s positive experience in the field of social protection. To achieve this goal, general and special scientific research methods were used, in particular the system functional method, the method of hermeneutics, dialectical and statistical methods. The authors assume that the Scandinavian model of social protection (Sweden, Norway, Finland) differs from other European countries by a more developed social security system. In Scandinavian countries the state model of social protection prevails. The concept of “social protection” in these countries has been transformed into the concept of “social welfare”. This model includes a compulsory social policy, a state-regulated income level and the egalitarian and general nature of social benefits and assistance. It is concluded that the fundamental principle of the Swedish social model is its universality: it covers all segments of the population. For this reason, its study is particularly relevant. The article reveals the characteristics of social protection against unemployment in Sweden. Special attention is paid to the protection of children’s rights and aspects of family policy and gender equality.
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Rowe, Andrea May. "Gender and innovation policy in Canada and Sweden." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 10, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 344–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-04-2018-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative case study of national innovation system in Canada and Sweden from the perspective of gender equality. The case study focuses on public policy to illuminate the formal aspects of innovation systems as they are conceived by the state in relation to gender, diversity and social inclusion. Formal policy measures are contrasted with interview data to provide a holistic picture of innovation policy as it relates to gender equality in both countries. Design/methodology/approach This paper relies on data from 44 qualitative interviews with innovation leaders in the public sector, private sector and academia in Canada and Sweden, as well as a sample of innovation and gender experts at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in Paris, France, between 2012 and 2014. The theoretical framework draws on feminist institutionalism to explain the gendered interactions of institutions in innovation spaces. Findings This study finds that Sweden is a global policy leader in the development of gender-conscious innovation policy, while Canada has yet to consider a gender-conscious approach to innovation policy. Gender-conscious innovation policy norms have not traveled across the OECD because of administrative solos and political opportunity structures. Research/limitations implications Each of the people contacted to sit for an interview was chosen primarily on their professional title and their ability to speak from a place of knowledge about innovation in their country and or industry, and this creates a success bias within the study focusing on the knowledge of elites in the field. Practical implications This study explores how policy might be reimagined to support gender equality and diversity, thus changing the institutional landscape to support a wider range of innovations and distributing the benefits of innovation in a more equitable way. Social implications This paper challenges assumptions about the social and economic power dynamics reflected in current innovation systems in Canada and Sweden. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind in comparative public policy to explore differences in gender equality and innovation policy in Canada and Sweden. This research also contributes more widely to the existing body of gender, public policy and innovation literatures in Canada and Sweden, respectively.
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Gawell, Malin. "Social entrepreneurship and the negotiation of emerging social enterprise markets." International Journal of Public Sector Management 27, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-11-2012-0143.
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Purpose – Sweden, and many other countries, has, during the twentieth century, developed a rather large public sector providing social welfare services to citizens. Only to a small extent were private for- or nonprofit organizations providing these services. During the last decade we have seen a shift towards more services being provided by private for- and nonprofit actors. This shift means that roles are reconsidered, renegotiated and reconstructed. In this debate social entrepreneurship, social enterprises and innovation are emphasized. The aim of this paper is to problematize and analyze how social entrepreneurship and social enterprises relate to public sector management and governance. Design/methodology/approach – In the paper theories on (social) entrepreneurship and innovation is combined with theories focusing on welfare structures. Empirically, the analysis is based on the current policy development in Sweden and five social entrepreneurship initiatives. Findings – The analysis discloses the relationship between the public sector and social entrepreneurship as negotiation of emerging social enterprise markets in which aspects as the creation of value, dependencies and innovation are emphasized. Even if the study has a geographical focus both theoretical contributions and implications for policy and practice can be of use also in other contexts. Originality/value – Through combining social entrepreneurship with welfare services and public management this empirically based study contributes both to problematize and align the emerging field of social innovation.
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Bygren, Lars Olov. "Egalitarian Aspects of Medical and Social Services." Journal of Public Health Policy 22, no. 2 (2001): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3343458.
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Jönson, Håkan. "Social democratic aging in the People's Home of Sweden." Journal of Aging Studies 19, no. 3 (September 2005): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2004.07.005.
