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Rimon-Zarfaty, Nitzan, Johanna Kostenzer, Lisa-Katharina Sismuth, and Antoinette de Bont. "Between “Medical” and “Social” Egg Freezing." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 18, no. 4 (November 16, 2021): 683–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-021-10133-z.
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AbstractEgg freezing has led to heated debates in healthcare policy and bioethics. A crucial issue in this context concerns the distinction between “medical” and “social” egg freezing (MEF and SEF)—contrasting objections to bio-medicalization with claims for oversimplification. Yet such categorization remains a criterion for regulation. This paper aims to explore the “regulatory boundary-work” around the “medical”–”social” distinction in different egg freezing regulations. Based on systematic documents’ analysis we present a cross-national comparison of the way the “medical”–”social” differentiation finds expression in regulatory frameworks in Austria, Germany, Israel, and the Netherlands. Findings are organized along two emerging themes: (1) the definition of MEF and its distinctiveness—highlighting regulatory differences in the clarity of the definition and in the medical indications used for creating it (less clear in Austria and Germany, detailed in Israel and the Netherlands); and (2) hierarchy of medical over social motivations reflected in usage and funding regulations. Blurred demarcation lines between “medical” and “social” are further discussed as representing a paradoxical inclusion of SEF while offering new insights into the complexity and normativity of this distinction. Finally, we draw conclusions for policymaking and the bioethical debate, also concerning the related cryopolitical aspects.
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KOVAL, Svitlana. "SYSTEM OF STATE SOCIAL INSURANCE: EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND GERMANY." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 2(55) (2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.02.067.
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Introduction. Social protection of the population is one of the state functions The implementation of a socially oriented state policy involves solving the problems of social protection and is aimed at creating the proper conditions for a decent standard of living and free development of the individual. The emergence and functioning of social insurance is conditioned by the presence of various social risks and the need to retain citizens who can not take an active part in the process of social production. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the practical principles of the functioning of the system of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany and to develop, on this basis, practical recommendations aimed at improving the social insurance of Ukraine in the context of the borrowing of progressive experience in Germany. Results. Approaches to the treatment of social insurance are considered: as a system of economic relations, as an element of the social policy of the state, as a component of social protection of the population. A comparative analysis of forms of social insurance and sources of financing payments in Ukraine and Germany has been carried out. The practical aspects of functioning of compulsory medical insurance in Germany are investigated, its positive features are revealed. Conclusion. It is revealed that the forms and sources of state social insurance of Ukraine and Germany are similar. The exception is the state health insurance, which in Ukraine is in the stage of implementation. The necessity to restore the payment of a single social contribution by hired workers in the conditions of a shortage of financial resources in the sphere of social insurance of Ukraine is substantiated. It is proposed to apply in the domestic practice the mechanism of functioning of the state medical insurance of Germany, which excludes the possibility of abuses by medical workers in the context of the appointment of unnecessary medical examinations and procedures.
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REITZ, DANIELA, and GERD RICHTER. "Current Changes in German Abortion Law." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 3 (May 28, 2010): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180110000113.
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The current practice of late termination of pregnancy in Germany has been criticized by the German Medical Association as well as several sociopolitical groups. The controversy has especially concerned the time limit for the termination of pregnancies and the counseling process prior to that intervention. The criticism, in part, originates from the reform of the German Abortion Law in 1995, and demands for change led to legislative initiatives in 2008.
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Duffourc, Mindy Nunez. "Filling Voice Promotion Gaps in Healthcare through a Comparative Analysis of Error Reporting and Learning Systems and Open Communication and Disclosure Policies in the United States and Germany." American Journal of Law & Medicine 44, no. 4 (November 2018): 579–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858818821137.
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Voice in healthcare is crucial because of its ability to improve organizational performance and prevent medical errors. This paper contends that a comparative analysis of voice promotion in the American and German healthcare industries can strengthen a culture of safety in both countries. It provides a brief introduction to the concept of voice in healthcare, including its impact on safety culture, barriers to voice, and the dual influences of confidentiality and transparency on voice promotion policies. It then examines the theoretical basis, practical workings, and legal aspects of voluntary error reporting and error disclosure as avenues for exercising voice in the U.S. and Germany. Finally, it identifies transferable practices that can remedy shortcomings in each country's voice promotion policy.
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Illhardt, Franz J., Eduard Seidler, and Peter J. Tosic. "The Federal Republic of Germany: A New Forum for Medical Ethics." Hastings Center Report 19, no. 4 (July 1989): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562318.
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RICHTER, GERD. "Clinical Ethics as Liaison Service: Concepts and Experiences in Collaboration with Operative Medicine." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 18, no. 4 (October 2009): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090562.
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Over the past decade, clinical ethics has received growing attention in Germany as in most European countries. In the mid-1990s, most European countries made efforts to establish healthcare ethics committees (HEC) and clinical ethics consultation (CEC) services. The development of clinical ethics discourse and activities in Germany, however, was delayed and, consequently, is still in its natal phase. Until the end of the 1990s, the only institutionalized bodies of ethical reflection were the research ethics committees at university medical centers and at the State Physician Chambers. In March 1997, the Catholic and Protestant hospital association in Germany recommended the implementation of HECs, modeled after the American HECs. Consequently, the establishment of clinical ethics consultation in the form of HECs started in Germany in denominational hospitals, followed by a small but increasing number of community hospitals.
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GANDJOUR, AFSCHIN. "Autonomy, Coercion, and Public Healthcare Guarantees: The Uptake of Sofosbuvir in Germany." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000596.
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AbstractHealth insurance coverage for incarcerated citizens is generally acceptable by Western standards. However, it creates internal tensions with the prevailing justifications for public healthcare. In particular, a conceptualization of medical care as a source of autonomy enhancement does not align with the decreased autonomy of incarceration and the needs-based conceptualization of medical care in cases of imprisonment; and rejecting responsibility as a criterion for assigning medical care conflicts with the use of responsibility as a criterion for assigning punishment. The recent introduction of sofosbuvir in Germany provides a particularly instructive illustration of such tensions. It requires searching for a refined reflective equilibrium regarding the scope, limits, and justifications of publicly guaranteed care.
