Journal articles: 'Medical policy – Europe'

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van Wymen, F. C. B. "Medical responsibility in Western Europe." Health Policy 6, no. 3 (January 1986): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(86)90041-2.

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FORSBACH, RALF. "Health Policy in Twentieth-Century Europe." Contemporary European History 15, no. 3 (July 19, 2006): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777306003390.

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Iris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner eds., Facing Illness in Troubled Times: Health in Europe in the Interwar Years 1918–1939 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005), 424 pp., €64.00 (hb), ISBN 363119486.Horst H. Freyhofer The Nuremberg Medical Trial: The Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code, Studies in Modern European History 53 (New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 209 pp., €30.00 (pb), ISBN 0820467979.Ulrike Lindner Gesundheitspolitik in der Nachkriegszeit. Großbritannien und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Vergleich, Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London 57 (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2004), 581 pp., €64.00 (hb), ISBN 3486200143.

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Niederländer, Charlotte, Philip Wahlster, Christine Kriza, and Peter Kolominsky-Rabas. "Registries of implantable medical devices in Europe." Health Policy 113, no. 1-2 (November 2013): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.08.008.

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Schreyögg, Jonas, Michael Bäumler, and Reinhard Busse. "Balancing adoption and affordability of medical devices in Europe." Health Policy 92, no. 2-3 (October 2009): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.03.016.

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BURAU, VIOLA, DAVID WILSFORD, and GEORGE FRANCE. "Reforming medical governance in Europe. What is it about institutions?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 4, no. 3 (July 2009): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109005003.

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AbstractThis article presents a cross-national analytical framework for understanding current attempts to reform medical governance – in particular, those by third parties to control the practice of medicine. The framework pays particular attention to the ways in which institutions shape policy reform. The article also outlines the main comparative findings of case studies of selected reforms and associated processes of negotiations in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. These four countries were selected because they are characterised by theoretically interesting variations in the institutional contexts of medical governance. The analysis suggests that although all the four countries have pushed for more control over the way in which doctors practise medicine, in response to similar imperatives, each country differs in the path it has taken. More specifically, the instruments and techniques brought to bear in each case vary considerably and are directed by a country's political institutions towards a unique path.

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Garattini, Livio, Gianluigi Casadei, and Nick Freemantle. "Continuing medical education funding and management in Europe: room for improvement?" Journal of Medical Economics 12, no. 1 (January 2009): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3111/13696990902836787.

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Gutzwiller, Felix, Richard Chrzanowski, and Fred Paccaud. "Data Bases for the Assessment of Medical Technologies: Examples from Europe." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003275.

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AbstractThe assessment of medical technologies has to answer several questions ranging from safety and effectiveness to complex economical, social, and health policy issues. The type of data needed to carry out such evaluation depends on the specific questions to be answered, as well as on the stage of development of a technology.Basically two types of data may be distinguished: (a) general demographic, administrative, or financial data which has been collected not specifically for technology assessment; (b) the data collected with respect either to a specific technology or to a disease or medical problem.On the basis of a pilot inquiry in Europe and bibliographic research, the following categories of type (b) data bases have been identified: registries, clinical data bases, banks of factual and bibliographic knowledge, and expert systems. Examples of each category are discussed briefly. The following aims for further research and practical goals are proposed: criteria for the minimal data set required, improvement to the registries and clinical data banks, and development of an international clearinghouse to enhance information diffusion on both existing data bases and available reports on medical technology assessments.

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Watson, Kenneth, and Rob Kottenhagen. "Patients’ Rights, Medical Error and Harmonisation of Compensation Mechanisms in Europe." European Journal of Health Law 25, no. 1 (December 11, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12460348.

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Abstract In 1999 the Institute of Medicine reported that most medical injuries relate to unavoidable human error in a context of system failure. Patient safety improves when healthcare providers facilitate blame-free reporting and organisational learning. This is at odds with fault-based civil liability law, which discourages a more open (doctor-patient) communication on medical injuries. The absence of a clear-cut definition of ‘medical error’ complicates litigation and hence swift, appropriate patient compensation. No-fault systems perform better in this respect. A dual track liability system for medical malpractice is challenging to implement and operate, yet may be the only option for Pan-European harmonisation of medical liability.

