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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical informatics - China - Hong Kong'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Croll, P., B. Li, C. P. Wong, S. Gogia, A. Faud, Y. S. Kwak, S. Chu, et al. "Survey on Medical Records and EHR in Asia-Pacific Region." Methods of Information in Medicine 50, no. 04 (2011): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me11-02-0002.

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SummaryObjectives: To clarify health record background information in the Asia-Pacific region, for planning and evaluation of medical information systems.Methods: The survey was carried out in the summer of 2009. Of the 14 APAMI (Asia-Pacific Association for Medical Informatics) delegates 12 responded which were Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan.Results: English is used for records and education in Australia, Hong Kong, India, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan. Most of the countries/regions are British Commonwealth. Nine out of 12 delegates responded that the second purpose of medical records was for the billing of medical services. Seven out of nine responders to this question answered that the second purpose of EHR (Electronic Health Records) was healthcare cost cutting. In Singapore, a versatile resident ID is used which can be applied to a variety of uses. Seven other regions have resident IDs which are used for a varying range of purposes. Regarding healthcare ID, resident ID is simply used as healthcare ID in Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. In most cases, disclosure of medical data with patient’s name identified is allowed only for the purpose of disease control within a legal framework and for disclosure to the patient and referred doctors. Secondary use of medical information with the patient’s identification anonymized is usually allowed in particular cases for specific purposes.Conclusion: This survey on the health record background information has yielded the above mentioned results. This information contributes to the planning and evaluation of medical information systems in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Zavyalova, Olga. "Language Diversity of China and National Security." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 4 (2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120016163-0.

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China with its dozens of languages of national minorities and numerous Chinese dialects is still a linguistically very diverse country, and this diversity regularly finds its reflection during the events in various regions. In 2020, medical teams sent to Wuhan during the coronavirus outbreak faced difficulties with understanding the patients speaking local Mandarin dialects. Later on, language problems in Wuhan were urgently solved by the local administration. Starting from 2019, language confrontation became more visible during the protests in Hong Kong. Already in 2021, a volume devoted to the complicated language situation in the recently created economic cluster of the Greater Bay Area, which is to combine Hong Kong and Macau with nine cities across the Pearl River Delta, was published in the series of the annual reports of the State Language Commission. According to the model proposed by the linguists, Standard Chinese is to become the main spoken language both within the Greater Bay area and in contacts with other regions of China. Cantonese is to be used only as an additional local means of communication, while English and partially Portuguese in Macao are to be preserved as the languages of contacts with foreign countries. To solve various problems of the economic cluster, new structures are to be created with the help of the latest information technologies and participation of the linguists. Language unity as a whole is considered to be a key guarantee of the national security of China.

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Fung, Hon-Ngen, and Chan-Yuan Wong. "Exploring the modernization process of traditional medicine: a Triple Helix perspective with insights from publication and trademark statistics." Social Science Information 54, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018415577504.

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The traditional medicine industry has undergone rapid modernization in the last 20 years, spurred on by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Traditional Medicine Agenda to integrate traditional medicine as a complement to conventional Western medicine. While the current literature tends to visualize traditional medical systems in silos within the context of their own national interests, we aim to evaluate and explore the changing innovation landscape in traditional medicine across several selected Asian economies in order to provide a snapshot of capability in this rapidly growing field of study. Adopting an evolutionary perspective of industrial progress, this study utilizes data relating to scientific publications and trademarks to indicate the trajectory of knowledge production and commercialization in traditional medicine, and thus to assess the modernization efforts of the selected economies. For this study, we observe innovative activity in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand between 1993 and 2012. The results show that Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, and South Korea have the most sophisticated innovation systems in terms of capability and productivity in the fields of science and innovation. Japan and Singapore have also shown strong growth, while Thailand and Malaysia are lagging behind the other selected economies.

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Yam, Carrie H. K., Sian M. Griffiths, S. Liu, Eliza L. Y. Wong, Vincent C. H. Chung, and E. K. Yeoh. "Medical Regulation." Journal of Medical Regulation 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-102.1.16.

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The licensing and regulation of physicians is an important topic worldwide and is often tied to discussions in various countries of health care system reform. We conducted a review of current practices for regulating physicians as a key group of health care professionals in eight jurisdictions in Asia and other parts of the world in order to draw implications for the development of future regulatory policies in Hong Kong. Jurisdictions studied included Australia, Canada, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. A literature search, supplemented by interviews, was conducted. In analyzing information gathered about global regulatory systems, we used a framework for comparing regulatory typology, developed by the RAND Europe research institute. Our review found that the jurisdictions studied exhibited both similarities and differences in terms of how physicians are regulated and by whom. As a result of our search, we were able to identify 10 key trends in international medical regulation of importance to Hong Kong as it considers reforms to its health care system overall:Changes in medical regulation are seen as a way of improving the quality of patient care.Reform of medical regulation often requires government legislation.The creation of common principles for policies, structures and the organization of regulation between professions is an emerging practice.The involvement of lay people on boards and in inquiries is increasingly common.Medical regulation is moving away from models of self-regulation and toward regulatory models that emphasize partnership between professions and the public, physicians and patients.Health care providers and institutional regulators play complementary roles in medical regulation.Regulation impacts the quality of care — not just the detection and remediation of poor performance.Investigatory and disciplinary functions are increasingly separated and organized independently of each other.Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is compulsory for physicians in many jurisdictions.Overseas medical graduates are admitted into practice in different ways from country to country. These trends are important for regulators in all countries to note as they assess the basic structure and effectiveness of their own medical regulatory systems.