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Helgesson, Gert, Niklas Juth, Josephine Schneider, Michael Lövtrup, and Niels Lynøe. "Misuse of Coauthorship in Medical Theses in Sweden." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 13, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264618784206.
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The aim of this study was to explore experiences of authorship issues among persons who have recently received their doctoral degree in medicine in Sweden. A survey was mailed to all who received their PhD at a medical faculty at a Swedish university the first half of 2016. Questions concerned experiences of violations of the first three authorship criteria in the Vancouver rules and of misuse of authorship order in the articles of their thesis, and the respondents’ attitudes to these matters. The questionnaire was returned by 285 respondents (68%). According to the majority (53%), the Vancouver rules were not fully respected in the articles of their thesis. A vast majority (97%) found it important that authorship issues are handled correctly, but only 19% responded that their department has a clear and consistently applied policy. We conclude that authorship guidelines are frequently disrespected at medical faculties in Sweden. The universities seem to provide limited support on authorship issues.
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Van Aerschot, Paul. "Some Aspects of the Application of Legal Safeguards to Active Social Policy in Denmark, Finland and Sweden." European Journal of Social Security 5, no. 3 (September 2003): 230–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270300500304.
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Kilvington, Judith, Sophie Day, and Helen Ward. "Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change?" Feminist Review 67, no. 1 (March 2001): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01417780150514510.
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There has been considerable recent debate about prostitution in Europe that reflects concerns about health, employment and human rights. Legal changes are being introduced in many countries. We focus on two examples in order to discuss the likely implications. A new law in The Netherlands is normalizing aspects of the sex industry through decriminalizing both workers and businesses. In Sweden, on the other hand, prostitution is considered to be a social problem, and a new law criminalizes the purchasers of sexual services in an attempt to reduce demand. Both reforms appear to have had their desired effect at one level; in The Netherlands, health and safety regulations will be introduced as in any other job, and EU sex workers gain full social, legal and employment rights; in Sweden there was initially a tenfold decrease in the numbers of women working visibly on the streets, and some workers have left the industry. However, in both countries, the new legislation has also driven some sex work underground. Many sex workers are excluded by the Dutch system and move underground to become effectively invisible to the authorities. In Sweden sex workers and their clients also become less visible in order that the latter can avoid sanction. Social and economic changes, such as increased migration and the growing use of the Internet will also render the sex industry less visible both to state regulation and to health care workers. The major problems of prostitution for the workers remain exploitation, stigma, abuse and criminalization. These are not unique to the industry, and can only be tackled effectively by the self-organization of sex workers into unions and rights groups, along with full decriminalization. An alternative vision is promised through self-organization and anti-racist actions by sex workers in Germany; normalization and workers’ rights are tackled alongside training programmes for those seeking alternatives. Policy makers throughout Europe would do well to look at their experience and not simply at the clash of legal reforms.
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Raninen, Jonas, and Neda Agahi. "Trends in older people’s drinking habits, Sweden 2004–2017." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 37, no. 5 (September 17, 2020): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072520954336.
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Aims: To examine if and how the drinking habits of older people aged 60–79 years in Sweden have changed during 2004–2017, with a specific focus on age groups and gender. Data and measures: A Swedish, nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional telephone survey covering the years 2004–2017 ( n = 225,134) was used. Four aspects of alcohol consumption were investigated: proportion of alcohol consumers, frequency of drinking, amount per drinking occasion, and prevalence of heavy episodic drinking. Results: Three of the four measures investigated showed increases in alcohol consumption in the older age groups, particularly among women. Proportion of alcohol consumers, frequency of drinking and prevalence of heavy episodic drinking during the past month increased in most older age groups among both women and men, while the average amount per drinking occasion remained stable. Thus, total consumption in older age groups has increased over time, since the proportion of drinkers and the frequency of drinking has increased. Increases were particularly marked among women and in the age groups 70–74 and 75–79 years. In age groups below 60 years, these measures showed either declines or stability. Conclusions: There has been a steady increase in alcohol consumption across all the older age groups studied, which implies that the changing drinking habits are not isolated only to certain birth cohorts. Instead there seems to be a continuous shift in older people’s drinking habits which can be expected to continue. However, these increases are from very low levels, and older people’s drinking is still at modest levels. Public health implications must be studied further.