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Carrera, Percivil, and Neil Lunt. "A European Perspective on Medical Tourism: The Need for a Knowledge Base." International Journal of Health Services 40, no. 3 (July 2010): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.e.

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Since the early 1990s, medical tourism, whereby individuals choose to travel across national borders or overseas to receive treatments, has been increasingly recognized in the United States and Asia. This article highlights the emergence of medical tourism in the European context. It examines the drivers for such developments and situates medical tourism within the broader context of health globalization and forms of patient mobility in the European Union. In outlining the developments of medical tourism in Europe, the authors distinguish between two types of medical tourist: the citizen and the consumer. The discussion explores the need for greater empirical research on medical tourism in Europe and argues that such research will contribute toward knowledge of patient mobility and the broader theorization of medical tourism. The authors make suggestions about the content of this research agenda, including understanding the development of medical tourist markets, the nature of choice, equity implications, the role of brokers and intermediaries, and general issues for health management.

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Abbing, Henriette D. C. Roscam. "Patients’ Rights in a Technology and Market Driven-Europe." European Journal of Health Law 17, no. 1 (2010): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180909x12604572349566.

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AbstractThis article deals with the impact on patients’ rights of medical and technological advances in a market oriented (European) society: what are the advantages and risks, what are the challenges that lay ahead of us? After introducing the subject matter, the first part deals with risks for patients’ rights in the European cross border context (health care, direct to the public screening offers and biomedical research). The second part sketches some of the implications of innovation in health care and medical technology for patients’ rights to autonomy and private life, particularly when third party interests are involved. The article ends with some suggestions on how best to protect patients’ rights in the perspective of innovation in health care and medical research.

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Flatscher-Thöni, Magdalena, and Caroline Voithofer. "Should Reproductive Medicine Be Harmonized within Europe?" European Journal of Health Law 22, no. 1 (February 5, 2015): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341345.

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AbstractThe medical as well as societal developments in reproductive medicine and respectively artificial reproductive technologies have challenged lawmakers, courts, politicians, medical experts and society itself over the last decades. Challenges can be seen in cross-border reproductive care, equal access to reproductive care, social freezing, disposal of embryos, multiple implantation, homosexual parenthood or surrogacy. Since different regulatory regimes have been enacted throughout Europe (e.g. liberal system in Spain, restrictive system in Austria) to accommodate, limit and regulate reproductive issues, we are analysing the question, if reproductive medicine should be harmonized within Europe. Therefore we are not only discussing already existing approaches e.g. self-regulation, or minimal standards of safety and quality, but we are also scrutinizing the role of high courts, such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and international declarations and conventions. Concluding we are briefly sketching aspects of a proposal for a potential harmonisation of reproductive medicine in Europe.

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Schneider, Philip J., and Michael S. Reilly. "A critical review of substitution policy for biosimilars in Canada." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2021.1003.016.

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Abstract: Canada has approved a total of 36 biosimilars. While the approval of biosimilars is regulated at the national level, decisions about biosimilar substitution are made at the provincial level. Four Canadian provinces, representing around 50% of the population in Canada, have now implemented policies requiring non-medical switching of biosimilars – switching from a patient from an originator biological to a biosimilar primarily for economic reasons. In this article, we compare biosimilar substitution policies in Canada to policies in Europe and the US, finding an enhanced focus on clinical and marketplace factors in these regions. We also find evidence that in some cases non-medical switching may pose a risk to patients and suggest that Canada could learn from more mature markets, such as those in Europe, where switching policies better consider patient needs, preserve physician choice and promote market competition.

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Sorenson, Corinna, and Panos Kanavos. "Medical technology procurement in Europe: A cross-country comparison of current practice and policy." Health Policy 100, no. 1 (April 2011): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.001.

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Funnell, C. Gaynor. "Stroke services: policy and practice across europe Charles Wolfe Stroke services: policy and practice across europe 144pp Christopher McKevitt andAnthonyRudd Radcliffe Medical Press144pp1 85775 455 71857754557." Nursing Older People 13, no. 9 (December 2001): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop.13.9.36.s24.

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Blackburn, Sharon. "Alzheimer’s Disease: Policy and Practice Across Europe Morton Warner Sally Furnish , MarcusLongley andBrian Lawlor , editors Alzheimer’s Disease: Policy and Practice Across Europe,Radcliffe Medical Press200pp£19.9518577541661857754166." Nursing Older People 14, no. 2 (April 2002): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nop.14.2.36.s26.