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REHBOCK, THEDA. "Limits of Autonomy in Biomedical Ethics? Conceptual Clarifications." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20, no. 4 (August 16, 2011): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180111000260.
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In biomedical ethics the principle of autonomy is closely connected with the moral and legal claim to informed consent. After World War II and the dramatic misuse of medicine in Nazi Germany, informed consent regulations were expected to help avoid similar misuse in the future, to help overcome the traditional medical paternalism, and to advance the liberty rights of patients and human subjects of research. With the rise of the new field of bioethics in the 1970s, the traditional beneficence-based model of medical ethics shifted in the direction of an individual autonomy model.
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SCHICKTANZ, SILKE, AVIAD RAZ, and CARMEL SHALEV. "The Cultural Context of End-of-Life Ethics: A Comparison of Germany and Israel." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 19, no. 3 (May 28, 2010): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180110000162.
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End-of-life (EoL) decisions concerning euthanasia, stopping life-support machines, or handling advance directives are very complex and highly disputed in industrialized, democratic countries. A main controversy is how to balance the patient’s autonomy and right to self-determination with the doctor’s duty to save life and the value of life as such. These EoL dilemmas are closely linked to legal, medical, religious, and bioethical discourses. In this paper, we examine and deconstruct these linkages in Germany and Israel, moving beyond one-dimensional constructions of ethical statements as “social facts” to their conflicting and multifaceted embedding within professional, religious, and cultural perspectives.
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Fuerholzer, Katharina, Maximilian Schochow, and Florian Steger. "Good Scientific Practice: Developing a Curriculum for Medical Students in Germany." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0076-7.
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Müller, Elvira, Kurt Neeser, and Ilse-Barbara Oelze. "PP61 Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Germany: Drugs Or Methods Review?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319002125.
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IntroductionAdvanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) comprise medicines for human use based on gene therapy, somatic cell therapy or bioprocessed tissue products. ATMPs are pharmaceutically manufactured drugs and mostly subject to central authorization requirements. In terms of social law, it is an ambiguous situation and more heterogeneously dealt with. ATMPs are assigned to method evaluation as well as to the Arzneimittelmarkt-Neuordnungsgesetz (AMNOG) procedure designated for drugs.MethodsGuidelines from Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss (G-BA), Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) and respective legislation, consultation results and methods/medical devices (MDs) evaluations according to §137h and for drugs according to AMNOG were reviewed and analyzed. Decision criteria and reasoning, assessment outcomes and potential impact on price negotiations were the main aspects for comparison.ResultsATMPs are subject to benefit assessment, with a decision at first on whether to be evaluated as a drug (e.g., Alofisel) or a method/device (e.g., Holoclar). By definition, an ATMP is classified as a treatment method, if the correct administration has at least the same significance for a successful therapy outcome as its mode of action. Depending on the respective decision, an evaluation as method follows or it must undergo the AMNOG process. According to G-BA's and IQWiG's point of view, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the “gold standard” for a benefit assessment of new therapies, including ATMPs. However, conduction of RCTs is not always possible for ATMPs which creates a disadvantage in the assessment right from the beginning. Otherwise no distinction is made between drugs and ATMPs in terms of reimbursement modalities. Outcomes based agreements could help overcoming inequalities and lead to quality-oriented reimbursement.ConclusionsATMPs represent a grey zone causing difficulties in classifying them either as method or drug. For individualized therapies evidence beyond RCTs and new reimbursement possibilities should be considered. Until new regulations are in place it is advisable to enter early into respective discussions with authorities.
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Marchukov, Andrey V. ""Life under the german": sexual violence in the occupied regions of the Ukrainian SSR (1941-1943)." Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P. G. Demidova. Seriya gumanitarnye nauki 16, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1996-5648-2022-4-574-583.
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The article deals with sexual violence and the policy of German and Romanian aggressors against Soviet women in 1941-1943 (on the example of the southern and eastern regions of the Ukrainian SSR). On the basis of archival eyewitness testimonies, the moral, medical and social aspects of sexual violence and other forms of sexual relations and their perception in society are considered.
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Koch, Roland, Hannah Fuhr, Lilian Koifman, Heidrun Sturm, Cláudia March, Luiz Vianna Sobrinho, Stefanie Joos, and Fabiano Tonaco Borges. "A post-Flexner comparative case study of medical training responses to health system needs in Brazil and Germany." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 3 (March 2022): e008369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008369.
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Health systems need medical professionals who can and will work in outpatient settings, such as general practitioner practices or health centres. However, medical students complete only a small portion of their medical training there. Furthermore, this type of training is sometimes seen as inferior to training in academic medical centres and university hospitals. Hence, the healthcare system’s demand and the execution of medical curricula do not match. Robust concepts for better alignment of both these parts are lacking. This study aims to (1) describe decentral learning environments in the context of traditional medical curricula and (2) derive ideas for implementing such scenarios further in existing curricula in response to particular medicosocietal needs.This study is designed as qualitative cross-national comparative education research. It comprises three steps: first, two author teams consisting of course managers from Brazil and Germany write a report on change management efforts in their respective faculty. Both teams then compare and comment on the other’s report. Emerging similarities and discrepancies are categorised. Third, a cross-national analysis is conducted on the category system.Stakeholders of medical education (medical students, teaching faculty, teachers in decentral learning environments) have differing standards, ideals and goals that are influenced by their own socialisation—prominently, Flexner’s view of university hospital training as optimal training. We reiterate that both central and decentral learning environments provide meaningful complementary learning opportunities. Medical students must be prepared to navigate social aspects of learning and accept responsibility for communities. They are uniquely positioned to serve as visionaries and university ambassadors to communities. As such, they can bridge the gap between university hospitals and decentral learning environments.