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Shen, Jiayi, Jiebin Chen, Zequan Zheng, Jiabin Zheng, Zherui Liu, Jian Song, Sum Yi Wong, et al. "An Innovative Artificial Intelligence–Based App for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM-AI): Development Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): e21573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21573.

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Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can cause adverse consequences to both mothers and their newborns. However, pregnant women living in low- and middle-income areas or countries often fail to receive early clinical interventions at local medical facilities due to restricted availability of GDM diagnosis. The outstanding performance of artificial intelligence (AI) in disease diagnosis in previous studies demonstrates its promising applications in GDM diagnosis. Objective This study aims to investigate the implementation of a well-performing AI algorithm in GDM diagnosis in a setting, which requires fewer medical equipment and staff and to establish an app based on the AI algorithm. This study also explores possible progress if our app is widely used. Methods An AI model that included 9 algorithms was trained on 12,304 pregnant outpatients with their consent who received a test for GDM in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, a local hospital in South China, between November 2010 and October 2017. GDM was diagnosed according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2011 diagnostic criteria. Age and fasting blood glucose were chosen as critical parameters. For validation, we performed k-fold cross-validation (k=5) for the internal dataset and an external validation dataset that included 1655 cases from the Prince of Wales Hospital, the affiliated teaching hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, a non-local hospital. Accuracy, sensitivity, and other criteria were calculated for each algorithm. Results The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of external validation dataset for support vector machine (SVM), random forest, AdaBoost, k-nearest neighbors (kNN), naive Bayes (NB), decision tree, logistic regression (LR), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) were 0.780, 0.657, 0.736, 0.669, 0.774, 0.614, 0.769, 0.742, and 0.757, respectively. SVM also retained high performance in other criteria. The specificity for SVM retained 100% in the external validation set with an accuracy of 88.7%. Conclusions Our prospective and multicenter study is the first clinical study that supports the GDM diagnosis for pregnant women in resource-limited areas, using only fasting blood glucose value, patients’ age, and a smartphone connected to the internet. Our study proved that SVM can achieve accurate diagnosis with less operation cost and higher efficacy. Our study (referred to as GDM-AI study, ie, the study of AI-based diagnosis of GDM) also shows our app has a promising future in improving the quality of maternal health for pregnant women, precision medicine, and long-distance medical care. We recommend future work should expand the dataset scope and replicate the process to validate the performance of the AI algorithms.

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Chang, BS, Crystal, Anthony Salerno, MSc, and Edbert B. Hsu, MD, MPH. "Perspectives on xenophobia during epidemics and implications for emergency management." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 7 (December 10, 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0521.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that traces its earliest known cases to the Hubei region of China in late 2019. As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the globe wreaking unprecedented disruption, increasing levels of xenophobia and racial discrimination have been documented against those of Asian descent. We investigate the historical connections between disease and rise of xenophobia as described in the peer-reviewed literature addressing prior epidemics, such as Ebola and the Hong Kong Flu, in conjunction with concurrent cases of prejudice toward certain groups of people. Attempts to better understand why such attitudes emerge are examined in the context of xenophobic actions during pandemics. Prevailing views suggest that xenophobia ultimately leads to increased stigmatization of those afflicted by disease, which in turn leads to decreased trust in the medical system, resulting in a negative feedback loop. Accurate disseminated information and improved public education on sources and modes of transmission of infectious diseases are essential to check xenophobic tendencies, reduce negative effects and foster greater cooperation.

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López-López, Wilson, Gonzalo Salas, Maribel Vega-Arce, Claudia A. Cornejo-Araya, Miguel Barboza-Palomino, and Yun-Shan Ho. "Publications on COVID-19 in High Impact Factor Journals: A Bibliometric Analysis." Universitas Psychologica 19 (July 16, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.pchi.

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has sickened more than six million people worldwide. This context has led to an abundance of publications quickly since the beginning of the outbreak. In a few months, thousands of scientific papers have appeared. This article aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of the publications on COVID-19 in five high-impact journals indexed to the Web of Science Core Collection's Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) including The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Science, Nature, and JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association. We found 169 documents associated with the search criteria. The findings indicate that China, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the most represented countries in these publications, The Lancet is the journal with the highest number of contributions with 66% of documents, and the University of Hong Kong leads the ranking of institutions. Future bibliometric and scientometric studies on COVID-19 should provide updated information to analyse other relevant indicators in this field.

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Hung, K., E. Y. Y. Chan, E. Lam, T. Rainer, and C. Graham. "(P2-98) Disease Pattern in a Rural Setting Three Weeks After the 2008 Sichuan, China Earthquake—Hong Kong Red Cross Basic Health Clinic in Yanmen." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11005437.

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BackgroundThe Sichuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 with a magnitude of 8.0 killed > 87,000 people. The response of the Hong Kong Red Cross (HKRC) included a basic healthcare team to a small rural town called Yanmen three weeks after the earthquake. The objective of this study was to review HKRC's medical records to identify the disease pattern in the Chinese rural setting post earthquake.MethodsA cross-sectional, record-based study of all patients treated by the HKRC basic healthcare team from 01 June to 19 June 2008. This retrospective study studied the medical records collected during the clinical consultations, and descriptive analysis was performed for the demographic and clinical information. Blood pressure measurement was classified according to the JNC-7 classification, and the age- and gender-specific prevalence of hypertension was sought.ResultsA total of 2,034 cases were seen during the 19-day period with daily attendance ranging from 73 to 153 cases. Musculoskeletal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal problems were the top three categories and accounted for 30.4, 17.4, and 12.7% respectively. Trauma accounted for 5.4% of the cases attended, and 26.0% of the injuries were related to the earthquake. A total of 38.7% of the consultations were for medical problems that existed before the earthquake. A total of 43.4% patients with blood pressure measurements were above the recognized cutoff for hypertension.ConclusionsDue to the impact and time phase post disaster, trauma, and injuries directly resulting from the earthquake did not contribute to a large number of cases. However, the management of chronic illness was an important issue, especially with the excessive prevalence of high blood pressure found in this study. Further studies to investigate the relationship between chronic diseases including hypertension and post-earthquake conditions are needed.

