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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical microbiology not elsewhere classified'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Varsadiya, Milan, Tim Urich, Gustaf Hugelius, and Jiří Bárta. "Fungi in Permafrost-Affected Soils of the Canadian Arctic: Horizon- and Site-Specific Keystone Taxa Revealed by Co-Occurrence Network." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091943.

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Permafrost-affected soil stores a significant amount of organic carbon. Identifying the biological constraints of soil organic matter transformation, e.g., the interaction of major soil microbial soil organic matter decomposers, is crucial for predicting carbon vulnerability in permafrost-affected soil. Fungi are important players in the decomposition of soil organic matter and often interact in various mutualistic relationships during this process. We investigated four different soil horizon types (including specific horizons of cryoturbated soil organic matter (cryoOM)) across different types of permafrost-affected soil in the Western Canadian Arctic, determined the composition of fungal communities by sequencing (Illumina MPS) the fungal internal transcribed spacer region, assigned fungal lifestyles, and by determining the co-occurrence of fungal network properties, identified the topological role of keystone fungal taxa. Compositional analysis revealed a significantly higher relative proportion of the litter saprotroph Lachnum and root-associated saprotroph Phialocephala in the topsoil and the ectomycorrhizal close-contact exploring Russula in cryoOM, whereas Sites 1 and 2 had a significantly higher mean proportion of plant pathogens and lichenized trophic modes. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed the lowest modularity and average path length, and highest clustering coefficient in cryoOM, which suggested a lower network resistance to environmental perturbation. Zi-Pi plot analysis suggested that some keystone taxa changed their role from generalist to specialist, depending on the specific horizon concerned, Cladophialophora in topsoil, saprotrophic Mortierella in cryoOM, and Penicillium in subsoil were classified as generalists for the respective horizons but specialists elsewhere. The litter saprotrophic taxon Cadophora finlandica played a role as a generalist in Site 1 and specialist in the rest of the sites. Overall, these results suggested that fungal communities within cryoOM were more susceptible to environmental change and some taxa may shift their role, which may lead to changes in carbon storage in permafrost-affected soil.
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2

Sunpapao, Anurag, Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Reajina Dumhai, Kanamon Riangwong, Sunisa Sanguansub, Samart Wanchana, and Siwaret Arikit. "Morphological and Molecular Identification of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Dirty Panicle Disease in Coconuts (Cocos nucifera) in Thailand." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8040335.

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Dirty panicle disease in coconuts (Cocos nucifera) was first observed in the KU-BEDO Coconut BioBank, Nakhon Pathom province, Thailand. The occurrence of the disease covers more than 30% of the total coconut plantation area. The symptoms include small brown to dark brown spots and discoloration of male flowers. Herein, three fungal strains were isolated from infected samples. Based on the morphological characteristics the fungal isolates, they were classified into two genera, namely, Alternaria (Al01) and Fusarium (FUO01 and FUP01). DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) revealed Al01 as Alternaria burnsii, whereas DNA sequences of ITS, rpb2, and tef1-α identified FUO01 and FUP01 as Fusarium clavum and F. tricinctum, respectively. A pathogenicity test by the agar plug method demonstrated that these pathogens cause dirty panicle disease similar to that observed in natural infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the novel dirty panicle disease in coconuts in Thailand or elsewhere, demonstrating that it is associated with the plant pathogenic fungi A. burnsii, F. clavum, and F. tricinctum.
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3

Kumar, VA. "Article published elsewhere as abstract." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 30, no. 2 (2012): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.96728.

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4

Bearman, Gonzalo, Linda Fuentes, Jaclyn Van Lieu Vorenkamp, and Lewis M. Drusin. "Vaccination Without Documentation: Influenza Immunization Among Medical Residents at a Tertiary-Care Medical Center." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 8 (August 2003): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502266.

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AbstractSixty-four percent of medical residents unimmunized by the Occupational Health Service were immunized elsewhere. Those unvaccinated lacked time to comply. An immune staff is critical to prevent transmission to high-risk patients and limit absenteeism. The hospital is implementing a program to deliver medical care to the house staff.
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5

Cimino, J. J. "Desiderata for Controlled Medical Vocabularies in the Twenty-First Century." Methods of Information in Medicine 37, no. 04/05 (October 1998): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634558.

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AbstractBuilders of medical informatics applications need controlled medical vocabularies to support their applications and it is to their advantage to use available standards. In order to do so, however, these standards need to address the requirements of their intended users. Overthe past decade, medical informatics researchers have begun to articulate some of these requirements. This paper brings together some of the common themes which have been described, including: vocabulary content, concept orientation, concept permanence, nonsemantic concept identifiers, polyhierarchy, formal definitions, rejection of “not elsewhere classified” terms, multiple granularities, mUltiple consistent views, context representation, graceful evolution, and recognized redundancy. Standards developers are beginning to recognize and address these desiderata and adapt their offerings to meet them.
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6

Santos, Norma, Rita C. C. Lima, Carlos M. Nozawa, Rosa E. Linhares, and Vera Gouvea. "Detection of Porcine Rotavirus Type G9 and of a Mixture of Types G1 and G5 Associated with Wa-Like VP4 Specificity: Evidence for Natural Human-Porcine Genetic Reassortment." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 8 (1999): 2734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.8.2734-2736.1999.

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Rotavirus type G5 is a primarily porcine pathogen that has caused frequent and widespread diarrhea in children in Brazil and in piglets elsewhere. Initial results on the rotavirus types circulating in diarrheic piglets in Brazil disclosed a high diversity of strains with distinct G types including G1, G4, G5, and G9 and the novelty of P[8], the predominant human P specificity type. Those results add strong evidence for the emergence of new strains through natural reassortment between rotaviruses of human and porcine origins.
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7

Kobayashi, T., T. Osaki, and S. Oikawa. "Use of T-RFLP and seven restriction enzymes to compare the faecal microbiota of obese and lean Japanese healthy men." Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 5 (October 15, 2015): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2014.0147.