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Pfeifer, Ulrich, and Ruth Horn. "Can there be wrongful life at the end of life? German courts revisit an old problem in a new context." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 5 (February 14, 2020): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105883.
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This article discusses a recent ruling by the German Federal Court concerning medical professional liability due to potentially unlawful clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH) at the end of life. This case raises important ethical and legal questions regarding a third person’s right to judge the value of another person’s life and the concept of ‘wrongful life’. In our brief report, we discuss the concepts of the ‘value of life’ and wrongful life, which were evoked by the court, and how these concepts apply to the present case. We examine whether and to what extent value-of-life judgements can be avoided in medical decision-making. The wrongful-life concept is crucial to the understanding of this case. It deals with the question whether life, even when suffering is involved, could ever be worse than death. The effects of this ruling on medical and legal practice in Germany are to be seen. It seems likely that it will discourage claims for compensation following life-sustaining treatment (LST). However, it is unclear to what extent physicians’ decisions will be affected, especially those concerning withdrawal of CANH. We conclude that there is a risk that LST may come to be seen as the ‘safe’ option for the physician, and hence, as always appropriate.
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Mui, Paulius, Martha M. Gonzalez, and Rebecca Etz. "What Is the Impact on Rural Area Residents When the Local Physician Leaves?" Family Medicine 52, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2020.337280.
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Background and Objectives: Scarce evidence exists in the medical literature describing the attitudes of rural community residents about the impact of losing their local physician. This pilot study explores aspects of access to care, both within and outside of primary care settings, that result from loss of a rural family physician. Methods: We selected study participants through convenience and snowball sampling, and we conducted in-person interviews of up to 60 minutes. We audio recorded and transcribed the interviews (May to August, 2018), then analyzed transcripts using immersion crystallization and managed within Atlas.ti 7.0 software (Berlin, Germany). Results: We interviewed 18 participants, some of whom interviewed as pairs. Our analysis revealed three significant themes: rurally-specific access to care concerns, relationships valued for being both community and care based, and loss felt specific to the integrated community leadership roles occupied by family physicians. In addition, participants identified social challenges they associated with losing their “country doctor,” such as withering community cohesion. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that rural physicians offer tremendous value to their communities, both inside and beyond their clinic walls. Issues of social cohesion and local health leadership affected by physician loss should be addressed by policy makers and educators charged with designing patient-centered solutions to improve health outcomes in rural communities. Current health and medical education reforms would benefit from greater focused attention on these issues.
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Schneider, Walter. "The West German Experience in Drink Driver Improvement Courses." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 1 (January 1987): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700111.
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The last 15 years has seen the development of educational group therapy courses for West German drink/drive offenders. Two types of course, the one for first offenders and the other for recidivists are described. The courses are specifically targetted at social drinkers. Problem and heavy drinkers and those with significant social and domestic problems are selected out by pre-course medical and psychological assessment. Most course failures are attributed to failing to accurately complete the sift. The German courts have come to accept successful completion of a course as evidence for reducing the period of disqualification either at the time of initial sentence or on appeal. The licensing authorities are more inclined to grant a licence after completion of sentence where the offender has successfully completed the course. The aim is to teach social drinkers to separate drinking from driving. When compared against the non-treated group, the treated group have a highly significant lower reconviction rate within two years. The need to employ qualified psychologists as course leaders and also special training is emphasised. A more comprehensive range of courses to rehabilitate all types of drink/drivers including alcoholics and those who have difficulty in learning in a group situation is called for.
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Wright, Walter. "Historical Analogies, Slippery Slopes, and the Question of Euthanasia." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 28, no. 2 (2000): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00008.x.
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The German Nazi regime has become a standard model for unspeakable things that one should reject. Contemporary people will characterize political opponents, benighted policies, and other undesirable things as “fascist” or “Nazi.” In ethics, and medical ethics in particular, this analogy arises regularly. Therefore, it is not surprising that German people are particularly sensitive about their history. For example, the German high court regularly refers to the Nazi era in its reluctance to accept lethal social activities. This sensitivity surfaced again in 1988, when influential applied ethicist Peter Singer accepted a German invitation to speak to a Symposium on “Bioengineering, Ethics, and Mental Disability.” Singer had also agreed to deliver a separate lecture on the topic “Do severely disabled newborn infants have a right to life?”
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Baldt, Bettina. "The influence of values in shared (medical) decision making." Ethik in der Medizin 32, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00481-019-00549-y.
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Abstract Definition of the problem The Shared Decision Making model is becoming increasingly popular also in the German-speaking context, but it only considers values of patients to be relevant for medical decisions. Nevertheless, studies show that the values of physicians are also influential in medical decisions. Moreover, physicians are often unaware of this influence, which makes it impossible to control it. Arguments The influence of both patients’ and physicians’ values is examined from an empirical and normative perspective. The review about the empirical data provides a necessary overview about the status quo, whereas I deduct rules for value-influenced behaviour in the decision making process in the normative approach. Therefore, different scenarios are taken into account to explore in which situations it is acceptable for physicians to let their values be part of the decision making process. The conscious use of values is only possible, when physicians are aware of their influence. To raise awareness, the best option would be to educate future physicians about it in their training. Therefore, this article provides a teaching concept for a unit that could be part of an ethics class for physicians in training. Furthermore, patient’s rights and responsibilities in the decision making process are discussed. Conclusion I conclude that it is necessary to take the influence of values (more) into account and include this knowledge into the training of physicians. Conclusively, recommendations for patients and physicians and their dealing with values in shared decision making processes are suggested.
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Jacob, Christine, Antonio Sanchez-Vazquez, and Chris Ivory. "Factors Impacting Clinicians’ Adoption of a Clinical Photo Documentation App and its Implications for Clinical Workflows and Quality of Care: Qualitative Case Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): e20203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20203.