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Leskova, Irina V., Natalya V. Mazurina, Ekaterina A. Troshina, Dmitry N. Ermakov, Elena A. Didenko, and Lubov V. Adamskaya. "Social and medical aspects of elderly age: obesity and professional longevity." Obesity and metabolism 14, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet2017410-15.
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The article raises the problem of the population aging and the expected significant increase in the proportion of the elderly population in Russian in the next 1015 years. Population aging will cause the need to attract additional financial resources for pensions to 1214% of GDP, which is approximately 1.5 1.6 times more than is provided for by the program of the Government of Russia aimed at improving the pension System in the period until 2025. The existing pension system and social security system only partially takes into account the aging process. Mechanisms for adapting the elderly to work have not yet been created, a well-thought-out state policy in this area has yet to be developed. In addition, the aging of the population leads to an increase in the older age groups of the risks of diseases with severe and catastrophic consequences, to prevent and reduce which is the number one task before the social policy of the state for this population group. The costs of medical care and care help are exorbitant in scope for the vast majority of retirees, so the elderly remain virtually defenseless against the risks of old age. It is emphasized that before medicine the task is not simply to increase life expectancy, but to prolong the labor activity of a citizen. The article suggests measures to improve the policy of interaction between state institutions and civil society in overcoming the negative consequences of aging and social adaptation of older persons.
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Schönberg, Antti. "Tranquillizers and Hypnotics-Sedatives as a Social Problem in Finland and Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 14, no. 1_suppl (February 1997): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145861269701401s13.
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This paper documents debates over benzodiazepine-based tranquillizers and hypnotics-sedatives in Finland and Sweden during the period of 1981–1994. It looks at the emergence of benzodiazepine dependence as a social problem in medical journals, newspapers, magazines, and administrative documents. The paper analyses the role of the media, experts, authorities, the drug industry, and patient organizations in the claims-making process. It compares Finnish and Swedish cases and locates the position of patients as self-conscious actors in the debates. In Sweden there was genuine debate where physicians, medical authorities, and patient organizations took part. The public media had an important role in defining the status of the problem. The Finnish discussion was composed of single articles or debate articles, but did not form an interactive debate. Finnish authorities did not debate publicly with physicians or other actors. In the Swedish debate patients took part as self-conscious actors, while patients were missing from the Finnish debate. Finally, the author considers the change in actor relations in medicine, drug, and health politics, and concludes that it may be more and more difficult for the traditional actors to marginalize the patient.
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Lindahl, B. Ingemar B. "Sweden: Growing Interest in Ethics." Hastings Center Report 19, no. 4 (July 1989): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562321.
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Shewmon, D. Alan. "Anencephaly: Selected Medical Aspects." Hastings Center Report 18, no. 5 (October 1988): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562217.
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Anderberg, Mats, and Mikael Dahlberg. "Gender differences among adolescents with substance abuse problems at Maria clinics in Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072517751263.
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Aim: The article describes similarities and differences regarding various risk factors between girls and boys with substance abuse problems who begin outpatient treatment at the Maria clinics in Sweden. Potential hypotheses and some implications are also discussed. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on interview data from 2169 adolescents obtained over three years from outpatient clinics in 11 Swedish cities. Results: Girls appear to consistently have more difficult family and childhood environments than boys, and are more likely to have problems related to school, more serious substance abuse problems, and more severe mental health problems. Criminal activity is significantly higher among boys. Conclusions: The study shows that girls entering treatment generally have significantly more risk factors than boys and thus more extensive problems in several aspects of life, which in turn increases the risk of developing serious drug and alcohol problems in adulthood. The study supports the gender-paradoxical relationship in which a smaller proportion of girls than boys enter treatment for substance abuse, even though girls tend to have more problematic life situations.