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The composition of the intestinal microbiota of 92 healthy Japanese men was measured following consumption of identical meals for 3 days; terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms were then used to analyse the DNA content of their faeces. The obtained operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were further analysed using seven restriction enzymes: 516f-BslI and -HaeIII, 27f-MspI and -AluI, and 35f-HhaI, -MspI and -AluI. Subjects were classified by their body mass index (BMI) as lean (<18.5) or obese (>25.0). OTUs were then analysed using data mining software. Pearson correlation coefficients on data mining results indicated only a weak relationship between BMI and OTU diversity. Specific OTUs attributed to lean and obese subjects were further examined by data mining with six groups of enzymes and closely related accession numbers for lean and obese subjects were successfully narrowed down. 16S rRNA sequences showed Bacillus spp., Erysipelothrix spp. and Holdemania spp. to be present among 30 bacterial candidates related to the lean group. Fifteen candidates were classified Firmicutes, one was classified as Chloroflexi, and the others were not classified. 45 Microbacteriaceae, 11 uncultured Actinobacterium, and 3 other families were present among the 119 candidate OTUs related to obesity. We conclude that the presence of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria may be related to the BMI of the subject.
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8

Naito, Hideo, Khin Maung Win, and Kenji Abe. "Identification of a Novel Genotype of Hepatitis G Virus in Southeast Asia." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 4 (1999): 1217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.4.1217-1220.1999.

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Hepatitis G virus (HGV) isolates obtained from 20 Myanmarese and 10 Vietnamese subjects were analyzed. A cluster of isolates not belonging to any known genotype of HGV was found in five Myanmarese subjects and three Vietnamese subjects by phylogenetic analysis, and we classified this new genotype as type 4. These results revealed that the HGV genome can be classified into at least four major genotypes.
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9

Libby, Tanya E., Megan C. Lindley, Suchita A. Lorick, Taranisia MacCannell, Soo-Jeong Lee, Carmela Smith, Anita Geevarughese, Monear Makvandi, David A. Nace, and Faruque Ahmed. "Reliability and Validity of a Standardized Measure of Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Healthcare Personnel." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 4 (April 2013): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/669859.

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Objective.To evaluate the reliability and validity of a standardized measure of healthcare personnel (HCP) influenza vaccination.Setting.Acute care hospitals, long-term care facilities, ambulatory surgery centers, physician practices, and dialysis centers from 3 US jurisdictions.Participants.Staff from 96 healthcare facilities randomly sampled from 234 facilities that completed pilot testing to assess the feasibility of the measure.Methods.Reliability was assessed by comparing agreement between facility staff and project staff on the classification of HCP numerator (vaccinated at facility, vaccinated elsewhere, contraindicated, declined) and denominator (employees, credentialed nonemployees, other nonemployees) categories. To assess validity, facility staff completed a series of case studies to evaluate how closely classification of HCP groups aligned with the measure's specifications. In a modified Delphi process, experts rated face validity of the proposed measure elements on a Likert-type scale.Results.Percent agreement was high for HCP vaccinated at the facility (99%) and elsewhere (95%) and was lower for HCP who declined vaccination (64%) or were medically contraindicated (64%). While agreement was high (more than 90%) for all denominator categories, many facilities' staff excluded nonemployees for whom numerator and denominator status was difficult to determine. Validity was lowest for credentialed and other nonemployees.Conclusions.The standardized measure of HCP influenza vaccination yields reproducible results for employees vaccinated at the facility and elsewhere. Adhering to true medical contraindications and tracking decimations should improve reliability. Difficulties in establishing denominators and determining vaccination status for credentialed and other nonemployees challenged the measure's validity and prompted revision to include a more limited group of nonemployees.
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10

Müller-Doblies, U. U., H. Li, B. Hauser, H. Adler, and M. Ackermann. "Field Validation of Laboratory Tests for Clinical Diagnosis of Sheep-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 10 (1998): 2970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.10.2970-2972.1998.

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Until recently, sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) was diagnosed mainly on the basis of clinical presentation and histopathological changes. Using clinically diagnosed field cases, we have evaluated a seminested PCR and a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) and compared these assays in the diagnosis of SA-MCF in cattle with histopathology as a provisional “gold standard.” Samples from 44 cattle with clinical signs suggestive of SA-MCF were examined by histopathology, PCR, and CI-ELISA. In addition, samples from healthy cattle were evaluated by PCR (n = 96) and CI-ELISA (n = 75). Based on histopathology, 38 of the 44 clinical cases were classified as SA-MCF positive, 3 were classified as inconclusive, and 3 were classified as SA-MCF negative. The sensitivity of PCR was 95 to 97%, whereas the specificity ranged between 94 and 100%. The CI-ELISA showed a sensitivity of 56 to 87% and a specificity between 91 and 100%. In the field, there is good correlation between the diagnoses of SA-MCF by histopathology, PCR, and CI-ELISA. These data also confirm the close association of ovine herpesvirus 2 with SA-MCF in Switzerland.
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11

el-Yazigi, A., K. Chaleby, and C. R. Martin. "A simplified and rapid test for acetylator phenotyping by use of the peak height ratio of two urinary caffeine metabolites." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.5.848.

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Abstract We describe a simplified liquid-chromatographic test in which acetylator phenotype is determined by measuring the peak height ratio of two urinary caffeine metabolites, 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil and 1-methylxanthine. We applied this test to determine the acetylator phenotypes of 52 subjects who regularly drink coffee, tea, or caffeinated beverages. Also, we determined the acetylator phenotypes of these subjects according to a well-established sulfasalazine test, which yielded identical results. We established the reproducibility of the described test by determining the acetylator phenotypes of 10 additional subjects on two different days separated by a period of two to five weeks. Of the 52 subjects examined by both tests, 40 (76.9%) were classified as slow acetylators, which agrees well with the percentage reported elsewhere for 297 similar subjects from the Saudi population.
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12

Ambrose, Meredith, Gary A. Roselle, Stephen M. Kralovic, and Shantini D. Gamage. "Healthcare-Associated Legionella Disease: A Multi-Year Assessment of Exposure Settings in a National Healthcare System in the United States." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020264.