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Tan, Zheng, Kevin Ka-Lun Lau, Adam Charles Roberts, Stessa Tzu-Yuan Chao, and Edward Ng. "Designing Urban Green Spaces for Older Adults in Asian Cities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224423.

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Elderly populations in Asian countries are expected to increase rapidly in the next few decades. Older adults, particularly in high-density cities, spend a considerable amount of time in urban green spaces (UGSs). The World Health Organization noted that UGSs are key to improving the age-friendliness of neighborhoods. Thus, it is necessary to design UGSs for the promotion of healthy ageing to enhance preventive healthcare and relieve medical burdens. This study conducted interviews using a questionnaire with a sample size of 326 participants in the cities of Hong Kong (China) and Tainan (Taiwan region). The inter-relationships among the design of UGSs (e.g., spatial distribution and accessibility, characteristics of plants and UGSs), older adults’ perceptions on safety and aesthetics quality of UGSs, and their self-reported health conditions (assessed by the self-reported SF-12v2 Health Survey) were investigated with bivariate Spearman rank correlation tests. The results indicate that the duration of visits to UGSs was positively associated with mental health and social functioning, two subscales evaluating health-related quality of life in SF 12v2. The statistical model (moderation analysis) showed that such a correlation was especially significant in women and those with low social support and social capital. A positive relationship was found between the physical health subscale and perceived safety in UGSs. This relationship was stronger among older adults living alone (moderation analysis). Furthermore, the color of plants and maintenance condition of UGSs were significant aspects affecting the subjective assessment of aesthetic quality. This study provides useful information regarding how to plan and design urban green spaces with certain characteristics that could improve the accessibility and aesthetic quality, which are preferred by older adults.

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Chu, Yiu-Wai, Viola W. N. Tung, Terence K. M. Cheung, Man-Yu Chu, Naomi Cheng, Christopher Lai, Dominic N. C. Tsang, and Janice Y. C. Lo. "Carbapenemases in Enterobacteria, Hong Kong, China, 2009." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.101443.

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Yeung, W. L., G. Wong, T. F. Fok, J. Griffith, J. C. Y. Cheng, M. Hjelm, C. Hall, and D. Shaw. "Telemedicine conference on a 13-year-old Chinese girl with an unusual skeletal condition." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981931957.

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Departments of Paediatrics, Diagnostic Radiology, Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Department of Paediatric Radiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK

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12

Poon, Randy Y. C. "Biomedical research in Hong Kong." Biochemist 33, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03305024.

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The first paper from China published in a journal of the Biochemical Society is from as early as 1926. Ernest Tso from the Peking Union Medical College published in the Biochemical Journal a study on the stability of vitamins in Pidan 1. ‘Pidan’ are preserved duck eggs (also called century eggs, thousand-year eggs or millennium eggs, depending on the degree of exaggeration). The yolk (dark green, by the way) is encased in a white that resembles amber. A rather popular cuisine ingredient, Pidan, as nicely observed by Tso “… is perhaps as much used on the table as is cheese in Western countries”.

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Leung, Yiu-Hong, Chau-Kuen Lam, Yung-Yan Cheung, Chi-Wai Chan, and Shuk-Kwan Chuang. "Epidemiology of Legionnaires’ Disease, Hong Kong, China, 2005−2015." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 8 (August 2020): 1695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.191244.

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Kalinowski, Edward, and Frederick M. Burkle. "Emergency Medical Services System in Hong Kong: A Pearl in the South China Sea." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 1997): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00037377.

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AbstractEach Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system is unique in its development and scope of practice. In many instances, incorporates components of other models, It is important to the intellectual growth of the Emergency Medical Technicians that they visualize EMS design from an international perspective. This article describes the EMS system that exists in Hong Kong. It explores the changes that are occurring, defines the relationship between Hong Kong and China, and considers the influence that this evolving model might have on China after 1997.

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Cheng, Vincent C. C., Siddharth Sridhar, Shuk-Ching Wong, Sally C. Y. Wong, Jasper F. W. Chan, Cyril C. Y. Yip, Chi-Hung Chau, et al. "Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmitted Via Blood Transfusion, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 24, no. 1 (January 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2401.171297.

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Leung, Kenneth Siu-Sing, Timothy Ting-Leung Ng, Alan Ka-Lun Wu, Miranda Chong-Yee Yau, Hiu-Yin Lao, Ming-Pan Choi, Kingsley King-Gee Tam, et al. "Territorywide Study of Early Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 1 (January 2021): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2701.201543.

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Hsing, Julianna C., Jasmin Ma, Alejandra Barrero-Castillero, Shilpa G. Jani, Uma Palam Pulendran, Bea-Jane Lin, Monika Thomas-Uribe, and C. Jason Wang. "Influence of Health Beliefs on Adherence to COVID-19 Preventative Practices: International, Social Media–Based Survey Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): e23720. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23720.