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Leifman, Håkan. "A Comparative Analysis of Drinking Patterns in Six EU Countries in the Year 2000." Contemporary Drug Problems 29, no. 3 (September 2002): 501–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090202900303.
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This paper compares different aspects of drinking habits in six EU countries: France, Italy, Germany, the UK, Finland and Sweden. Frequency of drinking is highest in France and Italy, lowest in Finland and Sweden, and increases with age in France and Italy in particular, but also in Germany. The average consumed quantity per drinking occasion is highest in Finland, Sweden and the UK and lowest in France and Italy, and the youngest show the highest quantity per drinking occasion in most countries. Also intoxication-oriented drinking is most common in Finland, Sweden and the UK, and in all countries except Italy the youngest report the highest frequency of intoxication. The youngest show the highest mean alcohol consumption in Finland, Sweden and the UK, but the lowest in France, Italy and Germany. In all six countries, men consume at least twice as much alcohol as women.
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Nordmeyer, Kristjane, Trisha Teig, and Nicole Bedera. "“Gender Utopias?”: U.S. Student Reflections on Studying Abroad in Norway and Sweden." Teaching Sociology 45, no. 4 (September 2, 2016): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x16667537.
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This article describes a study abroad experience in Norway and Sweden that was designed to explore gender equality in two of the world’s most gender-progressive countries. Course readings explored the work of feminist sociologists and asked students to think critically about gender equality from a cross-cultural perspective. Students met with leaders in Norway and Sweden who are involved in creating gender-progressive policy and culture, including members of parliament, representatives in the film industry, and social policy experts. Student pre-trip and post-trip responses to writing prompts and trip reflection journals demonstrated the development of an intersectional approach to thinking about gender equality. While some aspects of gender equality were anticipated before the trip, other issues of equality only became evident through our discussion with gender leaders in Scandinavia. This article shares major themes from student reflections and discusses teaching ideas for future study abroad trips.
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Talalaeva, Ekaterina Yu, and Tatiana S. Pronina. "SWEDISH ISLAMISM AS A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ASPECT IN THE FORMATION OF AN ETHNO-CONFESSIONAL PARALLEL SOCIETY." Baltic Region 13, no. 4 (2021): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-7.
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An ethno-confessional parallel society, a new actor in the European geopolitical space, is transforming the social and political fabric of Sweden. An institutionalised Muslim parallel society is emerging in vulnerable areas, such as marginalised immigrant districts of Swedish cities, through the efforts of Islamist political, social, and economic structures adhering to the religious and political doctrine of the Muslim Brotherhood. Committed to maintaining the Muslim identity, these organisations seek gradual Islamisation of the Swedish population through ideological influence on immigrants with a Muslim background. These efforts thwart cultural assimilation attempts and hinder the implementation of Swedish integration policy. The lack of research into the peaceful Islamisation of Swedish society and the related problems of Islamophobia, anti-Muslim racism, and radicalisation of Muslim youth lends urgency to investigating the influence of Islamist organisations on the Swedish Muslim immigrant community. This study analyses the literature, sources, and statistics on the essential aspects of Swedish Islamisation to provide a holistic picture of the formation of an ethnic-confessional parallel society in Sweden. The findings help evaluate the effectiveness of the national policy on confronting parallel societies, as well as of measures to promote democratic values as the foundation of a united Swedish society.
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PAPADODIMA, STAVROULA A., CHARA A. SPILIOPOULOU, and EMMANOUIL I. SAKELLIADIS. "MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS IN GREECE." Bioethics 22, no. 7 (September 2008): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00654.x.
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Rimon-Zarfaty, Nitzan, Johanna Kostenzer, Lisa-Katharina Sismuth, and Antoinette de Bont. "Between “Medical” and “Social” Egg Freezing." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 18, no. 4 (November 16, 2021): 683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-021-10133-z.