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Healthcare facilities are high-risk environments for Legionella disease (LD), including Legionnaires’ disease, but transmission in these settings is often overlooked. We used the LD database at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national healthcare system to assess the type of healthcare exposure for LD cases. Cases were extracted from the database for 1 September 2012 through 31 July 2019, focusing on cases with an overnight stay at a VA facility during the 10-day exposure window prior to symptom onset. Patient medical charts were reviewed for demographics and types of healthcare setting exposure(s). There were 99 LD cases in the cohort: 31.3% were classified as having definite VA exposure, 37.4% were classified as possible VA with inpatient exposure, and 31.3% were classified as possible VA with both inpatient and outpatient exposure. For definite VA LD cases, 67.7% had some type of exposure in the long-term care setting. While 63% of the 99 cases had exposure in the acute care setting only, both the long-term care and acute care settings contributed substantially to the total number of exposure days. A review of patient movement during the exposure period showed the variable and sometimes extensive use of the VA system, and it provides insights useful for epidemiologic investigations and potential preventive actions.
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13

Chang, Tsung Chain, and Ay Huey Huang. "Rapid Differentiation of Fermentative from Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli in Positive Blood Cultures by an Impedance Method." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 10 (2000): 3589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.10.3589-3594.2000.

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Rapid differentiation of fermentative gram-negative bacilli (fermenters) from nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli (nonfermenters) in positive blood cultures may help physicians to narrow the choice of appropriate antibiotics for empiric treatment. An impedance method for direct differentiation of fermenters from nonfermenters was investigated. The bacterial suspensions (or positive culture broths containing gram-negative bacteria) were inoculated into the module wells of a Bactometer (bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) containing 1 ml of Muller-Hinton broth. The inoculated modules were incubated at 35°C, and the change in impedance in each well was continuously monitored. The amount of time required to cause a series of significant deviations from baseline impedance values was defined as the detection time (DT). The percent change of impedance was defined as the change of impedance at the time interval from DT to DT plus 1 h. After testing 857 strains of pure cultures (586 strains of fermenters and 271 strains of nonfermenters), a breakpoint (2.98%) of impedance change was obtained by discriminant analysis. Strains displaying impedance changes of greater than 2.98% were classified as fermenters; the others were classified as nonfermenters. By using this breakpoint, 98.6% (340 of 345) of positive blood cultures containing fermenters and 98% (98 of 100) of positive blood cultures containing nonfermenters were correctly classified. The impedance method was simple, and the results were normally available within 2 to 4 h after direct inoculation of positive blood culture broths.
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14

Bonington, Alec, J. I. George Strang, Paul E. Klapper, Steven V. Hood, William Rubombora, Miranda Penny, Rose Willers, and Edmund G. L. Wilkins. "Use of Roche AMPLICOR Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR in Early Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 5 (1998): 1251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.5.1251-1254.1998.

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Several nucleic acid-based amplification tests are available for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but few data are available on their use in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). We performed a prospective study to assess the Roche AMPLICORMycobacterium tuberculosis PCR test (TB AMPLICOR) for use in the diagnosis of TBM and compared it with direct Ziehl-Neelsen staining of smears, radiometric culture for M. tuberculosis, and clinical and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. Eighty-three CSF specimens collected from 69 patients with suspected meningitis in South Africa were tested by TB AMPLICOR. On the basis of clinical and laboratory findings, 40 of these patients were treated for TBM and 29 patients were not treated for TBM. Ten CSF samples from 10 patients were positive by TB AMPLICOR. Seven of these 10 patients were classified as having definite TBM, 2 were classified as having probable TBM, and 1 was classified as having possible TBM. The sensitivity of TB AMPLICOR for detecting cases of definite and probable TBM in patients from whom CSF specimens had been collected less than 10 days into antituberculosis treatment was 60.0%. Specimens from all 29 patients not treated for TBM were negative by the TB AMPLICOR, giving a 100% specificity. TB AMPLICOR is therefore more sensitive than the combination of Ziehl-Neelsen staining of smears and radiometric culture for M. tuberculosis and is a rapid and highly specific diagnostic test for TBM.
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15

Frimodt‐Møller, Niels, Frank Espersen, Bodil Jacobsen, Jørgen Schlundt, Anders Meyling, and Henrik Wegener. "Problems with Antibiotic Resistance in Spain and Their Relation to Antibiotic Use in Humans Elsewhere." Clinical Infectious Diseases 25, no. 4 (October 1997): 939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/597671.

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16

Węgrzyn, Grzegorz. "Should Bacteriophages Be Classified as Parasites or Predators?" Polish Journal of Microbiology 71, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-005.

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Abstract Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria and propagating in bacterial cells. They were discovered over 100 years ago, and for decades they played crucial roles as models in genetics and molecular biology and as tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology. Now we also recognize their huge role in natural environment and their importance in human health and disease. Despite our understanding of bacteriophage mechanisms of development, these viruses are described as parasites or predators in the literature. From the biological point of view, there are fundamental differences between parasites and predators. Therefore, in this article, I asked whether bacteriophages should be classified as former or latter biological entities. Analysis of the literature and biological definitions led me to conclude that bacteriophages are parasites rather than predators and should be classified and described as such. If even more precise ecological classification is needed, bacteriophages can perhaps be included in the group of parasitoids. It might be the most appropriate formal classification of these viruses, especially if strictly virulent phages are considered, contrary to phages which lysogenize host cells and those which develop according to the permanent infection mode (or chronic cycle, like filamentous phages) revealing features of classical parasites.
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17

Obrenovich, Mark E., Moncef B. Tayahi, Caryn L. Heidt, and Steven N. Emancipator. "Prophylaxis and Remediation for Future Pandemic Pathogens—(Lessons from a Post-COVID World)." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122407.

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Since influenza and coronaviruses are currently deadly and emerging threats worldwide, better treatment, remediation and prevention options are needed. In that regard, a basic understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2/COVID-19 (Betacoronaviridae) and other viral pathogen mechanisms of transmission are expected. Unfortunately, unprecedented, and growing distrust of vaccines and even masks or personal protective equipment (PPE) in the United States and elsewhere presents itself as an added challenge. We postulate that development of improved and highly effective prophylactic measures, together with new life-saving therapies that do inhibit or otherwise treat infection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza and other viral pathogens, could be an adjunct measure to globally protect vulnerable individuals from pandemic threats. In this review, we share what we learned from the past COVID experience to offer a multifactorial and improved approach to current and future pandemic infections or threats using low-cost means.
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18

Simner, P. J. "Medical Parasitology Taxonomy Update: January 2012 to December 2015." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01020-16.