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Background Mobile health (mHealth) tools have shown promise in clinical photo and wound documentation for their potential to improve workflows, expand access to care, and improve the quality of patient care. However, some barriers to adoption persist. Objective This study aims to understand the social, organizational, and technical factors affecting clinicians’ adoption of a clinical photo documentation mHealth app and its implications for clinical workflows and quality of care. Methods A qualitative case study of a clinical photo and wound documentation app called imitoCam was conducted. The data were collected through 20 in-depth interviews with mHealth providers, clinicians, and medical informatics experts from 8 clinics and hospitals in Switzerland and Germany. Results According to the study participants, the use of mHealth in clinical photo and wound documentation provides numerous benefits such as time-saving and efficacy, better patient safety and quality of care, enhanced data security and validation, and better accessibility. The clinical workflow may also improve when the app is a good fit, resulting in better collaboration and transparency, streamlined daily work, clinician empowerment, and improved quality of care. The findings included important factors that may contribute to or hinder adoption. Factors may be related to the material nature of the tool, such as the perceived usefulness, ease of use, interoperability, cost, or security of the app, or social aspects such as personal experience, attitudes, awareness, or culture. Organizational and policy barriers include the available clinical practice infrastructure, workload and resources, the complexity of decision making, training, and ambiguity or lack of regulations. User engagement in the development and implementation process is a vital contributor to the successful adoption of mHealth apps. Conclusions The promising potential of mHealth in clinical photo and wound documentation is clear and may enhance clinical workflow and quality of care; however, the factors affecting adoption go beyond the technical features of the tool itself to embrace significant social and organizational elements. Technology providers, clinicians, and decision makers should work together to carefully address any barriers to improve adoption and harness the potential of these tools.
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Sprengholz, Philipp, Lars Korn, Sarah Eitze, and Cornelia Betsch. "Allocation of COVID-19 vaccination: when public prioritisation preferences differ from official regulations." Journal of Medical Ethics 47, no. 7 (May 10, 2021): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107339.
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As vaccines against COVID-19 are scarce, many countries have developed vaccination prioritisation strategies focusing on ethical and epidemiological considerations. However, public acceptance of such strategies should be monitored to ensure successful implementation. In an experiment with N=1379 German participants, we investigated whether the public’s vaccination allocation preferences matched the prioritisation strategy approved by the German government. Results revealed different allocations. While the government had top-prioritised vulnerable people (being of high age or accommodated in nursing homes for the elderly), participants preferred exclusive allocation of the first available vaccines to medical staff and personnel caring for the elderly. Interestingly, allocation preferences did not change when participants were told how many individuals were included in each group. As differences between allocation policies and public preferences can affect trust in the government and threaten the social contract between generations, we discuss possible strategies to align vaccination prioritisations.
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Blumle, A., G. Antes, M. Schumacher, H. Just, and E. von Elm. "Clinical research projects at a German medical faculty: follow-up from ethical approval to publication and citation by others." Journal of Medical Ethics 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): e20-e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2008.024521.
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Plagg, Barbara, Adolf Engl, Giuliano Piccoliori, Hermann Atz, Ulrich Becker, Johann Kiem, Verena Barbieri, et al. "Mutual Role Expectations by Patients and General Practitioners—A Mixed Methods Study on Complementarity." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102101.
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Background: Changes in public attitudes toward “authorities” in general, as well as shifts in medical practice toward participative models of diagnosis and treatment, imply fundamental transformations in the patient–doctor relationship. However, consistency in reciprocal role expectations cannot be assumed, and this study reveals significant discrepancies in attitudes and behaviors in primary health consultations. Methods: We conducted a study in the tri-lingual northeastern Italian region of South Tyrol to determine whether perceptions of the patient’s role were congruent or differed. In a mixed method approach, the quantitative research part consisted of a survey with 34 identical questions for general practitioners (n = 109) and adult primary care patients (n = 506) on verbal communication, self-initiative and health literacy, interpersonal and social qualities of the patient–physician relationship, and formal aspects of the consultation. Patients were interviewed via telephone, and general practitioners responded online. In the qualitative part, 26 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the patients and analyzed. Results: General practitioners considered patients’ communicative efforts (p < 0.001), self-initiative (p < 0.001), compliance (p = 0.0026), and openness regarding psychosocial issues (p < 0.001) to be significantly more important, whereas patients showed a tendency to give increased importance to formal aspects such as politeness and hygiene (p < 0.001). Perception of the patient’s role differed significantly between the Italian and German linguistic groups. Conclusions: Patients and general practitioners differ in their understanding of patients’ roles. These data suggest that a considerable proportion of the population lacks a clear and tangible idea of the active role they could play in consultations. Targeted information on the identified aspects of patient–provider communication may facilitate participatory behavior and positively impact the longitudinal quality of the patient–general practitioner relationship.
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Podolskiy, Vadim A. "Social policy in Germany." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 11, no. 6 (2021): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2021-11-6-145-155.
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Relevance. German social policy solutions became an example for imitation for other countries, including Russia, and are usually considered to be a standard due to their coverage and efficiency. Studying the German experience is valuable for development of the political science and for reforming the social policy systems. Purpose – to describe the origins and implementation of the social state in Germany. Objectives: to present the development and functioning of the pension and medical insurance systems, unem-ployment insurance and measures of the public social support. Methodology: comparative and historical approach, analysis of legal documents and institutions. Results. The foundations of the social assistance in Germany were created in the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, with introduction of programs of insurance funding for medical expenses and old-age and disability pensions, followed by unemployment insurance. The system operates for more than a century and effectively accomplishes the task of risk pooling, and it mainly relies on self-government. In the second half of the XX century the law that regulated the social assistance in Germany was extended significantly, the burden on the budget increased, as well as size of the insurance contributions. Citizens obtained the right for family benefits, the role of the housing benefits, unemployment and low-income support was increased. In the end of the XX century Germany introduced insurance to fund the long-term care. Conclusion. A developed system of social support exists in Germany, it relies on centuries-old traditions of local and corporative mutual help, with coordination and subsidies coming from the federal centre. The most powerful elements of the German social policy, which secure its’ efficiency, are historically established self-government and soli-darity
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Dotsenko, Tetiana, and Svitlana Kolomiiets. "Bibliometric analysis of research of the behavioral and social dimension of the public health system of the world." SocioEconomic Challenges 6, no. 3 (2022): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.6(3).97-106.2022.