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AbstractEgg freezing has led to heated debates in healthcare policy and bioethics. A crucial issue in this context concerns the distinction between “medical” and “social” egg freezing (MEF and SEF)—contrasting objections to bio-medicalization with claims for oversimplification. Yet such categorization remains a criterion for regulation. This paper aims to explore the “regulatory boundary-work” around the “medical”–”social” distinction in different egg freezing regulations. Based on systematic documents’ analysis we present a cross-national comparison of the way the “medical”–”social” differentiation finds expression in regulatory frameworks in Austria, Germany, Israel, and the Netherlands. Findings are organized along two emerging themes: (1) the definition of MEF and its distinctiveness—highlighting regulatory differences in the clarity of the definition and in the medical indications used for creating it (less clear in Austria and Germany, detailed in Israel and the Netherlands); and (2) hierarchy of medical over social motivations reflected in usage and funding regulations. Blurred demarcation lines between “medical” and “social” are further discussed as representing a paradoxical inclusion of SEF while offering new insights into the complexity and normativity of this distinction. Finally, we draw conclusions for policymaking and the bioethical debate, also concerning the related cryopolitical aspects.
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Erofeyev, Yu V., and O. V. Migunova. "Medical and social aspects of aged population mortality in the Omsk Region." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 10, no. 4 (August 28, 2011): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2011-4-171-173.
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Problems of aged population mortality lead to massive increase in total expenses on health service. Stability of mortality rate was primary cause of population type in Omsk Region was estimated as regressive. It was high level of demographic old age in the region, death rate at the age of 60—70 remain high. Record of tendencies of mortality is one of the most important tasks of social policy.
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Eimermann, Marco, Urban Lindgren, and Linda Lundmark. "Nuancing Holistic Simplicity in Sweden: A Statistical Exploration of Consumption, Age and Gender." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 8340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158340.
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Studies of sustainable ways of life have hitherto made limited use of register data since, e.g., voluntary simplicity is usually identified through characteristics that cannot be found in data registers. Despite this, claims about these trends have been made in many countries, at times generalising the phenomena both in academia and media, based on anecdotal examples. This article draws on a quantifiable definition of holistic simplicity that includes certain fully measurable aspects, such as living in more affluent suburbs, moving to less affluent places and a significant reduction in individual work income. Other aspects are partially observable in register data, such as housing and car consumption. The advantage of this study is that it combines relevant theories around voluntary simplicity with register data that capture important characteristics of the entire national population (in this case, in Sweden) and thus, to some extent, also captures the magnitude of the phenomena. The article aims to statistically explore different demographic groups’ probability of becoming holistic simplifiers in Sweden, regarding their consumption, gender and age. It discusses opportunities and limitations for advancing our knowledge on voluntary simplicity in Sweden, with current findings suggesting more of the same consumption patterns and only initial paths to degrowth. This is discussed in the context of individuals’ agency in a state such as Sweden, which is changing from collectivist social democratic values to more neo-liberal conditions.
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Hermerén, Göran, and Goran Hermeren. "In Sweden, Questioning the Model of Compromise." Hastings Center Report 18, no. 4 (August 1988): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3563250.
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Rizzi, Ester, and Alice Rees. "Belgian family policy from a comparative perspective: does it support fertility and gender equity?" Quetelet Journal 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 65–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/rqj2021.09.01.04.
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The aim of this article is to compare the Belgian family policy to policies in other countries within the so-called conservative welfare state regime group, namely, France, Germany and the Netherlands, and to the policy applied in one country that has adopted a social-democratic model, i.e., Sweden. Based on previous studies, we aim to identify strengths and weaknesses according to two criteria: efficacy in promoting fertility and promoting gender equity, the latter being understood as mothers’ involvement in the labour market and fathers’ involvement in care. We maintain that the Belgian family policy presents several features that have the potential to positively affect fertility. Such positive features mainly pertain to family allowances and birth premiums, together with enrolment rates for children under three years of age (albeit with worrisome, low public spending on childcare). However, other aspects of the Belgian policy are more critical for gender equity. Such aspects include the remuneration of parental leave and time credit, a lack of radical reforms to support fathers’ involvement, and regional disparities in several family policy measures. Counterintuitively, short durations for maternity leave and parental leave might also negatively affect gender equity.
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Söderlundh, Hedda. "Internationalization in the Higher Education Classroom: Local Policy Goals Put Into Practice." Journal of Studies in International Education 22, no. 4 (May 17, 2018): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315318773635.