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Hawlik, Katharina, Patrick Rummel, and Claudia Wild. "ANALYSIS OF DUPLICATION AND TIMING OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS ON MEDICAL DEVICES IN EUROPE." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001064.

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Objectives: Strengthening efforts toward better collaboration plays a pivotal role in the assessment of medical devices to reduce overlap and save resources. This study explored the level of duplication in health technology assessments (HTA) of medical devices in Europe and their respective timing in order to identify areas for better collaboration.Methods: An analysis of European HTA reports of medical devices regarding overlaps in topics and timing in relation to market authorization was performed. We conducted a systematic search in the ADVANCE, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Syngerus, and POP databases, complemented by hand searching, to identify HTA reports published between 01/2003 and 07/2016 for a preselected cohort group of ten technologies. We analyzed the number of annual assessments per technology and evaluated activity patterns and timing in undertaking the HTA of the different institutes in Europe.Results: The results revealed the amount of duplication in the European HTA production: the number of reports per technology ranged from minimum seven to maximum twenty-two over a time-span of 13.5 years. HTA institutes perform assessments at a similar time range within 5 to 10 years following market authorization. The timing of the initial assessment in relation to the granting of the CE-mark varies according to the particular technology.Conclusion: The findings suggest that efficient collaboration may help to save scarce resources and time of HTA institutes in Europe. Efficient collaboration as such needs to shift the focus beyond the time span of 1 year, and build on each's others work from previous assessments.

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Lotjonen, S. "Medical research in clinical emergency settings in Europe." Journal of Medical Ethics 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.28.3.183.

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Randling, Robert. "How to cope with different medical cultures in Europe." International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine 3, no. 5-6 (1992): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-1992-35-611.

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Pejcic, Ana V., Georgi Iskrov, Ralitsa Raycheva, Rumen Stefanov, and Mihajlo (Michael) Jakovljevic. "Transposition and implementation of EU rare disease policy in Eastern Europe." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 17, no. 6 (October 10, 2017): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2017.1388741.

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Beck, ACC, VP Retèl, PA Bhairosing, MWM van den Brekel, and WH van Harten. "Barriers and facilitators of patient access to medical devices in Europe: A systematic literature review." Health Policy 123, no. 12 (December 2019): 1185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.10.002.

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Piotrowska, Anna, Marian Kopczewski, Julia Nowicka, and Zbigniew Ciekanowski. "MIGRATIONS - JOURNEYS OF THE BROKERS - IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF 21ST CENTURY EUROPE." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XV - Wydanie specjalne (July 5, 2021): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6600.

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Contemporary and future threats to Europe in the 21st century constitute an important element of the European Union's security policy. Ongoing wars, terrorism, religious fanaticism and extreme poverty in third world countries led to a drastic wave of refugees that flooded Europe. The article presents the problem of threats related to the increasing migration, as well as the activities of the European Union aimed at preventing the migration crisis. The issue of Syrian refugees fleeing in desperation to Europe, a Europe that does not necessarily welcome them with open arms, was raised. The aim of the presented study is to analyze the situation of contemporary Europe in the context of threats related to the phenomenon of migration. Statistical data published by the most important institutions of the EU Member States, including data related to crimes committed by citizens who are not indigenous people of Europe, were thoroughly analyzed. Eurostat research, data disseminated by the Federal Criminal Police Office in Germany or statistics published by the Italian Istat were used. The conclusions from the above research allowed to verify the hypothesis that the migration crisis is a factor in the multifaceted destabilization of contemporary Europe, and the phenomenon of migration should be considered in this context. Due to the limited volume of the article, the author of the publication presented the most important legal bases regulating legal and illegal immigration, which will facilitate the understanding of the European Union's operation on the issue of interest to us.

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Höschl, C. "Leadership in a Changing Europe." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70359-1.