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The paper emphasizes the importance of human health as the most valuable, most important resource at the individual and national level, affecting the country’s socio-economic development and competitiveness. It states that it is necessary for the actors ensuring the public health system to form a new concept for the functioning of the health system, taking into account the current state of public health, the functioning of medical institutions, and the resource support of the healthcare industry. The primary purpose is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications dealing with the global behavioral and social dimension of the public health system. The systematization of literary achievements and approaches to solving this problem has been carried out, which indicates the need for proper attention and high-quality, conceptual, international research by world scientists on issues related to the state and level of public health, satisfaction with the healthcare system. The relevance of the analysis of research on the behavioral and social dimension of the public health system of the world implies that the further development of the healthcare industry necessitates research, intensive development, and dissemination of available scientific and methodological international experience in solving this issue of the public health system in different countries worldwide. The research consisted of four stages. A map of the interrelationships of key concepts with other scientific categories has been constructed; a content-contextual study of the constructed blocks of bibliometric analysis has been implemented; an inter-cluster analysis has been carried out. A map of the interrelationships of the key concepts under study with other scientific categories has been constructed, reflecting the dynamics in the form of a contextual-time block; the evolutionary-time prospects of the study have been determined. A geographically extensive map of the scientific bibliography of the categories under study has been constructed; the spatial component of the study has been analyzed. A territorially branched map of the spatio-temporal dimension of the category under the study in dynamics has been constructed. The methodological tools of the research are theoretical (grouping, abstraction, synthesis) and empirical methods (observation, description), research methods, services of the Scopus information platform, and VOSViewers tools.1.6.15. The study was conducted based on the publications indexed by the Scopus database for 2000-2020. The objects of research were the following scientific categories: “health care system, medical services, behavioral aspect, social aspect,” the countries United States, Germany, Norway, Greece, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, India, Netherlands, China, Brazil, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium, Iran, Japan, Italy, Spain, because these two groups of objects allowed to conduct two-directional analysis of the problem under study. The results of the bibliometric analysis presented in the paper showed that the aspect of the behavioral and social dimension of the public health system was relatively young and insufficiently developed; the attention of the scientific community for a long time on this issue was mainly concentrated in the United States and the United Kingdom. China, Iran, and Japan were less involved in this process at an earlier time interval, but this research became relevant for them in recent years. The study results can be used to identify the most potential priority areas for forming the policy and strategy of the state health system, based on determining the main significant, modern, relevant characteristics of the healthcare industry.
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Weingart, Peter. "Eugenics — Medical or Social Science?" Science in Context 8, no. 1 (1995): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001952.
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The ArgumentEugenics is the paradigmatic case of the conflict between biology and medicine over social influence. Commenting on as essay by Debora Kamrat–Lang(1995), the paper reconstructs the historical roots of eugenics as a form of preventive medicine. A comparision between the development of some crucial aspects of eugenics between Germany and the United States reveals that the prevalence of the value placed on the individual over hereditary health of a population ultimately determined the outcome of the conflict but collective concepts may be revived by new biological knowledge
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Belov, Vladislav. "The Coronavirus Crisis versus Social and Market Economy of Germany." Contemporary Europe 104, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope420215870.
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The coronavirus crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on all aspects of the German social market economy. For the first time in history, the crisis was caused by factors of a non-economic nature. They manifested themselves in all economies of the world, including Europe. Since March 2020, the federal and state executive authorities of Germany, along with the introduction of restrictive measures for the population and business, have adopted several large-scale economic and political programmes aimed at preventing bankruptcies of economic entities, preserving jobs and social stability in the country. Along with short-term instruments designed to stop the decline in GDP and give impetus to its growth, the German state pursued an active and coordinated with Brussels structural policy aimed at ensuring an energy and digital transition to a climate-neutral economy, including the overcoming the deficits and problems revealed by the pandemic in the country's economy. To this end, Berlin abandoned the budget surplus policy and switched to large-scale external borrowing to finance programmes to bring economy out of the crisis. The author analyzes the results of the impact of the coronavirus crisis on the economic space of Germany, including aspects of its stress resistance and competitiveness, explores the effectiveness of state policy to counter crisis and assesses the prospects for the development of Russia's leading foreign economic partner in the west of the Eurasian continent.
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Elling, Ray. "Reflections on the Health Social Sciences—Then and Now." International Journal of Health Services 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.37.4.a.
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After its beginnings in the United States, medical sociology started to take hold in Germany in 1958 with a conference that resulted in the first book on medical sociology published in Germany. From uneasy marginality, the field has grown to include disciplines other than sociology—anthropology, economics, and political economy. Today, the field might best be called the “health social sciences.” The main body of work employs the consensual perspective, but work done using a class conflict perspective is increasingly significant.
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Bygren, Lars Olov. "Egalitarian Aspects of Medical and Social Services." Journal of Public Health Policy 22, no. 2 (2001): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3343458.
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Rydzewski, Paweł. "Immigration and Social Aspects of Sustainable Development. The Case of Germany." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.1.03.
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The aim of the article is to show the relationship between immigration and the social aspect of sustainable development. Data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) study conducted in 2016 on a sample of 3490 respondents (residents of Germany) was used. Research suggests that this relationship is negative: mass immigration from culturally foreign countries and social environments can significantly reduce the quality of life of residents in developed societies. This manifests in opinions about the need to limit or stop immigration. The case of Germany can probably be generalized to other developed countries, especially from the European Union.