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ABSTRACT Parasites of medical importance have long been classified taxonomically by morphological characteristics. However, molecular-based techniques have been increasingly used and relied on to determine evolutionary distances for the basis of rational hierarchal classifications. This has resulted in several different classification schemes for parasites and changes in parasite taxonomy. The purpose of this Minireview is to provide a single reference for diagnostic laboratories that summarizes new and revised clinically relevant parasite taxonomy from January 2012 through December 2015.
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19

Bouthry, Elise, Milena Furione, Daniela Huzly, Adaeze Ogee-Nwankwo, LiJuan Hao, Adebola Adebayo, Joseph Icenogle, et al. "Assessing Immunity to Rubella Virus: a Plea for Standardization of IgG (Immuno)assays." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 7 (May 4, 2016): 1720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00383-16.

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Immunity to rubella virus (RV) is commonly determined by measuring specific immunoglobulin G (RV IgG). However, RV IgG results and their interpretation may vary, depending on the immunoassay, even though most commercial immunoassays (CIAs) have been calibrated against an international standard and results are reported in international units per milliliter. A panel of 322 sera collected from pregnant women that tested negative or equivocal for RV IgG in a prior test (routine screening) was selected. This panel was tested with two reference tests, immunoblotting (IB) and neutralization (Nt), and with 8 CIAs widely used in Europe. IB and Nt gave concordant results on 267/322 (82.9%) sera. Of these, 85 (26.4%) sera were negative and 182 (56.5%) sera were positive for both tests. All 85 IB/Nt-negative samples were classified as negative with all CIAs. Of the 182 IB/Nt-positive samples, 25.3 to 61.5% were classified as equivocal and 6 to 64.8% were classified as positive with the CIAs. Wide variations in titers in international units per milliliter were observed. In our series, more than half of the women considered susceptible to RV based on CIA results tested positive for RV antibodies by IB/Nt. Our data suggest that (i) sensitivity of CIAs could be increased by considering equivocal results as positive and (ii) the definition of immunity to RV as the 10-IU/ml usual cutoff as well as the use of quantitative results for clinical decisions may warrant reconsideration. A better standardization of CIAs for RV IgG determination is needed.
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20

Gan, Y., P. Liu, T. Wu, and S. Guo. "Different characteristics between mycobacteriophage Chy1 and D29, which were classified as cluster A2 mycobacteriophages." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 34, no. 2 (April 2016): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.180282.

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21

Barbosa, Joana, Sandra Borges, Ruth Camilo, Rui Magalhães, Vânia Ferreira, Isabel Santos, Joana Silva, Gonçalo Almeida, and Paula Teixeira. "Biofilm Formation among Clinical and Food Isolates ofListeria monocytogenes." International Journal of Microbiology 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/524975.

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Objective. A total of 725Listeria monocytogenesisolates, 607 from various foods and 118 from clinical cases of listeriosis, were investigated concerning their ability to form biofilms, at 4°C during 5 days and at 37°C during 24 h.Methods. Biofilm production was carried out on polystyrene tissue culture plates. FiveL. monocytogenesisolates were tested for biofilm formation after being exposed to acidic and osmotic stress conditions.Results. Significant differences (P<0.01) between clinical and food isolates were observed. At 37°C for 24 h, most food isolates were classified as weak or moderate biofilm formers whereas all the clinical isolates were biofilm producers, although the majority were weak. At 4°C during 5 days, 65 and 59% isolates, from food and clinical cases, respectively, were classified as weak. After both sublethal stresses, at 37°C just one of the five isolates tested was shown to be more sensitive to subsequent acidic exposure. However, at 4°C both stresses did not confer either sensitivity or resistance.Conclusions. Significant differences between isolates origin, temperature, and sublethal acidic stress were observed concerning the ability to form biofilms. Strain, origin, and environmental conditions can determine the level of biofilm production byL. monocytogenesisolates.
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De Paschale, Massimo, Debora Cagnin, Teresa Cerulli, Maria Teresa Manco, Carlo Agrappi, Paola Mirri, Arianna Gatti, Cristina Rescaldani, and Pierangelo Clerici. "Search for Anti-EA(D) Antibodies in Subjects with an “Isolated VCA IgG” Pattern." International Journal of Microbiology 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/695104.

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The presence of an “isolated viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG” pattern in serum is not easy to interpret without the aid of further tests, such as specific immunoblotting or a virus genome search, that often give rise to organisational and economic problems. However, one alternative is to use an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-early antigen (EA) antibodies, which can be found in about 85% of subjects with acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. The purpose of this work was to search for anti-EA(D) antibodies in 130 samples with an isolated VCA IgG pattern at ELISA screening and classified as being indicative of past (102 cases) or acute (28 cases) infection on the basis of the immunoblotting results. Thirty-seven samples (28.5%) were positive for anti-EA(D), of which 25 (89.3%) had been classified by immunoblotting as indicating acute and 12 (11.8%) past EBV infection. This difference was statistically significant (P<.01). The results of our search for anti-EA(D) antibodies correctly identified nearly 90% of acute (presence) or past EBV infections (absence). When other tests are not available, the search for anti-EA antibodies may therefore be helpful in diagnosing patients with an isolated VCA IgG pattern at screening tests.
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Vardas, Eftyhia, P. M. Leary, Jane Yeats, Waseila Badrodien, and Stephanie Kreis. "Case Report and Molecular Analysis of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis in a South African Child." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 3 (1999): 775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.3.775-777.1999.

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This is the first case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis from South Africa in which the molecular characteristics of the causative measles virus were examined. The virus found is classified as genotype D3, which has not previously been found in Africa and was last circulating in the United States before 1992.
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24

Ludden, Catherine, Danesh Moradigaravand, Dorota Jamrozy, Theodore Gouliouris, Beth Blane, Plamena Naydenova, Juan Hernandez-Garcia, et al. "A One Health Study of the Genetic Relatedness of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Their Mobile Elements in the East of England." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 2 (March 7, 2019): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz174.