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Psychiatry as a medical discipline plays an important role in mental health care (MHC). Hand in hand with increasing demand for MHC transformation toward more individualized, personalized, and patient oriented service, the integrity of psychiatry, the role of psychiatric staff, the stigma, and identity of psychiatry become important questions to be tackled. These questions are related to the leadership role of coming generation of psychiatrists. Is it a challenge or just a myth? We should not deny the fact that in important documents of global importance (e.g., Green paper and other WHO/EU MH documents) there is almost zero occurrence of the word “psychiatry”. So it seems psychiatry is rather marginalized than promoted to be the leading force in MHC policy. EPA YPP program could become a suitable platform to prevent such an undesired process and to formulate ways how to increase motivation, skills and chances of psychiatrists to take control of their own destiny.

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Schnell-Inderst, Petra, and Claudia Wild. "PP32 Joint Early Dialogs Between Medical Device Regulation and Health Technology Assessment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231900196x.

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IntroductionIn Europe, the new Medical Device Regulation (MDR) and In Vitro Diagnostics Regulation (IVDR) that entered into force 2017 will have to be applied until 2020 and 2022, respectively. Under the old regulation, there was a large gap between evidence requirements for market approval and market access for high risk (class IIb and III) medical devices (MD). The MDR/IVDR will require appropriate clinical investigations for these MD classes. Despite the different purpose of market approval and surveillance and reimbursement decisions, there are possible synergies with regard to evidence generation, for example, design of pivotal trials and post-launch evidence generation with observational data. In the MDR, early scientific advice can be provided by expert panels of the European Commission if requested by MD developers. For medicinal products, the European network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) has established joint early dialogs (JED) of HTA agencies with the European Medicines Agency and manufacturers. A similar approach might be possible with the Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG). The objective was to explore possible synergies for JED with the MDCG and EUnetHTA.MethodsIn 2018, EUnetHTA established a task force for HTA and MDR/IVDR. A workshop, which will explore possible synergies and activities on JED as well as the viewpoints of stakeholders will be held in May 2019. Participants will be Directorate-Generals GROW (Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SME) and SANTE (Health and Food Safety), EUnetHTA members assessing MD, representatives of national competent authorities, Team Notified Bodies, MedTech Europe, patient representatives and academia.ResultsA report on the presentations, the results of the discussion, and next steps in a possible collaboration will be presented.ConclusionsJoint early scientific advice to manufacturers on the European level for evidence generation by HTA agencies and the MDCG has the potential to streamline evidence generation in the life cycle of high risk MD.

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Levenets, Olena, Tetiana Stepurko, Abel Polese, Milena Pavlova, and Wim Groot. "Coping with cancer in post-communist Europe: a systematic literature review." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab121.

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Abstract In the post-communist countries, limited access to treatment, lack of financial protection mechanisms, lack of information and low quality of health care frequently imposes an enormous burden on family’s well-being when cancer is diagnosed. While many studies have explored barriers to cancer treatment, little attention is paid to the question how patients and their caregivers cope with cancer. In this paper, we systematically review the evidence on patients’ coping strategies with cancer in post-communist countries. We performed a literature search in PubMed, JSTOR, Web of Science and EBSCO (CINAHL) to identify papers that describe patients’ coping strategies because of organizational and financial barriers to cancer treatment. Papers published between January 1991 and January 2020 were included if they described individual experiences of patients at any stage of cancer treatment. We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Literature Review as a guide for our review. In total, 28 publications from post-communist countries were included in this review. They presented evidence on coping strategies and barriers faced by patients when coping with poor access to cancer treatment, lack of finances, lack of information and low quality of health care services. Most sought coping strategies included using personal finances to pay for medical services, medicines and supplies, charitable contributions to the hospital and informal payments; visiting a private medical doctor; using personal connections and looking for additional information. We conclude that coping strategies are similar across post-communist countries and can be seen as an indicator of the shortcomings in cancer treatment. This evidence can be used to study and/or improve access to cancer treatment and improve health care policies. Research on the prevalence and quantification of coping strategies is needed to provide evidence-informed policies for countries that face gaps in cancer treatment.

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Pepermans, Roland, Cindy Mentens, Maarten Goedee, Marc Jegers, and Kristof van Roy. "Differences in managerial behaviour between head nurses and medical directors in intensive care units in Europe." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 16, no. 4 (2001): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.639.