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Nowadays, most universities have policies for internationalization, and in such policies, attention is increasingly given to internationalization as an aspect of students’ learning. However, there have so far been limited efforts to study how such student-centered internationalization can be carried out in practice. This article explores linkages between policy and practice, and it reports on a case study of how local policy goals of internationalization are carried out at the classroom level in a university in Sweden. Through fine-grained analyses of classroom interactions, it is demonstrated how a teacher and his students put policy goals into practice and what aspects stimulate them to do so. More generally, the results contribute to knowledge of how internationalization of higher education can be encouraged and practiced in local learning settings in the form of social actions and how it is carried out in a certain context at a certain time.
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Lundberg, Anna. "Paying the Price of Citizenship." Social Science History 32, no. 2 (2008): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010750.
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This article studies how policy on venereal disease participated in the construction of twentieth-century Swedish citizenship. Contact tracing and mandatory medical treatment, the two cornerstones of the Swedish attempt to eradicate venereal disease, became part of the contemporary citizenship discourse. Policy on venereal disease in Sweden was administered by infectious disease officers in every county and provincial physicians in every district. These civil servants were helped by the local police, who searched for recalcitrant patients. To be fully entitled to the rights of free medical care required extensive cooperation from the ill, some of whom found it impossible to comply. In Stockholm women were more frequently targeted by this legislation and were often treated more severely.
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Juravleva, I. V. "THE ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL POLICY IN HEALTH SPHERE." Sociology of Medicine 16, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2810-2017-16-1-4-9.
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The article considers possible alterations in social policy supporting amelioration of population health. First of all, it is an alteration of orientation of the health care Strategy from pro-medical to another one targeting health of healthy people. This process requires development of unified working coordinating organ. These measures will provide an opportunity to validly impact various aspects developing inequities in health sphere. The efficiency of social policy is impossible without adequate perception of its activities by population. The introduction of system of education of health caring is a basis of such a perception increasing general culture of population health.
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Nicod, Elena, and Panos Kanavos. "SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL VALUE JUDGMENTS FOR ORPHAN DRUGS IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 32, no. 4 (2016): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462316000416.
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Objectives: We explore how broader aspects of a treatment's value and the impact of the condition on patients not captured by routine health technology assessment (HTA) methods using clinical and economic evidence, defined as “other considerations,” may influence HTA processes in different settings.Methods: Countries included were England, Scotland, Sweden, and France. Data sources were the publicly available reports on HTA recommendations. Ten drugs with European Medicines Agency orphan designation and appraised in England were selected. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to systematically identify and code all “other considerations” based on a previously developed methodological framework, which also coded whether it was provided by stakeholders, and how it influenced the decision.Results: A classification framework of scientific and social value judgments was developed and used throughout the study. A total of 125 “other considerations” were identified and grouped into ten subcategories based on the information provided. Eighteen to 100 percent of these, depending on the agency, were put forward as one of the main reasons for the final decision potentially contributing to accepting a higher incremental cost-effectiveness ratio or uncertain evidence. Some of these were nonquantified or nonelicited and pertained to the assessor's judgment. A taxonomy of these value judgments was created to be used in future cases. Results also contributed to better defining the determinants of social value and improving accountability for reasonableness.Conclusions: The systematic identification of the scientific and social value judgments enables to better understanding the dimensions of value, which can be used to improve their transparency and consistent use across decisions and settings.
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Craig, D. G. "Legal Aspects of Medical Practice." Journal of Medical Ethics 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.14.4.214-b.
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Löwy, Ilana. "Tissue Groups and Cadaver Kidney Sharing: Socio-Cultural Aspects of a Medical Controversy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 2 (February 1986): 195–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300002026.
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The treatment of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is one of the most widely debated topics in contemporary medicine. The high cost of the most usual treatment, hemodialysis, has been and still is the topic for numerous discussions concerning priorities in health care on the one hand, and various medical, psychological, and ethical problems of life “on the machine” on the other hand. The other treatment of ESRD, kidney transplantation, raises other, no less complicated questions such as the limits of medical experimentation, ownership of one's body, the donation of organs, organ procurement and allocation, and the definition of life and death. As Fox and Swazey put it “The importance of hemodialysis and human organ transplantation lies as much in their social and cultural significance as in their medical and surgical value” (27,376).