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Background Health behavior is influenced by culture and social context. However, there are limited data evaluating the scope of these influences on COVID-19 response. Objective This study aimed to compare handwashing and social distancing practices in different countries and evaluate practice predictors using the health belief model (HBM). Methods From April 11 to May 1, 2020, we conducted an online, cross-sectional survey disseminated internationally via social media. Participants were adults aged 18 years or older from four different countries: the United States, Mexico, Hong Kong (China), and Taiwan. Primary outcomes were self-reported handwashing and social distancing practices during COVID-19. Predictors included constructs of the HBM: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. Associations of these constructs with behavioral outcomes were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Results We analyzed a total of 71,851 participants, with 3070 from the United States, 3946 from Mexico, 1201 from Hong Kong (China), and 63,634 from Taiwan. Of these countries, respondents from the United States adhered to the most social distancing practices (χ23=2169.7, P<.001), while respondents from Taiwan performed the most handwashing (χ23=309.8, P<.001). Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy was a positive predictor for handwashing (odds ratio [OR]United States 1.58, 95% CI 1.21-2.07; ORMexico 1.5, 95% CI 1.21-1.96; ORHong Kong 2.48, 95% CI 1.80-3.44; ORTaiwan 2.30, 95% CI 2.21-2.39) and social distancing practices (ORUnited States 1.77, 95% CI 1.24-2.49; ORMexico 1.77, 95% CI 1.40-2.25; ORHong Kong 3.25, 95% CI 2.32-4.62; ORTaiwan 2.58, 95% CI 2.47-2.68) in all countries. Handwashing was positively associated with perceived susceptibility in Mexico, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, while social distancing was positively associated with perceived severity in the United States, Mexico, and Taiwan. Conclusions Social media recruitment strategies can be used to reach a large audience during a pandemic. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor for handwashing and social distancing. Policies that address relevant health beliefs can facilitate adoption of necessary actions for preventing COVID-19. Our findings may be explained by the timing of government policies, the number of cases reported in each country, individual beliefs, and cultural context.

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Jiang, Xinchan, Jiaqi Yao, and Joyce Hoi-Sze You. "Cost-effectiveness of a Telemonitoring Program for Patients With Heart Failure During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong: Model Development and Data Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): e26516. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26516.

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused patients to avoid seeking medical care. Provision of telemonitoring programs in addition to usual care has demonstrated improved effectiveness in managing patients with heart failure (HF). Objective We aimed to examine the potential clinical and health economic outcomes of a telemonitoring program for management of patients with HF during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of health care providers in Hong Kong. Methods A Markov model was designed to compare the outcomes of a care under COVID-19 (CUC) group and a telemonitoring plus CUC group (telemonitoring group) in a hypothetical cohort of older patients with HF in Hong Kong. The model outcome measures were direct medical cost, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the model assumptions and the robustness of the base-case results. Results In the base-case analysis, the telemonitoring group showed a higher QALY gain (1.9007) at a higher cost (US $15,888) compared to the CUC group (1.8345 QALYs at US $15,603). Adopting US $48,937/QALY (1 × the gross domestic product per capita of Hong Kong) as the willingness-to-pay threshold, telemonitoring was accepted as a highly cost-effective strategy, with an incremental cost-effective ratio of US $4292/QALY. No threshold value was identified in the deterministic sensitivity analysis. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, telemonitoring was accepted as cost-effective in 99.22% of 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. Conclusions Compared to the current outpatient care alone under the COVID-19 pandemic, the addition of telemonitoring-mediated management to the current care for patients with HF appears to be a highly cost-effective strategy from the perspective of health care providers in Hong Kong.

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Tavitiyaman, Pimtong, and Wanlanai Saiprasert. "Medical Quality and Well-Being Perception of Senior Tourists." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 15, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): S30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v15i2.385.

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Objectives: Advanced medical treatments and service quality for Hong Kong residents are well regarded. However, numerous senior residents continue to explore alternative medical treatments and wellbeing activities outside the region. The research objectives of this study are 1) to assess the perception of senior tourists of the medical quality attributes of medical tourism destinations and 2) to compare the different perceptions of tourists of medical service attributes, wellbeing and behavioural intention towards medical tourism destinations. Design: The questionnaire instrument was written in English and Chinese based on the literature review. The target population was senior residents with experience in seeking medical treatments and services abroad, specifically, outside Hong Kong. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit senior respondents to answer the questionnaire. Data collection was from July to October 2019 in residential areas and senior citizen neighbourhood centres in Hong Kong. Results: Results show that among the 74 respondents, only 42% have overseas medical experiences. The countries involved are Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, China, the United States, Malaysia and Thailand. The senior residents have a more positive perception of medical quality (e.g. appointment procedure, short waiting time and physician reliability) and wellbeing (e.g. response to needs and social wellbeing) in overseas medical destinations compared with Hong Kong. However, no mean difference is observed in behavioural intention between Hong Kong and overseas medical destinations from the perspective of the senior respondents. Conclusions: Hong Kong senior residents may consider travelling overseas to seek medical treatments and wellbeing activities. Senior residents tend to travel to nearby countries for cosmetic/plastic surgery, eye surgery/Lasik and dental surgery. Moreover, senior residents perceive the communication skills of physicians and staff overseas in answering enquiries on medical procedures whilst receiving medical treatment as high quality compared with Hong Kong.

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Shao, Fei, Kit-Ling Fan, Colin Robertson, Marcus Ong, Nan Liu, Ling-Pong Leung, Reynold Leung, and Chun-Sheng Li. "Comparison of two emergency medical services in Beijing and Hong Kong, China." Chinese Medical Journal 132, no. 11 (June 2019): 1372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000252.