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Konstantinov, Vsevolod, Alexander Reznik, Masood Zangeneh, Valentina Gritsenko, Natallia Khamenka, Vitaly Kalita, and Richard Isralowitz. "Foreign Medical Students in Eastern Europe: Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs about Medical Cannabis for Pain Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042137.

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Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of foreign students toward the use of medical cannabis (MC) for pain management. Methods: This study uses data collected from 549 foreign students from India (n = 289) and Middle Eastern countries mostly from Egypt, Iran, Syria, and Jordan (n = 260) studying medicine in Russia and Belarus. Data collected from Russian and Belarusian origin medical students (n = 796) were used for comparison purposes. Pearson’s chi-squared and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: Foreign students’ country of origin and gender statuses do not tend to be correlated with medical student responses toward medical cannabis use. Students from Russia and Belarus who identified as secular, compared to those who were religious, reported more positive attitudes toward medical cannabis and policy change. Conclusions: This study is the first to examine the attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs toward medical cannabis among foreign students from India and Middle Eastern countries studying in Russia and Belarus, two countries who oppose its recreational and medicine use. Indian and Middle Eastern students, as a group, tend to be more supportive of MC than their Russian and Belarusian counterparts. These results may be linked to cultural and historical reasons. This study provides useful information for possible medical and allied health curriculum and education purposes.

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Weiss, E., J. Beezhold, D. Eraslan, S. Gerber, C. Hanon, and A. Mihai. "Psychotherapy training across Europe – status quo." Die Psychiatrie 06, no. 02 (April 2009): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1671921.

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SummaryPsychotherapy is an essential part of being a psychiatrist. International professional associations including the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), European Psychiatric Association (EPA), Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS), European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) are involved in sustaining the role of psychotherapy training as part of psychiatric education as a matter of policy. This article presents results of a survey by trainees from different European countries concerning the postgraduate training in psychotherapy. We explore how national or international organisations have influenced and changed psychotherapy training in this region. Short descriptions of the situation in a few European countries offer an overview of different approach. There is no “one size fits all” solution concerning the training in psychotherapy like part of psychiatric training; however local resources and international exchanges could be used towards harmonising standards and quality.

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Quinn, Paul, Ann-Katrin Habbig, Eugenio Mantovani, and Paul De Hert. "The Data Protection and Medical Device Frameworks — Obstacles to the Deployment of mHealth across Europe?" European Journal of Health Law 20, no. 2 (2013): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341267.

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Abstract This article examines the receptivity of the current EU legal regime towards innovative mHealth technologies and their deployment on a pan-European basis. At present, a coherent legal strategy towards the development of mHealth technologies does not exist. The deployment of such technologies is influenced in an uncoordinated way by various disparate European legislative initiatives. This article focuses on problems that may be encountered by mHealth platforms through application of the Medical Device and Data Protection Frameworks. Theses frameworks are analysed in this article through the lens of a pan-European deployment of mHealth technologies. The aim throughout is to look for potential problems for the deployment of such technologies posed by these frameworks and, where possible, to suggest improvements.

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Schreyögg, Jonas, Michael Bäumler, and Reinhard Busse. "Erratum to “Balancing adoption and affordability of medical devices in Europe” [Health Policy 92 (2009) 218–224]." Health Policy 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.09.008.

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Caruana, C. J., S. Christofides, and G. H. Hartmann. "European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics (EFOMP) Policy Statement 12.1: Recommendations on Medical Physics Education and Training in Europe 2014." Physica Medica 30, no. 6 (September 2014): 598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.06.001.

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Sorenson, C., L. R. Burns, and M. Drummond. "Improving Medical Device Regulation: Europe And The Perspective In The United States." Value in Health 16, no. 3 (May 2013): A250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.1273.

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Pieper, Fritz. "An Outlook on the Future of Medical Research in Europe and Data Protection: Grim or Prosperous?" European Journal of Health Law 21, no. 3 (June 11, 2014): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718093-12341321.

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Garattini, Silvio, and Vittorio Bertele’. "Toward new legislation on drugs in Europe." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 2, no. 1 (February 2002): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2.1.51.

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Mossialos, Elias, Tom Walley, and Caroline Rudisill. "Provider incentives and prescribing behavior in Europe." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 5, no. 1 (February 2005): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737167.5.1.81.

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Phelan, Mary. "Medical Interpreting and the Law in the European Union." European Journal of Health Law 19, no. 4 (2012): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180912x650681.