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Ugland, Trygve. "Europeanisation of the Nordic Alcohol Monopoly Systems Collisions between Ideologies and Political Cultures1." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 14, no. 1_suppl (February 1997): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145861269701401s07.
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The decisions of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in 1993 to participate in the EEA, implied that the EU had become a more significant political community for policies and institutions in the Nordic nation-states. By reference to the obligations of the EEA Treaty and the EC Treaty respectively, the established alcohol monopoly systems in these countries were challenged by the EU and subsequently transformed. This transformation represents a break with the identity, traditions and dynamics of the Nordic alcohol monopolies. An examination of two collisions between ideologies and political cultures associated with the Nordic countries on the one hand, and the EU on the other, increase the understanding of why and how this transformation occurred. This process illustrates how market considerations have gained ground over health aspects, and how policy-making to an increasing extent is characterised by less national and democratic control.
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Quaye, Randolph K. "Assessing the role of GPs in Nordic health care systems." Leadership in Health Services 29, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhs-11-2015-0036.
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Purpose This paper examines the changing role of general practitioners (GPs) in Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. It aims to explore the “gate keeping” role of GPs in the face of current changes in the health care delivery systems in these countries. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from existing literature, interviews with GPs, hospital specialists and representatives of Danish regions and Norwegian Medical Association. Findings The paper contends that in all these changes, the position of the GPs in the medical division of labor has been strengthened, and patients now have increased and broadened access to choice. Research limitations/implications Health care cost and high cancer mortality rates have forced Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark to rethink their health care systems. Several attempts have been made to reduce health care cost through market reform and by strenghtening the position of GPs. The evidence suggests that in Norway and Denmark, right incentives are in place to achieve this goal. Sweden is not far behind. The paper has limitations of a small sample size and an exclusive focus on GPs. Practical implications Anecdotal evidence suggests that physicians are becoming extremely unhappy. Understanding the changing status of primary care physicians will yield valuable information for assessing the effectiveness of Nordic health care delivery systems. Social implications This study has wider implications of how GPs see their role as potential gatekeepers in the Nordic health care systems. The role of GPs is changing as a result of recent health care reforms. Originality/value This paper contends that in Norway and Denmark, right incentives are in place to strengthen the position of GPs.
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Agarkov, Nikolay M., Tatyana S. Gurko, and Inna V. Lev. "Medical and social aspects of falls in older age groups with visual impairment." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 66, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2022-66-4-308-312.
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Introduction. The aging of the population is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the frequency of age-associated ophthalmic diseases leading to decreased vision; visual impairment in old and old age is rarely considered in the epidemiology of falls in these groups. The purpose of the research is to study the medical and social aspects of falls in older age groups with visual impairment. Materials and methods. Falls in four thousand eight hundred and thirty two elderly and senile patients with visual impairment due to cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration were studied retrospectively and during the current observation. Research results. A high incidence was found in men and women aged 80 years due toand over, amounting to 82.6 and 125.7 cases per 1,000 of the population of the corresponding age, respectively. Falls in elderly patients with low vision diabetic retinopathy are recorded more often than in cases with glaucoma, cataract and age-related macular degeneration without significant differences at the age of 50-59 and 60-69 years. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of hospitalized falls in all age groups. Limitations of the study. The study was carried out in one territory, which makes it difficult to extrapolate data to other regions. Conclusion. To reduce the prevalence of falls and hospitalization as a result of them, to optimize care for trauma in patients of older age groups, the priority is the early identification and treatment of people with diabetic retinopathy.
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Picard, Avi. "Immigration, health and social control: Medical aspects of the policy governingAliyahfrom Morocco and Tunisia, 1951–54." Journal of Israeli History 22, no. 2 (October 2003): 32–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531040312331287634.