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Efanova, L. D., and S. A. Shmukler. "LIVING STANDARDS IN MODERN GERMANY." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 11 (December 27, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-11-12-17.
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This article reflects the main directions of achieving an optimal standard of living for German citizens, determines the main aspects of its maintenance. It has been noted, that the citizens of Germany have a sufficiently high, in comparison with other countries, standard of living, all the necessary social guarantees for decent living. Today, Germany is the optimal country for living, which forms a socially-oriented economy. The most priority feature of the implemented policy of the country is, that all the rights of citizens are realized in practice, and criminality is almost not widespread.
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Thiemeyer, Guido. "The “Social Market Economy” and its Impact on German European Policy in the Adenauer Era, 1949-1963." German Politics and Society 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2007.250205.
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This article focuses on the economic aspects of German European policy in the 1950s and raises the question whether the economic system of the Federal Republic of Germany, “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” had any impact on the European policy of the West German state. It argues that Social Market Economy as defined by Ludwig Erhard influenced German European policy in certain aspects, but there was a latent contradiction between the political approach of Konrad Adenauer and this economic concept. Moreover, this article shows that West German European policy was not always as supportive for European unity as it is often considered.
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Zeynalov, Zakir Gadzhi. "Innovation in Leasing and Leasing of Innovation: A Meta-Analysis." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2020): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.4-16.
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The paper deals with the analysis of the approaches in defining the main research directions in the field of leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing. Developing the Internet and expansion of mobile Internet, the advent of the Internet of Devices, Fintech, Insurtech, and the development of sharing economy provokes many debates about the future of innovation within the asset finance and innovation in the leasing of assets. This paper aimed to determine the scientific publication tendencies in the field investigating the issues on leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing to identifying prospective research areas. The methodological instruments of this paper are bibliographic tool VOSviewer, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) databases. The study sample is 2513 scientific documents, published in the scientific journals indexed by Scopus (1915 documents) and WoS (598 documents) databases. The study has no limited time sample. The obtained results by Scopus and WoS tools showed the growing publication tendencies on the investigated issues. Besides, the number of papers in the Scopus database had a growing tendency with a variable rate. There is a significant increase in the number of papers that occurred from 2000 to 2010. In turn, the number of papers in journals indexed by WoS had been regularly rising during the analyzed period with a growth rate of 19,9%. Thus, this database shows a considerable growth of publications from 2010 to 2019. In 2019 the number of articles in the field of leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing increased by 412% compared to 2010. Therefore, the investigated issues remain popular in investigations of the great string of scientists. In the Scopus database, mostly the issues on leasing of innovations and innovations in leasing were investigated under the subject area as follows: Medicine, Engineering, Social Sciences, Environmental Science, Business, Management and Accounting, Computer Science. The author noted that the most significant part of the scientists who analyzed the leasing of the innovations and innovations in leasing was from the USA, China, United Kingdom, and Germany. Herewith, in 2019, the number of papers devoted to investigated issues enhanced in scientific journals with high impact factors such as Land Use Policy, European Journal of Operational Research, Ecology and Society. Therefore, it indicates that investigated issues are actually in the trends of sharing economy. The obtained results by VOSviewer analysis allowed identifying six clusters of the scientific publications scrutinized the leasing of the innovations and innovations in leasing from different perspectives. It worth mentioning that three out of six clusters have a close connection. The first biggest cluster links the keywords as follows: sustainable development, environmental impact, environmental protection, energy policy, land use, land management, fishery management, laws and legislation, risk assessment, etc. In turn, the second cluster indicated on the investigations in the sphere of information system and software in leasing. Three clusters (the third, fourth and fifth) are connected by the words «leasing – legal aspect – health care/medical practice management – hospital equipment/hospital information system», etc. The keywords such as financial management, taxes, capital financing, leasing – property, capital expenditure, accounting, legal aspect, management, and tax connected them with the sixth cluster. Keywords: innovation, leasing, leasing management, innovation in leasing.
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Herz, Dietmar. "Germany Today: Continuity and Change." International Area Review 3, no. 1 (June 2000): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590000300105.
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Events of recent months have changed the face of German politics. Or, to be more precise, they have shown that Germany has changed in recent years. Seen from the year 1999, these transformations have been twofold: on one hand, important fundamental conditions of German politics have changed over the past ten years; on the other hand, since last fall, a new government established new priorities. In a first step, this paper will give a short description of the internal and external state of German affairs at the end of Helmut Kohl's long reign. It will then analyse the current domestic and foreign policy situation in Germany, its new political directions, the reforms and setbacks of the new coalition of Social Democrats and Greens. In concluding, the more thoroughgoing aspects of change in Germany since unification will briefly be discussed.
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Leskova, Irina V., Natalya V. Mazurina, Ekaterina A. Troshina, Dmitry N. Ermakov, Elena A. Didenko, and Lubov V. Adamskaya. "Social and medical aspects of elderly age: obesity and professional longevity." Obesity and metabolism 14, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet2017410-15.
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The article raises the problem of the population aging and the expected significant increase in the proportion of the elderly population in Russian in the next 1015 years. Population aging will cause the need to attract additional financial resources for pensions to 1214% of GDP, which is approximately 1.5 1.6 times more than is provided for by the program of the Government of Russia aimed at improving the pension System in the period until 2025. The existing pension system and social security system only partially takes into account the aging process. Mechanisms for adapting the elderly to work have not yet been created, a well-thought-out state policy in this area has yet to be developed. In addition, the aging of the population leads to an increase in the older age groups of the risks of diseases with severe and catastrophic consequences, to prevent and reduce which is the number one task before the social policy of the state for this population group. The costs of medical care and care help are exorbitant in scope for the vast majority of retirees, so the elderly remain virtually defenseless against the risks of old age. It is emphasized that before medicine the task is not simply to increase life expectancy, but to prolong the labor activity of a citizen. The article suggests measures to improve the policy of interaction between state institutions and civil society in overcoming the negative consequences of aging and social adaptation of older persons.