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Chen, Honglin, Chung Lam Cheung, Hung Tai, Pengxi Zhao, Jasper F. W. Chan, Vincent C. C. Cheng, Kwok-Hung Chan, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. "Oseltamivir-Resistant Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, no. 12 (December 2009): 1970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1512.091057.

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Zhao, Sheng Zhi, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, Tzu Tsun Luk, Abraham Ka Chung Wai, Tai Hing Lam, and Man Ping Wang. "Mental health crisis under COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, China." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 100 (November 2020): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.030.

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Kua, Paul. "Prémare’s Notitia Linguæ Sinicæ, 1728-1893: the Journey of a Language Textbook." East Asian Publishing and Society 10, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 159–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341343.

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Abstract This article retells the story of a Chinese language textbook, the Notitia linguæ sinicæ, written by a Catholic missionary in China for the use of Catholic missionaries to that country, and eventually printed by a Catholic mission press in China for the same purpose. It would have been a simple and short tale, if not for the fact that this many-faceted journey took one-hundred-and-sixty-five years to complete, involved crossing and re-crossing the two leading Christian traditions of Catholicism and Protestantism, took the work across great distances from Canton to Paris, London, Malacca, back to Canton and then to Hong Kong, and required the use of the Chinese language, both its higher form and the more day-to-day version, but also of Latin and English.

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Shive, Glenn. "Refugees and Religion in Hong Kong: 1945–1960." International Journal of Asian Christianity 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25424246-00301007.

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This article points to the importance of religion for refugees and the migration process. After World War II and civil war in China, many refugees flocked to Hong Kong (HK) for safe haven in the British colony, and possible subsequent migration abroad. Christian congregations in HK, and missionaries who themselves were refugees from China, offered hospitality and support services across refugee groups. They advocated for the colonial government to help settle refugees by building low-cost urban housing, schools, medical clinics and new infrastructure. This new workforce was crucial to HK’s industrialization which took-off in the 1950s. With the decline of HK’s trade economy due to the Cold War embargo of China, many refugees became entrepreneurs-of-necessity by starting family businesses that absorbed migrant labour. Religiously-inspired assistance to refugees, from within one’s group and beyond, made a big difference in assimilating newcomers and helping them to rebuild their lives in adverse conditions. Beyond Christian responses, the article also explores the role of the Wong Tai Sin Taoist temple in Kowloon, itself uprooted from Guangzhou and replanted in HK. It reassured displaced people with cultural continuity to their ancestor halls and offered psycho-social assistance through spirit-writing divination, herbal medicine and Taoist worship adapted from rural Chinese villages to urban workers struggling to improve their lives and adapt to Hong Kong.

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Lee, S. H., and J. C. K. Lee. "Mainland China, Taiwan and the Hong Kong Region: the Second Medical Education Conference." Medical Education 31, no. 6 (November 1997): 468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1997.00706.x.

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Song, Jae-Hoon, Sook-In Jung, Kwan Soo Ko, Na Young Kim, Jun Seong Son, Hyun-Ha Chang, Hyun Kyun Ki, et al. "High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Asia (an ANSORP Study)." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 6 (June 2004): 2101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.6.2101-2107.2004.

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ABSTRACT A total of 685 clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with pneumococcal diseases were collected from 14 centers in 11 Asian countries from January 2000 to June 2001. The in vitro susceptibilities of the isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution test. Among the isolates tested, 483 (52.4%) were not susceptible to penicillin, 23% were intermediate, and 29.4% were penicillin resistant (MICs ≥ 2 mg/liter). Isolates from Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin resistance (71.4%), followed by those from Korea (54.8%), Hong Kong (43.2%), and Taiwan (38.6%). The penicillin MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90s) were 4 mg/liter among isolates from Vietnam, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. The prevalence of erythromycin resistance was also very high in Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (86%), Korea (80.6%), Hong Kong (76.8%), and China (73.9%). The MIC90s of erythromycin were >32 mg/liter among isolates from Korea, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong. Isolates from Hong Kong showed the highest rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.8%), followed by isolates from Sri Lanka (9.5%), the Philippines (9.1%), and Korea (6.5%). Multilocus sequence typing showed that the spread of the Taiwan19F clone and the Spain23F clone could be one of the major reasons for the rapid increases in antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in Asia. Data from the multinational surveillance study clearly documented distinctive increases in the prevalence rates and the levels of antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in many Asian countries, which are among the highest in the world published to date.

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Zhu, Lina. "Establishing Zhaoqing Medical Service System to Build the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao Health Community." Advanced Emergency Medicine 9, no. 2 (July 14, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/aem.v9i2.163.

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<p>The construction of the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao health community is not only an inherent requirement for the economic development and social progress of the Pearl River Delta region, but also an inevitable requirement for the realization of the healthy China strategy and the internationalization and modernization of medical and health care in the three cities. This article discusses answers to issues related to the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao health community. It takes the construction of Zhaoqing medical service system in Guangdong Province as an entry point.</p>

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Sridhar, Siddharth, Vincent C. C. Cheng, Shuk-Ching Wong, Cyril C. Y. Yip, Shusheng Wu, Anthony W. I. Lo, Kit-Hang Leung, et al. "Donor-Derived Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus Infection, Hong Kong, China, 2018." Emerging Infectious Diseases 25, no. 3 (March 2019): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2503.181563.

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Wong, Ngai-Sze, Chi-Chiu Leung, and Shui-Shan Lee. "Abrupt Subsidence of Seasonal Influenza after COVID-19 Outbreak, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 11 (November 2020): 2752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.200861.