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Abstract Background Klebsiella pneumoniae is a human, animal, and environmental commensal and a leading cause of nosocomial infections, which are often caused by multiresistant strains. We evaluate putative sources of K. pneumoniae that are carried by and infect hospital patients. Methods We conducted a 6-month survey on 2 hematology wards at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, in 2015 to isolate K. pneumoniae from stool, blood, and the environment. We conducted cross-sectional surveys of K. pneumoniae from 29 livestock farms, 97 meat products, the hospital sewer, and 20 municipal wastewater treatment plants in the East of England between 2014 and 2015. Isolates were sequenced and their genomes compared. Results Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from stool of 17/149 (11%) patients and 18/922 swabs of their environment, together with 1 bloodstream infection during the study and 4 others over a 24-month period. Each patient carried 1 or more lineages that was unique to them, but 2 broad environmental contamination events and patient–environment transmission were identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from cattle, poultry, hospital sewage, and 12/20 wastewater treatment plants. There was low genetic relatedness between isolates from patients/their hospital environment vs isolates from elsewhere. Identical genes encoding cephalosporin resistance were carried by isolates from humans/environment and elsewhere but were carried on different plasmids. Conclusion We identified no patient-to-patient transmission and no evidence for livestock as a source of K. pneumoniae infecting humans. However, our findings reaffirm the importance of the hospital environment as a source of K. pneumoniae associated with serious human infection.
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Klausegger, Alfred, Markus Hell, Alexandra Berger, Kerstin Zinober, Sabine Baier, Neil Jones, Wolfgang Sperl, and Barbara Kofler. "Gram Type-Specific Broad-Range PCR Amplification for Rapid Detection of 62 Pathogenic Bacteria." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 2 (1999): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.2.464-466.1999.

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Broad-range PCR has proven to be useful for the detection of bacteria. A set of broad-range PCR primers directed against conserved regions in the 16S rRNA gene was designed to specifically amplify either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. The gram type-specific broad-range PCR correctly classified all 62 pathogenic species tested.
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LEE, Sang Dong. "Medical knowledge of medieval physician on the cause of plague during 1347/8-1351: traditional understandings to poison theory." Korean Journal of Medical History 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2022.31.363.

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This article sets its investigative goal on determining the medical knowledge of medieval physicians from 1347-8 to 1351 concerning the causes of plague. As the plague killed a third of Europe’s population, the contemporary witness at the time perceived God as the sender of this plague to punish the human society. However, physicians separated the religious and cultural explanation for the cause of this plague and instead seek the answer to this question elsewhere. Developing on traditional medical knowledges, physicians classified the possible range of the plague’s causes into two areas: universal cause and individual/particular causes. In addition, they also sought to explain the causes by employing the traditional miasma-humoral theory. Unlike the previous ones, however, the plague during 1347-8 to 1351 killed the patients indiscriminately and also incredibly viciously. This phenomenon could not be explained by merely using the traditional medical knowledge and this idiosyncrasy led the physicians employ the poison theory to explain the causes of plague more pragmatically.
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Biermann, C., G. Fries, P. Jehnichen, S. Bhakdi, and M. Husmann. "Isolation of Abiotrophia adiacens from a Brain Abscess Which Developed in a Patient after Neurosurgery." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 3 (1999): 769–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.3.769-771.1999.

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We report the case of a patient who developed a large brain abscess after neurosurgery. Cerebrospinal fluid from the abscess drainage yielded Abiotrophia adiacens-specific PCR products and microorganisms that were identified by conventional microbiological methods and by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis as Abiotrophia adiacens, which was formerly classified as a member of nutritionally variant streptococci.
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Milojevic, Tetyana, Margaret Anne Cramm, Casey R. J. Hubert, and Frances Westall. "“Freezing” Thermophiles: From One Temperature Extreme to Another." Microorganisms 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 2417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122417.

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New detections of thermophiles in psychrobiotic (i.e., bearing cold-tolerant life forms) marine and terrestrial habitats including Arctic marine sediments, Antarctic accretion ice, permafrost, and elsewhere are continually being reported. These microorganisms present great opportunities for microbial ecologists to examine biogeographical processes for spore-formers and non-spore-formers alike, including dispersal histories connecting warm and cold biospheres. In this review, we examine different examples of thermophiles in cryobiotic locations, and highlight exploration of thermophiles at cold temperatures under laboratory conditions. The survival of thermophiles in psychrobiotic environments provokes novel considerations of physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying natural cryopreservation of microorganisms. Cultures of thermophiles maintained at low temperature may serve as a non-sporulating laboratory model for further exploration of metabolic potential of thermophiles at psychrobiotic temperatures, as well as for elucidating molecular mechanisms behind natural preservation and adaptation to psychrobiotic environments. These investigations are highly relevant for the search for life on other cold and icy planets in the Solar System, such as Mars, Europa and Enceladus.
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Arakawa, Eiji, Toshiyuki Murase, Shigeru Matsushita, Toshio Shimada, Shiro Yamai, Takeshi Ito, and Haruo Watanabe. "Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis-Based Molecular Comparison of Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolates from Domestic and Imported Cases of Cholera in Japan." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 1 (January 2000): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.1.424-426.2000.

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ABSTRACT Sixty-seven Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor isolates (36 domestic and 31 imported) were classified into 19 subtypes by Not I- and Sfi I-digested pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Twenty-five of 36 domestic and 4 imported isolates were assigned to a Not I-A1– Sfi I-A1 subtype, suggesting that this pulse type is widely distributed in Asia and Japan.
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Murphy, Donald G., Erwin Sablon, Jasmine Chamberland, Eric Fournier, Raymond Dandavino, and Cécile L. Tremblay. "Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 7, a New Genotype Originating from Central Africa." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 3 (December 17, 2014): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02831-14.

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We report a new hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype identified in patients originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The prototype QC69 virus is shown to be a new lineage distinct from genotypes 1 to 6. Three additional patients were also found to be infected by a virus from this lineage, confirming its circulation in humans. We propose that these viruses be classified into HCV genotype 7.
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M, Logaraj, Sathiyanarayanan S, and Balaji R. "SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF FEMALE PATIENTS ATTENDING MOBILE MEDICAL CLINICS IN A RURAL BLOCK IN TAMILNADU." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.20585.

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Objectives: The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of “symptoms not elsewhere classified” under the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification among the female patients attending mobile medical clinics.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 7,124 female patients who attended weekly mobile medical clinics in a rural block in Tamil Nadu. Sociodemographic variables, symptomatology, patient history, and clinical examination details were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire.Results: The five common symptoms affecting the study population were myalgia (18.3%), nasal congestion (13.6%), headache (13.1%), lumbar pain (12.5%), and knee pain (9.3%). The systems commonly affected among the female patients were in the order of general symptoms and signs (R50-R69), circulatory and respiratory systems (R00-R09), and Nervous and Musculoskeletal Systems (R25-R29). In the age group of 10–19 years and 20–39 years, the most common symptom was headache (25.2% and 18.8%, respectively). In the age group of 40–59 years and 60 years and above, it was myalgia (24.2% and 32.3%, respectively).Conclusion: As pain being most common symptoms, an appropriate strategy and guidelines have to be developed to manage the problem of pain at primary care level.
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Aranega-Bou, Paz, Nicholas Ellaby, Matthew J. Ellington, and Ginny Moore. "Migration of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)-Producing Enterobacter cloacae through Wastewater Pipework and Establishment in Hospital Sink Waste Traps in a Laboratory Model System." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091868.