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Abstract In 2011, the Danish government announced that from June that year it would no longer cover the costs of medical interpreters for patients who had been living in Denmark for more than seven years. The Dutch Ministry of Health followed with an even more draconian approach; from 1 January 2012, the cost of translation and interpreting would no longer be covered by the state. These two announcements led to widespread concern about whether or not there is a legal foundation for interpreter provision in healthcare. This article considers United Nations treaties, conventions from the Council of Europe and European Union law. European Union member states have been slow to sign up to international agreements to protect the rights of migrant workers. The European Union itself has only recently moved into the area of discrimination and it is unclear if the Race Directive covers language. As a result, access to interpreters in healthcare, where it exists, is dependent on national anti-discrimination legislation or on positive action taken at national or local level rather than on European or international law.

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Campillo-Artero, Carlos. "A full-fledged overhaul is needed for a risk and value-based regulation of medical devices in Europe." Health Policy 113, no. 1-2 (November 2013): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.03.017.

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Lytle, Paula Franklin. "U.S. Policy toward the Demise of Yugoslavia: the “Virus of Nationalism”." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325492006003006.

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The future of this part of the world is both auspicious and dangerous. I am reminded of the famous medical case of “Uncle Toby,” who suffered from a thyroid malfunction which reduced his metabolic rate to almost zero, effectively putting him in cold storage for seven years. When he was cured, it turned out that he had a malignant form of cancer which, after being dormant for those seven years, spread and quickly killed him. Eastern Europe, awakening from the cold storage of authoritarian repression, must now contend with the dangers of virulent nationalism. Yugoslavia is not immune. U.S. Ambassador Warren Zimmermann

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Coombs, Geoffrey, Keryn Christiansen, and Helen Van Gessel. "Keeping epidemic MRSA out of Western Australian hospitals." Microbiology Australia 29, no. 3 (2008): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma08140.

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Since 1982 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in WA has been notifiable by State legislation. During this time the WA Department of Health (DoH), which administers and sets policy for the government-funded healthcare facilities and licences all private healthcare facilities operating within the State, has promoted a comprehensive MRSA management policy. This policy, which involves all WA healthcare facilities, medical microbiology laboratories and the DoH, is similar to the ?search and destroy policy? used in northern Europe 1 and involves selective screening, isolation and decolonisation. The objective of the policy is the early identification, containment and eradication of MRSA infection and colonisation, primarily targeting EMRSA strains in WA acute care hospitals.

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Lötjönen, Salla. "Medical Research on Patients with Dementia – the Role of Advance Directives in European Legal Instruments." European Journal of Health Law 13, no. 3 (2006): 235–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180906778852394.

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AbstractCurrent international legal instruments recognise the use of advance directives to carry on the will of the dementing research participant beyond the boundaries of her present legal capacity. Advance directives are gaining greater recognition in patient care than in medical research, where their legal status is still somewhat unclear. In particular, the three major international documents on medical research – the Council of Europe Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights (ETS 164), its Additional Protocol on Biomedical Research (ETS 195), and Directive 2001/20/EC on Clinical Trials on Medicinal Products – give conflicting messages on the legal status of advance directives in medical research. This article examines the provisions in these documents and their national applications in Finland and the United Kingdom.

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Mertens, Aukje E. J., Anton E. Kunst, Vincent Lorant, Joana Alves, Arja Rimpelä, Luke Clancy, and Mirte A. G. Kuipers. "Smoking cessation among adolescents in Europe: The role of school policy and programmes." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 227 (October 2021): 108945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108945.

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Abrishami, P., R. Busca, E. Nogueira, D. Schroer, and Y. Verboven. "PMU73 Rewarding VALUE of Medical Technologies: VALUE-Based Access Programs (VBAPS) in Europe." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.1285.

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Hamers, FF, and AN Phillips. "Diagnosed and undiagnosed HIV-infected populations in Europe." HIV Medicine 9, s2 (July 2008): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00584.x.

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Gourraud, Pierre-Antoine, and Francoise Simon. "Differences Between Europe and the United States on AI/Digital Policy: Comment Response to Roundtable Discussion on AI." Gender and the Genome 4 (January 1, 2020): 247028972090710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470289720907103.