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Marr, Linsey C. "SARS-CoV-2 Superspread in Fitness Center, Hong Kong, China, March 2021." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 9 (September 2021): 2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2709.211177.

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Chu, Daniel K. W., Haogao Gu, Lydia D. J. Chang, Sammi S. Y. Cheuk, Shreya Gurung, Pavithra Krishnan, Daisy Y. M. Ng, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Superspread in Fitness Center, Hong Kong, China, March 2021." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 8 (August 2021): 2230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2708.210833.

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Lu, Ai-ping, Shi-ping Cheng, and Biao Liu. "Development of Chinese medicine research in Hong Kong, China in last decade." Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 23, no. 7 (June 17, 2017): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-017-2816-y.

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LEUNG, ANGELA KI CHE. "Glocalizing Medicine in the Canton–Hong Kong–Macau Region in Late Qing China." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 1345–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000513.

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AbstractThis article looks at how globalization in the nineteenth century was inextricably entangled with localization in the Canton–Hong Kong–Macau nexus on the southern fringe of China by tracing the growth of its unique medical culture. It explains the ‘glocalizing’ process by tracing the development of this medical culture, which consists of knowledge construction and institution building, in the context of highly volatile epidemiological conditions aggravated by increasingly heavy inter-regional trade and migration. It traces the dynamic circulation of people, materials, ideas, and practices in this southern edge of China, which was traditionally connected to southeast Asia and shared ecological backdrops that produced similar epidemiological experiences. The Canton nexus in the nineteenth century saw the growth of native medical knowledge that focused less on theoretical innovation than on the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. These ideas were likely to have been informed or reinforced by new anatomical knowledge disseminated by Western medical missionaries on the ground early in the century. The medical culture in the region was also marked by the formation of a series of local institutions that were fusions of Western-style hospitals and native merchant-run charity halls where diseases were studied and treated, and new public health management negotiated and implemented by experts from different traditions.

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Liao, Qiuyan, Meihong Dong, Jiehu Yuan, Richard Fielding, Benjamin J. Cowling, Irene Oi Ling Wong, and Wendy Wing Tak Lam. "Assessing Community Vulnerability over 3 Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 7 (July 2021): 1935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2707.204076.

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Qiu, Jane. "Higher education and research innovation in China." National Science Review 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwu073.

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Abstract China places a great emphasis on boosting its innovative capability, which it says is key to meeting the challenges in economic development and global competition. At the heart of the matter is how the country could produce its own agent of innovation—creative graduates and postgraduates. In a forum chaired by National Science Review's executive associate editor Mu-ming Poo, five panelists from top universities discuss the problems and challenges of higher education in China and in what ways the system needs to be reformed. Yuanfang Chen Physician and Vice Chair of Peking Union Medical College's Expert Committee on Education in Beijing Song Gao Chemist and Vice President of Peking University in Beijing Ke Gong Electronic Engineer and President of Nankai University in Tianjin Yigong Shi Biologist and Dean of Tsinghua University's School of Life Sciences in Beijing Chia-Wei Woo Physicist and Founding President of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Neuroscientist and Director of Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Neuroscience in Shanghai

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Zhang, Y. Y., A. S. Lok, D. T. Chan, and A. Widell. "Greater diversity of hepatitis C virus genotypes found in Hong Kong than in mainland China." Journal of clinical microbiology 33, no. 11 (1995): 2931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.33.11.2931-2934.1995.

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Ting, S. L., S. K. Kwok, Albert H. C. Tsang, W. B. Lee, and K. F. Yee. "Experiences Sharing of Implementing Template-Based Electronic Medical Record System (TEMRS) in a Hong Kong Medical Organization." Journal of Medical Systems 35, no. 6 (February 2, 2010): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9436-9.

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Wang, Jingxuan, Junjie Huang, Clement Shek Kei Cheung, Wing Nam Wong, Ngai Tseung Cheung, and Martin CS Wong. "Adoption of an Electronic Patient Record Sharing Pilot Project: Cross-Sectional Survey." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): e13761. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13761.

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Background The Public Private Interface–Electronic Patient Record (PPI-ePR) system was implemented as a new electronic platform to facilitate collaboration between the public and private sectors in Hong Kong. However, its barriers to participate and benefits have not been comprehensively assessed. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the awareness, acceptance, perceived benefits, and obstacles to participation among private doctors and the general public. Methods From December 2012 to January 2013, 2435 telephone interviews were performed by trained interviewers to survey randomly selected patients who were enrolled or not enrolled in the PPI-ePR system. In addition, self-administered surveys were sent by postal mail to 4229 registered doctors in Hong Kong. The questionnaires for both patients and doctors contained questions on subjects’ awareness, acceptance, and perceptions of the PPI-ePR, perceived benefits and obstacles of participating in the program, reasons for not using the system after enrolling, and perceived areas for service improvement of the system. Results More than 53.1% (266/501) of enrolled patients believed that the PPI-ePR system would improve health care quality by reducing duplicate tests and treatments, while more than 76.8% (314/409) of enrolled doctors emphasized timely access to patients’ medical records as the biggest benefit of their enrollment. Among nonenrolled patients, unawareness of the project was the most popular obstacle to enrolling in the PPI-ePR system (483/1200, 40.3%). Regarding nonenrolled doctors, the complicated registration process hindered them from participating in the program the most (95/198, 48.0%). Television, newspaper, and magazine advertisements and medical profession newsletters or journals were suggested as the most effective means to encourage participation in the program among surveyed patients (1297/1701, 76.2%) and doctors (428/610, 70.2%), respectively. Lack of clinical indication requiring data extraction from other hospitals was the main reason for low level of PPI-ePR use. Conclusions This study comprehensively assessed the popularity, perceived benefits, and hindering factors of enrolling in the PPI-ePR system in Hong Kong. Low levels of awareness, few privacy concerns, and inactive use of the PPI-ePR system were among the key features for patients and physicians. Public promotions, simplified logistics, and a user-friendly online interface were suggested to improve the coverage and effectiveness of health information exchange between private and public health care sectors.