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Sink waste traps and drains are a reservoir for multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the hospital environment. It has been suggested that these bacteria can migrate through hospital plumbing. Hospital waste traps were installed in a laboratory model system where sinks were connected through a common wastewater pipe. Enterobacterales populations were monitored using selective culture, MALDI-TOF identification and antibiotic resistance profiling before and after a wastewater backflow event. When transfer between sinks was suspected, isolates were compared using whole-genome sequencing. Immediately after the wastewater backflow, two KPC-producing Enterobacter cloacae were recovered from a waste trap in which Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) had not been detected previously. The isolates belonged to ST501 and ST31 and were genetically indistinguishable to those colonising sinks elsewhere in the system. Following inter-sink transfer, KPC-producing E. cloacae ST501 successfully integrated into the microbiome of the recipient sink and was detected in the waste trap water at least five months after the backflow event. Seven weeks and three months after the backflow, other inter-sink transfers involving Escherichia coli ST5295 and KPC-producing E. cloacae ST501 were also observed.
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Farooq, Rai Khalid, Widyan Alamoudi, Amani Alhibshi, Suriya Rehman, Ashish Ranjan Sharma, and Fuad A. Abdulla. "Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation." Microorganisms 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040705.

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The human gut microbiome has been implicated in a host of bodily functions and their regulation, including brain development and cognition. Neuroinflammation is a relatively newer piece of the puzzle and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The microbiome of the gut may alter the inflammatory signaling inside the brain through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, controlling the availability of amino acid tryptophan and altering vagal activation. Studies in Korea and elsewhere highlight a strong link between microbiome dynamics and neurocognitive states, including personality. For these reasons, re-establishing microbial flora of the gut looks critical for keeping neuroinflammation from putting the whole system aflame through probiotics and allotransplantation of the fecal microbiome. However, the numerosity of the microbiome remains a challenge. For this purpose, it is suggested that wherever possible, a fecal microbial auto-transplant may prove more effective. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the microbiome in neuroinflammation and the various mechanism involved in this process. As an example, we have also discussed the autism spectrum disorder and the implication of neuroinflammation and microbiome in its pathogenesis.
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34

Briciu, Violeta, Mirela Flonta, Daniel Leucuța, and Mihaela Lupșe. "The Diagnostic Challenges and Clinical and Serological Outcome in Patients Hospitalized for Suspected Lyme Neuroborreliosis." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071392.

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The aim of our study was to evaluate the differential diagnosis and clinical/serological outcome to antibiotic treatment in patients hospitalized for suspected Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). A prospective study included patients hospitalized in a Romanian hospital between March 2011 and October 2012 with neurological symptoms, positive laboratory tests for Borrelia burgdorferi, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and no previous treatment for LNB. A questionnaire was completed for each patient at admission, at the end of treatment, and 3 months later. Patients were treated with antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone/cefotaxime), irrespective of CSF analysis results. A symptomatic scoring scale was used for the follow-up. Out of the 42 patients included, no patient fulfilled criteria for definite LNB; 7 patients were classified as possible LNB; and in 33 patients, LNB was excluded. Two patients could not be classified (insufficient amount of CSF). Clinical follow-up suggested a better response to therapy in the group of patients with possible LNB than in the group with LNB excluded. The patients’ differential diagnosis and serological follow-up are presented. Patients investigated for suspected LNB present diverse clinical manifestations and comorbidities that complicate differential diagnosis. LNB may be misdiagnosed if CSF analysis is not performed.
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Wang, Fanyue, and Min Chen. "Chromatic Acclimation Processes and Their Relationships with Phycobiliprotein Complexes." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081562.

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Chromatic acclimation (CA) is a widespread mechanism for optimizing the composition of phycobiliprotein complexes to maximize the cyanobacterial light capture efficiency. There are seven CA types, CA1-CA7, classified according to various photoregulatory pathways. Here, we use sequence analyses and bioinformatics to predict the presence of CA types according to three GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylyl cyclase/FhlA)-containing photoreceptors, CcaS (cyanobacterial chromatic acclimation sensor), RcaE (regulator of chromatic adaptation), and RfpA (regulator for far-red photoacclimation). These photoreceptors were classified into three different phylogenetic groups leading different CA types in a diverse range of cyanobacteria. Combining with genomic information of phycobilisome compositions, the CA capabilities of various cyanobacteria were conjectured. Screening 65 accessible cyanobacterial genomes, we defined 19 cyanobacteria that have the capability to perform far-red light photoacclimation (FaRLiP) under the control of RfpA. Forty out of sixty-five cyanobacteria have the capability to perform green/red light photoacclimation, although they use different photoreceptors (RcaE and/or CcaS) and photoregulatory pathways. The reversible response of photoreceptors in CA regulation pathways trigged by changed light conditions reflects the flexibility of photoregulatory mechanisms in cyanobacteria and the putative independent evolutionary origin of photoacclimation types.
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Le, Kien Trung, Lam Thanh Nguyen, Loc Tan Huynh, Duc-Huy Chu, Long Van Nguyen, Tien Ngoc Nguyen, Tien Ngoc Tien, et al. "Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathobiological Characterization of H9 and H6 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Vietnam from 2014 to 2018." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020244.

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The H9 and H6 subtypes of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) cause substantial economic losses in poultry worldwide, including Vietnam. Herein, we characterized Vietnamese H9 and H6 LPAIVs to facilitate the control of avian influenza. The space–time representative viruses of each subtype were selected based on active surveillance from 2014 to 2018 in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis using hemagglutinin genes revealed that 54 H9 and 48 H6 Vietnamese LPAIVs were classified into the sublineages Y280/BJ94 and Group II, respectively. Gene constellation analysis indicated that 6 and 19 genotypes of the H9 and H6 subtypes, respectively, belonged to the representative viruses. The Vietnamese viruses are genetically related to the previous isolates and those in neighboring countries, indicating their circulation in poultry after being introduced into Vietnam. The antigenicity of these subtypes was different from that of viruses isolated from wild birds. Antigenicity was more conserved in the H9 viruses than in the H6 viruses. Furthermore, a representative H9 LPAIV exhibited systemic replication in chickens, which was enhanced by coinfection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2. Although H9 and H6 were classified as LPAIVs, their characterization indicated that their silent spread might significantly affect the poultry industry.
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37

Felippe-Bauer, M. L., P. G. Bauer, and F. C. Silva Filho. "Scanning electron microscopy of the antennal sensilla in female Culicoides paraensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 4 (December 1989): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000400002.