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For AI policy, there are significant differences between Europe and the United States. The General Data Protection Regulation, which applies not only to European Union companies but also to all American companies with European customers, is more protective than health insurance portability and accountability act for individual health data. Its Article 22 stipulates that citizens cannot be submitted to medical decisions generated by an automated source.

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Mijaljica, Goran. "Medical Ethics, Bioethics and Research Ethics Education Perspectives in South East Europe in Graduate Medical Education." Science and Engineering Ethics 20, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9432-9.

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Doppelfeld, Elmar. "Good medical research — the view of the CDBI/Council of Europe." Science and Engineering Ethics 8, no. 3 (September 2002): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-002-0045-y.

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Thompson, Walter R., Garry D. Phillips, and Michael J. Cousins. "Anaesthesia underpins acute patient care in hospitals." Australian Health Review 31, no. 5 (2007): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah07s116.

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The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) carried out a review of the roles of anaesthetists in providing acute care services in both public and private hospitals in Europe, North America and South-East Asia. As a result, ANZCA revised its education and training program and its processes relating to overseastrained specialists. The new training program, introduced in 2004, formed the basis for submissions to the Australian Medical Council, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission/ Australian Health Workforce Officials? Committee review of medical colleges. A revised continuing professional development program will be in place in 2007. Anaesthetists in Australia and New Zealand play a pivotal role in providing services in both public and private hospitals, as well as supporting intensive care medicine, pain medicine and hyperbaric medicine. Anaesthesia allows surgery, obstetrics, procedural medicine and interventional medical imaging to function optimally, by ensuring that the patient journey is safe and has high quality care. Specialist anaesthetists in Australia now exceed Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee recommendations

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Blüher, Maximilian, Virginie Mittard, Rafael Torres, and Rhodri Saunders. "OP98 Limitations In Health-Economic Guidance For Medical Devices." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646231900148x.

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IntroductionHealth technology assessment (HTA) includes consideration of health and economic factors, playing a key role in optimizing healthcare provision in Europe. Medical devices are an important contributor to both health outcomes and the cost of healthcare provision, yet they are rarely addressed in current guidance for health-economic evaluation. Our aim is to help improve assessment of medical devices via review of European health-economic guidelines and recent research.MethodsSearches for European HTA guidelines were performed and where available were reviewed by two researchers working independently. Additionally, a systematic review of published literature focused on assessment of medical devices was conducted. English, German, or French literature published between 2000 and 2017 was analyzed. The status of HTA guidance to date was subsequently reviewed in light of current research findings and suggestions made to help improve standardization.ResultsOf the 41 investigated European countries, 22 had official HTA guidance. Only four of 22 (18 percent) dedicated documentation to guidance specific to medical devices. Where differences between pharmaceuticals and medical devices were highlighted, specifics for health-economic assessment of medical devices were generally absent. The systematic review yielded 472 unique articles, 28 of which underwent full-text review. Issues surrounding medical device value assessment that commonly emerged were: limited evidence base, learning curve effects, organizational impact, incremental innovation, diversity of devices, dynamic pricing, and transferability. While identification of issues was ubiquitous, actionable suggestions on how to overcome them were less common. The most frequent recommendations were use of Bayesian methods, inclusion of real-world data, and modelling the learning curve. Key to implementation is determination of the medical device type and its impact duration.ConclusionsCurrent guidelines rarely address the needs of medical devices. Practical recommendations for improvements exist and provide opportunity to start discussion on how best to serve the medical devices field and improve the HTA process.

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Prudil, Lukáš. "Asylum Seekers and Informed Consent — European Perspective." European Journal of Health Law 18, no. 1 (2011): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180911x549199.

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AbstractFor centuries, people of various nationalities from various States have sought asylum for varied reasons. These people seeking asylum can need medical care in the host country. In this article I would like to discuss to what extent informed consent is needed, and to what extent informed consent must be sought. The problem is discussed from the perspective of European international documents, mainly on those of the Council of Europe.

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"Thirteenth International Congress, Medical Informatics Europe." Health Policy 36, no. 2 (May 1996): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(96)90006-8.

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"Thirteenth International Congress. Medical Informatics Europe." Health Policy 36, no. 1 (April 1996): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(96)90069-x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical policy – Europe'

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