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Drake, Miles E. "Medical and neuropsychiatric aspects of lycanthropy." Journal of Medical Humanities 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01146453.
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Diderichsen, Finn, and Gudrun Lindberg. "Better Health—But Not for All: The Swedish Public Health Report, 1987." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 2 (April 1989): 221–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n1nj-lw6j-urla-d1el.
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This article is a summary of the Public Health Report submitted to the Swedish Parliament in 1987. Health development, especially that of underprivileged groups, is regarded as an indicator of the quality of social and economic development of the country. Sweden is a very egalitarian country, but in spite of decreasing inequalities in living standards, the Report shows increasing inequalities in health. At the same time, the state has put restraints on health care spending, and the shift in the health care budget toward more primary care has stopped. This development seriously impairs the ability of the health and medical services to cope with inequities described in this Report.
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Lucassen, Leo. "A Brave New World: The Left, Social Engineering, and Eugenics in Twentieth-Century Europe." International Review of Social History 55, no. 2 (August 2010): 265–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000209.
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SummaryThis article compares theories and social policies of social democrats and other representatives of the left-wing political spectrum in six European countries to explain why, in certain countries such as Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland, weak social groups became the target of illiberal and negative eugenic policy, especially isolation and sterilization, while elsewhere left-wing politicians and theorists were far less radical. One striking feature that emerges is the difference between acommunitarian-organicand aclass-boundform of socialism. Following Zygmunt Bauman, Michel Foucault, and James C. Scott, the article discerns a first variant of citizenship that is conditional and intended only for those with the right social attitude. Eugenics was perfectly consistent with such a view, since it offered a diagnosis and at the same time a cure. Prominent representatives of this approach were the Webbs in Britain and the Myrdals in Sweden. Such an organic-medical approach was less likely, however, in a more class-dependent variant of socialism embedded in a strong civil society. As long as social democrats and other leftist politicians believed social problems such as inequality and poverty were caused primarily by an unjust capitalist system, there was little cause for a eugenicist solution.
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Bruzelius, Cecilia. "Freedom of movement, social rights and residence-based conditionality in the European Union." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718756262.
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This article stresses the need to study how European Union (EU) member states define and implement the concept of habitual residence to assess boundaries of welfare in the EU. It focuses specifically on EU migrant citizens’ social rights and draws on comparative qualitative research on two EU member states – Germany and Sweden. The article first clarifies the differences between legal and habitual residence, and distinguishes between legal definitions of habitual residence and administrative formalities tied to such definitions. After examining legal definitions at the EU level, it goes on to consider additional definitions found in each member state case and administrative formalities attached to these definitions. Following this, implications for EU migrant citizens’ social rights in each country are assessed. The analysis reveals how administrative processes of residence registration shape conditionality. In this way, administrative aspects of habitual residence can have far-reaching exclusive effects on EU migrant citizens’ access to social benefits and services in the destination member state, as well as inhibit their ability to enjoy their right to freedom of movement. The article thus illustrates the inherent tension between free movement and residence-based social rights in a Union with devolved social provision.
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HÄYRY, MATTI. "The COVID-19 Pandemic: Healthcare Crisis Leadership as Ethics Communication." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000444.
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AbstractGovernmental reactions to crises like the COVID-19 pandemic can be seen as ethics communication. Governments can contain the disease and thereby mitigate the detrimental public health impact; allow the virus to spread to reach herd immunity; test, track, isolate, and treat; and suppress the disease regionally. An observation of Sweden and Finland showed a difference in feasible ways to communicate the chosen policy to the citizenry. Sweden assumed the herd immunity strategy and backed it up with health utilitarian arguments. This was easy to communicate to the Swedish people, who appreciated the voluntary restrictions approach and trusted their decision makers. Finland chose the contain and mitigate strategy and was towards the end of the observation period apparently hesitating between suppression and the test, track, isolate, and treat approach. Both are difficult to communicate to the general public accurately, truthfully, and acceptably. Apart from health utilitarian argumentation, something like the republican political philosophy or selective truth telling are needed. The application of republicanism to the issue, however, is problematic, and hiding the truth seems to go against the basic tenets of liberal democracy.