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Lin, Bing Bing. "A Snapshot of the Evolution of Pharmaceutical Regulations in China and Hong Kong." Drug Information Journal 44, no. 5 (September 2010): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286151004400510.

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Lau, Joseph T. F., and Wing S. Wong. "Behavioural surveillance of sexually-related risk behaviours for the cross-border traveller population in Hong Kong: the evaluation of the overall effectiveness of relevant prevention programmes by comparing the results of two surveillance surveys." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462001915138.

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The present study reports the results of 2 surveys of the first behavioural surveillance system (BSS) set up to monitor sexually-related risk behaviours practised by Hong Kong-China cross-border travellers. The 2 studies interviewed 1263 and 1448 male adult Hong Kong residents in 1997 and 1998 respectively. About one-third of the respondents had had sexual intercourse with a commercial sex worker (CSW) in the past 6 months; about 20% had had sexual intercourse with a CSW or a non-regular sex partner in a single trip; about 35-40% of the CSW clients had not used a condom during the intercourse and about 20% of the respondents reported that they had contracted STD. When the results of the 2 surveys were compared, no significant changes in the outcomes of the surveillance indicators were detected; instead, some unfavourable changes in terms of condom use were observed. The effectiveness of the relevant prevention programmes in Hong Kong is not evident.

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Bian, Zhao-xiang. "Chinese medicine practice and research in Hong Kong, China: Current status and future direction." Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 23, no. 7 (June 17, 2017): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-017-2817-x.

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Karlberg, Johan, and Jo W. F. Lui. "The Current Status of Clinical Trials in Hong Kong Sar, People's Republic of China." Drug Information Journal 32, no. 1_suppl (October 1998): 1227S—1234S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00928615980320s111.

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Hjelm, N. Magnus, Joseph C. K. Lee, Albert K. K. Li, and Clarke B. Hazlett. "Planning criteria for multicentre, multilingual telemedicine conferences." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981931272.

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The international telemedicine conference Chinese TeleMed 96 was held in November 1996. This three-way teleconference included delegates in London where the international telemedicine conference TeleMed 96 was taking place and medical staff from one Beijing hospital and one Hong Kong medical faculty. In total, over 1000 health-care personnel across eight time zones participated. The event demonstrated that the quality of teleconferencing technology was suitable for medical teaching, for providing medical consultations to remote locations and for stimulating medical exchanges. In general, planning a telemedicine conference requires a longer lead time, a wider representation of expertise in the organizing committee and more financial resources than conventional conferences. It is recommended that the aim and format of a telemedicine conference be determined at least one year before the target date. Criteria for improving the preparation of such conferences have been identified and a set of guidelines for future conference organizers has been drawn up.

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FAN, RUIPING. "Toward a Directed Benevolent Market Polity: Rethinking Medical Morality in Transitional China." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 17, no. 3 (May 21, 2008): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180108080341.

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Healthcare systems in Singapore, Hong Kong, and mainland China are strikingly distinct from those in the West. Economically speaking, each of the aforementioned Eastern systems relies in great measure on private expenditures supplemented by savings accounts. Western nations, on the other hand, typically exhibit government funding and wariness about healthcare savings accounts. This essay argues that these and other differences between Pacific Rim healthcare systems and Western systems should be assessed in light of background Confucian commitments operating in the former. In the Confucian context, bioethics and healthcare policy have a unique content, texture, and set of implications that often affront Western assumptions about the appropriate individual autonomy of patients and the appropriate character of social safety nets for healthcare.

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Yeung, Nelson C. Y., Joseph T. F. Lau, Kai Chow Choi, and Sian Griffiths. "Population Responses during the Pandemic Phase of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Epidemic, Hong Kong, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 23, no. 5 (May 2017): 813–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.160768.

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Wang, Zixin, Xue Yang, Phoenix K. H. Mo, Yuan Fang, Tsun Kwan Mary Ip, and Joseph T. F. Lau. "Influence of Social Media on Sexualized Drug Use and Chemsex Among Chinese Men Who Have Sex With Men: Observational Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (July 24, 2020): e17894. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17894.

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Background Sexualized drug use (SDU; the use of any psychoactive substance before or during sexual intercourse) is prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM) and may aggravate the worsening HIV epidemic in this key population. Objective This observational prospective cohort study investigated factors predicting the occurrence of SDU within a 6-month follow-up period among a sample of MSM in Hong Kong. We hypothesized that perceptions related to SDU would mediate the association between the influence of social media/gay social networking apps and SDU during the follow-up period. Methods Participants were Chinese-speaking men in Hong Kong, China who had anal intercourse with at least one man in the past year. Among 600 participants who completed the baseline telephone survey, 407 (67.8%) completed another telephone survey 6 months later. Logistic regression models and path analysis were fitted. Results At Month 6, 6.9% (28/407) and 4.4% (18/407) of participants reported SDU and chemsex during the follow-up period. After adjustment for significant baseline background variables (use of pre-exposure prophylaxis; history of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; anal intercourse with nonregular male sex partners, condomless anal intercourse with men, multiple male sex partnerships, and SDU at baseline), three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were significantly associated with SDU during the follow-up period: (1) positive attitudes toward SDU (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.36), (2) perceived support for SDU from significant others (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.30), and (3) perceived behavioral control of refraining from SDU (AOR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.98). Exposure to information supporting SDU on social media and gay social networking apps was also significantly associated with SDU (AOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22). Bootstrapping analyses indicated that social media influence was indirectly associated with SDU through TPB-related perceptions of SDU (β=.04; B=.002, 95% CI 0.001-0.01). Conclusions Social media and gay social networking apps may be a major source of influence on MSM’s perceptions and actual behaviors related to SDU.