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We studied by sanning electron microscopy the number, types, structure and distribution of the antennal sensilla of the medical important ceratopogonid Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi). There are about 174 sense organs on the antenmal flagellum which are classified as sensilla chaetica; sharp-tipped and blunt-tipped (type I and II) sensilla trichodea; sensilla basiconica; sensilla coeloconica; sensilla ampullacea and styloconic-type sensilla. The role of antennal sensory organs are discussed regarding the host preference of the biting midges.
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38

Gislason, April S., and Teri R. de Kievit. "Friend or foe? Exploring the fine line between Pseudomonas brassicacearum and phytopathogens." Journal of Medical Microbiology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001145.

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Pseudomonas brassicacearum is one of over fifty species of bacteria classified into the P. fluorescens group. Generally considered a harmless commensal, these bacteria are studied for their plant-growth promotion (PGP) and biocontrol characteristics. Intriguingly, P. brassicacearum is closely related to P. corrugata , which is classified as an opportunistic phytopathogen. Twenty-one P. brassicacearum genomes have been sequenced to date. In the current review, genomes of P. brassicacearum and strains from the P. corrugata clade were mined for regions associated with PGP, biocontrol and pathogenicity. We discovered that ‘beneficial’ bacteria and those classified as plant pathogens have many genes in common; thus, only a fine line separates beneficial/harmless commensals from those capable of causing disease in plants. The genotype and physiological state of the plant, the presence of biotic/abiotic stressors, and the ability of bacteria to manipulate the plant immune system collectively contribute to how the bacterial-plant interaction plays out. Because production of extracellular metabolites is energetically costly, these compounds are expected to impart a fitness advantage to the producer. P. brassicacearum is able to reduce the threat of nematode predation through release of metabolites involved in biocontrol. Moreover this bacterium has the unique ability to form biofilms on the head of Caenorhabditis elegans, as a second mechanism of predator avoidance. Rhizobacteria, plants, fungi, and microfaunal predators have occupied a shared niche for millions of years and, in many ways, they function as a single organism. Accordingly, it is essential that we appreciate the dynamic interplay among these members of the community.
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39

Nascimento, Júllia A. S., Fernanda F. Santos, Tiago B. Valiatti, José F. Santos-Neto, Ana Carolina M. Santos, Rodrigo Cayô, Ana C. Gales, and Tânia A. T. Gomes. "Frequency and Diversity of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040693.

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(1) Background: Hybrid uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains carry virulence markers of the diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathotypes, which may increase their virulence potential. This study analyzed the frequency and virulence potential of hybrid strains among 452 UPEC strains. (2) Methods: Strains were tested for the DEC virulence diagnostic genes’ presence by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Those carrying at least one gene were classified as hybrid and further tested for 10 UPEC and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence genes and phylogenetic classification. Also, their ability to produce hemolysis, adhere to HeLa and renal HEK 293T cells, form a biofilm, and antimicrobial susceptibility were evaluated. (3) Results: Nine (2%) hybrid strains were detected; seven of them carried aggR and two, eae, and were classified as UPEC/EAEC (enteroaggregative E. coli) and UPEC/aEPEC (atypical enteropathogenic E. coli), respectively. They belonged to phylogroups A (five strains), B1 (three), and D (one), and adhered to both cell lineages tested. Only the UPEC/EAEC strains were hemolytic (five strains) and produced biofilm. One UPEC/aEPEC strain was resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carried blaCTX-M-15. (4) Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding the occurrence and pathogenicity of hybrid UPEC strains, which may cause more severe infections.
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Ahearne, Andrew, Hanan Albataineh, Scot E. Dowd, and D. Cole Stevens. "Assessment of Evolutionary Relationships for Prioritization of Myxobacteria for Natural Product Discovery." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071376.

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Discoveries of novel myxobacteria have started to unveil the potentially vast phylogenetic diversity within the family Myxococcaceae and have brought about an updated approach to myxobacterial classification. While traditional approaches focused on morphology, 16S gene sequences, and biochemistry, modern methods including comparative genomics have provided a more thorough assessment of myxobacterial taxonomy. Herein, we utilize long-read genome sequencing for two myxobacteria previously classified as Archangium primigenium and Chondrococcus macrosporus, as well as four environmental myxobacteria newly isolated for this study. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization scores from comparative genomics suggest previously classified as A. primigenium to instead be a novel member of the genus Melittangium, C. macrosporus to be a potentially novel member of the genus Corallococcus with high similarity to Corallococcus exercitus, and the four isolated myxobacteria to include another novel Corallococcus species, a novel Pyxidicoccus species, a strain of Corallococcus exiguus, and a potentially novel Myxococcus species with high similarity to Myxococcus stipitatus. We assess the biosynthetic potential of each sequenced myxobacterium and suggest that genus-level conservation of biosynthetic pathways support our preliminary taxonomic assignment. Altogether, we suggest that long-read genome sequencing benefits the classification of myxobacteria and improves determination of biosynthetic potential for prioritization of natural product discovery.
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41

Matthews, Peter C. "Pathological Habit Disorder?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 9 (December 1988): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300908.

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This paper outlines a diagnostic entity called ‘Pathological Habit Disorder’ which is suggested for inclusion in the DSM as an Axis II option. Specific areas of concern, either mental (Axis I) or physical (Axis III), would delineate the syndrome. Pathological Habit Disorder (PHD) points to treatment options where the syndrome is wholly or partly habit-driven. Whether the syndrome is habit-driven or not will remain a clinical judgement even though many conditions, previously thought immutable except by medication, are proving accessible to behavioural engineering. In the ICD system, PHD seems to fit in “Special Symptoms or Syndromes not elsewhere Classified”. It is demonstrably useful to have a diagnosis such as PHD and to incorporate it into the body of medical classification, recognizing current practices for dealing with unwelcome or damaging habits.
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42

Flashner, Samuel, Kelley S. Yan, and Hiroshi Nakagawa. "3D Organoids: An Untapped Platform for Studying Host–Microbiome Interactions in Esophageal Cancers." Microorganisms 9, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112182.