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Renger, F., and A. Czirfusz. "Aspects of the Level of Digitisation in Medical Care in Germany: Development of a Typology." Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 13, no. 5 (September 22, 2022): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_13_5_05.
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Introduction. Today, most people own smartphones, which fit into their pockets and are more powerful than the first supercomputers, and which they can use to communicate, stream music or measure their pulse. There is no end in sight to this rapid technological development. This also applies to the rapidly growing volume of health-related data. Objectives: In doctor’s practices, medical data, such as medical history, blood test results and diagnostic findings, are recorded directly in the computer system. In biomedical research entire genomes, for example those of malignant tumors, are sequenced almost routinely and are also stored and processed electronically. And, more and more people are themselves using smartphone apps, wearables and in future perhaps also implanted biosensors for continuously measuring their blood pressure, blood sugar levels and pulse. Methodology: In qualitative social research, there are only a few approaches that involve a detailed explanation and systematization of the typology process. As the concept of type is of central importance for qualitative social research, it is crucial to clarify the concept and the process of typology, as presented by Kluge in her essay published in the FQM (Forum for Qualitative Social Research). In the evaluation of secondary data from the KBV (National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians), the methodology of this approach is based on the procedure of typology development according to Kluge (2000), with the aim of demonstrating a systematic and transparent development of types and typologies in the digitization process.
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Asanbekov, Zhanybek Asanbekovich. "Social policy of the Bishkek City Healthcare Department." Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2201-01.
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The article reflects the social policy of the Bishkek City Healthcare Department. In 2019, a separate healthcare department, which is funded from the city budget, was created under the mayor's office of Bishkek. This structure was necessary to improve the quality of services for those in need of health care. Analyzing the personnel potential of the department, there is an acute shortage of highly qualified doctors and nurses. In order to attract young specialists, the programs «Deposit of a medical worker» and «Deposit of a pediatrician» have been developed. In search of the good life, graduates of medical higher educational institutions and colleges left the Republic for such countries as the Russian Federation, Germany, the Turkish Republic, the USA, the People's Democratic Republic of China, etc. At this stage of the development of the Healthcare Department, a proposal was made to provide salary increments from the city budget to employees of the City Healthcare Department.
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Karmann, Alexander, Ines Weinhold, and Danny Wende. "Area Deprivation and its Impact on Population Health: Conceptual Aspects, Measurement and Evidence from Germany." Review of Economics 70, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roe-2019-0001.
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AbstractEmpirical evidence demonstrates associations between socioeconomic or environmental area deprivation and public health. To measure such structural effects, deprivation indices have been developed in the UK initially. Meanwhile their application is increasingly discussed in Germany, however with little attempts to adapt the concept to national conditions. In this paper, we develop a model of area deprivation differentiating between material, social and ecological deprivation effects. We apply structural equation modelling to endogenously estimate the latent deprivation dimensions as well as their relative impact on the health outcome, accounting for potential measurement errors and controlling for health care infrastructure. We use data at the level of German municipal associations (n=4,491) for the years 2013 and 2016, if available. We find that differences in material (βmaterial=−0.168, p<0.001) and social deprivation (βsocial=−0.249, p<0.001) as well as ecological damage (βecological=−0.077, p<0.001) explain part of the health differences in Germany. The social dimension is paramount in a health context. Moreover, deprivation dimensions cancel out each other and combining them in one overall index blurs the diverse picture of area deprivation in Germany. The small area analysis illustrates, that different strategies in environmental-, education- or health policy are necessary to reduce deprivation in different regions.
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Lilienthal, Georg. "The illegitimacy question in Germany, 1900–1945: Areas of tension in social and population policy." Continuity and Change 5, no. 2 (August 1990): 249–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000004008.
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Trois points emmergent des discussions sur les problèmes d'illégitimité en Allemagne pendant la première moitié du vingtième siècle: la définition légale de la femme non mariée et de son enfant, leur intégration dans des programmes d'assistance sociale et le rapport avec la politique démographique. Ces trois points ont constamment déterminé la vie de la femme non mariée et de son enfant. Les changements de systèmes politiques ont seulement eu pour effet de donner plus d'importance à l'une ou l'autre de ces questions. Pendant le Reich de Guillaume III, une loi sur l'illégitimité a été vot)ée, qui pour la première fois, était applicable dans l'Allemagne entière. Cependant, la loi était discriminatoire contre les mères et leurs enfants. Les objectifs démographiques et de préservation de la paix sociale ont seulement pu se réaliser lors de la première guerre mondiale avec l'amélioration générale des conditions de vie. La République de Weimar a essayé d'abolir la discrimination légale et de renforcer la justice sociale. Mais sous le troisième Reich, le problème de l'illégitimité a été dominé par des aspects de politique raciale et démographique.
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Shewmon, D. Alan. "Anencephaly: Selected Medical Aspects." Hastings Center Report 18, no. 5 (October 1988): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562217.
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Schmacke, Norbert. "Overdramatization of the Burdens on Health and Social Services: A Continuing Debate in the History of German Medicine." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/22tt-hmx4-3bpb-vrb9.
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Departing from the latest academic research into Nazi medicine in Germany, the author looks at theoretical and ideological concepts in German history that left their mark on the formation of race hygiene. He argues that the overdramatization of the economic burden caused by the special requirements of the chronically ill and handicapped runs through all epochs of modern medical history and that this culturally pessimistic way of looking at a serious social problem in Germany reveals a frightening tradition which reached its crudest climax in the so-called T4 operation of the Nazis. The author makes a plea for this dark chapter of German medical history to be carefully analyzed and for the results of this research to be used in the current discussion on the further development of the health system, particularly in regard to patients who require special care.
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Wiesing, Urban. "Ethics committees in Germany." Hec Forum 3, no. 4 (1991): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00057811.
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Schicke, R. K. "Trends in the Diffusion of Selected Medical Technology in the Federal Republic of Germany." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, no. 3 (July 1988): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300000350.