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Yu, Ruby, Cecilia Tong, Jason Leung, and Jean Woo. "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Frailty in Hong Kong, China: A 14-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041301.

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The prevalence of frailty varies among socioeconomic groups. However, longitudinal data for the association between subjective social status and frailty is limited. In this study, we examined whether subjective social status was associated with incident frailty. Data were obtained from a 14-year cohort of Chinese men and women (n = 694) aged 65 years and older who participated in the MrOs study—a longitudinal study on osteoporosis and general health in Hong Kong. Subjective social status at baseline (2001–2003) was assessed using a 10-rung self-anchoring scale. Incident frailty at the 14-year follow-up (2015–2017) was defined as proposed by Fried and colleagues. Ordinal logistic regressions were used to examine the association between subjective social status (high, middle, or low) and incident frailty. After adjustment for age, sex, marital status, objective socioeconomic status, medical history, lifestyle, mental health, and cognitive function, subjective social status at baseline was negatively associated with risk of developing frailty over time (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.6). In sex-stratified analysis, the social gradient in frailty was only found in men. Social inequality in frailty in men but not in women supports interventions specific to gender inequality and frailty.

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Luk, Shik, Alex Yat Man Ho, Tak Keung Ng, Iris Hoi Ling Tsang, Eliza Hoi Ying Chan, Kin Wing Choi, Ngai Chong Tsang, et al. "Prevalence, Prediction, and Clonality of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCarriage at Admission to Medical Units in Hong Kong, China." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 1 (January 2014): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674393.

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Objective.To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) colonization at the time of admission to acute medical units and to develop a cost-effective screening strategy.Methods.Nasal and groin screening cultures were performed for patients at admission to 15 acute medical units in all 7 catchment regions in Hong Kong. All MRSA isolates were subjected tospatyping.Results.The overall carriage rate of MRSA was 14.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.5–15.1). MRSA history within the past 12 months (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.60 [95% CI, 3.28–6.44]), old age home residence (adjusted OR, 3.32 [95% CI, 2.78–3.98]), and bedbound state (adjusted OR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.75–2.74]) were risk factors selected as MRSA screening criteria that provided reasonable sensitivity (67.4%) and specificity (81.8%), with an affordable burden (25.2%).spatyping showed that 89.5% (848/948) of the isolates were clustered into the 4spaclonal complexes (CCs):spaCC1081,spaCC032,spaCC002, andspaCC4677. Patients colonized with MRSAspatypes t1081 (OR, 1.77 [95% CI, 1.49–2.09]) and t4677 (OR, 3.09 [95% CI, 1.54–6.02]) were more likely to be old age home residents.Conclusions.MRSA carriage at admission to acute medical units was prevalent in Hong Kong. Our results suggest that targeted screening is a pragmatic approach to increase the detection of the MRSA reservoir. Molecular typing suggests that old age homes are epicenters in amplifying the MRSA burden in acute hospitals. Enhancement of infection control measures in old age homes is important for the control of MRSA in hospitals.

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Xu, Dan, Yanyao Wu, Chong Gao, Yan Qin, Xiangcong Zhao, Zhaojun Liang, Yanlin Wang, et al. "Characteristics of and reference ranges for peripheral blood lymphocytes and CD4+ T cell subsets in healthy adults in Shanxi Province, North China." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 7 (July 2020): 030006052091314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520913149.

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Objective To guide clinical decision making, race-, age- and gender-specific reference ranges for lymphocytes and CD4+ T-cell subsets are required. Methods Single platform flow cytometry to determine reference intervals for lymphocyte subpopulations and CD4+ T-cell subsets in 196 healthy Han Chinese adults. Results The frequencies and absolute numbers of B cells were slightly lower in Han Chinese individuals of the Shanxi region than in individuals from Hong Kong, Germany and Singapore, while percentages and absolute numbers of NK cells were slightly higher compared with individuals from Hong Kong. CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios, CD4+ T cell percentages and Th2 cell counts were higher, while frequencies and numbers of CD8+ T cells, numbers of NK cells and percentages of Th1 cells were lower, in females compared with males. CD4+ T cell percentages, CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios, numbers of CD8+ T cells and Treg cells, and Th17/Treg cell ratios differed by age. Conclusion We established lymphocyte and CD4+ T-cell subset reference intervals for healthy Han Chinese adults of the Shanxi region. Ethnicity, gender and age affected lymphocyte subset composition.

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Ribeiro, Bernard. "The College in China." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363507x210155.

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I am writing this newsletter on the eve of departing on the College's overseas visits to Hong Kong and China. I hope my series of emailed updates to fellows and members over the last few months has kept everyone fully informed about the issues that have arisen with regard to the Medical Training Application Service (MTAS) and the ongoing work of the review group. As I write this, following my attendance at recent meetings of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Association of Surgeons in Training; and following discussions at the Senate of Surgery; the position for surgery, agreed with my fellow college presidents, is that selection for specialty training should be at ST3 level for the next three years; and the number of run through training posts at ST3 level should be expanded.

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