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The microbiome is an emerging key co-factor in the development of esophageal cancer, the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. However, there is a paucity of data delineating how the microbiome contributes to the pathobiology of the two histological subtypes of esophageal cancer: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. This critical knowledge gap is partially due to inadequate modeling of host–microbiome interactions in the etiology of esophageal cancers. Recent advances have enabled progress in this field. Three dimensional (3D) organoids faithfully recapitulate the structure and function of the normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic epithelia of the esophagus ex vivo and serve as a platform translatable for applications in precision medicine. Elsewhere in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the co-culture of 3D organoids with the bacterial microbiome has fostered insight into the pathogenic role of the microbiome in other GI cancers. Herein, we will summarize our current understanding of the relationship between the microbiome and esophageal cancer, discuss 3D organoid models of esophageal homeostasis, review analogous models of host–microbiome interactions in other GI cancers, and advocate for the application of these models to esophageal cancers. Together, we present a promising, novel approach with the potential to ameliorate the burden of esophageal cancer-related morbidity and mortality via improved prevention and therapeutic interventions.
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Wang, Yutao, Yingzhong Xie, Hongbin Ma, Yi Zhang, Juan Zhang, Hao Zhang, Xu Luo, and Jianping Li. "Responses of Soil Microbial Communities and Networks to Precipitation Change in a Typical Steppe Ecosystem of the Loess Plateau." Microorganisms 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040817.

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The response of microbial communities to changes in precipitation can regulate the nutrition cycling of terrestrial ecosystems, but the effect on the structure and interaction of microbial communities and the relationship with environmental factors in arid and semiarid areas are unclear. Here, a field simulation experiment using three precipitation gradients, 50% of normal precipitation (P50), normal precipitation (P100) and 150% of normal precipitation (P150), was carried out in the typical grassland of the Loess Plateau. We applied high-throughput sequencing and network analysis to explore the effect of precipitation changes to soil microbial communities. The results indicated that the structural composition of the microbial community responded to precipitation treatments dramatically. The Top 50 microbials were divided into resource-limited, drought-tolerant and sensitive groups based on their response to altered precipitation. The network of bacteria was more complex and stronger than fungi. Bacterial networks were less stable but more adaptable under drought than fungal. Increasing precipitation promoted the complication and firmness of fungi networks. These findings are crucial for revealing the effects of climate change on soil microbial communities in arid-land and elsewhere and can provide valuable guidance for ecological restoration and response to climate change of the Loess Plateau.
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Falcone, E., M. Tarantino, L. Di Trani, P. Cordioli, A. Lavazza, and M. Tollis. "Determination of Bovine Rotavirus G and P Serotypes in Italy by PCR." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 12 (1999): 3879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.3879-3882.1999.

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Determination of the G and P serotypes of group A bovine rotaviruses from 149 samples of feces or intestinal contents collected from calves showing clinical signs of neonatal diarrhea was performed by a nested reverse transcription-PCR typing assay. The G6 serotype was the most prevalent, accounting for viruses in 55.7% of the samples; viruses of the G10 and G8 serotypes were found in 34.9 and 4.7% of the samples, respectively. The virus in one sample (0.7%) was not classified due to concomitant infection with G6 and G8 strains, whereas viruses in six samples (4.0%) could not be characterized with any of the three G serotype-specific primers selected for the present study. When examined for their P-serotype specificities, viruses in 55 and 42.3% of the samples were characterized as P[11] and P[5], respectively, no P[1] serotype was identified, and viruses in 2.7% of the samples could not be classified due to multiple reactivity with both P[5]- and P[11]-specific primers. Various combinations of G and P serotypes were observed, the most frequent being G6,P[5] (38.3%), G10,P[11] (31.5%), and G6,P[11] (15.4%). The results of the present study, while contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiology of bovine rotaviruses in Italy, address the relevance of serotype specificity with regard to the constancy of the quality of bovine rotavirus vaccines under different field conditions.
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45

Malathum, Kumthorn, Kavindra V. Singh, George M. Weinstock, and Barbara E. Murray. "Repetitive Sequence-Based PCR versus Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Typing of Enterococcus faecalis at the Subspecies Level." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 1 (1998): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.1.211-215.1998.

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Repetitive sequence-based PCR was compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for the ability to discriminateEnterococcus faecalis isolates at the subspecies level. The BOXA2R primer, derived from repetitive sequences in Streptococcus pneumoniae, was applied to 41 isolates of E. faecaliscollected from various sources. The REP1R-Dt and REP2-Dt primers, derived from the gram-negative repetitive extragenic palindromic element, were also applied to 18 selected isolates. Of the 41 isolates examined, 7 were β-lactamase producing and 8 were vancomycin resistant. By PFGE, 17 isolates had distinct patterns; the other 24 were classified into eight different clonal groups. By PCR using the BOXA2R primer, 16 isolates generated distinct patterns; the other 25 were classified into nine different clonal groups. There were only minor differences in the PCR results obtained by using the BOXA2R primer and the REP1R-Dt and REP2-Dt primers. Two isolates among vancomycin-resistant enterococci from the greater Houston, Tex., area were related by PFGE, distinct by PCR with the BOXA2R primer, and related by PCR with the REP1R-Dt and REP2-Dt primers. Clonal relationships among the remaining 39 isolates were similar by both PFGE and PCR. PCR reliably discriminated all epidemiologically unrelated isolates. Although PCR is less time consuming than PFGE, PCR results were more difficult to interpret than PFGE results, perhaps because fewer bands were generated by PCR than by PFGE and some PCR products were inconsistently seen.
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46

"Points elsewhere." Trends in Microbiology 4, no. 8 (August 1996): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-842x(96)81550-2.

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"Calendar/Classified." Trends in Microbiology 4, no. 9 (September 1996): VI—VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(96)90022-0.

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"Calendar/classified." Trends in Microbiology 4, no. 8 (August 1996): VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(96)90024-4.

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"Calendar/classified." Trends in Microbiology 4, no. 11 (November 1996): VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(96)90029-3.

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"Calendar/classified." Trends in Microbiology 4, no. 7 (July 1996): V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(96)90043-8.

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