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AbstractThis article contends that the German social and economic situation is conducive to the rapid diffusion of innovative medical technology. While there is public control over hospital facilities, the pluralistic health care system and decentralized government responsibilities contribute to an essentially laissez faire regulatory environment. There is perfunctory planning and regulation for major medical expenditures, but the essential constraints are financial. This is no comprehensive program for the assessment of diagnostic technologies and the effective imposition of guidelines depends on the cooperative effort of various financing organizations, professional interests, and public pressure groups.
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Süß, Thorsten. "Colm Peter McGrath, The Development of Medical Liability in Germany, 1800–1945." Medizinrecht 38, no. 5 (May 2020): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00350-020-5505-3.
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Grossmann, Volker, and Holger Strulik. "Optimal Social Insurance and Health Inequality." German Economic Review 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): e913-e948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12198.
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Abstract This paper integrates into public economics a biologically founded, stochastic process of individual aging. The novel approach enables us to quantitatively characterize the optimal joint design of health and retirement policy behind the veil of ignorance for today and in response to future medical progress. Calibrating our model to Germany, our analysis suggests that the current social insurance policy instruments are set close to the (constrained) socially optimal levels, given proportional contribution rates for health and pension finance, the equivalence principle in the pension system, and a common statutory retirement age. Future progress in medical technology calls for a potentially drastic increase in health spending and a higher retirement age without lowering the pension contribution rate. Interestingly, from an ex ante point of view, medical progress and higher health spending are in conflict with the goal to reduce health inequality.
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PAPADODIMA, STAVROULA A., CHARA A. SPILIOPOULOU, and EMMANOUIL I. SAKELLIADIS. "MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS IN GREECE." Bioethics 22, no. 7 (September 2008): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00654.x.
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Erofeyev, Yu V., and O. V. Migunova. "Medical and social aspects of aged population mortality in the Omsk Region." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 10, no. 4 (August 28, 2011): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2011-4-171-173.
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Problems of aged population mortality lead to massive increase in total expenses on health service. Stability of mortality rate was primary cause of population type in Omsk Region was estimated as regressive. It was high level of demographic old age in the region, death rate at the age of 60—70 remain high. Record of tendencies of mortality is one of the most important tasks of social policy.
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Steinbrecher, Markus, and Heiko Biehl. "Military Know-Nothings or (At Least) Military Know-Somethings?: Knowledge of Defense Policy in Germany and Its Determinants." Armed Forces & Society 46, no. 2 (December 16, 2018): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x18811384.
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There is little empirical evidence of the widely shared belief that most civilians know next to nothing about defense policy and armed forces. This article examines knowledge of defense policy in Germany and its determinants. The database is a public opinion survey from 2016. The survey included six questions on various aspects of knowledge of defense policy. Its results show that knowledge of defense policy is approximately on a level with general political knowledge in Germany. Determinants from the categories of resources and sociodemographics, motivations, and opportunity structures explain individual knowledge levels. Internal efficacy, interest in politics, the intention to vote, and the perception of the Bundeswehr’s presence in the media are among the most important predictors. These results indicate that the armed forces can bridge the gap between the public and the military, the civil–military gap, by being present in society and active in personal and mass media communication.
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Bossong, H. V., Z. H. M. Saralieva, and S. A. Sudjin. "Professionalization of social work in Germany: a reflection on the history of professional space development." Socialʹnye i gumanitarnye znania 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/2412-6519-2021-4-430-439.
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The professionalisation of social work is examined using Germany as an example. The main aspects of the process are explored: professional qualifications, content aspects of professional work, resources allocated and their control, as well as empirical and theoretical research in social work. The evolution of approaches to aid motivation from ecclesiastical and Christian traditions of love for one's neighbour to institutionalised aid within the functioning of welfare states is analysed. The dynamics of approaches to the definition of neediness in order to prevent the development of social parasitism is studied, the historical continuity of forms of work with socially deprived groups is shown. The professionalization of social work is considered in socio-historical context: its connection with protest movements of neo-Marxist persuasion in 1960s and changes in the system of academic training of social work professionals with the introduction of Bologna system is analyzed. The material in this article is the result of many years of research, including participant observation by the authors. This text is the latest and the last article by Professor Horst Bossong, one of Germany's leading specialists in social work, social policy and administration. The article summarizes the author's long-standing interest in the history and philosophy of social work, which reflects major milestones in the spiritual evolution and economic development of contemporary European societies.
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LARYIONAVA, KATSIARYNA, and DOMINIK GROSS. "Public Understanding of Neural Prosthetics in Germany: Ethical, Social, and Cultural Challenges." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20, no. 3 (May 20, 2011): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180111000119.
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Since the development of the first neural prosthesis, that is, the cochlear implant in 1957, neural prosthetics have been one of the highly promising, yet most challenging areas of medicine, while having become a clinically accepted form of invasiveness into the human body. Neural prosthetic devices, of which at least one part is inserted into the body, interact directly with the nervous system to restore or replace lost or damaged sensory, motor, or cognitive functions. This field is not homogenous and encompasses a variety of technologies, which are in various stages of development. Some devices are well established in clinical practice and have become routine, such as cochlear implants. By comparison, other technologies are in experimental phases and still need to be further developed to achieve the desired results.
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Wiesing, Urban. "In Vitro Fertilization: Regulations in Germany." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2, no. 3 (1993): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100004321.
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In Germany — as probably worldwide — in vitro fertilization (IVF) has provoked disapproval, fears, and dread, but it also raises hope and gives feelings of pride and satisfaction in a new scientific achievement. Critics look for convincing argu- ments that could ban IVF completely or at least restrict it considerably. Some of the most important arguments are outlined below.The main aspect of IVF that was new to society was that conception could take place outside the female body. Although this fact has made a deep impression on us, no ethical relevance has been attributed to it. One must look further for arguments against IVF.